EEC 560

Engineering Electromagnetics
Term Paper

Presented By:

Guided By:

Rohan Patel (2619632)

Dr. Eugenio Villaseca

Design and Analysis of a Resonant Reactive

Shield for a Wireless Power Electric Vehicle
Introduction
The purpose of the paper to design a resonant shield for the reduction of magnetic field leakage
from a wireless power transfer systems. The main advantage of this shield is it will not require
any additional power to run the circuit. The author have discussed different shielding methods 1)
Conductive shield 2) Magnetic Shield 3) Active Shield 4) Resonant Reactive shield with the
explanation and also discussed the merits and demerits of each method. Then the author has
discussed the effectiveness and efficiency of resonant reactive shield. Also the design procedure
and experimental implementation of the resonant reactive shield is shown. The author has
presented the different experimental data with the simulation, waveforms and graph to analyze
the working condition in various situations. Then determined at what ratings the resonant
reactive shield will work for maximum efficiency by experimental method.

Summary
Conductive shield
The main function of the conductive shield is to block a time varying magnetic field by
generating eddy currents at the surface of the conductor and which results in cancelation
of the incident magnetic field. The conductive magnetic shielding is effective above the
frequency range of 10kHz. There is a serious demerit of conductive shielding, that is the
load coil and the source coil should be separated physically. Which results in the large
space between the coil and eventually it leads to the significant leakage magnetic field.
The other option is to reduce the distance that is it should be very close to the magnetic
field source. In this situation the shielding coil is placed too close to the source coil which
results in serious heat generation by magnetic field due to eddy current loss.

Magnetic Shield
Ferromagnetic material is used and it provides the path for magnetic field. By adjusting
the position of the magnetic material and controlling the path of magnetic field, the
leakage field will be reduced. This method will be used with the other shielding methods
to get desired magnetic field cancelation. Although it will increases the cost because it
deals with use of magnetic material.

 Active Shield
This method reduces the leakage magnetic field in wireless power transfer system by
generating a canceling magnetic field. Active shield method can also be used magnetic
shield method but it will not be able to cancel magnetic field with the same magnitude
and a 180 degree phase offset. In addition an external AC power source is required to
generate current that creates the cancelling field which results in decrement of power
efficiency.

Resonant Reactive Shield

The resonant reactive shield works on the principle of Lenzs law. When an incident
magnetic field from wireless power transfer coil passes through a shield coil, a magnetic
field is induced and the induced magnetic field cancels the incident magnetic field. The
basic concept of resonant reactive field is shown below.

Figure 1 Basic Concept of Resonant Reactive Shield

From the above image it can be understood that the magnetic field which is generated
from the wireless power transfer system is applied to the resonant reactive shield coil
which results in the induced voltage in the coil. The induced voltage will results in
induced currents in the coil, this current produces an opposite magnetic field which will
cancels the incident magnetic field. The current can be determined by the induced voltage
and coil impedance. The magnitude and the phase of the induced cancelling magnetic
field can be change by adjusting the coil impedance.

 Structure of Resonant Reactive Shield

The basic structure of wireless power transfer is shown below in the figure. The source
coil is placed on the surface of the road or below the surface of the road. The load coil is
installed onto the bottom surface of the vehicle. The power is transferred from sourse to
the load wirelessly. The resonant reactive shield is perpendicular to the sourse coil as
shown in figure.

Figure 2 Structure of Wireless Power Transfer System.

Design of Resonant Reactive Shield

The equivalent circuit model of load coil, source coil and the resonant reactive shield coil
is shown in the figure. The source and the load coil is relatively tightly coupled. The
resonant reactive shield contains the elements, shield inductance Lsh, the shield resistance
Rsh and the shield capacitance Csh. The equivalent circuit model is shown in below figure.

Figure 3 Equivalent Circuit model of Resonant Reactive Shield

The most important factor while

designing the resonant shield is the
impedance of the shield coil. By adjusting
the capacitance of the resonant shield
coil, the impedance can be controlled
hence the cancelling magnetic field
controlled. The cancelling magnetic field
will be maximum when the impedance of
the coil is low. Figure 4 shows the
operating region for the operating range.

Figure 5 Operating Frequency Range

The phase of the impedance is dependent on frequency and changes with the operating
frequency. When the operating frequency is lower than the resonance frequency of the
shield coil, the phase of the impedance is around 90 degree, and the shield coil behaves
capacitive. In addition, when the operating frequency is higher than the resonance
frequency, the phase of the impedance is around 90 where the shield coil behaves

inductive. This is shown in the figure 4. The induced current can be determined by the
determining whether it is working in the inductive region or in the capacitive region.

Position of Resonant Reactive Shield Coil

The shield coil is placed on the side of the bottom of the vehicle. Near the wireless power
transfer system coil the shield current is increases because the magnetic field is very
strong near source coil. This results in requirement of high voltage and thick capacitors.
So the shield coil is placed away from the wireless power transfer system to maintain the
efficiency.

From the equation it is noted that the power transfer efficiency is proportional to the
shield impedance, but inversely proportional to the mutual inductance between the shield
coil and the load coil. When the impedance of the shield coil is decreased, the shield
current is increased, resulting in higher loss at the shield coil. Therefore, the efficiency of
the shield coil is decreased.

Automatic Tuning Circuit for Resonant Reactive Shield

In real time application the distance between the shield and source coil changes.
Therefore the impedance should be change for maximum power transfer. The impedance
is depends and can be change by adjusting the value of capacitance. To change the
capacitance in real time electric vehicle application, the automatic tuning circuit is
proposed. In the circuit the magnetic field sensor detects and measures the total magnetic
field generated by the wireless power transfer system and according to that the control
circuit adjust the value of capacitance for maximum power transfer. The schemetic
diagram is shown in the figure 6 below.

Figure 6 Schematic diagram of control circuit

A critical assessment of the paper

The author has presented the paper very clearly with the simulation and experimental
data. First the author has explained the different shieling techniques with the advantages
and disadvantages of each. Then author point out the main advantage of the Resonant
Reactive shield method with the proper derivation and explanation.
Advantages of Reactive shield method

No external power source is required

Cost is low comparative to other
Efficiency is also high.

On the other hand the author has not discussed the following point.

Enhancement of power transfer efficiency with distance

Reduce the battery weight and size
Electromagnetic interference with other devices
Electromagnetic biological effect to human bodies

 Open questions and ideas for future work

The author has discussed the wireless charging for steady object but it can be
implemented for moving vehicles also. For example a magnetic track on the road
for wirelesses charging of moving vehicle while the vehicles are driven.
Improved efficiency and lower the cost of the design
Improve the coil design for efficient power transfer. 3 coil system is more
efficient than 2 coin system. A paper for the same is on IEEE xplore.
Maximize the wireless power transfer with increased distance. For small vehicles
the smaller distance will work but for the larger vehicles like trucks and buses, the
ground clearance is increases. Therefore we should work on power transfer
efficiency with distance