a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 1 October 2014
Received in revised form 17 January 2015
Available online 4 February 2015
Keywords:
Micropolar peridynamics
Length scales
Constitutive correspondence
Timoshenko-type beams
Plane stress problems
a b s t r a c t
A state-based micropolar peridynamic theory for linear elastic solids is proposed. The main motivation is
to introduce additional micro-rotational degrees of freedom to each material point and thus naturally
bring in the physically relevant material length scale parameters into peridynamics. Non-ordinary type
modeling via constitutive correspondence is adopted here to dene the micropolar peridynamic material.
Along with a general three dimensional model, homogenized one dimensional Timoshenko type beam
models for both the proposed micropolar and the standard non-polar peridynamic variants are derived.
The efcacy of the proposed models in analyzing continua with length scale effects is established via
numerical simulations of a few beam and plane-stress problems.
2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Classical continuum mechanics assumes a continuous distribution of matter throughout the body and establishes the equations
of motion considering only the local action. Both long range effects
of loads and those of inter-molecular interactions are ignored in
this theory. Such approximations limit the applicability of the classical theory to macro-scale phenomena where the characteristic
length scale of the loading is much larger than the intrinsic
material length scales. However, when these length scales are
comparable, the microstructural effects could become signicant
and predictions of the classical theory depart considerably from
experimental results. Substantial discrepancies are observed, for
instance, in problems involving high stress gradients at notch
and crack tips, short wavelength dynamic excitations, the behavior
of granular solids, porous materials, modern-day engineering
nano-structures etc. (Eringen, 1976).
In order to circumvent such limitations of the classical continuum theory of elasticity, an early attempt was made by Voigt
(1887), who postulated the existence of a couple-traction along
with the usual force-traction responsible for the force transfer
across boundaries/interfaces or from one part of the body to another. Later Cosserat and Cosserat (1909) developed a mathematical
model based on couple stresses leading to a description of the
stress elds via asymmetric tensors as opposed to the symmetric
Cauchy stress elds in the classical theory. From a kinematical
perspective, this theory enables non-local interactions via the
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: royd@civil.iisc.ernet.in (D. Roy).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2015.01.018
0020-7683/ 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
172
S. Roy Chowdhury et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 59 (2015) 171182
governing partial differential equations (PDEs). Therefore computational methods for solving such problems using the classical theory either require a redenition of the object manifold so that
discontinuities lie on the boundary or some special treatment to
dene the spatial derivatives of the eld variables on a cracked
surface (Bittencourt et al., 1996; Belytschko and Black, 1999;
Areias and Belytschko, 2005).
More recently Silling (2000) introduced a continuum theory, the
peridynamics (PD), which is capable of addressing problems
involving discontinuities and/or long range forces. One of the main
features of this theory is the representation of the equations of
motion through integro-differential equations instead of PDEs. This
relaxes, to a signicant extent, the smoothness requirement of the
deformation eld and even allows for discontinuities as long as the
Riemann integrability of the spatial integrals is ensured. These
equations are based on a model of internal forces that the material
points exert on each other over nite distances. The initial model,
the bond-based PD, treats the internal forces as a network of interacting pairs like springs. The maximum distance through which a
material particle interacts with its neighbors via spring like interactions is denoted as the horizon. Such pair-wise forces however
lead to an oversimplication of the model and in particular results
in an effective Poissons ratio of 1/4 for linear isotropic elastic
materials. This limitation has been overcome through a more general model, the state-based PD (Silling et al., 2007). According to
this theory, particles interact via bond forces that are no longer
governed by a central potential independent of the behavior of
other bonds; instead they are determined by the collective deformations of the bonds within the horizon of a material particle. This
version of the PD theory is applicable over the entire permissible
range of Poissons ratio. Even though the PD has many attractive
features, the scarcity of strictly PD-based material constitutive
models tends to limit its applicability. This difculty may however
be bypassed using a constitutive correspondence framework
(Silling et al., 2007), which enables the use of classical material
models in a PD formulation.
