28

Atomic Physics
Clicker Questions
Question Q3.01
Description: Distinguishing the Bohr theorys postulates from related statements.
Question
Which of the following is not one of the Bohr postulates?
1.

The laws of classical physics apply to orbital motion of the electrons but not during transitions from
one orbit to another.

2.

The possible energies that the electron can have are discrete and depend on the orbit radius.

3.

Electrons emit electromagnetic radiation only during transitions between orbits and not while in an
allowed orbit.

4.

Permissible orbits have an angular momentum which is an integer multiple of h 2 .

5.

The frequency of the radiation emitted during a transition is related to the energy difference between
the orbits by f = E h .

Commentary
Purpose: To check your understanding of the fundamental postulates of the Bohr theory (as distinct from
their consequences), and stimulate discussion about what actually goes into the theory.
Discussion: Since students usually see the equations for the discrete energies and radii of the Bohr orbits
more frequently than they encounter statements of the models postulates, they often believe these equations themselves are the foundation of the model. An understanding of the postulates is essential to appreciating how Bohrs theory relates to both classical and quantum physics.
Statements 1, 3, 4, and 5 are the basis of the theory, though you will often see them with different wording.
Statement 2, on the other hand, is not fundamental; quantization of the orbit radii and electron energies is
a consequence of the quantization of angular momentum (as described in Statement 4). Bohrs assertion
that angular momentum comes in discrete units of one h-bar (h 2 ) was sufcient to predict the discrete
energy levels observed in hydrogen.
The quantization condition is sometimes represented as requiring an integer number of electron wavelengths to occur around the circumference of each orbit, where wavelength is related to energy via E = hf .
This is a heuristic (hand-waving) argument designed to make the condition seem reasonable or intuitive, however, and is not one of the formal postulates of the Bohr theory.

415

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Chapter 28

Key Points:

Distinguishing a theorys postulates from its derived statements and consequences helps you to
understand the theory, know its limits, and appreciate its relationship to other physical theories.

The Bohr model requires four fundamental postulates, leaps which cannot be proven or justied. The
value of the model comes entirely from its success in explaining physical phenomena.

Bohrs identication of the quantization of angular momentum is a postulate; quantization of orbit radii
and electron energies are consequences of that and of classical physics.

For Instructors Only

This is a simple question, but it gets at something students rarely pay attention to: the logical structure and
foundation of a physical theory. They are usually far more concerned with the theorys consequences, since
these are used to solve the problems we give them.
If time permits, this question makes an excellent entre into a general philosophical discussion about physics, theories, model-building, and the role of observables.

QUICK QUIZZES
1.

2.

(b). The allowed energy levels in a one-electron atom may be expressed as En = Z 2 (13.6 eV) n 2 ,
where Z is the atomic number. Thus, the ground state ( n = 1 level ) in helium, with Z = 2, is
lower than the ground state in hydrogen, with Z = 1.
(a) For n = 5, there are 5 allowed values of l, namely l = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.
(b) Since ml ranges from l to +l in integer steps, the largest allowed value of l ( l = 4 in this
case) permits the greatest range of values for ml. For n = 5, there are 9 possible values for ml:
4, 3, 2, 1, 0, +1, +2, +3, and +4.
(c) For each value of l, there are 2 l + 1 possible values of ml. Thus, there is 1 distinct pair with
l = 0, 3 distinct pairs with l = 1, 5 distinct pairs with l = 2, 7 distinct pairs with l = 3, and 9
distinct pairs with l = 4. This yields a total of 25 distinct pairs of l and ml that are possible when
n = 5.

3.

(d). Krypton has a closed conguration consisting of lled n = 1, n = 2, and n = 3 shells as well
as lled 4s and 4p subshells. The lled n = 3 shell (the next to outer shell in krypton) has a total
of 18 electrons, 2 in the 3s subshell, 6 in the 3p subshell and 10 in the 3d subshell.

ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1.

Wavelengths of the hydrogen spectrum are given by 1 = RH (1 n 2f 1 ni2 ), where the Rydberg
constant is RH = 1.097 373 2 10 7 m 1 . Thus, with n f = 3 and ni = 5,
1
1
1
= 1.097 373 2 10 7 m 1 2 2 = 7.80 10 5 m 1,
3

5
and = 1 ( 7.80 10 5 m 1 ) = 1.28 10 6 m, so (a) is seen to be the correct choice.

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Atomic Physics

2.

417

The energy levels in a single electron atom having atomic number Z are
En =

Z 2 (13.6 eV)
.
n2

For beryllium, Z = 4, and for the ground state, n = 1. Thus,

E1 =

4 2 (13.6 eV)
= 218 eV
12

and the correct answer is choice (b).

3.

With a principal quantum number of n = 3 , there are 3 possible values of the orbital quantum
number, l = 0, 1, 2. There are a total of 2 ( 2 l + 1) possible quantum states for each value of
l; 2 l + 1 possible values of the orbital magnetic quantum number ml, and 2 possible spin orientations ( ms = 12 ) for each value of ml .Thus, there are 10 3d states (having n = 3, l = 2 ),
6 3p states (with n = 3, l = 1), and 2 3s states (with n = 3, l = 0 ), giving a grand total of
10 + 6 + 2 = 18 n = 3 states and the correct choice is (e).

