1

SET 1 POPULAR EQUATIONS IN CHEMISTRY

Chemical Formulae
1. Write the symbol for the element.
N
o.

ELEMENT

SYMBOL

No.

ELEMENT

1.

Hydrogen

21

Sodium

2.

Helium

22

Magnesium

3.

Lithium

23

Aluminum

4.

Beryllium

24

Silicon

5.

Boron

25

Phosphorus

6.

Carbon

26

Sulfur

7.

Nitrogen

27

Chlorine

8.

Oxygen

28

Argon

9.

Fluorine

29

Potassium

10.

Neon

30

Calcium

11.

Vanadium

31

Nickel

12.

Chromium

32

Cuprum

13.

Manganese

33

Zink

14.

Iron

34

Silver

15.

Cobalt

35

Tin

16

Bromine

36

Barium

17

Iodine

37

Rubidium

18

Platinum

38

Krypton

19

Aurum

39

Xenon

20

Lead

40

Mercury

SYMBOL

2. Write the ionic formulae of the ions.

NO

ION

FORMULA

NO

ION

1.

Lithium ion

17

Oxide ion

2.

Sodium ion

18

Bromide ion

FORMULA

2
3.

Magnesium ion

19

Chloride ion

4.

Potassium ion

20

Iodide ion

5.

Calcium ion

21

Hydroxide ion

6.

Aluminum ion

22

Sulphate ion

7.

Iron (III) ion

23

Fluoride ion

8.

Zinc ion

24

Nitrate ion

9.

Copper (II) ion

25

Carbonate ion

10.

Ammonium ion

26

Phosphate ion

11.

Iron (II) ion

12.

Tin ion

13.

Lead(II) ion

14.

Barium ion

15.

Hydrogen ion

16.

Silver ion

3. Write the chemical formulae of the substances below:

NO

SUBSTANCE

CHEMICAL

NO

SUBSTANCE

CHEMICAL

FOR

FOR

MUL

MUL

1.

Calcium carbonate

17

Silver nitrate

2.

Magnesium nitrate

18

Potassium nitrate

3.

Copper(II) sulphate

19

Sodium carbonate

4.

Zink chloride

20

Sodium sulphate

5.

Sodium hydroxide

21

Lead(II) iodide

6.

Magnesium oxide

22

Lead(II) nitrate

7.

Magnesium
chloride

23

Potassium nitrate

8.

Barium hydroxide

24

Potassium hydroxide

3
9.

Barium sulphate

25

Calcium chloride

10.

Copper(II)
carbonate

26

Copper (II) sulphate

11.

Iron(II) oxide

27

Hydrochloric acid

12.

Iron(III) oxide

28

Sulphuric acid

13.

Zink nitrate

29

Nitric acid

14.

Ammonium
chloride

30

Calcium carbonate

15.

Ammonium
sulphate

31

Carbon dioxide

16.

Potassium

32

Ammonia

sulphate

Popular chemical equations .

1

Reactions
Magnesium reacts with
oxygen

Copper oxide reacts with

hydrogen

Lithium reacts with water

Sodium reacts with chlorine

Chlorine reacts with water

Iodine reacts with sodium

hydroxide

Ionization of hydrochloric acid

in water

Reaction of nitric acid with

zinc

Reaction of sulphuric acid

equations

4
with copper(II)oxide
10

Reaction of hydrochloric acid

with marble chips

11

Manufacture of sulphuric acid

Stage 1
Stage2
Stage 3
Stage 4

12

Reaction to produce ammonia

in Haber Process

13

Reaction of sodium
thiosulphate and sulphuric
acid
Decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide in the presence of
catalyst

