Fornadel - Mineralogical, Stable Isotope Au-Te Mineralization Greece

Miner Petrol (2012) 105:85111
DOI 10.1007/s00710-012-0196-8
ORIGINAL PAPER
Mineralogical, stable isotope, and fluid inclusion studies

of spatially related porphyry Cu and epithermal Au-Te
mineralization, Fakos Peninsula, Limnos Island, Greece
Andrew P. Fornadel & Panagiotis Ch. Voudouris &
Paul G. Spry & Vasilios Melfos
Received: 2 February 2011 / Accepted: 26 March 2012 / Published online: 17 April 2012
# Springer-Verlag 2012
Abstract The Fakos porphyry Cu and epithermal Au-Te

deposit, Limnos Island, Greece, is hosted in a ~20 Ma quartz
monzonite and shoshonitic subvolcanic rocks that intruded
middle Eocene to lower Miocene sedimentary basement
rocks. Metallic mineralization formed in three stages in
quartz and quartz-calcite veins. Early porphyry-style
(Stage 1) metallic minerals consist of pyrite, chalcopyrite,
galena, bornite, sphalerite, molybdenite, and iron oxides,
which are surrounded by halos of potassic and propylitic
alteration. Stage 2 mineralization is composed mostly of
quartz-tourmaline veins associated with sericitic alteration
and disseminated pyrite and molybdenite, whereas Stage 3,
epithermal-style mineralization is characterized by polymetallic veins containing pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, enargite, bournonite, tetrahedrite-tennantite, hessite,
petzite, altaite, an unknown cervelleite-like Ag-telluride,
native Au, and Au-Ag alloy. Stage 3 veins are spatially
associated with sericitic and argillic alteration. Fluid inclusions in quartz from Stage 1 (porphyry-style) mineralization
contain five types of inclusions. Type I, liquidvapor inclusions, which homogenize at temperatures ranging from
Editorial handling: R. Abart
A. P. Fornadel (*) : P. G. Spry
Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences,
253 Science I, Iowa State University,
Ames, IA 50011-3212, USA
e-mail: fornadel@iastate.edu
P. C. Voudouris
Department of Mineralogy-Petrology, University of Athens,
Athens 15784, Greece
V. Melfos
Department of Mineralogy, Petrology and Economic Geology,
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,
Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
189.5C to 403.3C have salinities of 14.8 to 19.9 wt. %

NaCl equiv. Type II, liquidvapor-NaCl, Type III liquid
vapor-NaCl-XCl2 (where XCl is an unknown chloride
phase, likely CaCl2), and Type IV, liquidvapor-hematite
NaCl homogenize to the liquid phase by liquidvapor homogenization or by daughter crystal dissolution at temperatures of 209.3 to 740.5 C, 267.6 to 780.8 C, and 357.9 to
684.2 C, respectively, and, Type V, vapor-rich inclusions.
Stage 2 veins are devoid of interpretable fluid inclusions.
Quartz from Stage 3 (epithermal-style) veins contains two
types of fluid inclusions, Type I, liquidvapor inclusions
that homogenize to the liquid phase (191.6 to 310.0 C)
with salinities of 1.40 to 9.73 wt. % NaCl equiv., and Type
II, vapor-rich inclusions. Mixing of magmatic fluids with
meteoric water in the epithermal environment is responsible
for the dilution of the ore fluids that formed Stage 3 veins.
Eutectic melting temperatures of 35.4 to 24.3 C for Type
I inclusions hosted in both porphyry- and epithermal-style
veins suggest the presence of CaCl2, MgCl2, and/or FeCl2 in
the magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. Sulfur isotope values of
pyrite, galena, sphalerite, and molybdenite range from
34S06.82 to 0.82 per mil and overlap for porphyry and
epithermal sulfides, which suggests a common sulfur source
for the two styles of mineralization. The source of sulfur in
the system was likely the Fakos quartz monzonite for which
the isotopically light sulfur isotope values are the result of
changes in oxidation state during sulfide deposition (i.e.,
boiling) and/or disproportionation of sulfur-rich magmatic
volatiles upon cooling. It is less likely that sulfur in the
sulfides was derived from the reduction of seawater sulfate
or leaching of sulfides from sedimentary rocks given the
absence of primary sulfides in sedimentary rocks in the
vicinity of the deposit. Late-stage barite (34S010.5 per
mil) is inferred to have formed during mixing of seawater
with magmatic ore fluids. Petrological, mineralogical, fluid
86
inclusion, and sulfur isotope data indicate that the metallic

mineralization at Fakos Peninsula represents an early porphyry system that is transitional to a later high- to intermediatesulfidation epithermal gold system. This style of mineralization
is similar to porphyry-epithermal metallic mineralization
found elsewhere in northeastern Greece (e.g., Pagoni
Rachi, St. Demetrios, St. Barbara, Perama Hill, Mavrokoryfi,
and Pefka).
Introduction
Porphyry- and epithermal-style metallic ore deposits are
found worldwide and are related to the generation of hydrous calc-alkaline and alkaline magmas in convergent tectonic regimes (e.g., Seedorff et al. 2005; Simmons et al.
2005). Despite being geologically distinct, these two types
of ore deposit share a common elemental metal assemblage
that includes Au, Cu, and S, and they constitute major
global resources of both precious and base metals. The
two styles of deposit are commonly spatially and temporally
related to one another (Arribas 1995; Heinrich et al. 2004).
However, epithermal style mineralization invariably transitions to porphyry style mineralization at depth (Sillitoe
1994; Heinrich 2005).
In areas where these two deposit types are spatially
related, Heinrich (2005) suggested that the epithermal-style
mineralization formed contemporaneously with porphyrystyle mineralization, within the error of age-dating techniques (e.g., Far South East - Lepanto, Arribas 1995), or that it
may post-date porphyry mineralization by >1 Ma (e.g.,
Colquijirca district, Bendezu et al. 2003).
Post-orogenic extension and subsequent magmatism in
northeastern Greece and the northern Aegean Sea have
given rise to a broad variety of styles of hydrothermal
mineralization, which include Pb-Zn-Ag veins, metamorphic base metal replacement, sediment-hosted gold, lowto high-sulfidation epithermal gold, intrusion-related gold,
and porphyry CuMoAu deposits (e.g., Melfos et al.
2002; Marchev et al. 2005; Voudouris 2006; Fornadel et
al. 2011). Also documented in the region are deposits, some
of economic importance, which contain both epithermaland porphyry-style mineralization (e.g., Kassiteres-Sappes
area with ~1.5 million tons of Au at grades of up to 18.4 g/t;
Voudouris 2006).
Porphyry- and epithermal-style mineralization occurs in
association with Miocene volcanism in the northern Aegean
Sea, particularly on the islands of Limnos and Lesbos
(Voudouris and Skarpelis 1998; Voudouris and Alfieris
2005; Voudouris et al. 2007a, b). Voudouris and Skarpelis
(1998) and Voudouris and Alfieris (2005) reported Cu-Au
(Mo)-bearing porphyry-style mineralization on Fakos
Peninsula, Limnos Island, that is spatially related to
A.P. Fornadel et al.
epithermal-style Au-Te bearing veins. Although grade and

tonnage information is unknown for this prospect, bulk rock
metal contents were measured in both an exploration effort
by Argosy Mining (http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Argosy
+Mining++Precious+Metals+Program+Extended+into
+Greece.-a019029624) and a study by Voudouris and
Alfieris (2005). Samples from these two studies contain up
to 13 ppm Au, 11.3 ppm Ag, 780 ppm Cu, 3500 ppm Pb,
256 ppm Zn, 300 ppm Sb, 26 ppm Bi, 4630 ppm As,
83 ppm Mo, and 18 ppm Se. The Argosy Mining study also
noted As-Sb-Au soil and rock anomalies, as well as Au
anomalies in the sediments of intermittent streams that drain
the peninsula.
Voudouris and Alfieris (2005) suggested that the metallic
mineralization on Fakos Peninsula, herein called the Fakos
prospect, may define the southern-most extent of the
Oligocene to Miocene Serbomacedonian-Rhodope metallogenic belt, which hosts porphyry- and epithermal-style mineralization, and is part of the Alpine-Balkan-CarpathianDinaride metallogenetic and geodynamic province (Heinrich
and Neubauer 2002; Marchev et al. 2005).
The purpose of this contribution is to evaluate the geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry (petrochemistry, sulfur
isotope, and fluid inclusion studies) of the Fakos prospect
by expanding upon the mineralogical and petrological studies of Voudouris and Skarpelis (1998), Voudouris and
Alfieris (2005) and Pe-Piper et al. (2009). The source of
sulfur to the mineralizing system and the physicochemical
conditions of ore formation, and microthermometric measurements of fluid inclusions trapped in quartz veins from
both styles of mineralization elucidate changes in the physicochemical conditions during the formation of metallic
mineralization as the environment transitioned from a
deeper porphyry regime to a shallower epithermal setting.
Geologic setting
Regional geologic setting
In Greece and the northern Aegean Sea, the Hellenide
orogen is a discrete terrane of the Alpine-Himalaya deformational belt and represents a geotectonic link between the
southern Balkan Peninsula and Turkey. It formed as a result
of the ongoing Alpine collision between the African and
Eurasian plates since the Mesozoic and caused thrusting and
nappe-stacking of three continental blocks (Apulia, Pelagonia,
and Rhodope), as well as the intervening oceanic crust (PePiper and Piper 2002; Pe-Piper et al. 2009) (Fig. 1).
Subduction and duplexing of crust in the region occurred
along a north-dipping subduction front and the last two
high-pressure metamorphic events during collision and crustal
thickening have been dated at 51 and 42 Ma (e.g., Krohe and
Fakos transitional porphyry Cu to epithermal Au-Te mineralization

Fig. 1 Regional geological
map of Greece and the Aegean
Sea showing the distribution of
shoshonitic volcanic rocks in
the northern Aegean Sea, suture
zones, and the modern and
Hellenic subduction fronts.
Modified from Pe-Piper and
Piper (2002), Pe-Piper et al.
(2009)
87
20 E
30 E
Pe
lag
re
utu
ss
do
Pin
on
e
utur
ar s
Vard
EURASIAN PLATE
PLAT
A E
Black Sea
Rhodope block
Alexandroupolis
Istanbul
IntraPontide
suture
ia
Samothraki
Samo
othra
th
hra
ra
raki
ki
blo
uli
ck
Ap
Limnos
s+
+
+
ab
Lesbos
L
Le
Les
Lesb
es
esbo
oss
++
+
loc
k
+
+
+
+
+ + ++
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
40 N
I-A
suture
36 N
c
ni
lle
He
Aegean Sea
ne
n
er
od
m
subduction
zo
Neogene
accretionary
prism
+
sub
duc
tion
Aegean shoshonite belt

and volcanic centers
nt
fro
Surface traces of Mesozoic

ocean sutures
32 N
Cities
0
km
200
Mposkos 2001; Kilias et al. 2002; Marchev et al. 2005; Brun

and Sokoutis 2007).
Since the late Tertiary, the Alpine subduction front migrated southwards where it forms the modern Hellenic volcanic arc (Marchev et al. 2005). The retreat of the
subduction front gave rise to ongoing, large-scale regional
extension within the nappe stack, which occurs in and along
ductile shear and detachment zones and, in a brittle manner,
along normal faults. The continental crust in northeastern
Greece has dilated ~100 % since the early Miocene and is
one of the most rapidly extending regions in the world (e.g.,
Dinter 1998; Pe-Piper and Piper 2002). The coupled migration of the subduction front and large-scale regional extension caused orogenic collapse and crustal thinning, as well
as the exhumation of deep-crustal metamorphic core complexes (Dinter and Royden 1993; Kilias et al. 2002).
The geology of northeastern Greece and the northern
Aegean Sea is characterized by widespread late Mesozoic
to mid-Cenozoic igneous activity within thrusted crustal
blocks that was caused by subduction-related processes
associated with the Alpine orogeny and has been ongoing
AFRICAN PLATE
PLAT
A E
since the Mesozoic (Pe-Piper and Piper 2002). Igneous

rocks of Mesozoic to Paleogene age are present in the
Rhodope block; however, similar rocks are notably absent
in the Apulia and Pelagonia blocks (Pe-Piper et al. 2009).
Eocene to Oligocene igneous activity occurred in the
Rhodope block and in northwestern Turkey and is dominated
by the intrusion of calc-alkaline, I-type granitoids into the
tectonically-thickened crust and spatially associated with
calc-alkaline to shoshonitic volcanic rocks (Fig. 1) (Pe-Piper
and Piper 2002; Dilek and Altunkaynak 2007; Pe-Piper et al.
2009).
Early Miocene volcanism in the northeastern Aegean Sea
and western Turkey occurred to the south of the Mesozoic to
early Cenozoic igneous activity of the Rhodope block and
was coeval with large-scale regional extension (Dinter 1998;
Pe-Piper and Piper 2002; Pe-Piper et al. 2009). The igneous
rocks associated with the Early Miocene have been defined
as a belt of shoshonitic volcanic rocks (Pe-Piper and Piper
2002; Pe-Piper et al. 2009) (Fig. 1). They originated from
large stratovolcanoes in the northeastern Aegean Sea, the
remnants of which are present on the Greek islands of
88
Lesbos, Limnos, and Samothraki, and in western Turkey