4.

There are 6 distinct possible downward transitions with 4 energy levels. These transitions are:
4 1, 4 2, 4 3, 3 1, 3 2, and 2 1. Thus, assuming that each transition has a unique
photon energy, Ephoton = E = Ei E f , associated with it, there are 6 different wavelengths
= hc Ephoton the atom could emit and (e) is the correct choice.

5.

The structure of the periodic table is the result of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that
no two electrons in an atom can ever have the same set of values for the set of quantum numbers
n, l, ml , and ms. This principle is best summarized by choice (c).

6.

All states associated with l = 2 are referred to as d states. Thus, all 10 possible quantum states having n = 3, l = 2 are called 3d states (see Question 3 above), and the correct answer is choice (c).

7.

Of the electron congurations listed, (b) and (e) are not allowed. Choice (b) is not possible
because the Pauli exclusion principle limits the number of electrons in any p subshell to a maximum of 6. Choice (e) is impossible because the selection rules of quantum mechanics limit the
maximum value of l to n 1. Thus, a 2d state (n = 2, l = 2) cannot exist.

8.

Since the electron is in some bound quantum state of the atom, the atom is not ionized and choice
(a) is false. The fact that the electron is in a d state means that its orbital quantum number is
l = 2, so choice (b) is false. Also, since the maximum value of l is n 1, choice (e) is false.
Finally, the ground state of hydrogen is a 1s state, so choice (d) is false, leaving (c) as the only
true statement in the list of choices.

9.

If it were possible for the spin quantum number to take on the four values ms = 23 and 12 ,
the rst closed shell would occur for beryllium with 4 electrons in states of (1, 0, 0, 23 ), (1, 0, 0, 12 ),
(1, 0, 0, 12 ), and (1, 0, 0, 23 ). The correct answer is choice (c).

10.

According to de Broglies interpretation of Bohrs quantization postulate, the circumference of

the n = 3 orbit would be exactly 3 electron wavelengths long. However, the de Broglie wavelength of the electron is given by

n =

2 h 2
h
h
h
hrn
2 rn 2 n 2 h 2
n
=
=
=
=
=
=
m k e2
pn me vn me vn rn rn n ( h 2 )
n
n me ke e2
e e

Thus, the wavelength of an electron in the n = 3 orbit is 3 times longer than the wavelength of the
electron when in the n = 1 orbit, and the circumference of the n = 3 orbit must be 3( 3) = 9 times
greater than that of the n = 1 orbit. Choice (c) is the correct answer for this question.

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Chapter 28

ANSWERS TO EVEN NUMBERED CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS

2.

Neon signs do not emit a continuous spectrum. They emit many discrete wavelengths, as could
be determined by observing the light from the sign through a spectrometer. However, they do not
emit all wavelengths. The specic wavelengths and intensities account for the color of the sign.

4.

An atom does not have to be ionized to emit light. For example, hydrogen emits light when a
transition carries an electron from a higher state to the n = 2 state.

6.

Classically, the electron can occupy any energy state. That is, all energies would be allowed.
Therefore, if the electron obeyed classical mechanics, its spectrum, which originates from transitions between states, would be continuous rather than discrete.

8.

The de Broglie wavelength of macroscopic objects such as a baseball moving with a typical
speed such as 30 m/s is very small and impossible to measure. That is, = h mv is a very small
number for macroscopic objects. We are not able to observe diffraction effects because the wavelength is much smaller than any aperture through which the object could pass.

10.

In both cases the answer is yes. Recall that the ionization energy of hydrogen is 13.6 eV. The electron can absorb a photon of energy less than 13.6 eV by making a transition to some intermediate
state such as one with n = 2. It can also absorb a photon of energy greater than 13.6 eV, but in
doing so, the electron would be separated from the proton and have some residual kinetic energy.

12.

It replaced the simple circular orbits in the Bohr theory with electron clouds. More important, quantum mechanics is consistent with Heisenbergs uncertainty principle, which tells us about the limits
of accuracy in making measurements. In quantum mechanics, we talk about the probabilistic nature
of the outcome of a measurement of a system, a concept which is incompatible with the Bohr theory.
Finally, the Bohr theory of the atom contains only one quantum number n, while quantum mechanics
provides the basis for additional quantum numbers to explain the ner details of atomic structure.

14.

Each of the given atoms has a single electron in an l = 0 ( or s ) state outside a fully closed-shell
core, shielded from all but one unit of the nuclear charge. Since they reside in very similar environments, one would expect these outer electrons to have nearly the same electrical potential energies
and hence nearly the same ionization energies. This is in agreement with the given data values.
Also, since the distance of the outer electron from the nuclear charge should tend to increase with
Z (to allow for greater numbers of electrons in the core), one would expect the ionization energy to
decrease somewhat as atomic number increases. This is also in agreement with the given data.

PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
28.1

(a)

The wavelengths in the Lyman series of hydrogen are given by 1 = RH (1 1 n 2 ), where

n = 2, 3, 4, . . . , and the Rydberg constant is RH = 1.097 373 2 10 7 m 1 . This can also be
written as = (1 RH ) ( n 2 n 2 1 so the rst three wavelengths in this series are

(b)

56157_28_ch28_p415-433.indd 418

1 =

22
1
= 1.215 10 7 m = 121.5 nm
1.097 373 2 10 7 m 1 2 2 1

2 =

32
1
= 1.025 10 7 m = 102.5 nm
1.097 373 2 10 7 m 1 32 1

3 =

42
1
= 9.720 10 8 m = 97.20 nm
1.097 373 2 10 7 m 1 4 2 1

These wavelengths are all in the far ultraviolet region of the spectrum.

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Atomic Physics

28.2

(a)

419

The wavelengths in the Paschen series of hydrogen are given by 1 = RH (1 32 1 n 2 ),

where n = 4, 5, 6, . . . , and the Rydberg constant is RH = 1.097 373 2 10 7 m 1. This can
also be written as = (1 RH )[ 9 n 2 (n 2 9 )] so the rst three wavelengths in this series are

28.3

1 =

9 ( 4 )2
1
= 1.875 10 6 m = 1 875 nm
1.097 373 2 10 7 m 1 4 2 9

2 =

9 ( 5 )2
1
= 1.281 10 6 m = 1 281 nm
1 2
7
1.097 373 2 10 m 5 9

1 =

9 ( 6 )2
1
= 1.094 10 6 m = 1 094 nm
1.097 373 2 10 7 m 1 6 2 9

(b)

These wavelengths are all in the infrared region of the spectrum.

(a)

From Coulombs law,

F=

(b)

9
2
2
19
ke q1q2 ( 8.99 10 N m C (1.60 10 C
=
2
r2
(1.0 1010 m

= 14 eV
J

From Coulombs law,

F=

(b)

= 2 .3 10 8 N

9
2
2
19
19
ke q1q2 ( 8.99 10 N m C ( 1.60 10 C (1.60 10 C
=
r
1.0 10 10 m

1 eV

= 2 .3 10 18 J
1.60 10 19
(a)

The electrical potential energy is

PE =

28.4

9
2
2
19
ke q1q2 ( 8.99 10 N m C (1.60 10 C
=
2
r2
(1.0 1015 m

= 2 .3 10 2 N

The electrical potential energy is

PE =

)(

)(

9
2
2
19
19
ke q1q2 8.99 10 N m C 1.60 10 C 1.60 10 C
=
r
1.0 10 15 m

1 MeV
= +1.4 MeV
= +2 .3 10 13 J
1.60 10 13 J
28.5

(a)

The electrical force supplies the centripetal acceleration of the electron, so

m

v 2 ke e 2
= 2
r
r

or

v=

( 8.99 10 N m C ) (1.60 10 C)
( 9.11 10 kg ) (1.0 10 m )
9

v=

ke e 2
mr

31

19

10

= 1.6 10 6 m s

continued on next page

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420

Chapter 28

(b)
(c)

v 1.6 10 6 m s
=
= 5.3 10 3 << 1, so the electron is not relativistic.
c 3.00 10 8 m s

No.

The de Broglie wavelength for the electron is = h p = h mv , or

=
(d)
28.6

6.63 10 34 J s
= 4.6 10 10 m = 0.46 nm
( 9.11 1031 kg (1.6 106 m s

Yes. The wavelength and the atom are roughly the same size.

Assuming a head-on collision, the a-particle comes to rest momentarily at the point of closest
approach. From conservation of energy,
KE f + PE f = KEi + PEi
or
0+

ke ( 2 e ) ( 79 e )
k ( 2 e ) ( 79 e )
= KEi + e
rf
ri

With ri , this gives the distance of closest approach as

)(

9
2
2
19
158 k e e 2 158 8.99 10 N m C 1.60 10 C
rf =
=
KEi
5.0 MeV 1.60 10 13 J MeV

= 4.5 10 14 m = 45 fm
28.7

(a)

rn = n 2 a0 yields r2 = 4 ( 0.052 9 nm ) = 0.212 nm

(b)

With the electrical force supplying the centripetal acceleration, me vn2 rn = ke e2 rn2 ,
giving vn = ke e2 me rn and pn = me vn = me ke e2 rn .
Thus,
p2 =

me k e e 2
=
r2

( 9.11 10

31

kg ( 8.99 10 9 N m 2 C2 (1.6 10 19 C
0.212 10 9 m

= 9.95 10 25 kg m s

(c)

6.63 10 34 J s
h
34
Ln = n L2 = 2
= 2.11 10 J s
2
2

(d)

KE2 =

(e)

( 8.99 109 N m 2 C2 (1.60 1019 C

k ( e) e
PE2 = e
=
r2
( 0.212 109 m

( 9.95 1025 kg m s
1
p2
mv22 = 2 =
2
2 me
2 ( 9.11 10 31 kg

1 eV

= 3.40 eV
= 5.44 10 19 J
1.60 10 19 J

= 1.09 10 18 J = 6.80 eV
(f)

56157_28_ch28_p415-433.indd 420

E2 = KE2 + PE2 = 3.40 eV 6.80 eV= 3.40 eV

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Atomic Physics

28.8

(a)

421

With the electrical force supplying the centripetal acceleration, me vn2 rn = ke e2 rn2 ,
giving vn = ke e2 me rn , where rn = n 2 a0 = n 2 (0.052 9 nm ).
Thus,