14

15

Reactions
Combustion of methane in
excess oxygen

16

Combustion of ethane in
excess oxygen

17

Combustion of ethanol in
excess oxygen

18

Reaction of ethene with

hydrogen

19

Reaction of ethene with steam

20

Reaction of ethene with

bromine

21

Reaction of ethene with

hydrogen chloride

22

Dehydration of ethanol

23

Oxidation of ethanol to form

ethanoic acid

equations

5
24

Esterification of ethanol with

propanoic acid

25

Displacement of copper from

copper(II) sulphate by zinc

26

Displacement of iodine from

potassium iodide by chlorine

27

Rusting of iron

28

Heating magnesium in the

presence of potassium
manganate(VII) powder

29

Precipitation reaction of silver

chloride from its ions in
solution

30

Word equation to prepare

soap from saponification
process

31

General formula of soap

32

General formula of detergent

POPULAR half equations in chemistry

Reactions
1

Electrolysis of molten
lead(II) iodide

Electrolysis of 0.001
moldm-3 hydrochloric
acid

Electrolysis of 1.0
moldm-3 hydrochloric
acid

Electrolysis of 1.0
moldm-3 copper(II)
sulphate solution using

Half equations at
anode

Half equations at
cathode

6
carbon electrodes
5

Electrolysis of 1.0
moldm-3 copper(II)
sulphate solution using
copper electrodes
Half equations at
Negative electrode

Half equations at
Positive electrode

Half equations for

Oxidation

Half equations for

Reduction

Reactions in Daniel cell

(sketch diagram first)
REDOX REACTIONS

Reaction of iron(II)
sulphate with chlorine
Overall equation

Reaction of iron(III)
chloride with zinc
Overall equation

Reaction of potassium
iodide with acidified
potassium manganate
(VII) solution
Overall equation

Reaction of potassium
bromide with acidified
potassium
dichromate(VI) solution
Overall equation

IONIC EQUATIONS
Reactions
1

Hydrochloric acid and magnesium

Ionic equation

7
2

Hydrochloric acid and zinc

Sulphuric acid and marble chips

Precipitation reaction of silver

chloride salt

Formation of barium sulphate salt

Displacement of copper from its

ion by zinc

Reaction of sulphuric acid and

sodium hydroxide

Reaction of nitric acid and

potassium hydroxide

EXERCISES
1.

CuCO3 CuO + CO2

Copper (II) carbonate is decomposed when heated strongly as shown in the
equation above. Find the mass of copper (II) oxide formed when 12.4 g of copper
(II) carbonate is heated completely. [RAM: Cu,64; O,16; C,12]

2. 720 cm3 of propane gas burns in excess oxygen at STP. Find the mass of carbon
dioxide formed. [RAM: C,12; H,1; O,16]

3. Excess calcium carbonate reacts with 25 cm 3 of 0.15 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.
Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas released at room conditions. [Molar
volume: 24 mol dm-3 at room conditions]

4.

H2O2 H2O + O2
(i) Balance the equation above.
(ii) Find the number of moles of H2O2 that decomposes if 11.2 dm3 oxygen gas is
collected at STP. [RAM: H,1; O, 16; Molar volume : 22.4 dm 3 mol-1 at STP]

5. The following equation is not balanced.

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + NaCl
(a) Identify the reactants and products of the reaction.

(b) Balance the equation. Then, calculate

(i)

the number of moles of sodium sulphate that react completely with

a solution containing 2.08 g of barium chloride

(ii)

the mass of barium sulphate formed when 1 mol of sodium sulphate

is reacted with 1 mol of barium chloride

10

1)

Refer to the diagram above:

Cell P
Electrode
M
Name of cell
Label anode
and cathode
State
products
State
observations
Write ionic
equations

Electrode N

Cell Q
Electrode R

Electrode S

11
State change
of energy

Answer the following questions

Electrode P
a) State all ions
present
b) Label anode and
cathode
c) State ions
attracted to
d) State ions
discharged
e) State products
and what is the
factor involved?
f) Give a reason why
you have the
product as
mentioned
above?
g) Write ionic
equations
h) State
observations and
how do you test
the products?

Electrode Q

12
i) If the experiment
is repeated with
concentration of
solution 0.001
mol dm-3. State
the products . And
what is the factor
involved?