(Pe-Piper and Piper 2002; Altunkaynak and Dilek 2006;
Pe-Piper et al. 2009).
Several possible causes for such widespread volcanic and
plutonic activity have been proposed, however the most
widely-accepted include steepened geothermal gradients associated with mantle upwelling that was caused by the
detachment and/or roll-back of the subducting slab (e.g.,
Fytikas et al. 1984; de Boorder et al. 1998; Pe-Piper et al.
1998; Kilias and Mountrakis 1998; Melfos et al. 2002), and
as crustal thickening due to subduction (e.g., Yilmaz 1990).
Due to the style of rare earth element (REE) enrichment,
Mg- and Cr-rich clinopyroxene phenocrysts, and an evolved
Sm-Nd isotope signature for the rocks on Limnos Island, PePiper et al. (2009) suggested that magmas in the region
incorporated upwelling asthenospheric mantle due to slab
detachment, which, in turn, caused melting of metabasaltic
amphibolites that underplated subducted continental crust.
Geology of Limnos Island
Limnos Island is predominantly comprised of Paleogene
flysch that was deposited in a NE-SW trending postorogenic
basin that formed as a result of normal faulting and extension during postorgenic collapse of the Rhodope-Sakarya
orogen and comprises the sedimentary basement (Fig. 2).
22 10' E
The sedimentary rocks were slightly folded due to regional

compression prior to the onset of large-scale regional extension and associated igneous activity (Roussos et al. 1993;
Innocenti et al. 1994; Tranos 2009; Brun and Sokoutis 2010)
According to Roussos et al. (1993), the sedimentary
basement rocks can be delineated into two discrete units,
the Upper Unit and the Lower Unit. The late Eocene to early
Oligocene Lower Unit covers large parts of the island and is
composed of siliciclastic continental slope deposits including conglomerates, sandstones, mudstones, claystones, and
turbidites (Fig. 2). The early Oligocene Upper Unit is spatially more restricted than the Lower Unit and is interpreted
to have been deposited in a shallower environment than the
Lower Unit. The Upper Unit is composed of marine and
brackish fluviodeltaic sedimentary rocks, including interbedded claystones and sandstones, sandstones, and sandy
limestones at the bottom of the section. Towards its top, the
Upper Unit is composed of terrestrial fluvial sediments,
including conglomerates and sandstones.
Roughly half of the sedimentary basement on Limnos
Island is unconformably overlain by Lower Miocene volcanic rocks of the Hellenide orogen, which consist of subvolcanic intrusions, lava flows, and pyroclastic deposits
(Fytikas et al. 1980; Innocenti et al. 1994; Pe-Piper and
Piper 2002; Pe-Piper et al. 2009). The volcanic centers are
located in the western and southwestern portions of Limnos
22 14' E
22 22' E
40
N
Katalakon
L. Aliki
39
56' N
Myrina Unit:
Lava Domes
Agios
Ioannis
Romanou
Agios Ioannis
Subunit
L. Chortarolimni
Romanou Unit:
Pyroclastics
Myrina
Th
39
52' N
Moudros
Kaminia
Th
"Therma Unit":
Marls and Pyroclastics
Katalakon Unit:
Fakos quartz monzonite
Katalakon Unit:
Subvolcanic Intrusions
Area of Study
Paleogene Sedimentary
Basement
39
48' N
Fakos Peninsula
0
km
Fig. 2 Geological map of Limnos Island modified from Innocenti et al. (1994) and Pe-Piper et al. (2009)
Lakes
Towns
Island, and are delineated by domes and lava flows that are
accompanied by agglomerates. The sedimentary basement is
increasingly exposed at the surface in the east and northeast
of the island, distal to the volcanic centers (Fig. 2).
The volcanic rocks are divided into three units (Katalakon,
Romanou, and Myrina) on the basis of lithology, age, and
geographic location (Innocenti et al. 1994). These rocks are
Lower Miocene in age (2118 Ma) and demonstrate a calcalkaline to shoshonitic affinity (Fytikas et al. 1980, 1984;
Innocenti et al. 1994; Pe-Piper and Piper 2002; Pe-Piper et
al. 2009).
The lower-most Katalakon unit consists of NW trending
K-rich andesitic to dacitic lavas. In places, it is interbedded
with, or crosscut by, andesitic lava flows, hydrothermal
breccias cemented by a monomineralic quartz matrix, sills,
and E-W trending dikes (Innocenti et al. 1994; Pe-Piper and
Piper 2002). Andesite and dacite in the Katalakon unit
yielded whole rock and groundmass K-Ar ages ranging
from 21.30.7 to 20.20.2 Ma (Innocenti et al. 1994).
This unit is overlain by the Romanou unit that is composed
largely of K-rich dacites and latites. At its base, the
Romanou unit is dominated by light-colored lithic- and
pumice-rich pyroclastic flows that are up to 160 m thick. To
the west and up section, the pyroclastic flows of the Romanou
unit are intercalated with volcanic breccias, banakitic lavas,
airfall tuffs, and terrigenous sediments. Ignimbrites and andesites from the Romanou unit yielded whole rock K-Ar ages of
20.50.9 Ma and 20.20.8, respectively (Fytikas et al. 1980;
Innocenti et al. 1994; Pe-Piper and Piper 2002). The uppermost volcanic unit, the Myrina unit, overlies the Romanou
unit and is composed of K-rich dacite, with lesser amounts of
andesite and trachyte, which are associated with hydrothermal
breccias lithologically similar to those in the Katalakon unit,
lava flows, and lahars. Dacites and andesites of the Myrina
unit yielded groundmass, sanidine, and biotite K-Ar ages
ranging from 19.30.3 to 17.90.4 Ma (Fytikas et al. 1980;
Innocenti et al. 1994; Pe-Piper and Piper 2002). Both the
volcanic rocks and the sedimentary basement of Limnos
Island are intermittently overlain by a Pliocene to recent
alluvial sedimentary unit that is composed of conglomerates,
calc-arenites, and sandstones.
Faults and joints occur in both the igneous and sedimentary rocks, and gentle to open folds occur in the sedimentary
basement rocks (Roussos et al. 1993; Innocenti et al. 1994;
Tranos 2009). The axes of these folds trend E-W and WSWENE and gently plunge (~11) to the WSW (Tranos 2009).
Folding does not affect the Miocene volcanic rocks.
Faults are pervasive throughout the island (up to 7 km long)
and occur in three dominant orientations, NE-SW, ENE-WSW,
and E-W. Minor populations of faults are oriented NNESSW
(N10E to N30E) and NWSE to NNWSSE (Tranos 2009).
These different orientations led Tranos (2009) to conclude that
five discrete regional-scale deformational events were
89
responsible for the faulting. Faults and associated deformational features crosscut both the sedimentary basement and the
overlying volcanic rocks.
Geology of the Fakos area
The Fakos prospect occurs in an area topographically defined by two large hills, the western Tourlida Hill and the
eastern Petrospitos Hill, both of which are ~300 m in elevation. Their prominence is controlled by subvolcanic intrusions that were emplaced into the sedimentary host rocks
(Fig. 3). The sedimentary basement on Fakos Peninsula is
composed largely of medium-grained quartz-rich sandstones
and claystones that were silicified by hydrothermal fluids
(Fig. 4a). Finely disseminated sulfides are pervasive in these
sandstones.
The sedimentary basement rocks were intruded and overlain by the oldest plutonic rocks and volcanic rocks found
on Limnos Island, which are comprised of andesitic lava
flows, tuffs, and trachyandestic subvolcanic intrusions of the
southern-most exposures of the Katalakon unit (Fig. 3). At
the north end of Fakos Peninsula, there is a small outcrop of
pyroclastic rock of the Romanou unit (Roussos et al. 1993;
Innocenti et al. 1994; Pe-Piper and Piper 2002; Voudouris
2006; Pe-Piper et al. 2009). Based on the classification
scheme of Le Bas et al. (1986), the extrusive rocks on
Fakos Peninsula range from shoshonitic andesites (latites),
to trachyandesites, and trachytes (Innocenti et al. 1994;
Voudouris 2006; Pe-Piper et al. 2009).
Towards the central part of Fakos Peninsula, the extrusive
and sedimentary basement rocks were intruded by a subvolcanic microporphyrytic quartz monzonite (the Fakos quartz
monzonite) (Voudouris and Alfieris 2005; Voudouris 2006;
Pe-Piper et al. 2009) (Fig. 3). Pe-Piper et al. (2009) suggested
that the Fakos quartz monzonite is genetically related to the
emplacement of other subvolcanic intrusions of the Katalakon
unit due to its age, chemistry, and proximity to the Katalakon
unit instrusives. Late-stage, E-W trending, alkaline dike
swarms crosscut the Fakos quartz monzonite and the adjacent
rocks (Roussos et al. 1993; Voudouris and Skarpelis 1998; PePiper and Piper 2002; Voudouris 2006; Kamvisis 2010)
(Fig. 4b).
Much of the southwestern portion of Limnos Island was
subjected to hydrothermal alteration along fault zones
(Papoulis and Tsolis-Katagas 2008). Four discrete zones of
hydrothermal alteration have been identified based on clay
mineralogy: smectite, illite, halloysite, and kaolinite-dickite
zones. However, the smectite and illite zones are uncommon
(Papoulis and Tsolis-Katagas 2008).
The Fakos Peninsula, like the rest of Limnos Island, is
crosscut by many major NE-SW and ENE-WSW-trending
faults. These structures controlled the emplacement of the
subvolcanic bodies and facilitated the flow of magmatic-
90

22 10' E
Katalakon Unit:
Katalakon Unit:
Subvolcanic intrusions
Paleogene Sedimentary
Basement
Faults
Primitive Roads
A
N
39
49' N
Petrospitas
Hill
Tourlida
Hill
km
0.5
Alunitic
Silicic
Potassic / Propylitic
Tourlida
Hill
Sericitic / Argillic
Petrospitas
Hill
Fig. 3 a Geological map of the study area on Fakos Peninsula showing trends of local faults and, b Approximate extent of the hydrothermal
alteration zones superimposed onto the local geology
hydrothermal fluids that were responsible for the metallic

mineralization (Voudouris 2006; Tranos 2009). The Fakos
quartz monzonite and adjacent host rocks were locally subjected to intense hydrothermal alteration (Voudouris and
Alfieris 2005; Voudouris 2006; Papoulis and Tsolis-Katagas
2008). Recent subsidence of Fakos Peninsula is inferred to
have occurred as a result of extension along en echelon normal
faults.
Samples and analytical methods

Major oxide and trace element (including REE) compositions of 31 samples of igneous and sedimentary rock related
to the metallic mineralization were obtained from ACME
Analytical Laboratory, Vancouver, Canada, (Acme methods
4A and 4B) using inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-emission spectrometry (ES) and ICP-mass spectrometry (MS),
respectively, after the samples were subjected to lithium
metaborate-tetraborate fusion and dilute nitric acid digestion.
Loss on ignition was obtained by measuring the mass difference of each sample prior to and subsequent to roasting at
1000C. Total carbon and sulfur were measured be Leco
analysis. Base metal (Cu, Pb, and Zn) and precious metal
contents were ascertained by dissolution of samples in aqua
regia followed by ICP-MS analysis. Standards used by

