Influent
Treated
Aeration tank
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT
flow
Waste
Sludge
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Example 3.1:A completely mixed activated sludge system is to be used for organic
matter removal only (one sludge system). Design this system knowing the
following:-
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* microorganisms growth constants are: m = 2.5d-1 , Kd = 0.05d-1 , Y = 0.5 mg VSS/mg BOD5 removed
KS = 100 mg BOD5 / L
* Flow = 0.15 m3/s = 12960 m3/d
BOD5 = 84 mg/L (Soluble)
* required effluent (BOD5)total = 30 mg/L
Suspended solids (SS) = 30 mg/L
Solution:1. Since we always deal with soluble substrate, first we need to find the
effluent soluble BOD5 :(BOD5) soluble = S = (BOD5)total - BOD5 in suspended solids or paticulate
(BOD5) in suspended solids = 63% * SS
(BOD5)particulate = 0.63 * 30 = 18.9 mg BOD5 /L
(BOD5)soluble in effluent = 30 18.9 = 11.1 mg BOD5 /L
*Note: (BOD5)soluble in effluent = S = (BOD5) soluble in the aeration tank.
Follow Example 3.1:2. Calculate C:K s (1 + K d c )
S=
(this is equ. (18) for CMFR)
c ( m Kd ) 1
100[1 + 0.05 c ]
1.11 =
Solve for C
c [2.5 0.05] 1
C = 5 days
Check for minimum sludge retention time Cm:= m - Kd = 2.5 0.05 = 2.45
cm = 0.408 d
c
5
= 12.25 d
So S.F = m =
0.408
c
(2<12.25<20) OK
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Smin = K s
Kd
0.05
= 100
=2.04 mg BOD5/L
m Kd
2.5 0.05
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Yobs =
Y
0.5
=
= 0.4mgVss / mgBoD5
1 + K dc 1 + 0.05 5
Px = 0.4
3
mg biomass
m3
12960
[84 11.1] mg.BOD5 .10 3L . 6 1Kg
mgBoD5
d
L
m 10 mg biomass
Px 378 Kg / d
Another way to find PX:XV
mg 630m3 103 L kg
Px = Qw Xr + Qe Xe =
= 3000
.
.
c
1m3
5d 106 mg
L
Px = 378kg / d
Calculate Qw (waste sludge flow):Assume Xr = 10000 mg VSS/L (Typical range: 8000 12000 mg VSS/L)
Px = QW Xr + Qe Xe, (neglect Xe compared to Xr)
P
L
378 10 6 mg / d
Px = Qw X r Qw = x =
= 37800
Xr
d
10.000mg / l
3
QW = 37.8 m /d
5. Calculate the recycle flow Qr:Qr
X
=
= R (Sometimes called or recycle ratio)
Q
Xr X
3000
= 0.43
R=
10000 3000
Qr = 0.43Q 5573m3 / d
6. Calculate oxygen requirements:R0 = Q(S0 S ) 1.42 Px
3
m3
[84 11.1] mgBoD5 .10 3L . 16kg 1.42 378 kg
d
L
d
1m 10 mg
R0 = 408 KgO2 / d
= 12960
Example 3.2:For example 3.1, we need to design the CMFR system for both organic
matter removal and nitrification. The microorganisms growth constants
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for hetrotrophs are the same as in example 3.1, and for nitrifies (i.e.
autotrophs) are:max = 0.25d-1, Yn = 0.2 mg Vss/mg NH4-N, Kd = 0.04d-1
Kn = 0.4 mg/L
It is also given that:TKN = 40 mg/L (in the influent of the reactor)
TKN = 1 mg/L (effluent nitrogen goal).
Solution:1. It was calculated in example 3.1 that c required for BOD5 removal was
= 5 days.
We need to check if this c is enough for to achieve complete
nitrification.
K n [1 + (K d )n c ]
c m n Kd
1
[(
) ( )]
n
0.4(1 + 0.04 * c )
c (0.25 0.04) 1
Solve for c c = 7.2 days
So (c )n > (c )BOD5 so take c = 7.2 days for design purposes.