( 8.99 10 N m C ) (1.60 10 C)
( 9.11 10 kg ) ( 0.052 9 10 m )

v1 =

ke e 2
=
me r1

19

31

)(

1
1
(b) KE1 = me v12 = 9.11 10 31 kg 2.19 10 6 m s
2
2

1 eV
= 2.18 10 18 J
= 13.6 eV
19
1.60 10 J

(c)

= 2.19 10 6 m s

( 8.99 109 N m 2 C2 (1.60 1019 C

k ( e) e
PE1 = e
=
r1
( 0.052 9 109 m

= 4.35 10 18 J = 27.2 eV
28.9

Since the electrical force supplies the centripetal acceleration,

me vn2 ke e2
= 2
rn
rn

or

vn2 =

k2 e 2
me rn

From Ln = me rn vn = n h , we have rn = n h me vn , so
vn2 =

k 2 e 2 me v n
me n h

which reduces to vn = ke e 2 n h .
28.10

(a)

The Rydberg equation is1 = RH 1 n 2f 1 ni2 , or

1
RH

n n
n2 n2
i
f
2
i

2
f

With ni = 5 and n f = 3 ,

56157_28_ch28_p415-433.indd 421

1
( 25 ) ( 9 )
= 1.281 10 6 m = 1 281 nm
7
1
1.097 37 10 m 25 9

c 3.00 10 8 m s
=
= 2.34 1014 Hz
1 281 10 9 m

(b)

f =

(c)

Ephoton =

34
8
1 eV
hc ( 6.63 10 J s ( 3.00 10 m s

=
= 0.970 eV

1.60 10 19 J
1 281 10 9 m

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422

28.11

Chapter 28

The energy of the emitted photon is

Ephoton =

34
8
hc ( 6.626 10 J s ( 2.998 10 m s
1 ev

= 1.89 eV

656 10 9 m
1.60 10 19 J

This photon energy is also the difference in the electrons energy in its initial and nal orbits. The
energies of the electron in the various allowed orbits within the hydrogen atom are
En =

13.6 eV
n2

where

n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

giving E1 = 13.6 eV, E2 = 3.40 eV, E3 = 1.51 eV, E4 = 0.850 eV, . . .

Observe that Ephoton = E3 E2 , so the transition was from the n = 3 orbit to the n = 2 orbit .
28.12

The change in the energy of the atom is

1
1
E = E f Ei = 13.6 eV 2 2
ni n f

28.13

Transition I:

1 1
E = 13.6 eV = 2.86 eV (absorption)
4 25

Transition II:

1 1
= 0.967 eV (emission)
E = 13.6 eV

25 9

Transition III:

1
1
= 0.572 eV (emission)
E = 13.6 eV

49 16

Transition IV:

1
1
E = 13.6 eV = 0.572 eV (absorption)
16 49
hc

hc
, transition II emits the shortest wavelength photon.
E

(a)

Since =

(b)

The atom gains the most energy in transition I .

(c)

The atom loses energy in transitions II and III .

Ephoton

The energy absorbed by the atom is

1
1
Ephoton = E f Ei = 13.6 eV 2 2
ni n f

56157_28_ch28_p415-433.indd 422

(a)

1
1
Ephoton = 13.6 eV 2 2 = 2.86 eV
2
5

(b)

1
1
Ephoton = 13.6 eV 2 2 = 0.472 eV
4
6

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Atomic Physics

28.14

(a)

(b)

28.15

423

The energy absorbed is

1
1
1 1
E = E f Ei = 13.6 eV 2 2 = 13.6 eV = 12 .1 eV
1 9
n
n
i
f
Three transitions are possible as the electron returns to the ground state. These transitions
and the emitted photon energies are
ni = 3 n f = 1 :

1 1
E = 13.6 eV 2 2 = 12 .1 eV
1
3

ni = 3 n f = 2 :

1
1
E = 13.6 eV 2 2 = 1.89 eV
2
3

ni = 2 n f = 1 :

1 1
E = 13.6 eV 2 2 = 10.2 eV
1 2

To ionize the atom, it is necessary that n f . The required energy is then

1
1 1 13.6 eV
1
E = E f Ei = 13.6 eV 2 2 = 13.6 eV 2 =
ni2
ni
n f ni

28.16

(a)

If ni = 1, the required energy is E =

(b)

If ni = 3,

E =

13.6 eV
= 13.6 eV
12

13.6 eV
= 1.51 eV
32

The magnetic force supplies the centripetal acceleration, so

mv 2
= qvB ,
r

or

r=

mv
qB

If angular momentum is quantized according to

Ln = mvn rn = 2 nh , then mvn =

2 nh
rn

and the allowed radii of the path are given by

rn =
28.17

(a)

1 2 nh
qB rn

or

rn =

2 nh
qB

The energy emitted by the atom is

1
1
E = E4 E2 = 13.6 eV 2 2 = 2 .55 eV
4
2
The wavelength of the photon produced is then

34
8
hc hc ( 6.63 10 J s ( 3.00 10 m s
=
=
E E
( 2 .55 eV) (1.60 10 19 J eV

= 4.88 10 7 m = 488 nm
continued on next page

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424

Chapter 28

(b)

Since momentum must be conserved, the photon and the atom go in opposite directions
with equal magnitude momenta. Thus, p = matom v = h , or
v=

28.18

h
matom

6.63 10 34 J s
= 0.814 m s
(1.67 1027 kg ( 4.88 107 m

(a)

Starting from the n = 4 state, there are 6 possible transitions as the electron returns to the
ground (n = 1) state. These transitions are: n = 4 n = 1, n = 4 n = 2, n = 4 n = 3,
n = 3 n = 1, n = 3 n = 2, and n = 2 n = 1. Since there is a different change in
energy associated with each of these transitions, there will be 6 different wavelengths
observed in the emission spectrum of these atoms.