In the present work, a novel proposal for a PD approach incorporating micropolar elasticity is set forth. A set of state-based
equations of motion is derived for the micropolar continuum and
the constitutive correspondence utilized to dene the associated
material model. Incorporation of additional physical information
via the material length-scale parameters has been a primary motivation in the current development. Such an enhancement of the
model is expected to emulate more closely the physical behavior
of structures like nano-beams, nano-sheets, fracture characteristics
of thin lms, concrete structures etc. In this context, an earlier
work by Gerstle et al. (2007) on bond-based micropolar PD should
be mentioned, which, whilst eliminating the issue of xed Poissons ratio, does not offer a ready framework to incorporate the
rich repertoire of classical material models. The last work also
has additional limitations in imposing the incompressibility constraint, often employed in a wide range of models including those
involving plastic deformation in metals (Silling et al., 2007). Along
with a general three dimensional model, a one dimensional micropolar PD model for a Timoshenko type beam is also derived in this
work through an appropriate dimensional descent. For the purpose
of comparison, a similar beam model based on the standard nonpolar PD is derived. Effects of the length scale parameters on the
static deformation characteristics of a beam under different boundary conditions are numerically assessed conrming the superiority
of the (new) micropolar model over the non-polar one. A couple of
two dimensional planar problems, rst of a plate with a hole and
the other involving a plate with a central crack under tensile loading, also hold out similar observations. The theoretical development in this article is, however, limited to linear isotropic elastic
deformations only.
YXhni y0 y vX0 vX
qXyX; t
HX
where q, T, b are the mass density, long range internal force vector
state and externally applied body force density respectively.
Superimposed dots indicate material derivatives with respect to
time. This equation has been shown in Silling et al. (2007) to satisfy
the linear momentum balance. In the standard non-polar PD theory,
conservation of angular momentum is ensured by imposing the
following restriction on the constitutive relation.
8X 2 B 0
HX
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S. Roy Chowdhury et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 59 (2015) 171182
FY
Z
xjnjYhni ndV X0 K 1
K
3.1. Kinematics
Following the discussion on micropolar elasticity in Section 2.2,
the micro-rotation h is introduced as additional degrees of freedom
within the PD continuum in order to allow for rigid-type rotation
of each material point. For a kinematical description of the PD
body, we need to dene a few new vector states as listed below.
xjnjn ndV X0
vX0 X0 vX X
11
6
_
Here
F 2 R3 R3 is the non-local deformation gradient tensor,
2 R3 R3 a non-local shape tensor, x a non-negative scalar
K
P
~ F
the rst
inuence function (xjnj > 0; 8n 2 H) and P
PiolaKirchhoff stress obtained from the classical constitutive rela~ written in terms of the non-local deformation gradient F.
tion for P
It has also been shown (Silling et al., 2007) that such correspondence is consistent with Eq. (3) and hence satises the conservation
of angular momentum.
JXhX; t
where c is the innitesimal micropolar strain tensor and j the innitesimal wryness tensor. u and h respectively denote the displacement and micro-rotation vectors and e is the LeviCivita symbol or
the alternate tensor. ui,j denotes the partial derivative of ui with
respect to the spatial coordinate Xj. Einstein summation convention
holds for the expressions having repeated indices.
Micropolar equations of motions are obtained from the conservation of linear and angular momenta and they are written in the
following form.
rji kckk dji l~ gcji l~ cij ; lji ajkk dji bjji cjij :
G3k 2G
;
kG
flhni l0 hnigdV X0
HX
13
~ ;
Gl
2
1 0
h h
2
12
k
:
2k 2G
10
3. A micropolar PD theory
1
2
14
HX
Z
X; tdV X JXhX; tdV X
y qXy
B
B
Z
Z
15
Proof. Substituting Eqs. (2) and (14) in the left hand side of Eq.
(15), one obtains the following equation: (with notational abuse,
e.g., T is used in place of Thni and similarly for the other states).
Z
X; tdV X JXhX;tdV X
y qXy
B
B
Z Z
Z
0
y fT T gdV X0 dV X y bdV X
B H
Z
Z
Z BZ
1
0
fl l gdV X0 dV X
y0 y fT T0 gdV X0 dV X
2 B H
B H
Z
ldV X
16
B
Since no interaction exists beyond the horizon (H), all the inner
integrals can be extended over the entire body (B) without affecting
the result. A change of variable X $ X0 and the subsequent application of Fubinis theorem lead to the following simplications:
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S. Roy Chowdhury et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 59 (2015) 171182
Z Z
B
fl l0 gdV X0 dV X
Z Z
B
Z Z
B
1
2
Z Z
fl l0 gdV X0 dV X
fl0 lgdV X0 dV X 0
17
1
2
Z Z
P
y y fT T gdV X0 dV X
ZH Z
1
y0 y fT T0 gdV X0 dV X
2 ZB ZB
1
y0 fT T0 gdV X0 dV X
2 ZB ZB
1
y fT T0 gdV X0 dV X
2 ZB ZB
1
y fT0 TgdV X0 dV X
2 ZB ZB
Z Z
1
y fT T0 gdV X0 dV X
y fT T0 gdV X0 dV X
2 B B
B B
_ X0 dV X
y0 y fT T0 g hdV
Z Z
T
BnP
Z Z
P
_ X0 dV X
fl l0 g hdV
d
dV X
dt P
2
Z Z
1
_ X0 dV X
y0 y fT T0 g hdV
2 P B
Z Z
Z
Z
_ X0 dV X b ydV
_ X
_ X l hdV
fl l0 g hdV
P
_ Thni y_ 0 y
_
fThni T0 hnig y_ Thni y_ 0 T0 hni y
!