ACME Analytical are accurate to within 2 percent for major
elements and 5 ppm for trace elements. The whole rock
geochemical results of selected samples are given in Table 1.
Sixty surface samples were collected of igneous and
sedimentary rocks that host metal-bearing quartz veins for
petrographic, fluid inclusion, stable isotope, and electron
microprobe studies. Thin and polished thin sections of host
rocks and metal-bearing veins were studied with a polarizing microscope at Iowa State University, and a JEOL JSM
5600 scanning electron microprobe equipped with backFig. 4 a Silicified sandstones that form the basement on Fakos Pen-b
insula. In places, the bedding is obliterated by intense hydrothermal
alteration. b Dark-colored alkalic dike that crosscuts the Fakos quartz
monzonite. c and d Quartz stockworks surrounded by potassically
altered host rock associated with porphyry-style mineralization. e
Fakos quartz monzonite pervasively altered by K-feldspar and magnetite. f Large-scale quartz vein system trending roughly EW that is
spatially associated with epithermal-style polymetallic mineralization.
g and h Quartz-tourmaline veins associated with sericitic alteration. i
Sericitically altered monzonite breccia cemented by tourmaline. j
Quartz-calcite-telluride veinlet associated with Stage 3 epithermal
mineralization. k Potassically altered Fakos quartz monzonite. l Alunitic alteration with native sulfur. m Quartz vein system developed
across Fakos Peninsula with alunitic-silicic lithocap visible in the
background. n Vuggy-silica alteration showing silica deposition into
hollows
91
3.21
MgO
5.04
0.45
0.009
99.45
16
1939
13.4
5.6
19.9
10.2
23.1
202.5
1108.6
1.9
69.5
11.1
125
4.2
329.7
21.8
92.3
179.5
19.73
73.2
10
2.23
6.47
0.86
3.96
0.73
2.1
0.28
K2O
P2O5
Cr2O3
L.O.I.
Total
Sc (ppm)
Ba
Be
Co
Cs
Ga
Hf
Nb
Rb
Sn
Sr
Ta
Th
Zr
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
4.67
0.11
MnO
3.53
5.31
Fe2O3
Na2O
14.8
Al2O3
CaO
0.75
0.74
0.3
2.03
0.79
4.29
0.86
6.36
2.29
9.84
67.3
19.28
176.6
88.9
21.7
315.4
3.9
149
7.9
53.5
1.1
1271.2
160.3
21.1
10.3
16.5
13.8
2096
16
99.46
2.2
0.007
0.42
4.87
3.4
4.95
2.88
0.11
6.16
15
58.71
60.58
SiO2 (wt. %)
TiO2
AF-21A
qmz
AF-4
qmz
Sample
Lithology
0.22
1.29
0.42
2.41
0.54
3.98
1.51
6.08
48
15.64
156.4
87.1
15.8
226
4.1
65
22.4
102.5
2.8
739.3
231.4
21.2
8.8
17.3
10.7
6.2
1198
99.69
1.4
0.013
0.16
5.46
3.38
0.85
1.15
0.04
2.8
14.31
0.4
69.73
AF-75
qmz
Table 1 Whole-rock chemistry
0.28
1.77
0.62
3.36
0.76
5.82
2.04
9.17
64.4
18.59
176.1
90
20.6
318
6.3
128
13.4
70.4
1.9
1205.7
211.9
24.3
10.2
19.3
6.4
11.3
1878
12
99.51
2.1
0.019
0.39
5.11
3.67
2.25
1.83
0.05
5.23
15.85
0.7
62.31
AF-76
qmz
0.31
1.81
0.61
3.54
0.76
5.56
1.77
8.46
60.8
17.48
169.2
88.8
20
254.2
7.9
89
12.5
90
2.2
615.8
216.2
26
8.8
16.7
6.3
8.7
1611
10
99.61
2.1
0.009
0.25
5.36
3.12
0.84
2.02
0.04
3.75
14.68
0.52
66.92
AF-84
qmz
0.27
1.58
0.54
2.99
0.65
4.67
1.67
7.88
57.4
16.58
163.6
86.8
18.1
242.8
7.3
84
13.9
82.8
1.7
1046.1
223.1
23
7.5
18.4
5.5
8.9
1420
99.60
0.9
0.011
0.24
5.04
3.93
2.78
1.7
0.08
3.91
14.98
0.46
65.57
AF-99
qmz
0.28
1.78
0.63
3.44
0.78
5.74
1.94
9.39
67.1
18.86
182.8
91.7
19.4
326.1
4.5
109
10.9
70.3
1.7
1121.6
214.4
24
9.4
18.4
12.2
1686
12
98.52
0.2
0.012
0.39
5.5
3.89
3.48
2.42
0.11
5.03
15.02
0.64
61.83
AF-101
qmz
0.32
2.3
0.7
4.4
7.1
2.59
11.6
68
16.8
192
105
23
401
142
8.9
54
1.4
1190
198
21
9.8
20
8.7
17
2290
17
98.71
1.35
0.5
5.09
3.44
4.04
3.13
0.11
5.7
14.87
0.78
59.7
PP-LM45*
qmz
0.33
2.3
0.7
4.4
7.1
2.47
11.4
68
16.5
188
101
23
350
134
7.8
55
1.5
1140
188
20
10.3
19
5.3
15
2260
18
98.78
1.19
0.49
4.89
3.42
4.06
3.21
0.11
5.72
14.7
0.79
60.2
PP-LM48*
qmz
0.32
2.3
0.7
4.3
6.9
2.45
10.9
65
16.2
183
99
24
350
143
10.1
53
1.4
1080
171
20
10
18
15
2540
18
99.65
2.15
0.52
5.09
3.06
4.64
4.06
0.12
14.77
0.84
58.4
PP-LM50*
qmz
0.3
1.99
0.78
4.42
0.98
7.46
2.66
11.34
77.3
21.84
194
96.1
24.3
361.9
5.4
150
11.3
60.7
1.4
1333.9
172.1
24.2
12.7
18.6
5.2
21.7
2514
19
99.26
0.9
0.028
0.6
4.51
3.86
5.21
4.87
0.13
6.36
14.46
0.82
57.51
AF-8
dike
0.22
1.69
0.58
3.07
0.62
4.46
1.45
6.63
42.1
12.06
112.6
58
15.8
291.1
4.6
95
39
0.8
1084.2
164.3
17.1
7.7
17
2.4
14.5
2661
13
99.45
4.8
0.022
0.4
4.43
3.27
4.7
3.63
0.09
4.55
13.67
0.64
59.25
AF-21b
dike
0.25
1.96
0.62
3.21
0.63
4.42
1.46
6.51
44
12.55
113.8
58
16.8
221.3
6.2
89
9.4
31.4
0.9
917.1
140.3
14.1
6.9
16.4
4.8
11.8
1789
11
99.59
5.4
0.01
0.29
3.64
3.6
4.32
2.69
0.1
4.65
14.85
0.56
59.48
AF-5
dk qmz
0.11
0.99
0.28
1.61
0.26
1.39
0.36
1.24
2.08
18.6
10
9.8
99.5
3.4
45
1.1
2.1
0.4
14.7
147.1
7.4
3.3
8.1
13
15.6
<1
60
99.94
0.029
<0.01
1.91
0.04
0.06
0.51
<0.01
3.5
6.69
0.33
82.85
AF-14
ss
0.13
0.76
0.27
1.23
0.21
1.06
0.32
1.38
7.4
2.09
17.4
8.3
7.1
118
2.5
42
0.9
2.1
0.4
11.9
58.6
4.4
3.7
3.3
2.3
3.1
<1
84
99.91
2.2
0.027
0.03
1.35
0.04
0.12
0.08
<0.01
2.62
5.1
0.27
88.06
AF-15
ss
0.11
0.58
0.18
0.83
0.17
0.82
0.26
5.6
1.45
11.8
6.2
4.7
123.1
10.9
43
2.6
3.3
0.3
7.1
44.9
4.7
7.7
7.4
15.2
<1
99.88
9.6
0.043
<0.01
0.97
0.01
0.13
0.16
0.01
7.33
4.93
0.27
76.42
AF-16
ss
0.14
1.15
0.4
2.18
0.43
3.22
1.33
5.44
40
11.59
105.9
51.7
11.7
332.9
4.2
113
4.2
16.9
1.2
27.2
224.3
20.5
10.6
17.7
9.9
5.2
650
13
99.98
4.7
0.006
0.16
3.98
0.06
0.25
0.91
0.02
3.29
13.47
0.74
72.21
AF-17
ss
0.24
1.63
0.57
2.76
0.5
3.03
0.67
2.71
14.5
3.61
31.8
15.5
17.7
134.2
3.3
41
2.9
3.8
0.4
12.8
108.3
4.9
3.6
7.8
8.4
4.9
40
99.96
2.8
0.033
0.09
1.79
0.04
0.26
0.53
<0.01
2.66
6.55
0.33
84.87
AF-25
ss
0.01
0.11
0.03
0.22
0.04
0.31
0.17
0.47
2.8
0.74
6.5
3.1
1.1
6.3
<0.5
<8
0.4
0.7
<0.1
14.3
5.1
1.3
0.1
1.6
1.2
3.8
<1
85
<1
97.27
2.4
<0.002
0.01
0.14
0.02
0.03
0.08
0.05
4.44
0.85
<0.01
89.24
AF-27
ss
0.01
0.09
0.03
0.14
0.02
0.21
0.1
0.47
3.8
1.03
9.6
4.9
0.8
24.9
4.7
12
0.4
3.6
0.2
15.1
14.4
1.7
0.7
2.9
0.6
30.7
<1
84
99.90
7.3
<0.002
0.02
0.36
0.02
0.11
0.09
0.01
12.57
1.15
0.1
78.17
AF-34
ss
0.26
1.53
0.55
3.02
0.65
4.82
1.51
7.6
55.6
16.21
165.4
82.8
17.4
298.5
6.7
89
9.4
46.3
1.7
26.2
178.1
25.4
9.5
18.6
5.5
1.6
175
12
99.85
3.5
<0.002
0.2
4.07
0.12
0.1
0.69
0.01
2.35
13.29
0.56
74.96
AF-47
ss
0.16
1.06
0.34
1.47
0.26
1.4
0.39
1.36
6.6
1.8
16.4
7.3
10.3
137.9
5.1
43
3.9
2.9
0.3
8.9
65.6
4.7
3.5
7.7
7.2
14.4
76
99.90
0.042
0.03
1.22
0.02
0.12
0.27
0.02
5.95
5.12
0.29
81.82
AF-64A
ss
0.29
1.84
0.64
3.32
0.69
5.11
1.47
8.1
58.6
16.27
148.9
77.2
19.2
320.7
118
5.5
28.9
1.3
30.8
164
18.2
9.3
17.3
4.7
5.2
706
15
99.83
4.1
0.003
0.26
3.56
0.05
0.07
0.6
0.02
3.49
12.43
0.72
74.53
AF-64B
ss
92
0.5
<0.5
<0.5
0.6
0.5
<0.5
Se
<0.5
0.2
0.3
1.3
0.6
0.4
0.3
Tl
0.2
<0.01
20.4
4
0.07
<0.01
12
10.5
<0.01
<0.01
30.5
<0.01
Hg
<0.01
11
Au
6.8
0.2
0.6
0.3
0.3
<0.1
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.7
2.6
<0.1
Ag
<0.1
0.3
Bi
0.2
0.3
Sb
qmz Fakos quartz monzonite, dk qmz dark-colored Fakos quartz monzonite, ss silicified sandstone, LOI Loss on ignition. *Data from Pe-Piper et al. (2009)
0.6
0.07
10.1
2.2
2.2
52
17.8
1.4
<0.5
<0.5
4.4
4.2
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
1.5
0.9
0.2
0.6
0.9
1.2
3.3
0.2
1
0.2
0.2
0.5
173.8
282.7
0.23
0.03
118.1
121.3
0.34
1.5
2986.5
663.4
<0.01
0.12
44.2
306.8
0.32
1.88
31.3
164.4
0.09
<0.01
7.5
4.6
<0.01
<0.01
6.4
2.1
5.6
0.3
2.2
0.8
1.2
10.5
13.1
29.1
5.1
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.2
0.1
3.3
1.6
1
0.1
2.6
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.2
0.1
15.5
25
0.1
0.2
4.8
115.2
1.5
131.1
880.7
7.9
<0.1
<0.1
9.4
74.2
0.4
<0.1
2.4
33.5
<0.1
<0.1
0.4
0.5
0.1
<0.1
0.7
1.6
1.5
1.5
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.2
1.1
<0.1
0.1
0.8
0.7
<0.1
0.1
Cd
0.7
18.8
7.1
As
<0.1
4.4
8.4
2.4
7.3
12
11.4
Ni
5.4
28
231.8
2279.3
250.6
29.7
640.4
1477.3
222.9
4185.1
67.7
181.4
0.6
8
6.3
66.8
6.7
138.3
19.7
59.5
12.2
75.4
21.1
48.2
20.5
29.1
38.3
23
24
26
8.8
8
13.6
20.3
8.5
38
Zn
13.1
256.1
61.8
27
27
218.3
3369.1
205
>10000
>10000.0
13.5
25
20
11.9
96.8
40
3
16.9
58.5
10
33
10.3
9.9
35
60
50.4
49
55
77
97
32
65
44
97.5
70.8
60
49
47.3
42.8
86
88
50.8
50.3
Pb
44.9
513.9
309.5
51.9
160.9
432.6
14.7
31
21
0.28
Cu
35.1
9.7
9.6
9.9
2.7
4.5
1.2
Mo
1.5
1.98
29.8
623.2
16.5
302.7
820.3
10.2
19
22.4
8.8
112.1
30
43.5
125.5
5
10.3
13.9
6.7
2.7
27.8
4.2
4.7
24.2
1.5
0.7
7
0.16
1.01
1.77
0.28
0.02
0.14
0.11
0.02
0.24
1.61
1.07
0.2
0.12
0.6
0.84
0.14
0.12
0.78
1.62
0.28
0.24
1.65
2.17
0.34
0.3
2.1
2.1
0.3
0.31
2.1
1.77
0.28
0.27
1.64
2.01
0.31
0.28
1.92
1.4
0.23
0.33
0.33
Lu
1.99
1.86
Yb
AF-21A
qmz
AF-4
qmz
Sample
Lithology
Table 1 (continued)
AF-75
qmz
AF-76
qmz
AF-84
qmz
AF-99
qmz
AF-101
qmz
PP-LM45*
qmz
PP-LM48*
qmz
PP-LM50*
qmz
AF-8
dike
AF-21b
dike
AF-5
dk qmz
AF-14
ss
AF-15
ss
AF-16
ss
AF-17
ss
AF-25
ss
AF-27
ss
AF-34
ss
AF-47
ss
AF-64A
ss
AF-64B
ss
93
scattered imaging capabilities at the Department of

Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Athens, Greece.
The chemical composition of sulfides, sulfosalts, tellurides,
and native elements was determined with a Cameca SX 100
wavelength-dispersive electron microprobe at the Department
of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Hamburg,
Germany. Operating conditions were: 20 kVand 20 nA, beam
diameter <1 m. The following X-ray lines were used: AgL,
AsL, AuM, BiM, MoL, ReM, CuK, FeK, HgM,
PbM, SK, SbL, SeL, TeL, and ZnK. Pure elements
(for Re, Ag, Au, Bi, Se, and Te), pyrite, and chalcopyrite (for
Fe, Cu, and S), galena (for Pb), molybdenite (for Mo), sphalerite (for Zn), HgS (For Hg), Sb2S3 (for Sb) and synthetic
GaAs (for As) were used as standards. Electron microprobe
analyses (EMPA) of silicates were obtained at the University
of Minnesota using a JEOL 8900 Electron Probe
Microanalyzer. A range of mineral standards, including pyrope (for Si, Al, and Mg), hornblende (for Ti), ilmenite (for
Fe), spessartine (for Mn), and apatite (for Ca) were used.
Operating conditions of the instrument were an accelerating
voltage of 15 kV and a beam current of 20 nA. Representative
metallic mineral analyses are given in Table 2 and representative silicate mineral analyses are given in Table 3.
Fluid inclusion microthermometric data were obtained on a
Fluid Inc.-adapted USGS gas-flow heating-freezing stage at
Iowa State University and a Wild Leitz 1350 microscope
heating stage at the University of Windsor, Ontario. Based
on the reproducibility of freezing and heating measurements
of known standards, the estimated precision of the USGS gasflow stage for freezing and heating measurements is 0.5C
and 2C, respectively and 2C for the Wild Leitz heating
stage. The thermocouples of both stages were calibrated by
using synthetic fluid inclusions, pure inorganic standards with
known melting points (i.e., potassium dichromate and sodium
chloride), and ice (H2O). Measurements of each phase change
were made on each inclusion two or three times to ensure
accuracy. Fluid compositions and properties as well as the
construction of isochores were derived from the computer
programs MacFlinCor (Brown and Hagemann 1994) and
FLUIDS (Bakker 2003). Depth of fluid inclusion entrapment
was also estimated using the calculations of Haas (1971) and
the H2O-NaCl phase diagram (Sourirjan and Kennedy 1962;
Urusova 1975; Bodnar et al. 1985), whereas salinities were
determined using the equations of Sterner et al. (1988) and
Bodnar and Vityk (1994). Microthermometric data are given
in Tables 4 and 5.
Pyrite, sphalerite, galena, molydbenite, and barite used
for sulfur isotope analysis were separated from their host
rock by hand-picking and/or subject to density separation
(i.e., panning) due to the fine-grained scale and disseminated style of mineralization. All samples were hand-crushed
via mortar and pestle for measurement at the Stable Isotope
Research Facility at Indiana University (SIRF-Indiana)
94
Table 2 Representative electron microprobe analyses of sulfides, sulfosalts, tellurides, and precious-metal alloys
Weight %
10
11
12
13
Cu
Ag
0.00
39.14
0.12
41.61
0.35
40.97
0.57
59.56
0.01
13.84
0
0
63.1
45.08
0.39
67.61
21.41
Au
0.24
19.88
0.12
78.6
Pb
Bi
87.18
0
0
0
0
0
0.04
41.38
0
0.07
Hg
0.04
0.08
Sn
Mo
61.5
0.07
0.06
Re
0.11
Fe
Zn
1.57
64.52
0.25
66.13
1.72
7.03
0.06
2.66
0.07
3.54
15.67
0
0.16
0.41
Mn
0.26
Cd
Sb
0.39
0.43
0.01
17.38
20.99
21.05
24.5
As
8.65
0.79
0.76
0.95
Se
Te
0.05
0
7.36
7.62
0.04
0.02
0
0
38.03
34.86
0.01
28.37
S
Total
32.78
99.26
32.78
99.85
40.23
101.84
13.49
100.68
24.76
98.84
24.95
98.77
25.04
99.74
25.31
100.59
18.21
99.53
0.05
101.42
99.82
4.73
101.3
100.01
Atoms
Cu
Ag
0.00
29
9.99
0.02
29
11.05
0.05
29
10.81
0.09
10
4.67
0.00
6
1.08
0.00
3
0.00
1.98
3.69
5
0.03
3.12
0.33
Au
Pb
Bi
Hg
Sn
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.99
0.00
0.89
0.00
0.67
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Mo
Re
1.01
0.00
Fe
Zn
Mn
0.03
0.97
0.00
0.00
0.99
0.00
0.50
1.74
0.02
0.69
0.02
0.91
1.40
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.03
Cd
Sb
As
Se
Te
S
0.00
1.00
0.00
1.00
1.98
0.00
1.00
2.32
1.87
0.01
0.00
12.530
2.91
0.18
0.00
0.97
13.13
2.90
0.17
0.00
1.00
13.09
0.00
1.00
0.06
0.00
0.00
2.82
0.00
1.01
0.01
2.41
0.00
1.11
0.73
0.00
3.93
1-2: Sphalerite; 3: Molybdenite; 4: Galena; 57: Tetrahedrite-Tennantite; 8: Enargite; 9: Bournonite; 10: Hessite; 11: Petzite; 12: Cervelleite-like
Mineral; 13: Ag-Au Alloy
using a Finnigan MAT 252 mass spectrometer. The SIRF

sulfur isotope instrument has an elemental analyzer (EA)
inlet that is well calibrated for samples containing between
0.1 and 1 micromole of sulfur in the form of BaSO4 and
Ag2S to ensure accuracy. Details of the analytical method are
given in Lefticariu et al. (2006). Sulfur isotope ratios were
measured relative to Vienna Caon Diablo troilite (V-CDT)
and are given in Table 6.
Mineralogy and petrochemistry of rocks at Fakos

The rocks on Fakos Peninsula are weakly to strongly
altered, of which the least altered were selected for
geochemical analysis in this study to complement detailed studies of the petrography and geochemistry of
the igneous rocks by Voudouris (2006) and Pe-Piper et
al. (2009).

Table 3 Representative electron
microprobe analyses of amphiboles, micas, and pyroxenes
1-2: Actinolite; 3: MagnesioHornblende; 45: Phlogopite;

67: Diopside
Weight %
95
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3+FeO
53.106
0.150
1.914
10.980
55.630
0.250
1.710
7.520
45.502
1.058
7.851
16.302
37.042
4.842
13.657
13.879
39.084
5.063
12.765
12.089
52.405
0.321
1.808
4.363
52.520
0.106
0.477
7.811
MnO
MgO
0.578
17.633
0.350
12.200
0.531
12.983
0.166
16.239
0.150
18.357
0.168
17.067
0.836
14.481
CaO
K2O
12.494
0.185
19.540
0.120
11.789
0.849
0.000
9.595
0.000
9.483
23.216
0.040
22.671
0.013
Total
No. of Ions on
the Basis of:
Si
97.040
97.320
96.864
95.419
96.990
99.388
98.914
24 O
7.67
24 O
7.97
24 O
6.84
11 O
2.83
11 O
2.76
6O
1.93
6O
1.98
Ti
0.02
0.03
0.12
0.28
0.27
0.01
0.00
Al
Fe
0.33
1.33
0.29
0.90
1.39
2.05
1.09
0.73
1.20
0.87
0.08
0.08
0.02
0.23
Mn
0.07
0.04
0.07
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.03
Mg
Ca
K
3.80
1.93
0.03
2
2.61
3.00
0.02
2
2.91
1.90
0.16
2
1.98
0.00
0.88
2
1.80
0.00
0.91
2
0.93
0.91
0
0
0.81
0.91
0
0
OH-
Silicified sandstones, which host or are overlain by the

subvolcanic and volcanic rocks on Fakos Peninsula, are
dominantly quartz with minor amounts of feldspar. They
contain finely disseminated grains of sulfides (>90 % pyrite)
along with lesser amounts of molybdenite, sphalerite, and
galena. They contain between 72.2 and 89.2 wt. percent
SiO2, 8.8 to 820 ppm Cu, and 31.3 to 2987 ppb Au.
The Fakos quartz monzonite consists of euhedral to subhedral phenocrysts, in roughly equal proportions, of plagioclase (predominantly andesine, some reversed zoned with
An32 cores and An43 rims, along with minor albite) and Kfeldspar with subordinate quartz, phlogopitic biotite
(annite27-33), pale-green to brown actinolite, and minor
diopside, which, in places, was altered to hornblende
(Voudouris and Alfieris 2005; Voudouris 2006; Pe-Piper et al.
2009). Clinopyroxene is compositionally zoned with Mgenriched cores and Fe-enriched rims (Pe-Piper et al.
2009). Oscillatory zoning is pervasive in plagioclase
phenocrysts and K-feldspar is variably altered to white mica.
Minor accessory and alteration phases include epidote, apatite,
titanite, zircon, magnetite, and titanomagnetite (Pe-Piper et al.
2009).
Dark-colored quartz monzonitic and syenitic dikes,
which crosscut the Fakos quartz monzonite consist, predominantly, of equigranular and euhedral plagioclase feldspar
intergrown with subordinate amounts of quartz, phlogopitic
biotite (annite31-33), pale-colored magnesio-hornblende, Kfeldspar and magnetite. Plagioclase was altered to white
mica and, in places, spherulitic sericite.
The sample of a dark-colored, porphyritic quartz monzonite that is spatially related to the pale-colored Fakos quartz
monzonite is composed of euhedral phenocrysts of plagioclase and K-feldspar. This rock is not greatly exposed on the
surface, and only one sample was collected. Plagioclase is
more abundant than K-feldspar, with lesser proportions of
euhedral to subhedral phenocrysts of biotite and pale-green
to brown actinolite. The groundmass contains quartz, plagioclase, and magnetite.
The Fakos quartz monzonite contains between 58.7 and
69.7 wt. percent SiO2 and 7.7 to 9.4 wt. percent Na2O+K2O
where K2O>Na2O. Based on the total alkali-silica diagram
of Le Bas et al. (1986), samples of Fakos quartz monzonite
from this study and from Pe-Piper et al. (2009) plot along
the alkalinesub-alkaline boundary defined by Miyashiro
(1978) and are chemically equivalent to trachyte, trachyandesite, and trachydacite; one sample plots as the equivalent
of a rhyolite (Fig. 5a). The wide range in silica content is
thought to be a function of the various degrees of alteration
to which the Fakos quartz monzonite was subjected. The
Fakos quartz monzonite contains 15 to 514 ppm Cu, and 4
to 31 ppb Au.
Two dikes that crosscut the Fakos quartz monzonite
contain 57.5 and 59.2 wt. percent SiO2 and 7.7 and 8.4 wt.
percent Na 2 O+K 2 O where K 2 O>Na 2 O, though they
contained less K2O, and generally more MgO than samples
of Fakos quartz monzonite (Table 1). They span the alkalinesub-alkaline boundary and have trachydacite and trachyandesite compositions, according to Le Bas et al. (1986)
96
Table 4 Data from fluid inclusion data from porphyry-style veins*

Sample Type Tme (C)
AF-9
Tmf (C)
Th(NaCl)(C)
Th(XCl)(C)
Th(Hem)(C) Th(L-V) (C)
30.1 to
16.6 to
25.6 (15)
11.0 (15)
220.6 to 403.3 (15)
II
AF-76
AF-84
14.97 to 19.92 (15)
220.7 to 377.8 (9)
IV
AF-75
Salinity (wt. %eq.)
357.9 to >410.0 (6)

35.4 to
16.6 to
24.3 (10)
10.9 (10)
II
682.9 (1)
III
IV
561.8 to 648.3 (7)

601.6 to 601.9 (2)
II
528.7 to 620.5 (5)
III
IV
586.4 to 633.4 (4)

646.3 (1)
II
572.6 to 613.1 (5)
III
377.3 to 644.7 (3)
IV
414.6 to 506.5 (2)

27.9 to
24.7 (8)
189.5 to 286.2 (10)
14.87 to 19.76 (10)
209.3 to 605.0 (11)
85.57 (1)
165.5 to 263.7 (8)

609.3 to 617.9 (2) 639.4 (1)
411.7 to 710.7 (8)

586.0 to 620.9 (2)
68.42 to 80.83 (8)

74.17 to 74.24 (2)
215.4 to 620.5 (9)
63.72 to 76.89 (5)
161.3 to 342.4 (4)
506.9 to 755.9 (5)

355.4 to 588.8 (2)
71.98 to 79.48 (4)

80.55 (1)
684.2 (1)
175.9 to 197.5 (2)
529.3 to
532.5 (2)
15.3 to
10.8 (8)
602.7 to 724.8 (2)
69.98 to 75.84 (5)
354.7 (1)
45.05 to 80.33 (3)
395.2 to 474.0 (9)
49.06 to 60.64 (2)
260.0 to 371.8 (8)
14.77 to 18.88 (8)
AF-99
I
II
396.3 to 603.9 (9)
274.2 to 584.2 (16)
47.04 to 74.51 (9)
AF-88
III
II
463.2 to 599.4 (3) 166.4 to 527 (3)

384.5 to 650.5 (12)
267.6 to 780.8 (11)

200.4 to 740.5 (12)
54.92 to 73.85 (3)

38.44 to 81.13 (12)
III
IV
461.1 to 577.6 (3)

328.8 to 536.7 (2)
383.0 to 590.5 (3)

392.5 to 532.0 (2)
54.65 to 70.71 (3)

40.51 to 64.85 (2)
203.8 to 231.5 (3)