1=
( )
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P x = 402 kg Vss/d
* for nitrifiers:Y
0.2
Yobs =
=
0.143 mg Vss / mgN
1 + kd c 1 + 0.04 *10
Px = 0.143 *12960 (40 0.51)
103 l 1kg
.
m3 10 6 mg
p x = 37.8 kg Vss / d
PX
37.8*10 6 mg / d
(QW ) N =
=
= 37800 L / d
( X r ) N (10.000) * 0.1 mg / l
402 *10 6 mg / d
(Qw ) BOD 5 =
= 44667 L / d
10.000 * 0.9 mg / l
Total Qw = 37800 + 44667 = 82467 L/d 83 m3/d
6. Calculate oxygen requirement:Ro = Q ( SO S ) 1.42 PX + 4.57 Q ( NO N )
= 12960 (84 6.38) *
1kg 10 3 l
103 l 1kg
.
1
.
42
(
402
+
37
.
8
)
+
4
.
57
*
12960
(
40
0
.
51
)
.
10 6 mg 1m3
m3 10 6 mg
Example 3.3:For example 3.2, we need to design a separate stage CMFR for
nitrification only. The Data for the nitrifies and TKN are the same as in
Example 3.2.
Q = 12922 m3/d
Q = 12960 m3/d
BOD5
removal
NH3
removal
Qr
Qr
Qw
40
3
Qw = 37.8 m /d
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Solution:1.Calculations for cmin , Smin for nitrifies:From example 3.2 it was found that: cmin = 4.76 days, Nmin = 0.035 mg N/L
N = 1.0 mg-N/L.
2. The flow interring the nitrification CMER is:
Q\ = Q Qw = Qe from the BOD5 removal CMFR
Q\ = 12960 37.8 12922 m3/d
3.Calculate for the nitrification CMFR:Since no BOD5 removal occurs in this CMFR, only nitrifies are active
in this reactor, this can be understood from this equation:0.16 ( NO N )
fn =
0.6 (SO S ) + 0.16 ( NO N )
but ( SO S ) = 0.0 (no BOD5 removal )
So fn =1.0
F
mg TKN
take = 0.3
(Typical range 0.04 0.3)
M
mg Vss.d
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QNo
F QN0
=
VX =
F /M
M VX
VX =
N
m3 10 3 L
* 3 * 40mg
L = 1.723 *10 9 mgvss
d
m
0.3mgN / mgvss.d
12922 *
1.723 *10 9
1149 *10 3 L = 1149 m3
1500
V 1149
=
= 0.089 d = 2.13 hrs
Q 12922
4. find C: Y( N0 N )
= c
X (1 + K d c )
=
0.089 =
c * 0.2[40 1]
c = 54 days
1500(1 + 0.04 * c )
Y
0.2
=
= 0.06mgvss / mg N
1 + K d c 1 + 0.04 * 54
10 3 L 1kg
Px = 0.06 *12922[40 1] 3 . 6
= 30 kgvss / d
m 10 mg
Px
Qw =
assume X r = 10000 mg / L
( Xr )Nitrifiers
Qw =
30 *10 6 mgvss / d
= 3000 L / d = 3m3 / d
10.000mgvss / L
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6. Calculate oxygen requirements:Ro = 4.57 Q (NO + N) (Note:- this is the oxygen needed for nitrification
only)
L
1kg
= 4.57 *12922 *10 3 (40 1) * 6
d
10 mg
Ro = 2303 kg O2/d
7. Calculate the volume of air to be supplied: At standard conditions i.e T = 20 oC, pressure = l atm, air
density = 1.185 kg/m3
% oxygen by mass in air = 23.2%.
