Special embryology

Development of Thyroid Gland, Respiratory Tract,

Stomach And Spleen.

Done By:
Ali bozaid.
Ahmed Alkhalifah.
Revised By:
Moayd Al-Shakhel

Thyroid Gland
Development:
It develop in the floor of pharynx [between the Tuberculum impar and the hypobranchial
eminence (copula)] as thyroid primordium [ the thyroid primordium | starts as a simple
midline thickening and develops to form the thyroid diverticulum ].
It [invagenated] Descends though under-line Mesoderm But covered by ectoderm , it
descends as a duct [this duct still connected to the tongue via the thyroglossal duct ,
after Descends the dut is obiterated].
The lower part [Caudally] form pyramidal lobe of thyroid [Usually it is to the left to the
median plane]. It get some muscle fiber and called [ levator glandolea thyroidea ].
Thyroid diverticulum {sac} as it descends it Bifurcate into [2 lobs]. it Descends in
median line , infra into Hyoid bone , infra into Thyroid Cartilage , it still in the lower part
of the neck.
Third Pharyngeal Pouch the dorsal part of the third pouch differentiates into the
inferior parathyroid gland. while the ventral part forms the thymus.
Fourth Pharyngeal Pouch the dorsal part of the fourth pharyngeal pouch forms the
superior parathyroid gland.
That impossible to think that parathyroid or thymus is in our pharynx!
Phenomena of migration
When the parathyroid gland loses contact with the wall of the pharynx, it attaches itself
to the dorsal surface of the caudally migrating thyroid as the superior parathyroid
gland. and dorsal surface of the thyroid gland to form the Inferior parathyroid gland.

Abnormalities of thyroid gland:

1\Congenital Absence: no thyroid. -> Cretinism
It doesnt descend. It still on the Tongue. [Lingual thyroid].
2\Ectopic Descends: e.g. It Descends behind the Sternum. And it
enlarged so it called retro sternum goiter. (Goiter = Enlargement of
the thyroid gland)
3\Thyroglossal cyst: The duct doesnt obliterate. And give a cyst we
find it in the median plane.
4\Thyroglossal fistula: when the Thyroglossal cyst connected to
outside by a fistulous canal.

--Development of respiratory tract

One groove appears on each side [laryngotracheal grooves]. That meets
at the opposite line [laryngotracheal tube]
Which separate caudal from cranial {Except Very Cranially: it will be
open}[make 2 separated tubes]. The tube elongates caudally and as
it elongated it Bifurcated to form lung buds.
*Right side gives 3 branches [3 2ry Bronchi]. {3 lobes}
*Left side gives 2 branches [2 2ry Bronchi]. {2 lobes}.

laryngotracheal tube Derivatives:

*Lower half of larynx. [Mucous].
*Trachea.
*2 principles bronchi.
*17 Subdivisions.
*Bronchial duct and Alveolar sac.
*All epithelium of The lungs
*Except the Plural is formed from inter-Embryonic column.

Abnormalities in partitioning of the

esophagus and trachea
1) Tracheoesophageal fistulas (TEFs): Trachea open to Esophagus. It
usually associated with esophageal atresia
2) Absent lung: it gives branches to one side [R or L].
3) Accessory lobe [ex. in left it Branches and give 3].
4) Absent lobe [ex. in right instead of giving 3 Branches it give 2].
5) H-type TEF without esophageal atresia.