141.8 (1)
314.1 to
654.4 (2)
*Tme 0 Eutectic ice melting temperature; Tmf 0 Final ice melting temperature; Th(NaCl) 0 Halite homogenization temperature; Th(XCl) 0 Unknown
chloride daughter crystal homogenization temperature; Th(Hem) 0 Hematite daughter crystal homogenization temperature Th(L-V) 0 Liquidvapor
homogenization temperature. Data for type I inclusions measured at Iowa State University and data for types II, III, and IV inclusions measured at
the University of Windsor. The number in parenthesis indicates that number of measurements or calculations for each analysis
(Fig. 5a). The dikes contain 46 to 126 ppm Cu, and 4.6 to
6.4 ppb Au.
The porphyritic, more mafic phase of the Fakos quartz
monzonite contains 59.5 wt. percent SiO2 and 7.2 wt. percent Na2O and K2O; the alkalis are in roughly equal proportion. It is sub-alkaline and is classified as a trachydacite
according to Le Bas et al. (1986) (Fig. 5a). It contains
30 ppm Cu and 7.5 ppb Au.
Metallic mineralization
Based on data from Voudouris and Alfieris (2005), as well
as data collected in this study, metallic mineralization
formed in three stages, which are summarized in Fig. 7
and Table 7. An early porphyry stage (Stage 1) mineralization comprises clear or grey quartz veinlets (A- and B-type,
using the terminology of Seedorff et al. 2005) and stockworks hosted in the Fakos quartz monzonite and the surrounding sedimentary rocks (Fig. 4c, d). The quartz veinlets
are surrounded by K-silicate alteration haloes that are composed of K-feldspar, biotite, apatite, and magnetite (Fig. 4e).
Hypogene mineralization consists of minor amounts of sulfides, including bornite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, galena, molybdenite, and sphalerite, which occur as disseminations and
fracture-fillings in quartz veinlets. Cross-cutting and overgrowth relationships between metallic minerals suggest that
magnetite, chalcopyrite and bornite formed first, followed
by pyrite, hematite, galena, and sphalerite (Figs. 6 and 7a).
Secondary magnetite and hematite are spatially associated
with the sulfides.
Stage 2 and 3 mineralization is hosted by a series of E-W
trending parallel and sub-parallel siliceous brecciated fault
zones that cross-cut the preexisting A- and B-type veins and
associated K-silicate alteration haloes (Fig. 4f). The vein
system extends over an area of ~2 km2 within subvolcanic,
volcanic, and sedimentary rocks, and is comprised of black
tourmaline veins (Stage 2) and breccias associated with
minor amounts of pyrite and arsenopyrite (Fig. 4g, h, i).
Molybdenite occurs in monomineralic veinlets crosscutting
sericite-tourmaline altered monzonite and likely belongs to
Stage 2 mineralization. The Stage 2 veins are crosscut by
Stage 3 mineralization, which consists of polymetallic
quartz barite veins that contain sulfides, sulfosalts,

Table 5 Data from Type I fluid
inclusions from epithermal-style
veins*
*Tme 0 Eutectic ice melting

temperature; Tmf 0 Final ice
melting temperature; Th 0 Final
homogenization temperature.
The number in parenthesis
indicates that number of measurements or calculations for
each analysis
97
Sample
Tme (C)
Tmf (C)
Th (C)
Salinity (wt. %eq.)
AF-31A
AF-31B
33.5 to 26.2 (17)

31.5 to 25.4 (18)
6.4 to 1.2 (18)

2.7 to 1.1 (19)
211.4 to 310.0 (18)

191.6 to 297.4 (18)
2.07 to 9.73 (18)

1.91 to 4.49 (19)
AF-25A
28.1 to 27.5 (2)
2.0 to 0.8 (2)
218.6 to 250.8 (2)
1.40 to 3.39 (2)
AF-27B
AF-31
29.7 to 25.1 (21)
3.0 to 1.7 (21)

2.1 to 1.9 (4)
199.7 to 292.3 (21)

227.1 to 265.3 (6)
2.90 to 4.96 (21)

3.23 to 3.55 (4)
AF-24
AF-27
2.8 to 2.3 (4)

2.4 to 1.6 (13)
201.3 to 214.8 (5)

240.4 to 303.1 (15)
3.87 to 4.65 (4)

2.74 to 4.03 (13)
AF-33
2.8 to 0.8 (12)
193.9 to 262.2 (15)
1.4 to 4.65 (12)
AF-63
AF-21
2.1 to 2.0 (2)

1 (1)
237.6 to 250.7 (3)

200.0 (1)
3.39 to 3.55 (2)

1.74 (1)
AF-2b
2.2 (1)
198.3 (1)
3.71 (1)
tellurides, and Au-Ag alloy (Voudouris and Skarpelis 1998)

(Figs. 8bf and 4j). Stage 2 and 3 veins are spatially associated with quartz-sericite-tourmaline-pyrite alteration.
Stage 2 mineralization represents a transition between early
(Stage 1) porphyry-style mineralization and later (Stage 3)
epithermal mineralization.
Stage 2 and 3 mineralization is subdivided into two
geographical and mineralogical zones: the western sulfide
zone, which is hosted by sandstones and extrusive rocks,
and the eastern ore zone, which is hosted by the Fakos
quartz monzonite and sandstones. The western zone is
bounded in the north and south by two faults, which strike
N70E. Mineralization in the western ore zone occurs in
three vein systems that strike N55W and is ~1.5 km long
and 400 m wide. In the central part of this zone, the N55W
striking veins are crosscut by a system of quartz veins
Table 6 Sulfur isotope values of sulfide and sulfate minerals from the
Fakos prospect
Sample No.
Mineral
Style
34S
AF-4
AF-15
AF-47
Pyrite
Pyrite
Pyrite
Porphyry
Porphyry
Porphyry
4.32
2.41
2.18
AF-64A
AF-64A
AF-64B
AF-25
AF-27A
AF-27A
AF-29
AF-31
AF-33
AF-33
AF-34
AF-34
AF-71
Pyrite
Molybdenite
Pyrite
Pyrite
Galena
Sphalerite
Pyrite
Galena
Galena
Pyrite
Pyrite
Sphalerite
Barite
Porphyry
Porphyry
Porphyry
Epithermal
Epithermal
Epithermal
Epithermal
Epithermal
Epithermal
Epithermal
Epithermal
Epithermal
Epithermal
6.82
6.5
0.82
2.38
3.56
2.84
5.01
4.68
1.71
2.18
5.26
4.1
10.3
(~1 km long and ~80 m wide) that strike N70E. The vein
system in the western zone is characterized by veins, vein
breccias, and stockworks, which crosscut massive silica
bodies (up to 2 m wide) that are interpreted to be the lower
part of a zone of silicic alteration. Gray to white, massive to
fine-grained quartz is the dominant gangue mineral along
with white chalcedony, and clear, idiomorphic comb quartz.
In the upper part of the vein system, quartz is accompanied
by barite, which occurs as tabular intergrowths with quartz.
Other gangue minerals include sericite, smectite, minor
chlorite, and tourmaline.
Metallic minerals in the western sulfide zone are
oxidized, as denoted by the abundance of iron oxides
(i.e., limonite, goethite) in the vein material, and largely
disseminated in the vein matrix, though locally it forms 1 cm
wide aggregates or infillings. The polymetallic, preciousmetal-rich mineralization occurs in the lower stratigraphic
levels of the sulfide zone and is related to centimeter- to
meter-scale wide veins and vein breccias, which are
hosted by sandstones and adjacent extrusive rocks. The
veins are characterized by open space filling and local
crustification banding. The metallic minerals include pyrite,
chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, arsenopyrite, tetrahedrite,
bournonite, hessite, petzite, altaite, native Au, and Ag-Au
alloy.
Mineralization in the eastern sulfide zone is primarily a
quartz vein system developed in the monzonite porphyry
and adjacent sandstones. It strikes variably from N70E to
E-W and is ~2 km long and 10 to 300 m wide. The vein
system is characterized by milky quartz, which cements
black massive silica and ore minerals in veins and/or vein
breccias that crosscut silicic alteration zones and the surrounding host rocks. The veins also contain minor amounts
of tourmaline, barite, and sericite. Metallic minerals in the
eastern ore zone include pyrite, galena, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, and bournonite.
A well-defined lateral and vertical zoning occurs in the
vein-type mineralization. The m- to cm-scale thickness of
98

10
Trachyandesite
Trachyte /
Trachydacite
Light-colored Fakos
quartz monzonite (this study)
line
Alka
line
alka
Sub
Dark-colored Fakos
(Pe-Piper et al., 2009)
Rhyolite
Basaltic
Trachyandesite
(Voudouris, 2006)
Dikes (this study)
Dacite
Tuvatu monzonites
(Scherbarth and Spry, 2006)
Andesite
Lepanto - Far Southeast
(Hedenquist et al., 1996)
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Ladolam
(Mller et al., 2001)
Wt. % SiO2
B.
C.
7
Ultra-Potassic
1000
Syn-COLG
Rb (ppm)
Wt. % K2O
3
2
Shoshonitic
100
VAG
WPG
Wt. % Na2O + K2O
A.
ORG
10
1
Calc-Alkaline
0
0
Wt. % Na2O
10
100
Y + Nb (ppm)
Fig. 5 a Total alkalis versus silica diagram of the Fakos quartz

monzonite and its crosscutting dikes based on the classification scheme
for volcanic rocks of Le Bas et al. (1986). Alkaline and subalkaline
fields defined by Miyashiro (1978). b The shoshonite diagram of
Peccerillo and Taylor (1976) showing the Fakos quartz monzonite
and its crosscutting dikes, as well as the igneous rocks associated with
porphyry-epithermal mineralization at Tuvatu (Scherbarth and Spry
2006), Lepanto-Far Southeast (Hedenquist et al. 1998), and Ladolam

(Mller et al. 2001). c Rb versus Y + Nb geotectonic classification of
granitoids for the Fakos quartz monzonite and crosscutting dikes after
Pearce et al. (1984). Syn-COLG syn-collisional granite; VAG volcanic
arc granite; WPG within-plate granite; ORG ocean ridge granite. Note
that the X-axis has been truncated. Data for all diagrams from this
study, Voudouris (2006), and Pe-Piper et al. (2009)
the veins decreases with decreasing elevation. At higher

topographic levels, veins are dominated by milky quartz
and sericite, and are surrounded by a sericitic alteration halo.
At lower levels, the quartz veins include sericite, smectite
and chlorite, and are surrounded by an argillic alteration
halo. Tourmaline occurs throughout the vertical extent of
the ore system, both in the veins and the altered host rocks
of the eastern ore zone and the eastern-portion of the western ore zone, proximal to the quartz monzonite. Barite
occurs throughout the vertical interval, but is more abundant
at higher elevations.
Paragenetic relationships of minerals within Stage 3,
polymetallic quartz veins suggest initial deposition of
pyrite, Fe- and Mn-poor sphalerite (0.04 to 0.13 wt. %

Fe, < 0.02 wt. % Mn), minor enargite, and bornite
(Fig. 6). Pyrite is hydrothermally brecciated and corroded and contains small inclusions (up to 3 mm in length)
of enargite and bornite. The earliest metallic minerals,
pyrite, sphalerite, enargite, and bornite occur in the matrix of
hydrothermal breccias where they cement angular silicified
fragments or occur as semi-massive forms in the veins. The
gangue minerals include quartz, sericite, smectite, barite and
tourmaline.
Main Stage 3 mineralization consists of pyrite and Feand Mn-rich sphalerite (0.27 to 1.57 wt. % Fe, 0.33 to 1.15
wt. % Mn) followed by Cu-rich mineralization, including
Silicic (quartz, pyrite, marcasite, minor alunite, ziron, anatase)
Advanced argillic (alunite, quartz, kaolinite, pyrite)
Quartz, sericite, smectite,

chlorite barite, calcite
3 - Epithermal
Pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, arsenopyrite,

tennantite-tetrahedrite, bournonite, hessite,
petzite, altaite, cervelleite, native Au,
Au-Ag alloy,
Advanced argillic (alunite, quartz, kaolinite, pyrite)
Sericitic (sericite, quartz, pyrite, tourmaline)
Argillic (smectite, sericite, chlorite, quartz, pyrite, tourmaline)
Argillic (smectite, sericite, chlorite, quartz, pyrite)
Quartz, tourmaline,
sericite, smectite, chlorite
Pyrite, arsenopyrite, molybdenite
E-W trending brecciated fault zones

with cm to m scale veins and vein
breccias. Cross-cuts stage 1
mineralization and K-silicate alteration.
E-W trending brecciated fault zones with cm
to m scale veins and vein breccias and hostrock disseminated metallic mineralization.
Cross-cuts stage 1 and 2 mineralization.
2 - Transitional
Propylitic (chorite, albite, epidote, calcite, sericite,

pyrite, actinolite, apatite, titanite)
Quartz
Pyrite, bornite, chalcopyrite,
galena, sphalerite, molybdenite
A- and B-type veinlets and stockworks.
Metallic minerals disseminated or
fracture-fills in quartz veinlets
1 - Porphyry
K-silicate (quartz, orthoclase, biotite, magnetite)
Gangue Mineral
Assemblage
Metallic Mineral Assemblage
Vein Type and Structure
Mineralization
Stage and Style
Table 7 Summary of metallic mineralization
Associated Alteration
99
tennantite-tetrahedrite (with variable Zn content ranging