(b)

The longest observed wavelength is produced by the transition involving the smallest
change in energy. This is the n = 4 n = 3 transition, and the wavelength is

max =

( 6.626 1034 J s ( 2.998 108 m s 1 eV 1 nm

hc
=

1
E4 E3
1.602 10 19 J 10 9 m
1
13.6 eV 2 2
4
3

max = 1.88 10 3 nm .

or

Since this transition terminates on the n = 3 level, this is part of the Paschen series .
28.19

For minimum initial kinetic energy, KEtotal = 0 after collision. Hence, the two atoms must have
equal and opposite momenta before impact. The atoms then have the same initial kinetic energy,
and that energy is converted into excitation energy of the atom during the collision. Therefore,
KEatom =

28.20

1
matom v 2 = E2 E1 = 10.2 eV
2

2 (10.2 eV)
=
matom

2 (10.2 eV) (1.60 10 19 J eV

or

v=

(a)

2 r
L = mvr = m
r
T
=

(b)

n=

1.67 10 27 kg

2 ( 7.36 10 22 kg ( 3.84 10 8 m
2 .36 10 6 s

)=

4.42 10 4 m s

= 2 .89 10 34 kg m 2 s

34
2
L 2 L 2 ( 2.89 10 kg m s
= 2 .74 10 68
=
=
h
6.63 10 34 J s
h

continued on next page

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Atomic Physics

(c)

425

The gravitational force supplies the centripetal acceleration so

mv 2 GM E m
=
, or r v 2 = GM E
r
r2
nh
Then, from Ln = mvn rn = nh or vn =
,
mrn
2

nh
h2
2
2
GM
r
=
n
we have rn
which
gives
=
E
n
GM m 2 = n r1
mrn
E
Therefore, when n increases by 1, the fractional change in the radius is
r rn+1 rn ( n + 1) r1 n 2 r1 2 n + 1 2
=
=
=

r
rn
n 2 r1
n2
n
2

r
2

= 7.30 10 69
r
2 .74 10 68
28.21

(a)

rn = n 2 a0 = n 2 (0.052 9 nm ) r3 = 32 (0.052 9 nm ) = 0.476 nm

(b)

In the Bohr model, the circumference of an allowed orbits must be an integral multiple of
the de Broglie wavelength for the electron in that orbit, or 2 rn = n . Thus, the wavelength
of the electron when in the n = 3 orbit in hydrogen is

=
28.22

2 r3 2 ( 0.476 nm )
=
= 0.997 nm
3
3

(a)

The Coulomb force supplies the necessary centripetal force to hold the electron in orbit so
me vn2 rn = ke e 2 rn2, or me vn2 = ke e 2 rn . But me vn2 = 2 KEn and ke e2 rn = PEn , where PEn is
the electrical potential energy of the electron-proton system when the electron is in an orbit
of radius rn . We then have 2KEn = PEn , or KEn = 12 PEn .

(b)

When the atom absorbs energy, E, and the electron moves to a higher level, both the kinetic
and potential energy will change. Conservation of energy requires that E = KE + PE .
But, from the result of part (a), KE = 12 PE and we have
E=

(c)

28.23

56157_28_ch28_p415-433.indd 425

rn =

1
1
PE + PE = + PE
2
2

KE =

1
1
PE = ( 2 E )
2
2

n 2 h 2 n 2 a0
=
Z me ke e2
Z

so

r1 =

or

or

PE = 2 E

KE = E

a0 0.052 9 nm
=
Z
Z

(a)

For He + ,

Z = 2 and r = 0.052 9 nm 2 = 0.026 5 nm .

(b)

For Li2+ ,

Z = 3 and r = 0.052 9 nm 3 = 0.017 6 nm .

(c)

For Be 3+ ,

Z = 4 and r = 0.052 9 nm 4 = 0.013 2 nm .

3/20/08 1:26:13 PM

426

28.24

Chapter 28

(a)

The energy levels in a single electron atom with nuclear charge +Ze are
En = Z 2 (13.6 eV) n 2 . For doubly-ionized lithium, Z = 3, giving En = (122 eV) n 2 .

(b)

E4 =

122 eV
= 7.63 eV
42

(c)

E2 =

122 eV
= 30.5 eV
22

(d)

Ephoton = Ei E f = 7.63 eV ( 30.5 eV) = 22.9 eV

1.60 10 19 J
18
Ephoton = ( 22.9 eV)
= 3.66 10 J
1 eV

(e)

f =

Ephoton
h

=
(f)

28.25

3.66 10 18 J
= 5.52 1015 Hz
6.63 10 34 J s

c 3.00 10 8 m s
=
= 5.43 10 8 m = 54.3 nm
f
5.52 1015 Hz

This wavelength is in the deep ultraviolet region of the spectrum.