Tracheo-esophageal fistulas (TEFs) AND

esophageal atresia
Causes:
A) spontaneous posterior displacement of the tracheoesophageal septum, or
B) mechanical anterior pushing of the dorsal wall of the
foregut.
Variations (Types) (in 1/3000 Births): ((this is not in
Exam))
1) Esophageal atresia alone (Isolated atresia).(Found in
4%)
2)Esophageal atresia with TEFs:
a: In 90% of cases (the commonest type): the upper
position of the esophagus ends in a blind pouch and the
lower segment forming a fistula with the trachea.
b: In 1% of cases, the upper portion of the esophagus
forms a fistula with the trachea while the lower segments
starts as a bind pouch.
3) H-Type tracheoesophageal fistula (in 4% of cases)
4) H- Like type tracheoesophageal fistula (1%)
Associated abnormalities:
TEFs are a component of the VACTERL association:
Vertebral anomalies
anal atresia
Cardiac anomalies
tracheoesophageal fistula
Esophageal atresia
renal anomalies
Limb anomalies
Complications of TEFs & esophageal atresia:
1-Polyclramnios: as in some cases, the amniotic fluid
cannot pass to the stomach and intestine.
2- Pneumonitis and pneumonia: due to passage of
amniotic fluid (& gastric contents) into the trachea
through a fistula
5

Complications of TEFs & esophageal atresia:

1-Polyclramnios: as in some cases, the amniotic fluid
cannot pass to the stomach and intestine.
2- Pneumonitis and pneumonia: due to passage of
amniotic fluid (& gastric contents) into the trachea
through a fistula.
Respiratory Distress syndrome:
IN SOME PRE MATURE BABIES THERE ARE PROPLEMS IN
RESPIRATION DUE TO an absence in the surfactant
(phospholipids material) whish lead to lung collapse
(respiratory Distress syndrome)
it is helpful in decreasing the tension between the water
& air (blood & air) in lung

Caudal part of foregut

Caudal part of foregut gives us esophagus

@Development of the Stomach & Spleen:

Stomach:
Source:
Fusiform dilatation site in the caudal part of fore gut
the ventral border of this dilatation is connected to
mesoderm.
1) The ventral body wall to the ventral body wall by
the ventral mesoductrium.
2) The dorsal body wall by dorsal mesoductrium
Rotation:
Normally, it rotates 90 degree to Right
Results of dilatation:
A) Ventral Border becomes the Lesser Curvatures.
B) Dorsal Border becomes the Greater Curvatures.
C) Right Surface becomes the Post. Ant. Surface.
D) Left Surface becomes the Ant. Post. Surface.
E) Right Vagus N. becomes Post. Gastric N.
F) Left Vagus N. becomes Ant. Gastric N.
Each vagus nerve has fibers from the other. post.
Vagus formed by the right and has fibers from the left
one And vise versa
G) creating a space behind the stomach called
Omental Bursa (lesser sac)

1
2

Anomalies:
1) Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
2) Transposition.
(Rotate 90 degree to left instead to right)
3) Thoracic stomach:
- esophagus might be short.
- Congenital hiatus hernia.

Mesogastrium:

1) Derivatives of Ventral Mesogastrium:

Liver will grow here and will divide it into 2 parts:
a) Ant. Part called falciform ligament.
b) Post. Part called lesser omentum (gastrohepatic
omentum = gastrohepatic ligament)
2) Derivatives of Dorsal Mesogastrium:
a) Upper part goes to diaphragm called gastrophrinc
ligament.
b) Middle part, the spleen will grow within it and divide
it to gastrolienal ligament And lienorenal ligament.
c) Lower part called greater omentum.
So there is a deferential growth:
spleen will grow up to left in the middle of dorsal
mesoderm
liver will grow up to right

 Spleen:
Derived from: mesodermal mesenchymal And condensed
within the dorsal mesoderm.
There are notches on it: this is where small splenules are
united.
It divides the middle of dorsal mesogastria into 2 parts:
1) Gastrolienal ligament.
2) lienorenal ligament.
Anomalies of spleen:
1) Splenic cyst
2) Accessory spleen may found in:
- Gastrosplinc ligament.
- Greater omentum.
- Mesentry.
- Attached to the main spleen.
Formed from splenule didnt unite
3) Autosplenectomy:
might be congenital (Asplenia)
or disappears later.

Thanx To every one how patecepate in this note.

If there is any mistake please till as fast as you can.
This is not for me, not for you it is for us.