3) Organic reaction

CO2 + H2O
Ethene

Reaction 2

Reaction 1

Ethyl
ethanoate

Reaction 4
ethanol
Reaction 3
Reaction 6
A) Refer to the above reaction:
Ethanoic
acid
Reactions
1

Reaction 5

a) Name of
reactions
b) Reagents
used
c) Conditions
(if any)
d) Equations

Reactions
a) Name of
reactions
b) Reagents
used

13
c) Conditions
(if any)
d) Equations

B) Draw diagram for experiment to carry out for reaction 2

4) DESCRIBE THE COAGULATION OF LATEX when exposed to air

14

5) A student obtained the following data to determine heat of precipitation of

lead(II) sulphate (VI), PbSO4
Solution

Volume (cm3)

Lead(II) nitrate
Sodium sulphate

50
50

Concentration
(moldm-3)
0.5
0.5

Initial
temperature (oC)
27.4
27.6

Highest temperature = 30.5 oC

a) What is meant by heat of precipitation?
..
..

..
b) Using data above, calculate heat of precipitation of lead (II) sulphate
[Specific heat capacity 4.2 J g-1 o C-1 , density of solution , 1g cm -3 ]

c) Write thermo chemical equation

d) Write the ionic equation

e) Construct energy level diagram

.
f) The experiment is repeated, using potassium sulphate to replace sodium
sulphate, with other conditions remain constant, and it was found that
heat of precipitation of lead(II) sulphate is the same. Explain

15

6) A student carried out an experiment to determine heat of displacement of

copper from copper (II) sulphate solution . He added excess zinc powder
to 50 cm3 of 0.20 mol dm-3 of copper(II) sulphate solution. The thermo
chemical equation is shown below
Zn + Cu 2+ Cu + Zn 2+
H = -80.64kJ mol-1
a) Using data above, calculate the change in temperature occur during
the experiment
[Specific heat capacity 4.2 J g-1 o C-1 , density of solution , 1g cm -3 ]

..
b) Write ionic equation
..
c) Experiments are repeated with the following changes. What is the
effect on change in temperature? Explain your answer

concentration of copper(II) sulphate solution is doubled, without

changing the volume

The volume of copper(II) sulphate solution is halved without

changing the concentration

16

7) State differences between heat change and heat of reaction

Heat change

Heat of reaction

a) Other names

Depends on name of
reactions
1)
2)
3)
4)

b) What formula to
use ?
c) Unit?
d) Symbol?

Draw the following diagrams form 4 chapters

1

To determine the melting point of

naphthalene

To determine the freezing point of

naphthalene

17

Graph for melting point of

naphthalene

Graph for melting point of naphthalene

Electrolysis of molten lead(II)

bromide

Electrolysis of sulphuric acid to collect

gases formed using carbon electrodes

Electrolysis of silver nitrate solution

using silver electrode

Electroplating of iron key with silver

using electrolysis method

Purifying impure copper using

electrolysis method

10

To determine the position of metals in

the electrochemical series using
potential difference

18
11

Simple cell between magnesium

and iron using porous pot

12

Daniell cell using salt bridge

13

Heating of copper(II) carbonate

14

To determine empirical formula of

magnesium oxide

15

To determine empirical formula of

copper oxide

16

Arrangement of atoms in alloy bronze

17

To separate insoluble salt from

soluble reactants

18

Titration method in reaction between

acid and alkali

18

Structure of polythene and

structure of its monomer

19

Electron arrangement of compound

formed between sodium and chlorine
[ given proton number of Na, 11: Cl,
17]

20

Electron arrangement of compound

formed between carbon and

21

Electron arrangement of compound

between magnesium and oxygen

19
chlorine
[ given proton number of C, 6: Cl,
17]

22

[ given proton number of Mg, 12: Cl,

O,8]

Electron arrangement of compound

formed between carbon and
oxygen
[ given proton number of C,6; O, 8]