From L = me vn rn = nh and rn = n 2 a0
we nd that pn = mvn =

n h n(h 2 )
h
=
=
rn
n 2 a0
2 a0 n

Thus, the de Broglie wavelength of the electron in the n th orbit is = h pn = ( 2 a0 ) n.

For n = 4, this yields

= 8 a0 = 8 ( 0.052 9 nm ) = 1.33 nm
28.26

(a)

For standing waves in a string xed at both ends, L =

n
2

2L
h
. According to the de Broglie hypothesis, p =

n
nh
Combining these expressions gives p = mv =
2L
or =

(b)

Using E =

En =

56157_28_ch28_p415-433.indd 426

1
p2
, with p as found in (a) above:
mv 2 =
2
2m
n2 h2
h2
= n 2 E0 where E0 =
2
4 L (2m)
8 mL2

3/20/08 1:26:14 PM

Atomic Physics

28.27

28.28

28.29

In the 3d subshell, n = 3 and l = 2. The 10 possible quantum states are

n=3

l=2

ml = + 2

ms = + 12

n=3

l=2

ml = + 2

ms = 12

n=3

l=2

ml = +1

ms = + 12

n=3

l=2

ml = +1

ms = 12

n=3

l=2

ml = + 0

ms = + 12

n=3

l=2

ml = + 0

ms = 12

n=3

l=2

ml = 1

ms = + 12

n=3

l=2

ml = 1

ms = 12

n=3

l=2

ml = 2

ms = + 12

n=3

l=2

ml = 2

ms = 12

(a)

For a given value of the principal quantum number n, the orbital quantum number l
varies from 0 to n 1 in integer steps. Thus, if n = 4, there are 4 possible values of l :
l = 0, 1, 2, and 3.

(b)

For each possible value of the orbital quantum number l, the orbital magnetic quantum
number ml ranges from l to + l in integer steps. When the principal quantum number
is n = 4 and the largest allowed value of the orbital quantum number is l = 3, there are 7
distinct possible values for ml . These values are: ml = 3, 2, 1, 0, +1, + 2, and +3.

The 3d subshell has n = 3 and l = 2. For l-mesons, we also have s = 1. Thus, there are 15
possible quantum states, as summarized in the table below.
n
l
ml
ms

56157_28_ch28_p415-433.indd 427

427

3
2
+2
+1

3
2
+2
0

3
2
+2
1

3
2
+1
+1

3
2
+1
0

3
2
+1
1

3
2
0
+1

3
2
0
0

3
2
0
1

3
2
1

3
2
1

+1

3
2
1
1

3
2
2

3
2
2

+1

3
2
2
1

3/20/08 1:26:14 PM

428

28.30

Chapter 28

(a)

The electronic configuration for nitrogen ( Z = 7 ) is 1s 2 2 s 2 2 p 3 .

(b)

The quantum numbers for the 7 electrons can be:

n =1

1s states

m
= 0

=0

n=2

2s states

ms = + 12
ms = 12
ms = + 12

m
= 0

=0

ms = 12
ms = + 12

m
= 1

ms = + 12

m
= 0

=1

n=2

2 p states

ms = 12

ms = 12
ms = + 12

m
= 1

28.31

(a)

ms = 12

For Electron #1 and also for Electron #2, n = 3 and
= 1. The other quantum numbers for
each of the 30 allowed states are listed in the tables below.
m

ms

m

ms

m

ms

m

ms

m

ms

m

ms

Electron #1

+1

+ 12

+1

+ 12

+1

+ 12

+1

12

+1

12

+1

12

Electron #2

+1

12

12

12

+1

+ 12

12

12

m

ms

m

ms

m

ms

m

ms

m

ms

m

ms

Electron #1

+ 12

+ 12

+ 12

12

12

12

Electron #2

+1

12

12

12

+1

12

+ 12

12

m

ms

m

ms

m

ms

m

ms

m

ms

m

ms

Electron #1

+ 12

+ 12

+ 12

12

12

12

Electron #2

+1

12

12

12

+1

12

12

+ 12

There are 30 allowed states , since Electron #1 can have any of three possible values of m

for both spin up and spin down, totaling six possible states. For each of these states, Electron #2 can be in either of the remaining five states.
continued on next page

56157_28_ch28_p415-433.indd 428

3/25/08 8:48:30 PM

Atomic Physics

28.32

(b)

Were it not for the exclusion principal, there would be 36 possible states, six for each
electron independently.

(a)

For n = 1, l = 0 and there are 2 (2 l + 1) states = 2 (1) = 2 sets of quantum numbers.