Assuming 100% oxygen transfer efficiency:
R0
2303 kgO2 / d
3
Qair =
/d
=
= 8377 mair
air * [O2 %] 1.185 kg / m3 * 0.232
V = 630 m3
V = 1149 m3
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Kd
0.04
= 0.4 *
0.04mgNo3 N
Kd
0.4 0.04
Dn
m
2. Calculate c:K Dn (1 + Kd c )
D=
c ( mDn Kd ) 1
Follow Example 3.4:0.16[1 + 0.04 c ]
1=
c = 3.28d
c [0.4 0.04] 1
c > cmin O.K
Cheek factor of safty:-
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c
3.28
=
= 1.18 < 2 not o.k
min
2.78
c
Take S.F = 2.1
c = 2.1 cmin = 2.1*2.78 5.84 days o.k
S.F =
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4. Calculate V: = 12922 3
= 12919 m3/d
V = Q = 12919 * 0.054 = 697.6 698 m3
*Find Px , QW, Qr by the same way as in example 3.1.
Q =12922
Q =12960
Q =12919
NHn+
BOD5
NO3-
Qr
Qr
Qw
Qr
Qw
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Qw
b. Design of the final (Secondary) clarifier:The final sedimentation tank or clarifier, is an essential part in the
activated sludge system. It is needed for gathering (by settling) the sludge
and returning part of it to the system. The following parameters are used
to design this tank:1. The overflow rate:- (or hydraulic loading)
it is the amount of flow in m3/d applied to the unit area (m2) of the
sedimentation tank and it's units are:Qo Qw
(As = Surface area)
As
Q
O / F = e (note: Qr interring the settler is pumped from the bottom)
As
Some times we ignore Qw
O/F =
the unit is
m3
m2 d
m
m3
or
2
d
m d
Q0 + Qr
Qe = Q0 - Qw
Qr
Qw
2. The weir loading rate:It is the amount of flow in m2/d applied to the unit length (m) of the
effluent weir. The weir is the circumference of the sedimentation tank
from which the wastewater leaves the tank.
The typical range of weir loading (WL) is:-
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WL 125 250
m3
or
m d
Qe
m2
) , (WL =
)
d
weir length
3. The solids loading rate (SL):It is the amount of solids in (Kg) applied to the unit area of the settling
(Q + Qr )
X)
tank per day. ( SL = o
As
Typical range of SL is 130 300 Kg/ d.m2. If SL is higher than
Kg
300
the suspended solids will increase in the effluent of the
d .m2
settling tank.
Final settling basin side water depth
Tank diameter, m
<12
12 to 20
20 to 30
30 to 42
>42
Minimum
3.0
3.4
3.7
4.0
4.3
Source: Joint Task Force of the Water Environment Federation and the American
Society of Civil Engineers, Design of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Vol.
I, Manual of Practice No. 8, Chapters 1-12, Alexandria, VA, 1992
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Example 3.5:Design the secondary clarifier (final settling tank) for the CMFR in
Example 3.1.
Solution:(Qo = 12960 m3/d) , ( Qw = 37.8 m3/d)
* find As:Take O / F = 33
m
d
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Qe
As
Q
m3
1
As = e =12922
.
392 m2
O/F
d 33 m / d
(note: Qe = Qo Qw = 12960 37.8 = 12922 m3/d)
O/F =
weir
Channel
outlet pipe
SWD
Qe
d
H
Inlet pipe
Qr+Qw
Qo+Qr
weir
d=
Efflueat
channel
sludge pipe
ww inlet
pipe
treated
water
pipe
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Take H = 1.0 m
* Check for the solids loading rate SL:[Q + Qr ]* X = (12960 + 5573)m3 . 3000mgvss . 103 L . 1kg
SL = o
As
L
m3 10 6 mg
392m2
SL 142kg / d .m2 (in the range130 300) o.k.
*Check for the weir loading rate (WL):Qe
12422 m3 / d
m3
WL =
=
184
weir length
(22.3)m
m d
3
Typical range of WL is 125-250 m /m.d
OK
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* Sludge volume index SVI:* This parameter is used to check the quality of settling and the efficiency
of the secondary settling tank in activated sludge systems. SVI is also
used to control the concentration of the biomass in the biological reactor
(X) and the concentration of the biomass in the return sludge (Xr).
