Acot Pascal. (2005).HISTORIA DEL CLIMA. Desde el Big Ban a las catastrofes
climaticas. Edit. Ateneo, 268 pag.
Monbiot, Gerge. (2008).CALOR. Como parar el calentamiento global. Edit. RBA.
Al Gore. (2008). UNA VERDAD INCOMODA: La crss planetaria del
calentamientoglobal y como afrontarla. Edit. GEDISA. 328 pag.
Walker, Gabrielle. (2003).CATACLISMO CLIMATICO. Edit., Antoni Bosch.
Campos, Luis Carlos. (2005). CALOR GLACIAL. Entramos en una nueva glaciacin.
Edit., Arcopress. 268 pags.
Laurie, David., y Gordon, Cambria. (2008). QUE ES EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL.
Edit.,Oniro. 112 pags.
1981
2013
Bezada, M. y Schubert, C. (1987):Cronologa Cuaternaria en Venezuela, algunos problemas metodolgicos y pedolgicos. Act. Cient. Venezolana (38)1-12.
Clapperton, Ch., and Bezada, M. (1998). Full glacialglaciers extents and chronology along PEP 1 (Americas) transect . Pole Equator - Pole Paleoclimate of
the Americas. PEP 1, Meeting, Mrida, 1998.
Braun, C., Bezada, M., (2013). The history and disappearance of glaciers in Venezuela. Journal of Latin American Geography 12, 85-124.
Bezada, M., Mahaney,W., and Kalm, V. (1995) Pleistocene Glaciations in the Venezuelan Andes. International Quaternary Association. Congress,
Berlin. Abctracts Volume. P. 28.
Polissar, P., Abbott, M., Wolfe, A., Bezada, M., Rull, V., and Bradley, R. (2006).Solar modulation of Little Ice Age climate in the tropical Andes.
Preccedings of the National Academy of Science. 103: 8937-8942.
Stansell, N., Abbott, M., Rull,V., Rodbell, T., and Bezada, M. (2010). Abrupt Younger Dryas Coolings in the northern tropical recorded in lake
sediments from the venezuelan Andes. Earth Science and Planetary letters, 293, 154-163.
Stansell, N., Abbott, M., Polissar, P., Wolfe, A., Bezada, M., Rull,V., and Bradley, R. (2005). Late Quaternary Deglacial History of the Mrida Andes,
Venezuela. Journal of Quaternary Science, 20 (7-8) pp. 801-812.
Bezada, M., Diaz, D., DeAbrisqueta, A., Gonzalez,O., Carrera,J., Santiago,C. (2008).Glacial Quaternary Geology of Las Gonzalez Basin, Paramo Los
Conejos, Venezuelan Andes. 33 International Geological Congress. Oslo.
Polissar, P.,Abbott, M., Wolfe, A., Bezada, M.(2013) The Role of Insolation and the Ecuatorial Pacific In South American Climate during the
Holocene: A new Andean Paleoclimate Record from Laguna Blanca, Venezuela. Quaternary Science Review .
Stansell, N., Abbott, M., Rull,V., and Bezada, M. (2010). Late glacial cycle.Glacial abrupt climate change in the tropical Andes. Journal of Quaternary Science.
Rull, V., Abbott, M., Vegas-Vilarrbia, T., Bezada, M., Montoya, E., Nogue, S., Gonzlez, C. (2010). Paleoenvironmental trends in Venezuela during
the last glacial cycle. Indiana University Press.
Bezada, M., Gonzlez, O., Daz, D., DeAbrisqueta, A. (2009) Glaciers retreats in the venezuela Andes since last glacial maximum to the present
global warming and their effects on social and economic activities in high mountains. Glaciers and challenges caused by climatic change. Norway
Polar Institute.Tromso, Norway.
drastically wrong.
The Mail on Sunday has obtained the final draft of a report to be published later this month by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC), the ultimate watchdog whose massive, six-yearly assessments are accepted by environmentalists,
politicians and experts as the gospel of climate science.
They are cited worldwide to justify swingeing fossil fuel taxes and subsidies for renewable energy.
Yet the leaked report makes the extraordinary concession that over the past 15 years, recorded world temperatures have
increased at only a quarter of the rate of IPCC claimed when it published its last assessment in 2007.
Back then, it said observed warming over the 15 years from 1990-2005 had taken place at a rate of 0.2C per decade, and it
predicted this would continue for the following 20 years, on the basis of forecasts made by computer climate models.
But the new report says the observed warming over the more recent 15 years to 2012 was just 0.05C per decade - below
almost all computer predictions.
The 31-page summary for policymakers is based on a more technical 2,000-page analysis which will be issued at the same time.
It also surprisingly reveals: IPCC scientists accept their forecast computers may have exaggerated the effect
They recognise the global warming pause first reported by The Mail on Sunday last year is real and concede that their
computer models did not predict it. But they cannot explain why world average temperatures have not shown any statistically
significant increase since 1997.
lThey admit large parts of the world were as warm as they are now for decades at a time between 950
and 1250 AD centuries before the Industrial Revolution, and when the population and CO2 levels were
both much lower.
lThe IPCC admits that while computer models forecast a decline in Antarctic sea ice, it has actually
grown to a new record high. Again, the IPCC cannot say why.
lA forecast in the 2007 report that hurricanes would become more intense has simply been dropped,
without mention.
I.-La ltima Glaciacin: el record de los ncleos de sedimentos de Cariaco concuerdan con los
records de los ncleos de hielo de Groenlandia. Durante el intervalo 70.000-30.000 A.P, con todos
los ciclos DANSGAARD-OESCHGER (D-0) y los eventos Heinrich (EH). Existe incertidumbre por las
pocas dataciones en los Andes y Llanos, pero las existentes concuerdan con la Curva.
II.-El ltimo Mximo Glacial: Corresponde al ltimo avance de la ltima glaciacin: los reversos
fros Oldest Dryas, Younger Dryas son claramente visible en la curva de Ti y la CTSM. Las dos fases
clidas (Blling - Allerd) preceden al YD. La CCTSM, baja con la misma intensidad que durante el
LGM. El ensamblaje de polen en los Andes concuerdan con el enfriamiento correspondiente al YD,
pero son opuestas en la asignacin de la humedad: al nivel del mar seco y frio, en los Andes
hmedos y frio.
III.- EL HOLOCENO: En Venezuela como en toda Suramrica continental, desde el punto de vista
paleoclimtico, el Holoceno ha sido reconocido como un periodo remarcablemente heterogneo,
muy especialmente en la humedad donde los fenmenos locales pueden oscurecer las
correlaciones. Solo registros continuos pueden ayudar a discernir lo local, lo regional y la
tendencia global de los paleoclimas.
1937
2009
OBJETIVO GENERAL
Fig. 6. Sediment core data for Laguna de Mucubaj including bulk density, Titanium (Ti) and Iron (Fe) in counts per second (CPS), magnetic
susceptibility, clastic sediment flux, biogenic silica, and organic matter. The shading in yellow delineates the middle Holocene, red is for the
MCA and blue is for the LIA. The grey shading for the Ti and Fe plots illustrates the raw data and the black represents the 10-point moving
averages.