h_ 0
h_
1 0
y y fThni T0 hnig h_ Thni y y0 T0 hni y0 y
2
2
2
h_ h_ 0
y0 y
Thni
2
n
o
_
lhni l0 hni h_ lhni h_ 0 l0 hni h_ lhni h_ 0 h
21
22
Using the above identities, each of rst three terms on the right
hand side of Eq. (19) could be split into two integrals as illustrated
below.
Z Z
P
_ X0 dV X
fT T0 g ydV
B
Z Z
_
T y_ 0 T0 ydV
X0 dV X
PZ BZ
_
T y_ 0 ydV
X0 dV X
ZP ZB
_
T y_ 0 T0 ydV
X0 dV X
P BnP
Z Z
_
T y_ 0 ydV
X0 dV X
P
_
y_ 0 y
Z Z
)
h_ h_ 0
y0 y dV X0 dV X
2
_
l h_ 0 hdV
X0 dV X
27
!
!!
h_ 0
h_
0
0
0
_
dV X0 dV X
y y T y y y
2
2
Z
Z
_
_ X
_ X l hdV
lh_ 0 l0 hdV
b ydV
28
X0 dV X
T y_ 0
BnP
Z Z
P
20
T
Z Z
Z Z
Note that all the inner integrals in the expression above have been
extended to the whole body since there is no interaction beyond the
horizon, as indicated earlier.
The following identities (Eqs. (20)(22)) are needed for further
simplication.
26
R __
R __
where KP P qy2 y dV X P Jh2h dV X is the kinetic energy in P. The
absorbed power in P and the supplied power to P are respectively
given by
W sup P
19
25
_
KP
W abs P W sup P
qy_ y_
_
l h_ 0 hdV
X0 dV X
We will focus here only on the mechanical energy balance without considering any heat source or ux. Taking scalar products of
both sides of Eq. (2) with the velocity y_ and Eq. (14) with h_ and
Z Z
J h_ h_
_ X0 dV X
dV X
fT T0 g ydV
2
P B
_
l h_ 0 l0 hdV
X0 dV X
Z Z
18
W abs P
24
BnP
d
dt
Z Z
It is to be noted that for problems with small elastic deformation, the second term of right hand side of Eq. (14) could be
R
approximated by 12 HX n fThni T0 hnigdV X0 .
h_ h_ 0
y0 ydV X0 dV X
2
T
and
Z Z
Using Eqs. (17) and (18), Eq. (16) gets simplied to Eq. (15) and thus
establishes the balance of angular momentum. h
!
h_ 0
h_
y y0 T0 y0 y dV X0 dV X
2
2
BnP
)
Z
h_ h_ 0
0
_
_
y y dV X0 l h_ 0 hdV
e_ T y y
X0
2
B
B
Z
_0
29
)
Z
h_ h_ 0
0
_
_
X X dV X0 l h_ 0 hdV
e_ T y y
X0
2
B
B
Z
_0
30
_;
T U_ _ l H
31
n is given as U _ hni u0 u h 2h X0 X.
H
23
175
S. Roy Chowdhury et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 59 (2015) 171182
_;
_ _ eH H
_ _ ; H eU_ U
eU
H
32
where eU_ and eH are the Frchet derivatives (Silling et al., 2007) of
H
(32) leads to the following constitutive relations (which are consistent with the second law of thermodynamics and also obtainable by
the ColemanNoll procedure (Tadmor et al., 2012)).
and l eH
T eU_
H
33
hX n hX
X n X
2
ru e hn Ojn2 j cnOjn2 j
U _ hni uX n uX
H
34
j H
Z
Z
xjnjHhni ndV X0 K 1
36
; j
be the internal energy density (per unit volume of the
Let wc
micropolar continuum) written in terms of the non-local kinematic
; j
, the PD model for
quantities. Then equating eU _ ; H with wc
H
_ l : j
; j
r : c
_
_ _ ; H w
_ c
eU
H
Z
r:
xjnjU_ H_ hni ndV X0 K 1
HZ
l:
xjnjH_ hni ndV X0 K 1
H
Z
xjnjl : H_ hni
X
H
Z
xjnjrK 1 n U_ H_ hnidV X0
H
Z
xjnjlK 1 n H_ hnidV X0
ux x; y; z; t ux; t zwx; t;
uy x; y; z; t 0;
uz x; y; z; t wx; t
hx x; y; z; t 0;
37
4. 1D micropolar PD beam
35
cUH_
tr() is the trace operator, ()T the transpose operator and I the
second order identity tensor.