*SVI is the volume in milliliters (ml) occupied by 1g of activated sludge
after the aerated liquor has settled 30 minutes and calculated as follows:SV
mg
SVI =
* 1000
X
g
1000 ml
1000 ml
30
Min
SV
Sludge
Volume: ml
Where,
mL
g
SV = volume of settled solids in one liter graduated cylinder after 30
mL
minuts settling,
L
X = biomass concentration in the biological reactor such as (CMFR),
mgSS/L (MLSS).
SVI is related to Xr by the following relation:106
Xr =
mgss / L
SVI
SVI is related to Qr (recycle flow) as follow:X
Q
R=
= r
Xr X Q
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X
Q = Q
Xr X
Qr = Q 6
10
X
SVI
* Typical values of SVI: Typical range of SVI for activated sludge operating at
concentrations of MLSS (X) of 2000 to 3500 mg ss/L is 50 to 150
mL/g.
Notice relation between SVI and X:SV
mg
SVI =
* 1000
X
g
When X is increased, SVI decrease, so if X is increased above 3500
mgSS/L to 5000 mgSS/L for example, SVI decrease below 50, ml
which means bad settling. If X is decreased below 2000, then SVI
mL
increase above 150
leading to bad settling.
g
Example 3.6:For example 3.1 find the SVI, SV.
MLVSS
Given that MLVSS = 0.8 MLSS MLSS =
0.8
Solution:X r =10.000 mg vss / L (or 10.000 mg MLVSS / L) from example 3.1
mg Vss 1mg ss
X r =10.000
*
= 12500 mg ss / L
L
0.8 mg vss
=12500 mg MLss
10 6
mg MLSS / L
SVI
10 6
mL
mL
SVI =
80
> 50
o.k , good settling
g
g
12500
Xr =
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SV
mg
*1000
X
g
X.SVI
SV =
1000
SVI =
X = 3000 mg MLVSS / L =
SV =
3000
= 3750 mg MLSS / L
0.8
3750 *80
mL
(this is the volume of sludge in one liter of ww after 30 min settli
= 300
1000
L
B. Design of activated sludge system as a plug flow (PFR):The conventional activated sludge system can be designed as a PFR. The
following is an example to illustrate the procedure used.
Qi
Si , Xi
V
Q0 Qw
Q0
S0
X0
S
Xe
Q0 + Qr
Qr,S
Qw
Xr
S
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s
Qo So + Qr S
Qi
Si =
= R=
R=
X
3000
=
0.43
X r X 10000 3000
Qr
Qr = 0.43Qo = 0.43 *12960 = 5573m3 / d
Qo
Qi = Qo + Qr = 18533m3 / d
Si =
1
=
c
2.5[84 11.1]
0.05 = 0.522d 1
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c 0.5)84 11.1)
.
c = 4.18 days
0.042 (1 + 0.05 *c)
* for PFR
C
Should be > 5
4 . 18
= 99 . 5 >> 5 o.k
0 . 042
C. Calculate the reactor volume:V = Q =12960 * 0.042 = 544 m3
d. Calculate Px, Qw, Ro the same as in example 3.1.
3.3 Oxidation ditches:- (OD)
Oxidation ditches are type of suspended growth systems. It is a
modification of the conventional activated sludge system.
3.3.1 . Characteristics of oxidation ditches:
A. Configurations:The oxidation ditch consists of a ring or oval shaped channel. It is some
times called closed loop Reactor (CLR), and some times called Racetrack
channel. The oxidation ditch may have a trapezoidal or rectangular cross
section.
The wastewater is recirculated in the "CLR" using brush rotors (Kessners
brush), which is also used for aeration.
There are many configurations of oxidation ditches as shown in the
figures.