Draw the following diagrams form 5 chapters

21

To determine the effect of size of

reactant on the rate of reaction
between zinc and hydrochloric acid

22

To determine the effect of temperature

on the rate of reaction between sodium
thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid

20

23

To compare the reactivity of three

different metals with oxygen
( magnesium, zinc and copper)

24

To show transfer of electron at a

distance between potassium iodide and
chlorine water

25

Diagram of soap particle showing

hydrophobic and hydrophilic part

26

Diagram of detergent particle showing

hydrophobic and hydrophilic part

27

Diagram of soap particle showing

hydrophobic part dissolve in grease
while the hydrophilic part dissolve
in water

28

Preparation of soap in the laboratory

29

Energy level diagram showing

endothermic reaction

30

Energy level diagram showing

exothermic reaction

21

31

To determine the heat of

combustion of ethanol

32

Diagram on process of rusting of iron

33

Effect of contact of other metals on

the rusting of iron

34

Simple Structure of vulcanized rubber

35

Diagram of a rubber particle in a

colloidal solution

36

Diagram showing process of

coagulation of latex

22

37

Dehydration of ethanol to form

ethane

38

Fermentation of glucose

39

Graph of volume of carbon dioxide

against time

40

Graph of concentration of sodium

thiosulphate against time

41

Graph of temperature of sodium

thiosulphate against time

42

Energy level diagram showing

activation energy with catalyst and
without catalyst, also show the heat of
reaction

23

Module 3 Fats and Natural Rubber

Answer the following questions
1) FATS
Oils and fats are esters

Carboxyli
c

Alcoh
ol

acids

Fatty
acid
Has a very long chain
carbon, (about 10-20
atoms)
Examples, palmitic acids,
stearic acids, linoleic
acids

Glycerol or
1,2,3propanentriol

Fats
or oil

wate
r

24
I)

From diagram above, what is the difference between a fat molecule

and a fatty acid molecule?

a) Can hexanoic acid and pentanol react together to form Fat or Oil?
Explain your answer

b) Can decanoic acid and glycerol react together to form Fat or Oil?
Explain your answer

c) State 2 similarities between fats and oils?

d) Fill in the table below to list differences between oils and fats.
Oils
a) sources
b) Physical state at
room
temperature
c) Melting point

Fats

25
d) Fill in the table below to list differences between saturated and
unsaturated fats
Unsaturated fats

Saturated fats

a) Proportion of
molecules
between
saturated and
unsaturated fats
b) Physical state at
room
temperature
c) Melting point
d) sources
e) Why do unsaturated fats turn bad or spoil easily?

f) Explain how unsaturated fats can be changed to saturated fats?

..
..
..
2) Natural rubber
a) List examples of natural polymers and their monomers
polymers
1

Starch

Cellulose

Protein

Rubber

monomers

b) Draw the structural formula of natural rubber

26

..
c) State the properties of natural rubber
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

White at room temperature

Elsticity that overtime
Soft
Sensitive to ..

d) State 3 uses of natural rubber

i)

ii)

..

iii)

..
COAGULATION OF LATEX -PROCESS

I)
II)
III)

Latex is a
It consists of .particles dispersed in

Each rubber particle is made-up many long-chain

..molecules enclosed by a
..-like membrane which is
charged
Draw diagram
of one rubber particle

DESCRIBE THE COAGULATION OF LATEX

i)

The repulsion between the

..charged particles prevent
the ..particles from coming close to
each other. Therefore latex could not

27
Draw diagram

ii)

When an is added to latex, OR

when latex is exposed to .., the
..from the air enters the latex and
produce ..acid that form
ions. This .ions
neutralize the charges on the
protein membrane.

Draw diagram

iii)

The rubber ..can now come

close together. This enable them to
.with one another resulting in
the .. of the protein membranes.
Draw diagram

iv)

The rubber molecules with one

another and get .. and thus causing
latex to .
Draw diagram

IV)

Describe how to prevent the coagulation of latex

28
By adding .solution, that contains
.ions which . The
acid produced by the bacteria . Therefore rubber particles remain
charged and the coagulation is
.
VULCANISED RUBBER
a)

What is meant by vulcanization of rubber?