(b)

For n = 2, l = 0 for 2 (2 l + 1) states = 2 (0 + 1) = 2 sets

and
l = 1 for 2 (2 l + 1) states = 2 (2 + 1) = 6 sets
total number of sets = 8

(c)

For n = 3, l = 0 for 2 (2 l + 1) states = 2 (0 + 1) = 2 sets

and
l = 1 for 2 (2 l + 1) states = 2 (2 + 1) = 6 sets
and
l = 2 for 2 (2 l + 1) states = 2 ( 4 + 1) = 10 sets
total number of sets = 18

(d)

For n = 4, l = 0 for 2 (2 l + 1) states

and
l = 1 for 2 (2 l + 1) states
and
l = 2 for 2 (2 l + 1) states
and
l = 3 for 2 (2 l + 1) states
total number of sets = 32

= 2 (0 + 1) = 2 sets
= 2 (2 + 1) = 6 sets
= 2 ( 4 + 1) = 10 sets
= 2 (6 + 1) = 14 sets

(e)

For n = 5, l = 0 for 2 (2 l + 1) states

and
l = 1 for 2 (2 l + 1) states
and
l = 2 for 2 (2 l + 1) states
and
l = 3 for 2 (2 l + 1) states
and
l = 4 for 2 (2 l + 1) states
total number of sets = 50

= 2 (0 + 1) = 2 sets
= 2 (2 + 1) = 6 sets
= 2 ( 4 + 1) = 10 sets
= 2 (6 + 1) = 14 sets
= 2 (8 + 1) = 18 sets

For n = 1 : 2 n 2 = 2
For n = 3 : 2 n 2 = 18
For n = 5 : 2 n 2 = 50

429

For n = 2 : 2 n 2 = 8
For n = 4 : 2 n 2 = 32

Thus, the total number of sets of quantum states agrees with the 2 n 2 rule.
28.33

(a)

Zirconium, with 40 electrons, has 4 electrons outside a closed krypton core. The krypton
core, with 36 electrons, has all states up through the 4 p subshell lled. Normally, one
would expect the next 4 electrons to go into the 4d subshell. However, an exception to the
rule occurs at this point, and the 5s subshell lls (with 2 electrons) before the 4d subshell
starts lling. The two remaining electrons in zirconium are in an incomplete 4d subshell.
Thus, n = 4, and l = 2 for each of these electrons.

(b)

For electrons in the 4d subshell, with l = 2, the possible values of ml are

ml = 0, 1, 2 and those for ms are ms = 1 2 .

(c)

We have 40 electrons, so the electron conguration is:

1s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6 3d 10 4 s 2 4 p 6 4 d 2 5 s 2 = [Kr] 4 d 2 5 s 2

56157_28_ch28_p415-433.indd 429

3/20/08 1:26:19 PM

430

28.34

Chapter 28

The photon energy is Ephoton = EL EK = 951 eV ( 8 979 eV) = 8 028 eV , and the
wavelength is

hc
Ephoton

( 6.63 10

34

J s ( 3.00 10 8 m s

( 8 028 eV) (1.60 10

19

J eV

) = 1.55 10

10

m = 0.155 nm

To produce the K line, an electron from the K-shell must be excited to the L-shell or higher.
Thus, a minimum energy of 8 028 eV must be given to the atom. A minimum accelerating voltage
of V = 8 028 V = 8.03 kV is required.
28.35

For nickel, Z = 28 and

13.6 eV
2
= ( 27 ) (13.6 eV) = 9.91 10 3 eV
2
(1)
.6 eV
13
2
2 (13.6 eV )
EL ( Z 3)
= ( 25 )
= 2.13 10 3 eV
2
4
(2)
EK ( Z 1)

Thus, Ephoton = EL EK = 2 .13 keV ( 9.91 keV) = 7.78 keV

and

28.36

hc
Ephoton

( 6.63 10

34

J s ( 3.00 10 8 m s

7.778 keV (1.60 10

16

J keV

) = 1.60 10

10

m = 0.160 nm

The energies in the K and M shells are

EK ( Z 1)

13.6 eV
2 13.6 eV
and EM ( Z 9 )
2
(1)
( 3)2

( Z 9 )2
2
8

Thus, Ephoton = EM EK (13.6 eV)

+ ( Z 1) = (13.6 eV) Z 2 8

9
9

and Ephoton =

hc
hc
9
gives Z 2 = 8 +
, or
8

(13.6 eV)

Z 9+

9 ( 6.63 10 34 J s ( 3.00 10 8 m s
1 eV

= 32.0

9
1.60 10 19 J
8 (13.6 eV) ( 0.101 10 m

The element is germanium .

56157_28_ch28_p415-433.indd 430

3/25/08 8:49:36 PM

Atomic Physics

28.37

431

The transitions that produce the three

longest wavelengths in the K series are
shown at the right. The energy of the K
shell is EK = 69.5 keV.
Thus, the energy of the L shell is
E L = EK +

hc
3

EL = 69.5 keV +

or

( 6.63 10

34

J s ( 3.00 10 8 m s

0.021 5 10

1 keV

= 69.5 keV + 9.25 10 15 J

1.60 10 16 J
= 69.5 keV + 57.8 keV = 11.7 keV
Similarly, the energies of the M and N shells are
E M = EK +

hc
2

= 69.5 keV +

( 6.63 10

34

( 0.020 9 10

)
m ) (1.60 10

J s ( 3.00 10 8 m s
16

= 10.0 keV

= 2 .30 keV

J keV

and
E N = EK +

hc
1

= 69.5 keV +

( 6.63 10

34

( 0.018 5 10

)
m ) (1.60 10

J s ( 3.00 10 8 m s
16

J keV

The ionization energies of the L, M, and N shells are

11.7 keV, 10.0 keV, and 2.30 keV, respectively
28.38

According to the Bohr model, the radii of the electron orbits in hydrogen are given by
rn = n 2 a0 with a0 = 0.052 9 nm = 5.29 10 11 m
Then, if rn 1.00 m = 1.00 10 6 m, the quantum number is
n=