The velocity of flow in the OD is maintained at 0.25 0.3 m/s to keep the
biomass in suspension. At this velocity, the mixed liquor completes a tank
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Oxidation Ditch
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B. Hydraulic model:Oxidation ditehs combine features of both PFR and CMFR models:
C. CMFR similarity:The rapid flow in the OD results in 20-30 dilutions which gives a
considerable amount of mixing. The influent ww is mixed with the
rotating ww at the inlet.
D. PFR similarity:The OD are long reactors, and thus they have some similarity with PFR a
long the reactor.
E. Which model is used for OD design? CMFR or PFR?:Since PFR assumes no mixing, this case is not found in OD. So OD is
designed as a CMFR. The error in this assumption leads to higher
hydraulic detention time, which gives a safty factor in the design.
Moreover, OD are designed at high () anyway to achieve sludge
stabilization so assuming that OD is CMFR is accepted.
3.3.2. Difference between OD and conventional Activated sludge: Oxidation ditches were developed to minimize the net sludge
production compared to the conventional activated sludge system.
Net sludge production minimization is achieved by using law F/M
mgBOD5
ratio (0.02 0.15
). In this case the active biomass is
mgvss d
forced to feed on the decaying biomass due to the shortage of
food. This leads to lower sludge production, and the sludge to be
wasted will be less and has lower organic content(i.e. more
stabilized).
OD are operated at high c (15-30 days) and at high (15-36 hrs).
It is theoretically possible in OD to minimize the net sludge
production to zero. This can be achieved by making the produced
biomass equal to the degraded biomass by endogenous decay (i.e.
biomass feeding on dead biomass). This is presented
mathematically as follows:Sludge produced = YQ (So S)
Sludge decaying = Kd XV
Net production Px = YQ (So S) KdXV
Let net production (Px ) = 0.0
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So YQ (So S) = Kd XV
Y
Y
And XV =
Q( S0 S ) or X =
( S0 S )
Kd
Kd
This equation can be used to find X and V that can be used to a chive zero
net sludge production.
3.3.3 Processes that can be achived in oxidation ditches:Three processes can be achieved in oxidation ditches: Organic matter removal (BOD5 removal) in the aerobic zone.
Nitrification (in the aerobic zone).
Denitrification (in the anoxic zone).
At the influent to the OD, we have organic matter in addition to
nitrate ( NO3 ) coming from the aerobic zone and the dissolved O2
is almost zero. This is called anoxic condition where
denitrification occurs.
At the end of the anoxic zone and the beginning of the aerobic
zone, we have the remaining organic matter that was not used for
denitrification in addition to ammonium ( NH 4+ ) coming in the
influent in addition to O2 introduced by the aerator. In this
condition both BOD5 removal and nitrification occurs. At the end
of the aerobic zone the dissolved oxygen becomes almost zero.
influent
effluent
Aerobic
Anoxic
Rotor (aerator)
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Example 3.8:Design an oxidation ditch for BoD5 removal only. The following Data are
given:
influent BOD5= 300 mg BOD5/L ( soluble)
effluent BOD5=15 mg BOD/L
(soluble)
3
Q0 = 20.000 m /d
Y= 0.5 mgvss/mgBOD5 , Kd = 0.03d-1,Ks = 30 mgBOD5,
m = 2.5d 1
Assume that we want to operate the OD at Zero net sludge production
solution:
1- Calculate X to achieve zero net production:
Y
( S0 S)
X =
Kd
mgBOD5
mgvss
d
mgvss
X = 0.5
.
.[300 15]
= 4750
.d
mgBODs 0.03
L
L
2- check for
F
M
F
S
mgBODs
300
= 0 =
= 0.063
M X 4750
mgvss.d
3- Assume in the typical range ( 15-36 hrs),
take = 1 day (24 hrs)
mgvss
X = 4750
.d
L
X = 4750 mgvss/L , typical range for OD is (2500 6000), O.K.