.
b)

In industry, how does the vulcanization of rubber is carried out?

By heating latex with .. OR
.

c)
Describe how sulphur atoms change the properties of rubber
In vulcanization , .atoms form cross-between
rubber
These cross .prevent rubber
..from sliding too much when
..
The rubber molecules return to their ..
position after being stretched.
d)

Draw cross-linkage of sulphur

e)
Compa
re and contrast the properties of vulcanized and unvulcanised
rubber
Similarities
Both are

29
Both are .
Differences
Vulcanised

Differences

Unvulcanised
rubber

Elasticity
Hardness
Tensile strength
Resistance to heat
Effect of organic
solvents
a) State one advantage of natural rubber over synthetic rubber
Only natural rubber can take the tremendous ,
. and produced during
landing and taking off of an ..

1) The chemical formula for tetrachloromethane is CCl4.

What is the relative molecular mass of tetrachloromethane?
[Relative atomic mass: C, 12; Cl, 35.5]

..

2) The following equation shows the reaction between silver nitrate and sodium
chloride.
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO 3(aq)

30

What is the mass of the insoluble salt produced when 50 cm 3 1.0 mol dm-3
silver nitrate reacts with 50 cm3 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium chloride? [Realtive
atomic mass : N = 14, O = 16, Na = 23, Cl = 35.5, Ag = 108]

3) Aluminium carbonate decomposes when heated strongly to produce

aluminium oxide
and carbon dioxide.
Al2(CO3)3 Al2O3 + 3CO2

What is the maximum volume of the gas that can be obtained at room
temperature when 23.4 g of aluminium carbonate is heated?
[ Molar mass of Al2(CO3)3 = 234 g mol-1 ; Molar volume of gas at room
temperature =
24 dm3 mol-1]

..

4)

Pair of metals
Pasangan logam
R and copper
R dan kuprum
S and copper
S dan kuprum
T and copper

Potential difference
(V)

Negative
terminal

Beza upaya (V)

Terminal
negatif

0.44

1.70

0.53

Cu

31

T dan kuprum

What is the potential difference for the pair of metal S and T?

..

5) In an experiment, 24 g of element X react with 32 g sulphur to form a

compound. What is the empirical formula of that compound ? [Relative
atomic mass ; X = 6, S = 32 ]

6) A compound contains 2.56g copper and 0.64g oxygen Determine the

empirical formula of the compound Q.

..

7) The empirical formula of compound L is C 2H5. Determine its molecular formula

given that the relative molecular mass is 58.[Relative atomic mass: C=12;
H=1]

8) The chemical equation for the reaction is:

H2SO4 + 2KOH

K2SO4

2H2O

What is the volume of 0.1 mol dm -3 sulphuric acid needed to exactly

neutralize 20 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide?

32

9) Distilled water is added to 20.0 cm 3 of solution 0.1 mol dm -3 of Z to make

100.0 cm3 of solution.
Calculate the new concentration of solution Z.

..

10)

The equation represents a neutralization reaction.

2HNO3 + Ba(OH)2 Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O

10.0 cm3 of barium hydroxide solution 0.1 mol dm-3 is titrated with nitric
acid 0.1 mol dm-3. If the initial reading of the burette is 10.00 cm3, what is
the final reading of the burette?
.
11)
25 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution is required to react
completely with 12.50 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid.
Calculate
the molarity of the dilute hydrochloric acid used.

.
12)

Diagram 22 shows the energy level diagram for neutralisation reaction.

Reaction path

33

What is the amount of heat released when 50 cm3 2 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
reacts with 50 cm3 2 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide solution?