The equations of motion Eqs. (2) and (14) along with the
constitutive model (38) complete the description of linear elastic
micropolar PD theory.
38
hy x; y; z; t hx; t;
40
hz x; y; z; t 0
I l
T l
and
~ gc
~c
where r ktrc
41
39
Fig. 2. A schematic representation of the beam geometry.
176
S. Roy Chowdhury et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 59 (2015) 171182
Also the integrated body forces and couples that appear in the beam
equations of motion are derived as
Ly x; t
bz dA;
Lz x; t
zbx dA;
ly dA
R
qdA, ~J A JdA. The area element dA = dydz and
e_ 1
xd
_ 0 xidA
Nx hx0 xiuhx
Z xd
_
_
_ 0 xi h hx0 xix0 x dA0
Nz hx0 xi whx
xd
xd
xd
Z xd
_ 0 xidA0
_ 0 xidA0
My hx0 xihhx
Mhx0 xiwhx
xd
xd
Z xd
_
_
_
_
0
xd
xd
42
xd
t
mwx;
ZA
Bz x; t
bx dA;
Further, m
x; t
mu
Bx x; t
xd
43
xd
Using a similar denition for inner product of states in one dimension and introducing the required composite states, the equation
above can be written in the following compact form.
_ _ My h_ M w_ Ms w_ _
e_ 1 Nx u_ Nz w
h
h
x
~J hx; t
xd
0
My xhx0 xi My x0 hx x0 i dx
where
xd
Z
1 xd
0
Nz xhx0 xi Nz x0 hx x0 ix x0 dx
2 xd
Z
1 xd
0
44
t
Iqwx;
xd
0
xd
1
2
xd
xd
Nx xhx xi
Nz xhx0 xi
ZA ZA
A
Mxhx0 xi
1
2
Z Z
A
and
w_h hx0 xi
Nx e1u ;
Nz e1w_ ;
hx
My e1h ;
M e1w
and Ms e1w_
h
48
4.5.1. Constitutive correspondence
A similar strategy as described in Section 3.3.1 is adopted here
to establish the constitutive correspondence in one dimension. In
the classical micropolar description of a beam (Ramezani et al.,
2009), an expression for strain energy rate per unit length in terms
of one dimensional forces and moments (or bending moment) and
their conjugate strain-like quantities can be written as follows.
49
Z Z
0
My xhx0 xi
lXhx0 xiy dA dA;
A
A
Z Z
0
Ms xhx0 xi
TXhx0 xix z0 zdA dA
A
_ 1 AN xx c_ u AN xz c_ wh AN zx c_ wh AMxy j_ h Mj_ w
w
Z Z
47
where cu @u
, cwh @w
h, cwh w h, jh @h
and jw @w
.
@x
@x
@x
@x
Denitions of the one dimensional forces and moments used in
(49) along with the constitutive relations (see Eq. (9)) are given
below..
Z
Z
1
1
rxx dA Ecu ; Nxz
rxz dA l~ gcwh l~ cwh
A A
A A
Z
1
Nzx
rzx dA l~ gcwh l~ cwh ;
A A
Z
Z
1
1
Mxy
lxy dA bjh and M
zrxx dA EIjw
50
A A
A A
Nxx
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S. Roy Chowdhury et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 59 (2015) 171182
Z
cu u
xd
xd
Z
cwh w_h x
j h h
xd
xd
xd
Z
cwh w_h
x1 jx0 xjuhx0 xix0 xdx0 K 1
1
xd
xd
Z
xd
xd
j w w
xd
x1 jx0 xjwhx0 xix0 xdx0 K 1
1
51
1 x0 x
u K
Nx hx0 xi x1 jx0 xjAEc
1
1 x0 x
wh l
wh K
~ gc
~c
Nz hx0 xi x1 jx0 xjAl
1
1 x0 x
h K
My hx0 xi x1 jx0 xjAbj
1
52
xd
53
xd
t
mwx;
xd
xd
1
2
xd
55
xd
1 x0 x;
u K
Nx hx0 xi x1 jx0 xjAEc
1
0
0
1 x0 x;
ww K
Nz hx xi x1 jx xjAGc
1
1 x0 x;
w K
Mhx0 xi x1 jx0 xjEIj
1
56
cww w_w x
Z
xd
xd
1 x0 x
w K
Mhx0 xi x1 jx0 xjEIj
1
x; t
mu
xd
x0 x2 dx .