28.39

(a)
(b)

rn
=
a0

E = E2 E1 = 13.6 eV (2 )2 ( 13.6 eV (1)2 = 10.2 eV

V
The average kinetic energy of the atoms must equal or exceed the needed excitation energy,
or 23 kBT E, which gives
T

56157_28_ch28_p415-433.indd 431

1.00 10 6 m
137
5.29 10 11 m

19
J eV
2 ( E ) 2 (10.2 eV) (1.60 10
=
= 7.88 10 4 K
23
3kB
3 (1.38 10 J K

3/25/08 2:46:38 PM

432

28.40

Chapter 28

L = c ( t ) = ( 3.00 10 8 m s (14.0 10 12 s = 4.20 10 3 m = 4.20 mm

(b)

N=

Epulse
Ephoton
=

(c)

n=

(a)

Epulse
hc

( 694.3 10

( 6.63 10

34

N
N
=
V L ( d 2 4
=

28.41

(a)

m ( 3.00 J )

J s ( 3.00 10 8 m s

= 1.05 1019 photons

4 (1.05 1019 photons

( 4.20 mm ) ( 6.00 mm )

= 8.84 1016 photons mm 3

With one vacancy in the K shell, an electron in the L shell has one electron shielding it
from the nuclear charge, so Z eff = Z 1 = 24 1 = 23. The estimated energy the atom gives
up during a transition from the L shell to the K shell is then
E Ei E f =

2
1
Z eff
(13.6 eV) Z eff2 (13.6 eV) 2
1

= Z eff (13.6 eV) 2 2
2
2
ni
nf

n f ni

or
2
1 1
E ( 23) (13.6 eV) 2 2 = 5.40 10 3 eV = 5.40 keV
1 2

(b)

With a vacancy in the K shell, we assume that Z 2 = 24 2 = 22 electrons shield the

outermost electron (in a 4s state) from the nuclear charge. Thus, for this outer
electron, Z eff = 24 22 = 2 and the estimated energy required to remove this electron
from the atom is
Z 2 (13.6 ev) 2 2 (13.6 ev)
Eionization = E f Ei = 0 Ei eff 2
= 3.40 eV
=
ni
42

28.42

(c)

KE = E Eionization = 5.40 keV 3.40 eV 5.40 keV

(a)

The energy levels of a hydrogen-like ion

whose charge number is Z are given by
En = ( 13.6 eV)

Z2
n2

For helium, Z = 2 and the energy levels are

En =

(b)

54.4 eV
n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
n2

For He + , Z = 2, so we see that the ionization energy (the energy required to take the
electron from the n = 1 to the n = state) is
E = E E1 = 0

56157_28_ch28_p415-433.indd 432

( 13.6 eV) ( 2 )2
(1)2

= 54.4 eV

3/20/08 2:34:53 PM

Atomic Physics

28.43

3
9
t ) 4 ( 3.00 10 J 1.00 10 s
=
= 4.24 1015 W m 2
2
d2 4
( 30.0 10 6 m

( E

(a)

I=

(b)

E = I A ( t )

433

2
W

= 4.24 1015
0.600 10 9 m (1.00 10 9 s = 1.20 10 12 J
(
2

m 4

28.44

(a)

Given that the de Broglie wavelength is = 2 a0, the momentum is p = h = h 2 a 0 . The

kinetic energy of this non-relativistic electron is
KE =

p2
h2
=
2 me 8 me a 20

( 6.63 10 J s) (1 eV 1.60 10 J ) = 135 eV

=
8 ( 9.11 10 kg ) ( 0.052 9 10 m )
2

34

19

31

(b)

28.45

The kinetic energy of this electron is 10 times the magnitude of the ground state energy
of the hydrogen atom, which is 13.6 eV.

In the Bohr model,

f =
=

E En En1
=
h
h
1 me ke2 e 4 1
1 4 2 me ke2 e 4

=
h 2 h 2 n 2 ( n 1)2
2 h3

which reduces to

28.46

Ephoton =

f =

1
1

2 2
n
( n 1)

2 2 me ke2 e4 2 n 1
2 2

h3
( n 1) n

)
)

34
8
hc ( 6.626 10 J s ( 2.998 10 m s 1 240 eV nm
E
=
=
= E

(1.602 10 19 J eV (10 9 m nm

For:
= 310.0 nm, E = 4.000 eV

= 400.0 nm, E = 3.100 eV

and = 1 378 nm, E = 0.900 0 eV
The ionization energy is 4.100 eV. The energy level diagram having the smallest number of levels
and consistent with these energy differences is shown below.

56157_28_ch28_p415-433.indd 433

3/20/08 1:26:22 PM