13)
The reaction between sodium and chlorine forms a compound
with a high melting point.. Determine the mass of the compound formed
when 2.3 g sodium reacts with excess chlorine.
[Relative atomic mass Na= 23, Cl= 35.5]

14)

Calculate the oxidation number of

i)
Manganese in KMnO4

ii)

chromium in Cr2O7

2--

ion.

..

15)
The following chemical equation shows the reaction between calcium
carbonate and hydrochloric acid.
2HCl + CaCO3

CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

Determine the mass of calcium carbonate needed in the reaction if 480

cm3 of gas is released at room condition.

34
(The molar volume of gas at room condition: 24 dm 3 mol-1,
Relative atomic mass: C = 12 g, O= 16 g, Ca = 40 g)

.................................................................................................................
.......

16)

The volume of gas released is recorded in Table 7.1

Time / s
Masa/ s
Volume
of gas /
cm3
Isipadu
gas / cm3

Experim
ent

60

120

180

240

300

360

0.00

25.9
0

33.0
0

37.0
0

40.5
0

42.0
0

42.0
0

0.00

28.0
0

36.5
0

41.0
0

42.0
0

42.0
0

42.0
0

I
Experim
ent II

Based on the graph, determine

(i)

The average rate of reaction for the whole experiment

(ii)

The average rate of reaction for the first 2 minutes

35

(iii)
the rate of reaction at 90 sec for Experiment I.
( how?)

17)
2 Cu(NO3)2

2 CuO

4 NO 2

O2

(Relative atomic mass: N=14, O=16, Cu=64,

molar volume of gas at room condition; 24 dm3 mol-1)

(i)

Determine the percentage composition by mass of oxygen in

copper(II) nitrate.

................................................................................................................
..............................

ii)

If 3.2 g of copper(II) oxide is produced during the heating

process, calculate the volume of oxygen gas evolved at
room condition.

36

..

18)

Diagram 10 shows an energy level diagram.

Energy
Tenaga
Mg + 2 HCl
H = -50.4 kJ mol

-1

Mg Cl2 + H2

Diagram 10.1

Determine the temperature change when 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 of

hydrochloric acid reacts with excess magnesium.
[Specific heat
-1 o
-1
capacity of solution: 4.2 J g C ,

37

19)
In this experiment, 5 g excess copper is added to 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol
dm-3 silver nitrate solution. The heat of displacement in this
experiment is -105 kJmol-1.
[ Specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 Jg-1oC-1 ; the density of
the solution is 1.0 gcm-3 ]
(i) Calculate the heat energy released in this experiment.
.
ii) Calculate the temperature change in this experiment.

..
20)
50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid neutralize 50 cm3 of sodium hydroxide.
Initial Temperature of HCl is 29.0 o C, Initial temperature of NaOH is 29.5 oC.
Highest temperature of the mixture is 36.0 oC. Calculate heat of
neutralization [ Specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 Jg -1oC-1 ; the
density of the solution is 1.0 gcm -3 ]

..
21)
4.6 g of ethanol is needed to heat 500 cm3 of water . Increase in
temperature of water is 30 oC
Molar mass of ethanol is 46 gmol-1. Calculate the heat of combustion
of ethanol [ Specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 Jg -1oC-1 ; the density of
the solution is 1.0 gcm-3 ]

22)
Diagram 3 shows the energy profile for the reaction between X and Y
to produce Z.
i)

What is the activation energy of the reaction and

the type of reaction? ..

ii)

What is the heat of reaction for this reaction?

.

38

.
23)

Carbon burns in oxygen in a reaction as shown in the equation below.

C(s) + O2(g) CO2 (g) H = -394 kJ mol-1

What is the mass of carbon that must be burnt completely to produce 78.8 kJ
of heat?

24)

Based on the diagram above,

i)
state the volume of barium chloride solution 0.5 mol dm-3 for reacts
completely with 5 cm3 of potassium chromate(VI) solution
ii)

..
calculate the number of mole of barium chloride solution is needed to
reacts completely with 1 mole potassium chromate(VI) solution.