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Document heading
doi: 10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60258-3
Phytochemical
1
1,3
, Hany AEl-Shemy1,4*
Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, Pan African University, Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation (PAUISTI
JKUAT), Nairobi, Kenya
Biochemistry Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, Kenya
Faculty of Agriculture Research Park (FARP) and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received 8 Jul 2014
Received in revised form 29 Aug 2014
Accepted 10 Sep 2014
Available online 17 Sep 2014
Keywords:
Annona muricata
Phytochemical screening
Antioxidant
Anticancer
1. Introduction
Cancer is the major cause of mortality and morbidity
globally. According to recent estimates by the World Health
Organization[1,2], annual cancer incidence in sub-Saharan
*Corresponding author: Hany A El-Shemy, Faculty of Agriculture Research Park
and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, 12613
Giza, Egypt.
E-mail: helshemy@yahoo.com
Foundation Project: Supported by the Pan African University of the African Union
Commission through the Graduate Scholarship Student Research Funding Lot 2013/2014
at the Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation in collaboration with
Cairo University to Y Gavamukulya.
(FARP)
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Northern
UGANDA
Uganda
Uganda Eastern
Kibwiza Pallisa
KALIRO
Nakibungulia
Buya
Kahiro
IGANGA
Kirongo
Rusembatia
Figure 1. Map of Uganda showing the study areas of Kaliro and Iganga.
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517
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Alkaloids; HIGH
Terpenoids; HIGH
Phenols; HIGH
Flavonoids; HIGH
Coumarins&Lactones; AVERAGE
Tannins; HIGH
Saponins; LOW
Compted Chi-square
Anthraquinones; HIGH
Critical value
Alkaloids; HIGH
Terpenoids; HIGH
Phytosterols; HIGH
Flavonoids; LOW
Phenols; HIGH
Tannins; HIGH
Saponins; HIGH
Compted Chi-square
Anthraquinones; HIGH
Critical value
(683.690.09) g/mL
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20
10
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Concentration (g/mL)
Water extract %RSA
Linear (Water extract %RSA)
1400
death
y=139.45x-302.27
R=0.997
% Cell
100
50
0
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
120
y=107.96x-208.65
R=0.9055
100
death
%RSA
30
% Cell
y=0.0079x+33.84
R=0.7852
40
80
60
40
2.3
2.8
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
100
90
y=183.08ln(x)-102.97
R=0.8152
80
70
60
50
40
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
Figure 9 below shows results for the cytotoxicity test for the
0.5
y=0
R=#N/A
2
2.9
2.5
y=0
R=#N/A
2.4
death
on DPPH
50
% Cell
y=0.0453x+8.881
R=0.8437
60
death
70
% Cell
2.5
3.5
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Percentage activity
100
50
0
% Cell death
4. Discussion
Phytochemical screening conducted on leaves extracts of
A. muricata revealed the presence of following classes of
compounds: alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins
and lactones, anthraquinones, tannins, cardiac glycosides,
phenols, phytosterols, and saponins. They were present
in both the ethanolic and water leaves extracts, but with
noticeable differences in relative abundance ranging from
low, average and high. These results are in line with earlier
studies that carried out on the ethanolic seeds extract of A.
muricata, and the phytochemical tests showed that ethanol
soursop seeds extract contained secondary metabolites
compounds: saponins, alkaloids and triterpenoids,
flavonoids, anthraquinones, tannins, and cardiac glycosides.
They are defense chemical compounds of plants produced in
the plant tissue[17,34].
The extracts were found to be rich in alkaloids which
have wide pharmacological effects and thus have been
used extensively as drugs in medical field. The detection
of high levels of alkaloids in the leaves extracts of A.
muricata further reinforces the presence of alkaloid in this
species as already outlined by other independent studies
that showed that among the chemical constituents found
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