cu , cwh , cwh , j h and j w are respectively the non-local approximations to cu, cwh , cwh , jh and jw. Replacing the local strain terms in
Eq. (49) by their non-local counterparts and using the fact that
_ 1 , the following relations are obtained using Eq. (46).
e_ 1 w
1 x0 x2
wh l
wh K
~ gc
~c
Ms hx0 xi x1 jx0 xjAl
1
xd
x1 jx0 xjw_h hx0 xix0 xdx0 K 1
1
Z
Iqwx;t
54
Fig. 3. Transverse displacement of one dimensional beam: (a) cantilever beam (b) xed beam and (c) simply supported beam.
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S. Roy Chowdhury et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 59 (2015) 171182
Fig. 4. Macro rotation of one dimensional beam: (a) cantilever beam (b) xed beam and (c) simply supported beam.
Fig. 5. Micro rotation of one dimensional beam: (a) cantilever beam (b) xed beam and (c) simply supported beam.
Fig. 6. Tip deection of cantilever beam (a) thickness vs. tip deection for constant length scale (0.01 m) (b) length scale vs. tip deection for constant thickness (0.05 m).
This discretization results in a set of algebraic equations with displacement and microrotation at the different PD particles as
unknowns, which are solved for after proper imposition of boundary conditions. Details of numerical implementation of a typical PD
algorithm may be found elsewhere, e.g. Breitenfeld et al. (2014).
6.1. One-dimensional beam
Deformation characteristics of nano- or micro-beams are
strongly affected by the internal length scale parameters of the
S. Roy Chowdhury et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 59 (2015) 171182
m 0:3;
g G=20; b G=5000:
where L; h and b are the length, thickness and width of beam respectively. The beam is subject to the following loading conditions.
Bx 0;
Please note that while these parameters may not be physically representative, they are adequate for the purpose of demonstration of
our technique.
The beam is analyzed for three different boundary conditions,
namely xed-free (a cantilever beam), xedxed (a xed beam)
and pinnedpinned (a simply supported beam), using both nonpolar and micropolar PD models. As a standard practice in PD,
the boundary conditions are applied, in each case, over a patch of
nodes considered beyond the actual length of the beam. With
p
l b=2G as the denition for the length scale parameter, it
may be observed that the beam thickness considered is of the same
order as l = 0.01 and hence it is anticipated that the length scale
parameter would considerably inuence the deformation characteristic of the beam. As reported in Figs. 3 and 4, the non-polar
179
E 100 GPa;
In order to make the length scale effect conspicuous, the hole radius
is chosen less than the length scale parameter value (the latter
being 0.0018 m) as dened in Section 6.1.
Although the force and moment states are obtained by solving
the micropolar PD model, we have chosen to report the components of the equivalent nonlocal Cauchy-type stress in order to
display the results in more familiar forms. Displacement and
micro-rotation vectors, obtained by solving the PD model, are used
to compute the non-local strain and wryness using the denitions
given in (36). Constitutive relations given in (9) are appropriately
reduced for the plane stress case and evaluated using the non-local
strain and wryness. Non-local stress and couple stress components
thus computed are reported in some of the following gures. A
similar treatment is adopted to represent the results through the
non-polar PD model too. Fig. 8 shows the normal stress (ryy)
distributions via both the PD models.
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S. Roy Chowdhury et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 59 (2015) 171182
rxy ryx (non-polar PD) (b) rxy (micropolar PD) (c) ryx (micropolar PD).
Fig. 10. Couple stresses: (a) lzx (micropolar PD) (b) lzy (micropolar PD).
E 100 GPa;
The crack size here is considered to be less than the length scale of
the material and therefore micropolarity should reduce the stress
concentration at the crack tip. Fig. 12 shows the ryy distribution
S. Roy Chowdhury et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 59 (2015) 171182
181
Fig. 12. Stress (ryy) distribution: (a) non-polar PD (b) micropolar PD.
Fig. 13. Normalized stress (ryy/(p0t)) distribution along the direction of crack.
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S. Roy Chowdhury et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 59 (2015) 171182
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