from 0.19 to 9.22 wt. %), Te-rich tetrahedrite (7.8 to 8.5
wt. % Te), chalcopyrite, and bournonite (0.21 to 7.58 wt. %
As, up to 0.86 wt. % Zn), which is accompanied by galena,
pyrite, as well as minor altaite, hessite (up to 62.26 wt. %
Ag), petzite, Ag-Au alloy (22.4 to 22.7 wt. % Ag), and an
unnamed Ag-sulfotelluride (a cervelleite-like mineral) that
contains 5 wt. % S, 68 wt. % Ag, and 28 wt. % Te and
whose composition approaches Ag3(TeS)2 (Fig. 7b, c). The
composition of petzite is intermediate between end-member
petzite and the x-phase and is likely an artifact of Au
migration during electron microprobe analysis as described
by Rucklidge and Stumpfl (1968). The main stage sphalerite,
tennantite-tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, bournonite, galena, pyrite, and Au-Ag-Te bearing minerals are hosted by milky
quartz that contains vuggy infillings of idiomorphic quartz
and calcite.
Sphalerite from main Stage 3 displays chalcopyrite disease as a result of its interaction with Cu-rich fluids (e.g.,
Eldridge et al. 1988). Bournonite is intergrown with galena
(Fig. 7d). Altaite, hessite, and petzite, occur as inclusions
(up to 30 m) in galena, bournonite, tetrahedrite, and chalcopyrite (Fig. 7e), whereas Te-rich tetrahedrite occurs as
small grains within galena (Fig. 7f). Hessite contains inclusions (<2 m) of Au-Ag alloy.
Hydrothermal alteration
The Fakos prospect is characterized by intense and widespread hydrothermal alteration (potassic, propylitic, sericiticargillic, advanced argillic, and silicic) of the enclosing igneous
and sedimentary rocks (Fig. 3). It is noted here that fault- and
vein-controlled epithermal-style alteration overprints zones of
potassic alteration spatially associated with the earlier-formed
porphyry system.
Potassic alteration
Potassic alteration occurs in the eastern part of the Fakos
prospect spatially associated with the Fakos quartz monzonite where it is pervasive on the scale of 10s of meters
(Fig. 3b). It likely formed contemporaneously with propylitic
alteration, the two of which represent the earliest alteration in
the area. and is characterized by quartz, orthoclase, biotite, and
magnetite. Potassic alteration occurs around stockwork quartz
veins that crosscut the quartz monzonite and/or is disseminated within the altered rock. Hydrothermal biotite and Kfeldspar replaced phenocrysts of primary magmatic Kfeldspar, plagioclase, actinolite, and diopside in the Fakos
quartz monzonite or occur in the rock matrix (Fig. 4k).
Magnetite is particularly abundant in quartz veins and in rock
100
Fig. 6 Paragenetic sequence
for the three stages of
mineralization at Fakos based
on overgrowth and crosscutting
relationships of ore minerals

Alteration Style
Porphyry Stage
Transitional
Epithermal Stage
Potassic
Propylitic
Argillic
Sericitic
Adv. Argillic
Silicic
Mineral
Quartz
Pyrite
Chalcopyrite
Sphalerite
Bornite
Galena
Magnetite
Hematite
Molybdenite
Arsenopyrite
Tourmaline
Tetrahedrite
Tennantite
Bournonite
Enargite
Hessite
Petzite
Altaite
"Cervelleite"
Native Au
Au-Ag Alloy
Barite
Calcite
fissures and is typically associated with minor amounts of

pyrite, chalcopyrite, and malachite
Propylitic alteration
Propylitic alteration surrounds the potassic alteration zone and
occurs in all rock types with the exception of tuffs (Fig. 3b). It
is characterized by chlorite, albite, epidote, calcite, sericite,
pyrite, actinolite, apatite, and titanite, which occur as pseudomorphs after K-feldspar, plagioclase, actinolite, and diopside,
and also as intergrowths within the rock matrix.
Sericitic-argillic alteration
Vein-controlled (10s of cm to m scale halos) and pervasive
sericitic and argillic alteration overprint the potassic and
propylitic alteration zones. The sericitic zone is characterized
by sericite, quartz, pyrite, and tourmaline. Tourmaline is found
in both the quartz monzonite porphyry as coarse-grained and
radiating crystals that are surrounded by a sericitic halo, as
well as in sedimentary rocks in the southern part of the study
area where it is disseminated in the rock matrix or intergrown
with sericite and quartz in the mineralized veins associated
101
Fig. 7 Photomicrographs of
metallic minerals from Fakos
Peninsula. Mineral
abbreviations are after Whitney
and Evans (2010). Bou
bournonite, Hs hessite
A.
B.
2000
1000
Light-colored Fakos
Dark-colored Fakos
1000
(Pe-Piper et al., 2009)
Dikes (this study)

Tuvatu monzonites
(Scherbarth and Spry, 2006)
10
Sample / P. Mantle
Sample / Chondrite
100
100
10
1
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Element
Fig. 8 a Rare-earth element discrimination diagram for the Fakos

quartz monzonite and its crosscutting dikes superimposed on data from
Tuvatu (Scherbarth and Spry 2006). Data are from this study and from
Pe-Piper et al. (2009) and are normalized to data from McDonough and
Sun (1995). b Trace element discrimination diagram for the Fakos
Rb Ba Th
Nb Ta
La Ce Sr
Nd Sm Zr
Hf
Eu
Ti
Tb
Y Tm Yb Lu
Element
quartz monzonite and its crosscutting dikes superimposed on data from

Tuvatu (Scherbarth and Spry 2006). Data are from this study and from
Pe-Piper et al. (2009), and are normalized to data from McDonough
and Sun (1995)
102
with epithermal-style (Stage 3) mineralization (Fig. 4g, h).

Pervasive sericitic alteration of lavas and tuffs is present over
a large area between Tourlida and Petrospitos Hills, below an
advanced argillic zone. In the southern part of the study area,
sericitic alteration is dominantly vein-controlled and is spatially related to the sediment- and porphyry-hosted mineralized quartz veins. In places, where abundant quartz veins are
present, the sericitically altered rock is typically brecciated
and crosscut by quartz veinlets. The sericitic zone grades
upwards to advanced argillic and silicic zones.
An argillic zone is also present in the southern part of the
study area where it occurs in the deepest parts of the mineralized veins and is gradational to sericitic alteration. It is
characterized by smectite, sericite, chlorite, quartz, pyrite,
and, in places, tourmaline.
related silicic alteration, where it is accompanied by sericitic

and argillic alteration of wallrock. The zones of silicic alteration on Tourlida and Petrospitos Hills are crosscut by several
breccias that consist of angular silicified rock fragments
hosted in a matrix rich in iron oxides. In places, tourmaline
veins crosscut rocks that are silicically altered.
The lithocap formed by advanced argillic and silicic
hydrothermal alteration occurs distal to the Fakos quartz
monzonite as opposed to directly overlying the metallic
mineralization (e.g., Sillitoe 1995).
Advanced argillic alteration
Whole rock geochemical data, as well as electron microprobe analyses of individual silicate minerals, were used to
classify the igneous rocks at Fakos Peninsula. All samples
of igneous rocks from Fakos Peninsula (this study, and those
of Pe-Piper et al. 2009), show a shoshonitic affinity (Fig. 5b)
(Peccerillo and Taylor 1976). A plot of Rb versus Y+Nb
shows that these rocks are volcanic arc granites, (Fig. 5c).
Chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns of
the igneous rocks hosted from Fakos Peninsula show extreme enrichment in light REE and depletion in heavy REE
and no Eu anomalies (Fig. 8a). Trace element discrimination
(spider) diagrams of the same rocks demonstrate a distinctly
different pattern when compared to those obtained from
alkaline intrusive rocks at the Tuvatu deposit, Fiji
(Scherbarth and Spry 2006) (Fig. 8b).
Advanced argillic alteration forms part of a lithocap in the

western and northern parts of the prospect (Fig. 3b). It is
characterized by alunite, quartz, kaolinite, and pyrite
(Fig. 4l, m). In places, 300 m long acicular alunite
replaced plagioclase, amphibole, biotite, and pyroxene phenocrysts. Elsewhere, fine-grained alunite is abundant in the
rock matrix in association with microcrystalline quartz and
disseminated pyrite. The alunitic zone is spatially related to
the silicic zone and is transitional, laterally and vertically, to
the sericitic zone. The advanced argillic zone, as well as the
topographically higher silicic zone, is crosscut by hydrothermal breccias and tourmaline veins. In the hydrothermal
breccias, alunitized rock fragments are surrounded and
cemented by iron oxides. Alunite also occurs in veins,
which consist of alunite, native sulfur, and tridymite/cristobalite that crosscut sericitized rock in the northern part of the
prospect.
Silicic alteration
Silicic alteration of lavas and tuffs, and silica caps dominate
the northern part of the study area and it is particularly wellexposed on the Tourlida and Petrospitos Hills (Fig. 3b). The
wedge-shaped silicic zones occur above the advanced argillic
zones and its geometry is structurally controlled by E-W
trending faults. It consists of microcrystalline quartz along
with disseminated pyrite, marcasite, and subordinate amounts
of alunite, zircon, and anatase. Two types of silicic alteration
are present: 1) a vuggy, residual type (herein called vuggy)
from which elements other than Si were leached; and 2) a
massive type that resulted from silica addition to the rock
(herein called massive). Voids within the vuggy silicic alteration are infilled with euhedral crystals of quartz and barite
(Fig. 4n). In deeper parts of the silicic alteration zone, massive
silicic alteration predominates and is transitional to vein-
Results
Petrogeochemistry
Fluid inclusions
Fluid inclusion microthermometric analyses were carried
out on doubly-polished, ~100 m thick wafers of quartz
intergrown with sulfides, tellurides, sulfosalts, and precious
metals. Twenty-five wafers were prepared for analysis, of
which 13 contained fluid inclusions suitable for heating and
freezing studies. The samples that were not appropriate for
analysis were largely recrystallized and contained few fluid
inclusions.
Fluid inclusions were selected for analysis based on the
criteria suggested by Audtat and Gnther (1999) in order to
minimize the potential of measuring inclusions that were
subjected to post-entrapment modification. The fluid inclusions in quartz veins from Fakos Peninsula demonstrate two
distinct populations of fluid inclusions. The two populations
are distinguished by the types of coexisting inclusions in a
given sample, based on the phase proportion of liquid,
vapor, and daughter crystals in each inclusion at room
temperature. Based on vein mineralogy and the surrounding
alteration envelopes, the two populations of fluid inclusions
are related to the porphyry and epithermal styles of metallic

mineralization on Fakos peninsula.
Determination of discrete vein-emplacement stages based
on cross-cutting relationships was limited due to the lack of
drill-core samples and minimal field exposure. Therefore,
the populations of fluid inclusions denoted in this study
could not be further subdivided on the basis of temporally
discrete vein stages.
The first population of fluid inclusions (herein referred to
as porphyry-style inclusions) occurs in quartz veins hosted
in potassically altered rocks, which contain five types of
coexisting, primary inclusions: Type I, two-phase aqueous
liquidvapor (~6070 % liquid); Type II, three-phase liquidvapor-solid, in which the solid is NaCl based on isometric shape and refractive index (~50 % liquid); Type III,
four-phase liquidvapor-NaCl-XCl (where XCl represents
an unknown chloride phase, likely CaCl2) (~40 % liquid);
Type IV, four-phase liquidvapor-hematite-(NaClXCl)
(~40 % liquid), and Type V, two-phase vapor rich ( 5 %
liquid) (Fig. 9ad). Type III inclusions occur in most samples, but have low relative abundance compared to the other
fluid inclusion types, whereas Type IV inclusions were
present in many samples, although were generally too small
Fig. 9 Photomicrographs of
fluid inclusions. a Type I,
liquidvapor and Type V vaporrich inclusions from porphyrystyle veins. b Type II, liquid
vapor-NaCl, Type III, liquid
vapor-NaCl-CaC2, and Type IV
liquidvapor-hematite inclusions from porphyry-style
veins. c Type IV, liquidvaporhematite NaCl fluid inclusions
from porphyry-style veins. d
Types III, IV, and V inclusions,
as described above, in
porphyry-style veins. e and f
Type I, liquidvapor and Type
II vapor-rich inclusions from
epithermal-style veins
103
to analyze accurately. Types I through IV inclusions homogenize into the liquid phase. Roughly half of the daughtercrystal bearing inclusions (Types II, III, and IV) homogenized by vapor bubble contraction and the other half by
daughter crystal dissolution (Fig. 10); the homogenization
temperature for these inclusions represents the temperature
at which only the liquid phase remains. Type V inclusions
contain5 percent liquid by volume and the liquid meniscus
could not be resolved and therefore, Type V inclusions were
not subject to heating and freezing experiments. All five
types of inclusions are similar in size, the majority ranging
from 25 m to 35 m in length (up to ~60 m). The inclusions
are rounded and evenly distributed throughout the sample.
The largest inclusions are rare, but are dominantly irregularshaped, two-phase liquidvapor that show evidence of leaking
or post-entrapment modification. Planes of small, vapor-rich
secondary inclusions crosscut the primary assemblage in places, but were not subject to further study.
The second population of fluid inclusions (herein referred
to as epithermal-style inclusions) occurs in quartz veins
surrounded by sericitic and argillic alteration and consists
of two types of inclusions: Type I, two-phase liquidvapor
inclusions (~7080 % liquid) that homogenized to the liquid
104
90
80
Salinity (wt. % NaCl equiv.)
Fig. 10 Homogenization
temperature versus salinity
scatter plot of fluid inclusions
from porphyry- and epithermalstyle veins discriminated on the
basis of inclusion type
70
60
50
40
Type I (L-V) Epithermal
30
Type I (L-V) Porphyry