4- In this example we do not need to check for c because we assumed
that no sludge wasting will take place, and theoriticaly c
5- find the volume of the oxidation ditch
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V = Q = 20000
m3
*1d = 20000m3
d
6- Calculate
R=
R=
Qr:
X
Xr X
4750
10.000 4750
= 0.9
m3 10 3 L
mgBOD
kg
3 [300 15]
6
d
L
m
10 mg
R0 = 5700kgO2 / d
Example 3.9:
Repeat the Design in example 3.8, assuming that we want to allow for
some sludge waste, by using a sludge age ( c ) in the range 15 30 days.
Solution:
In this case design the oxidation ditch as a CMFR and use the equation of
CMFR. The difference between the conventional CMFR and OD is the
design parameters typical ranges ( , c , X , F )
M
a- Assume c , = 30 days, assume = 15 hrs ( 0.625 days).
(note: in oxidation ditches we allow S.F above 20)
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b- Calculate S:
30(1 + 0.03 * 30)
= 0.78mgBODs / L
S=
30(2.5 0.03) 1
Kd
0.03
= 30 *
= 0.36mgBOD5 / L < 0.78
Smin = K s
2.5 0.03
m Kd
c- calculate X:
Y( S0 S )
X= c
(1 + Kd c )
d- check for
F
M
300mgBOD5 / L
mgBOD5
F S0
=
=
= 0.121
within
M x 0.625 * 3780mgvss / L
mgvss.d
(0.02 0.15) O.K
the
e- calculate V:
V=Q = 20000 * 0.625 = 12500 m3
F- calculate sludge production:
Y
0.5
mgvss
Px = Yobs Q(S0 S ), Yobs =
=
= 0.26
1 + K d c 1 + 0.03 * 30
mgBOD5
Px = 0.26 * 20000
Qw =
10 3 L Kg
m3
(300 0.78) 3 . 6
= 1556kg / d
d
m 10 mg
Px 1556 *10 6
L
=
= 155600 = 155.6m3 / d
Xr
10.000
d
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range
ratio
M
* The produced sludge, if any is stable and needs no further treatment.
This means that no sludge treatment installations are needed.
* no need for primary sedimentation, because the high c in the oxidation
ditches is enough to digest the solids that is usually separated in the
primary sedimentation tank.
* easy to operate and the operation and maintenance cost is much less
than conventional activated sludge.
* Ability to nitrify and denitrify in one tank.
3.3.5 OD process flow sheet:
O.D
Screening
Secondary clarifier
Effluent
Grit removal
return sludge
Waste
sludge
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Mechanical
aerator
influent
Final
clarifier
Effluent
Sludge
to disposal
Aerated
lagoon
Floating
mechanical aerator
Influent
Effluent
sludge
3.4.2 hydraulic model of Aerated lagoons:
Aerated lagoons are designed as completely mixed reactor without solids
recycle. The derivations of the equations of such a system are presented in
chapter 2.
Qo
So
Qe
S
S,X
Qw
S
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P = power input ,
Example 3.8:
Design an aerated lagoon to treat a domestic waste water with a total
BOD5 of 400 mgBOD5/L , a TSS of 130 mg/L and a daily flow of 8000
m3/d. Heterotrophic bacteria growth constants are m = 2.8d 1 , Ks = 60
mgvss
mgBODs/L, Kd= 0.03d-1, Y = 0.5
, assume = 5 days.
mgBODs
Assume that (BOD5)/ Tss=0.63, and MLVSS = 0.8 MLSS ,
T
Slope = 1:3
h =2.5m
h
= 3h
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T
B
Solution:
1- determine (S0) soluble:
(S0)soluble=(BOD5)total
mgBOD5/L
(BOD5)particulate=
400
0.63*130
318
2- calculate S:
Ks (1 + Kd )
S=
( m Kd ) 1
S=
mgBOD5
60(1 + 5 0.03)
= 5.37
L
5(2.8 0.03) 1
3- calculate X:
X=
0.5(318 5.37)
mgvss
136
, typical range 100-400mgvss/L, OK.
1 + 0.03 5
L
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( B + 6 2.56)2 + B 2
40000 =
2.5 , solve for B B 118.8 m
2
m3 10 3 L
1Kg
Kg
3 [318 5.37] 6
= 1075
d
d
m
10 mg
7. Calculate the oxygen requirements:
RO = Q (S0 S ) 1.42 PX
PX = 0.43 8000
RO = 8000
KgO2
m3 10 3 L
1Kg
Kg
3 (318 5.3) 6
1.42 1075
= 975
d
d
d
m
10 mg
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7. Calculate the power needed for oxygen transfer assuming that 1.8
KgO2 requires 1KWh:
KgO2
1
1d
Power = 975
23 Kw
d
1.8( KgO 2 / KWh ) 24h
8. Check power requirements for mixing:
Xvss 136
mgss
=
= 170
P = 0.004 X ss + 5 , Xss =
0.80 0.80
L
Kw
P = 0.004 170 + 5 = 5.68 3 , but V= 40000 m3
10 m3
5.68
So the total power needed Ptotal = 40000 3 = 227 Kw
10
So mixing power controls the design.
3.5
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K s ln
So
(So St ) = X m t
St
Y
Fill
React (Aeration)
Settle (sedimentation)
Draw (decant)
Idle ()
2. React:
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The time needed for this step is typically 35% of the cycle
time. This time should be checked using the batched reactor
design equation .
3. Settle:
4. Draw:
5. Idle:
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the fill phase is not receiving its design Qin, then the tank
in the idle step has to wait until the first tank completes the fill
step.
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1.
Determine SBR operating cycle:
Tcycle = t + tr + ts + tD
(ti = 0.0, not needed)
t +t +t
tf = r s D
assume n =2 SBR tanks, if the dimension of SBR
n 1
are within 5 L 30 o.k., other wise more than 2 tanks are needed.
1.0 + 0.5 + 0.5
= 2hrs
2 1
Tc = 2 + 1.0 + 0.5 + 0.5 = 4hrs
tf =
Note:
VFill =
Vdecant
3500
VT = 0.35 VT
10,000
treated
VF = VT 0.35VT = 0.65VT
in each cycle.
Since : VF = 625m3
V
625
VT = F =
962m3
0.65 0.65
Vs =
Vdecant = volume of
wastewater disposed
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Asurface =
VT
962m3
=
= 192m2
depth
5m
L = 192 13.90m
so two tanks are o.k.
S 13.90 30m
6. Determine the portion of heterotrophic
microorganisms and c :
X= Xnitrifiers + Xhetrotrophs = Xn+Xh
mgVss
X= 3500 0.8 = 2800
L
QY( S Se) c
QYn ( N Ne ) c
Xn=
, Xh =
[1 + Kdn c ]
[1 + Kd c ]VT
and
nitrifiers
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2.6
0.44
+ (26 0.5) = 178(
)t
0.5
0.12
t = 0.042 day 1hr (so tr = 1.0 is o.k. as assumed)
Check for BOD5 removal:
S
K s ln o + ( So St ) = X h ( m )t
St
Y
S VFill 150 625
mgBOD5
So =
=
97.5
VT
962
L
mgBOD5
St = 10
(the required BOD5 in the effluent)
L
97.5
2.5
50 ln
+ (97.5 10) = 2623 t
10
0.5
t = 0.0154d 0.37hrs < 1.0hr (t r = 1.0hr )
* Note:
tr for nitrification always control the design of SBR.
0.5 ln
=
X s 8000 10 3
d
If Qw is taken during the react step:
P
146 10 6
m3
Qw = x =
52
X 2800 10 3
d
Qw =
10 3
10 3
Kg o 2
(
150
10
)
1
.
42
146
+
4
.
57
3750
(
40
0
.
5
)
=
995
per
d
10 6
10 6
mgBOD5
F QSo 3750 40 3 150
10. Check
=
=
=
0
.
21
M
Vx
mgVss d
2800 962 10 3
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