Type II (L-V-NaCl) Porphyry
20
Type III (L-V-NaCl-XCl) Porphyry
10
Type IV (L-V-Hem-NaClXCl) Porphyry

100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Th by vapor bubble homogenization or by NaCl dissolution (C)
Homogenization temperatures (Th) for Type I, two-phase

liquidvapor fluid inclusions from the epithermal-style
inclusions range from 191.6 to 310.0 C (n096). The salinity
of these inclusions was determined based on freezing point
depression and ranges from 1.40 to 9.73 wt. percent NaCl
equiv. (Bodnar and Vityk 1994). All but five inclusions range
from 1.40 to 6.01 wt. percent NaCl equiv. (Fig. 11). The
average salinity for 96 inclusions is 3.86 wt. % NaCl equiv.
with a 2 of 2.85 wt. percent NaCl equivalent (Fig. 11).
Eutectic melting temperatures range from 33.5 to 25.1 C,
800
Th NaCl > Th LV
700
600
Th by NaCl dissolution (C)
phase, and Type II, two-phase vapor-rich inclusions (5 %

liquid) (Fig. 9e, f). Inclusions of both types are up to 50 m
in length, but are predominantly in the 2030 m range.
Due to the small size and volume of liquid, homogenization
temperatures for Type II inclusions could not be measured.
The inclusions are generally rounded and evenly distributed
throughout the sample and the ratio between Type I and Type
II inclusions is approximately 4:1. As with the porphyry-style
inclusions, the veins are crosscut by healed fractures that
contain small, vapor-rich secondary inclusions ( 5 m in
length), which were not analyzed.
Quartz-tourmaline veins which, based on paragenetic and
cross-cutting relationships, are intermediate between
porphyry- and epithermal-style mineralization were devoid
of interpretable fluid inclusions.
Homogenization temperatures for Type I, two-phase liquid vapor inclusions from the porphyry-style inclusions
ranges from 189.5 to 403.3 C (n040). The salinity of these
inclusions ranges from 14.77 to 19.92 wt. percent NaCl
equiv. (average 017.07, 203.34) (Figs. 11 and 12). Eutectic
melting temperatures range from 35.4 to 24.3 C, which
indicates the presence of other chloride compounds in addition
to NaCl (e.g., Goldstein and Reynolds 1994).
Values of Th for Type II and Type III fluid inclusions
range from 209.3 to 740.5 C (n059; average 0567.9 C,
20197 C) and 267.6 to 780.8 C (n028; average 0
642.8 C, 20163.7 C), and salinities of 38.44 to 85.77
wt. percent NaCl equiv. (average 0 65.2, 2 0 22.1 wt.
percent NaCl equiv.) and 45.05 to 80.83 wt. percent NaCl
equiv. (average 072.1, 2015.1 wt. percent NaCl equiv.),
respectively. Type IV, hematite-bearing fluid inclusions,
show Th from 200.4 to 684.2 C (n021; average 0535.4,
20147.3 C) and salinities ranging from 40.51 to 80.55
wt. percent NaCl equiv (average 0 60.6, 2027.2 wt. percent NaCl equiv.) (Figs. 11 and 12).
500
400
300
200
100
Th LV
100
200
300
Th LV
Type II (L-V-NaCl)
400
500
L >T
600
NaCl
700
800
L (C)
Type III (L-V-NaCl-XCl)
Type IV (L-V-Hem-NaCl+/-XCl)
Fig. 11 Scatter plot of liquid-vapor homogenization temperature versus halite dissolution temperature for daughter-crystal beating fluid
inclusions from porphyry-style veins
105
Number of Analyses
20
Type IV (L-V-Hem-NaClXCl)
15
Type II (L-V-NaCl)
Type I (L-V)
10
Type I (L-V), Epithermal

5
200
25 0
30 0
35 0
40 0
45 0
50 0
55 0
60 0
65 0
70 0
75 0
800
Th by vapor bubble homogenization or by NaCl dissolution (C)

Fig. 12 Summary histogram of fluid inclusion data from porphyry- and epithermal-style veins discriminated on the basis of fluid inclusion type
Pyrite associated with porphyry style mineralization has

34S values that range from 6.82 to 0.82 per mil (n05).
With the exception of one outlier, the values range from 2.41
to 0.82 per mil (Fig. 14).Values of 34S for sulfides from
epithermal-style mineralization range from 5.26 to 2.18 per
mil (pyrite: -5.26 to 2.18 per mil; n04, galena: 4.68
to 1.71 per mil; n03, sphalerite: 4.10 and 2.84; n02).
Barite associated with late-stage epithermal-style mineralization has a value of 34S010.50 per mil (Fig. 14).
1400
1300
1200
800
1100
70
1000
Pressure (bars)
which indicates that the fluid inclusions contain appreciable

quantities of CaCl2, MgCl2, and/or FeCl2 in addition to NaCl
(e.g., Goldstein and Reynolds 1994).
The depth at which metallic mineralization formed at
Fakos Peninsula cannot be determined based on geological reconstruction of the paleoenvironment, but can be
estimated using the criteria of Haas (1971); however,
these estimates are only valid for Type I liquidvapor
inclusions. These limitations preclude estimates of entrapment depth for the high-salinity, daughter crystalbearing fluid inclusions. The two-phase high-salinity,
inclusions in the porphyry style veins indicate entrapment depths ranging from approximately 650 to >1200 m.
The presence of the low salinity fluids that homogenize
from ~190 to 310 C of the epithermal-style inclusions indicate depths of crystallization ranging from approximately 200
to 1100 m.
Based on the phase diagram for the system NaCl-H2O,
the depth of formation for the high temperature, high salinity, daughter crystal bearing fluid inclusions can be estimated
as 0.3 to 2.5 km (~100 to 840 bars), with the majority of data
in the range of 0.6 to 1.2 km (200 to 400 bars) (Fig. 13). This
depth estimate corroborates the depth estimated by the method
of Haas (1971) of the Type I inclusions, which coexist with the
Type II, III, and IV inclusions.
900
600
800
550
700
600
500 C
500
450 C
400
400 C
300
Sulfur isotope analyses were obtained from nine samples of

pyrite, three samples of galena, two samples of sphalerite,
one sample of molybdenite, and one sample of barite. Of
those samples, nine were associated with epithermal style
mineralization and four were from porphyry style mineralization. Sulfur isotope ratios were standardized to ViennaCaon Diablo Troilite (V-CDT).
V+NaCl
100
Sulfur isotopes
C
Na
V+
L+
200
10
50
100
Salinity (wt. % NaCl equiv.)

Type II (L-V-NaCl)
Type IV (L-V-Hem-NaCl+/-XCl)
Fig. 13 Phase diagram for the system H2O-NaCl (Sourirjan and

Kennedy 1962; Urusova 1975; Bodnar et al. 1985) showing individual
daughter-crystal bearing inclusions from porphyry-style veins
No. of Analyses
106

8
Porphyry
Epithermal
4
2
0
-7
-6
-5
-4
34
-3
-2
-1
S () V-CDT
Fig. 14 Summary histogram of sulfur isotope data for sulfides discriminated based on mineralization style
Discussion
The igneous rocks that are spatially related to ore mineralization at Fakos Peninsula are shoshonitic, similar to other
porphyry-epithermal systems, such as the Emperor and
Tuvatu Au-Ag-Te deposits, Fiji; and Ladolam, Papua New
Guinea (Fig. 5b) (Setterfield et al. 1991; Eaton and Setterfield
1993; Mller et al. 2001, 2002; Scherbarth and Spry 2006).
Based on a plot of Rb vs. Y+Nb (Fig. 5c), these rocks were
likely generated as a result of the subduction of oceanic crust
at an active continental margin (Pearce et al. 1984). The
general shape of the REE pattern is similar to those of alkaline
intrusive rocks spatially associated with the Tuvatu deposit;
however, the rocks at Fakos are enriched in light REE relative
to those at Tuvatu (Scherbarth and Spry 2006; Pe-Piper et al.
2009) (Fig. 8a). This study and that undertaken by Pe-Piper et
al. (2009) demonstrate that the rocks at Fakos are highly
enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE), such as Rb,
Ba, Th, U, and K, relative to REE and high field strength
elements (HFSE), such as Nb, Ta, and Ti (Fig. 8b). Based on
geochemical and mineralogical data, as well as mass-balance
modeling, Pe-Piper et al. (2009) argued that the melting of
underplated metabasaltic amphibolites by advected mantlederived basaltic magma at a temperature of >950 C was the
mechanism that produced the enrichment of light REE, LILE,
and HFSE and the generation of magmas with <65 wt. percent
SiO2 at Fakos. The negative anomalies associated with Nb,
Ta, and Ti are inferred to represent the retention of those
elements within the underplated basalt during partial melting
(Pe-Piper et al. 2009). Although the REE and trace element
patterns here are different from those reported for other
porphyry-epithermal systems (e.g., Emperor, Pals and Spry
2003; Tuvatu, Scherbarth and Spry 2006), they are broadly
similar to other igneous systems in the Aegean, which suggests a common regional-scale process that led to elemental
enrichment and depletion with, local-scale differences in petrogenetic processes (Pe-Piper et al. 2009).
The earliest hydrothermal activity on Fakos Peninsula
(Stage 1) resulted directly from the relatively shallow emplacement of the Fakos quartz monzonite and caused the
development of metallic mineral-bearing quartz stockworks
and associated potassic and propylitic alteration. Metallic

minerals associated with the Stage 1 hydrothermal-magmatic
event include pyrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, galena, sphalerite,
magnetite, molybdenite, and hematite and are hosted in quartz
stockwork veins. The presence of chalcopyrite and bornite
suggest appreciable quantities of copper in the early ore fluids.
As the magma ascended through the crust, it became
saturated with volatiles, causing exsolution of the coexisting, high-salinity, aqueous and vapor-rich fluids that are
contained within the porphyry-style inclusions, the characteristics of which are common among fluid inclusions and
fluid inclusion assemblages observed in other porphyrystyle systems (e.g., Heinrich et al. 2004).
Homogenization temperatures suggest that early hydrothermal fluids were responsible for mineralization at temperatures
ranging from ~200 to ~800 C at depths of 650 to >1200 m.
The lack of CO2 trapped in fluid inclusions associated with the
early, porphyry-style mineralization is likely due to the shallow
emplacement depth and the water content of the magma as CO2
solubility is proportional to pressure and inversely proportional
to the H2O content of the magma (Lowenstern 2001).
Ongoing magmatic devolatilization of the quartz monzonite porphyry that occurred coeval with porphyry-style ore
formation was responsible for the formation of silicic and
advanced argillic alteration zones in the upper and lateral
portions of the Fakos system. This led to the formation of
acid-sulfate fluids, as is observed in modern volcanic centers (e.g., Hedenquist et al. 1993), which was responsible for
the formation of residual silicic bodies (e.g., Stoffregen
1987). However, many of the silicically altered zones contain massive silica indicating silica addition from hydrothermal fluids. Fournier (1985) demonstrated that SiO 2
deposition is inhibited under highly-acidic conditions,
which suggests that the formation of massive silica bodies
at Fakos could be the result of small increases in pH of the
hydrothermal fluids, potentially caused by mixing with meteoric waters. Following the formation of the massive silica
bodies, the hydrothermal solutions moved laterally, where
they reacted with the wall rock and caused the formation of
alunitic and sericitic alteration zones, which surround the
veins and silicified bodies.
Stage 2 mineralization consists mainly of pyrite- and
molybdenite-bearing quartz-tourmaline-sericite veins that
are surrounded by sericitic wallrock alteration and formed
during late porphyry-system evolution. Stage 2 veins likely
formed as a result of the mixing of magmatic and meteoric
fluids as the widespread presence of tourmaline suggests
boron-enriched fluids, indicative of magmatic input, yet the
veins are associated with low-temperature hydrothermal
alteration assemblages.
Mixing between magmatic and meteoric fluids is equivocal for the tourmaline-rich vein material because fluid
inclusion data in associated quartz veins are lacking, but it
has been proposed elsewhere for similar mineral assemblages in other porphyry deposits (e.g., Aldebaran, Chile,
Vila and Sillitoe 1991; and Bulagidun, Indonesia, Lubis et
al. 1994) and for high-sulfidation epithermal deposits (e.g.,
Equity Silver, Canada, Wodjak and Sinclair 1984; Julcani,
Peru, Shelnutt and Noble 1985; Deen et al. 1994). However,
recent interpretations of porphyry Cu-Mo systems reveal
that an exclusively magmatic fluid of low to moderate
salinity in the 250 to 350 C temperature range is capable
of producing sericitic and chlorite-sericite alteration, locally
with tourmaline (Hedenquist et al. 1998; Sillitoe 2010).
A third pulse of hydrothermal fluid circulation is inferred
by the fluids contained in epithermal style (Stage 3) veins
hosting the second population of fluid inclusions, which consist of coexisting low-salinity aqueous inclusions and vaporrich inclusions that homogenized, generally, at temperatures
lower than those hosted in earlier, porphyry style veins (190 to
310 C) and formed at depths of ~200 to 1100 m. During a
quiescent period between hydrothermal fluid pulses at Fakos,
meteoric waters percolated through the sedimentary basement, primarily along fault zones. Mixing between meteoric
and magmatic fluids diluted the ore fluids represented by the
epithermal-style fluids and, as such, they have a significantly
lower salinity and homogenize at moderately lower temperatures than those of the porphyry-style fluids. Partitioning of
magmatic-meteoric ore fluids into liquid and vapor phases
likely led to the enriched Au and Te content of the
epithermal-style veins (e.g., Heinrich et al. 1999) and the
presence of tellurides in late-stage mineralized veins and
sulfur isotope compositions of sulfides indicate involvement
of magmatic fluid in the ore system (Afifi et al. 1988).
Based on paragenetic relationships and mineralogy, Stage
3 polymetallic vein-type mineralization evolved from fluids
with a higher sulfidation state (deposition of pyrite, enargite,
bornite, and Fe-poor sphalerite), towards an intermediatesulfidation fluid state (related to the deposition of gold with
sulfides, sulfosalts, and tellurides within milky quartz that
overprinted earlier-formed alteration zones) by low- to
moderate-temperature, low-salinity fluids. Other metals in
the veins, such as Cu, As, and Au were transported in
magmatic-hydrothermal fluids (e.g., Arribas 1995). That
gold is most enriched in the eastern ore zone, which is
developed mostly within the monzonitic body, as well as
the Te-content of mineralized polymetallic veins could be
indications of a magmatic-hydrothermal contribution of
gold to the vein system.
Due to the bimodal distribution of salinity data calculated
from inclusions in porphyry- and epithermal-style veins and,
to a lesser extent, homogenization temperatures, the fluid
inclusion assemblages are interpreted to have formed from
at least two discrete pulses of ore-bearing hydrothermal
fluid that exhibit differing degrees of mixing between hydrothermal and magmatic fluids.
107
Alternatively, it is possible that the formation of lowsalinity aqueous fluids (e.g., epithermal-style fluids) formed
as a result of vapor contraction of the vapor-rich fluid
derived from boiling porphyry-style brines. Upon cooling
at elevated pressure after its density-based separation from
the brine phase, the vapor can condense into a lower-salinity
aqueous fluid (e.g., Heinrich et al. 2004). Although the
process of vapor contraction may partially or fully account
for the presence of hydrothermal fluids of disparate chemistries in porphyry-epithermal systems, we favor a scenario
in which meteoric water mixed with magmatic fluids.
Evidence for the past and present incursion of meteoric
water into the bedrock on Limnos Island include the presence of active hot spring and low-temperature (<100 C)
hydrothermal alteration zones (e.g., smectite and halloysite;
Papoulis and Tsolis-Katagas 2008), as well as the chemical
and isotopic signature of thermal spring water and well
water from several Aegean islands, including Limnos, that
demonstrate the mixing of marine and meteoric water in a
deep thermal setting (Lambrakis and Kallergis 2005;
Panagopoulis et al. 2011).
The host rocks on the Fakos Peninsula display an alteration pattern that is similar to those spatially related to
porphyry-epithermal systems elsewhere (e.g., Sillitoe
2010). Furthermore, the two types of veins and their associated fluid inclusions are uniquely associated with discrete
alteration styles. Quartz veins hosted in potassically and
propylitically altered rocks contain high temperature, high
salinity fluid inclusions, while quartz veins surrounded by
argillic and sericitic alteration host lower temperature, low
salinity inclusions.
Early high-temperature, high-salinity fluids produced potassic alteration, which is surrounded by propylitic alteration
at the deepest levels of hydrothermal fluid circulation and are
the only alteration zones related to early, high-temperature
fluid flow.
The potassic and propylitic alteration zones, which are
commonly associated with porphyry-style mineralization,
occur below vein-controlled sericitic and argillic zones that
are associated with Stage 2 and 3 tourmaline-bearing quartz
veins. These styles of alteration formed from slightly acidic
fluids that circulated at a shallower depth (e.g., Dilles and
Einaudi 1992). In places, sericitic-argillic alteration directly
overprints potassic alteration, which, despite the lack fluid
inclusion-bearing veins in the sericitic-argillic overprint,
indicates that later, low-temperature (e.g., epithermal-style
fluids) also circulated through the host rocks.
The offset between the advanced argillic and silicic zones
from the causative pluton may be due to heterogeneity in the
permeability of rock units at Fakos Peninsula such that
hydrothermal fluids exploited preexisting faults and flowed
laterally from the source as opposed to flowing vertically.
As such, the lower temperatures along these lateral gradients
108
resulted in leaching all but residual silica from the country

rock by the high activity of condensed SO2 and HCl in the
hydrothermal fluids (Hedenquist and Taran 2009). Later,
slight increases in pH may have caused the precipitation of
silica in the form of vuggy infillings. Alternatively, the
lithocap that formed over the potassic zone may have been
eroded due to uplift of the southern portion of the peninsula
that occurred along E-W trending faults. Although we collected no isotope data for alunite, it is likely that alunite in
the Fakos area was of magmatic-hydrothermal origin (Rye
et al. 1992), and that its presence indicates a high-sulfidation
environment (Sillitoe et al. 1996).
The Fakos quartz monzonite is inferred to be the source
of the magmatic component of the mineralizing fluids due to
its spatial relationship to hydrothermal veins, which crosscut
and emanate from the quartz monzonite. Furthermore, the
potassic alteration zone is centered on the Fakos quartz
monzonite and other, lower temperature alteration zones
form roughly concentric zones radiating outward from the
pluton (Fig. 3b). The other subvolcanic bodies emplaced on
Fakos Peninsula are not associated with hydrothermal mineralization of significance.
Sulfur isotope ratios from sulfides from both epithermaland porphyry-style mineralization range from 6.82
to 0.82 per mil, with averages values for sulfides from each
style of 3.52 and 3.06 per mil, respectively. We interpret the
slight negative values, but which are within the 05 per mil
range expected for sulfur from a magmatic source (i.e.,
Ohmoto and Goldhaber 1997), to be the result of the generation of isotopically light sulfur during changes in oxidation
state during ore fluid boiling due to the preferential oxidation
of H234S (e.g., McKibben and Eldridge 1990). Alternatively,
the light values may also be caused by sulfur-bearing volatile
magmatic phase that underwent disproportionation upon
cooling (e.g., Herzig et al. 1998). The general coincidence in the sulfur isotope ratios from sulfides in both
the epithermal and porphyry environments suggests that
there was a common, magmatic component to the ore
fluids of both styles of mineralization. Furthermore, the
coincidence in 34S values implies that any meteoric
component to the epithermal ore fluids that mixed with magmatic fluids either scavenged very little sulfur from the host
rock during infiltration or that any sulfur mobilized by meteoric fluids was isotopically similar to that hosted in porphyrystyle mineralization.
The single 34S value of 10.5 per mil for late-stage barite
from the epithermal-stage veins is considered to have originated as seawater sulfate even though the value of seawater
sulfate at ~19 Ma was ~22 per mil (Paytan et al. 1998). The
lower value measured in barite from Fakos may have arisen
from late-stage mixing between magmatic ore fluids and
Miocene seawater, as suggested for the Pueblo Viejo highsulfidation epithermal deposit (Vennemann et al. 1993) and
modern incursion of seawater into aquifers on Aegean

Islands has been reported by Lambrakis and Kallergis
(2005) and Panagopoulis et al. (2011).
The presence of fluid inclusions similar to those reported
at porphyry-style deposits elsewhere, the high-temperature
potassic and propylitic alteration, the concentric zonation of
the alteration zones around the Fakos quartz monzonite, and
the presence of a Cu-Mo-bearing ore fluid are all consistent
with the early stage (Stage 1) mineralization at the Fakos
prospect being directly related to the pluton and its exsolved
fluids, and mineralization occurring in the early porphyry
environment. Further, the Fakos prospect shares many characteristics with porphyry gold deposits at Bulagidun,
Indonesia (Lubis et al. 1994) and Aldebaran, Chile (Vila
and Sillitoe 1991), where polymetallic chalcedony veins,
which are surrounded by sericite-tourmaline alteration, are
considered to be transitional between a porphyry gold deposit at lower levels and epithermal-type advanced argillic
alteration zones at higher levels (e.g., the high-sulfidation
Equity Silver Ag-Cu-Au deposit in Canada; Wodjak and
Sinclair 1984).
Later, Stage 3, mineralization occurs in polymetallic
quartz veins that formed from lower temperature, lowsalinity fluids and is associated with low-temperature
alteration zones (e.g., sericitic, argillic). The trapped
fluids in fluid inclusions from Stage 3 mineralization
are similar to those in other epithermal systems associated with porphyry mineralization (e.g., Far SoutheastLepanto, Hedenquist et al. 1998). Furthermore, the mineralogical characteristics of Stage 3 polymetallic Au-Te
mineralization are consistent with this mineralization
being of intermediate- to low-sulfidation epithermal origin
(e.g., Emperor, Pals and Spry 2003). In those systems, the
ore fluids in the epithermal environment were evolved magmatic fluids that rose to shallow crustal levels and mixed with
meteoric fluids.
The Fakos prospect is a telescoped porphyry-epithermal
system and is a part of the Serbomacedonian-Rhodope metallogenetic belt. This interpretation is based on geological
and mineralogical information such as the presence of a
sericite-tourmaline-rich gangue in the polymetallic veins,
the development of pre-ore hypogene advanced argillic
and silicic alteration zones overlying mineralized veins,
and finally the overprinting of the potassic alteration zone
associated with porphyry-style mineralization, and later
epithermal-style mineralization.
Acknowledgments This study was funded, in part, by a Society of
Economic Geologists Hugh. E. McKinstry research grant to APF. This
paper benefitted greatly, and was improved considerably, by the
reviews of Thomas Ulrich and Pete Hollings, as well as the recommendations of associate editor Paolo Garofalo. We sincerely thank Iain
Samson and Melissa Price for kindly allowing us to use the hightemperature fluid inclusion stage at the University of Windsor.
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Miner Petrol (2012) 105:85111

Mineralogical, stable isotope, and fluid inclusion studies

Abstract The Fakos porphyry Cu and epithermal Au-Te

189.5C to 403.3C have salinities of 14.8 to 19.9 wt. %

inclusion, and sulfur isotope data indicate that the metallic

A.P. Fornadel et al.

epithermal-style Au-Te bearing veins. Although grade and

Fakos transitional porphyry Cu to epithermal Au-Te mineralization

Aegean shoshonite belt

Surface traces of Mesozoic

Mposkos 2001; Kilias et al. 2002; Marchev et al. 2005; Brun

since the Mesozoic (Pe-Piper and Piper 2002). Igneous

A.P. Fornadel et al.

Lesbos, Limnos, and Samothraki, and in western Turkey

The sedimentary rocks were slightly folded due to regional

Fakos transitional porphyry Cu to epithermal Au-Te mineralization

A.P. Fornadel et al.

hydrothermal fluids that were responsible for the metallic

Samples and analytical methods

regia followed by ICP-MS analysis. Standards used by

Fakos transitional porphyry Cu to epithermal Au-Te mineralization

Table 1 Whole-rock chemistry

Fakos transitional porphyry Cu to epithermal Au-Te mineralization

scattered imaging capabilities at the Department of

A.P. Fornadel et al.

using a Finnigan MAT 252 mass spectrometer. The SIRF

Mineralogy and petrochemistry of rocks at Fakos

Fakos transitional porphyry Cu to epithermal Au-Te mineralization

1-2: Actinolite; 3: MagnesioHornblende; 45: Phlogopite;

Silicified sandstones, which host or are overlain by the

A.P. Fornadel et al.

Table 4 Data from fluid inclusion data from porphyry-style veins*

Th(Hem)(C) Th(L-V) (C)

220.6 to 403.3 (15)

14.97 to 19.92 (15)

220.7 to 377.8 (9)

Salinity (wt. %eq.)

357.9 to >410.0 (6)

561.8 to 648.3 (7)

528.7 to 620.5 (5)

586.4 to 633.4 (4)

572.6 to 613.1 (5)

377.3 to 644.7 (3)

414.6 to 506.5 (2)

189.5 to 286.2 (10)

14.87 to 19.76 (10)

209.3 to 605.0 (11)

165.5 to 263.7 (8)

411.7 to 710.7 (8)

68.42 to 80.83 (8)

215.4 to 620.5 (9)

63.72 to 76.89 (5)

161.3 to 342.4 (4)

506.9 to 755.9 (5)

71.98 to 79.48 (4)

602.7 to 724.8 (2)

69.98 to 75.84 (5)

45.05 to 80.33 (3)

395.2 to 474.0 (9)

49.06 to 60.64 (2)

260.0 to 371.8 (8)

14.77 to 18.88 (8)

396.3 to 603.9 (9)

274.2 to 584.2 (16)