SOCIAL

LEARNING

& COGNITIVE
THEORIES

THE
PROPONENTS

GEORGE KELLY
ALBERT ELLIS

ALBERT
BANDURA

WILLIAM
MISCHEL

SOCIAL
LEARNING
->
SOCIAL
LEARNING &
COGNITIVE

ALBERT BANDURA & WILLIAM MISHEL

RECIPROCAL
DETERMINISM
&
OBSERVATIONAL

LEARNING

PROPONENTS

ALBERT BANDURA

WILLIAM MISHEL

STANDFORD UNIVERSITY
STUDIED THE FAMILIAL CAUSES OF
AGGRESSION

STANDFORD UNIVERSITY
INFLUENCED BY GEORGE
KELLY

Although they have not collaborated on major books, their

viewpoints are so similar that they are considered together.

KEY
CONCEPTS

Reciprocal
Determinism

interaction of person variables,

situation variables, and behavior.

PERSON VARIABLES
determines how an individual will interact with a situation

COMPETENCIES

SELF REGULATORY
ENCODING
SUBJECTIVE SYSTEMS & PLANS
EXPECTANCIES
VALUES

SITUATION VARIABLES (E)

provide the setting in which a person behaves

BEHAVIOUR

both provides information concerning the

person's analysis of the situation and
modies the environment

Observational
Learning

requires no reinforcements

BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT

STEPS INVOLVED IN
OBSERVATIONAL
LEARNING

ATTENTION

RETENTION

REPRODUCTION

MOTIVATION

SELF
REGULATION

CONTROLLING ONES OWN

BEHAVIOR

SELF REGULATION

JUDGEMENT

SELF
REGULATION

SELF
RESPONSE

It is important to know
thyself to be able to set
realistic goals. Setting
ones which are too high
can be frustrating, and
setting ones too low is
meaningless

SELF REGULATION
//Celebrate victories and do not dwell with failures,
because self-punishment may result to:
1. Compensation
2. Inactivity
3. Escape

//Violating one's standards may result to self-punishment and self-contempt

// There self-exonerating mechanismswhich allow one to act contrary to

his moral principles

MORAL PRINCIPLES

MORAL
JUSTIFICATION

EUPHEMISTIC
ADVANTAGES
LABELING
COMPARISON

DISPLACEMENT OF
RESPONSIBILITY

DIFFUSION OF
RESPONSIBLITY

ATTRIBUTION OF BLAME
DEHUMANIZATION

ATTRIBUTION OF
BLAME

DELAY OF GRATIFICATION

Self-control is needed to be not as impulsive as animals

and to make goal-oriented behaviour possible.

VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

1.
2.
3.

Nothing fixed exists about people

Intrinsic reinforcement > extrinsic reinforcement
Rational & no free will (Bandura)

ALBERT ELLIS

RATIONAL
EMOTIVE
BEHAVIOR
THEORY

PROPONENTS

ALBERT ELLIS

CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW

YORK
FOUNDER OF AEI
PROMOTED SEX-FAMILY
REVOLUTION
WRITER
TEACHER
PSYCHOTHERAPIST

KEY
CONCEPTS

RATIONAL EMOTIVE
BEHAVIOR THEORY

A lot of emphasis in the thinking part

psychological problems arise from their misperceptions
andmistaken cognitions about what they perceive

12 Irrational Ideas That

Cause and Sustain
Neurosis

1. The idea that it is a dire necessity for adults to be loved by significant others for
almosteverything they doinstead of their concentrating on their own selfrespect, on winning for practical purposes, and on loving rather than on being
loved.
2. The idea that certain acts are awful or wicked, and that people who perform
such actsshould be severely damnedinstead of the idea that certain acts are
self-defeating or antisocial,and that people who perform such acts are behaving
stupidly, ignorantly, or neurotically, and be better helped to change. People's poor
behaviors do not make them rotten individuals.
3. The idea that it is horrible when things are not the way we like them to be -instead of the idea that it is too bad, that we would better try to change or control
bad conditions so that they become more satisfactory, and, if that is not possible,
we had better temporarily accept and gracefully lump their existence.
4. The idea that human misery is invariably externally caused and is forced on us
by outside people and events -- instead of the idea that neurosis is largely caused
by the view that we take of unfortunate conditions.

5. The idea that if something is or may be dangerous or fearsome we should be

terribly upset and endlessly obsess about it -- instead of the idea that one would
better frankly face it and render it non-dangerous and, when that is not possible,
accept the inevitable.
6. The idea that it is easier to avoid than to face life difficulties and selfresponsibilitiesinstead of the idea that the so-called easy way is usually much
harder in the long run.
7. The idea that we absolutely need something other or stronger or greater than
ourselves on which to rely -- instead of the idea that it is better to take the risks of
thinking and acting less dependently.
8. The idea that we should be thoroughly competent, intelligent, and achieving in
all possible respects -- instead of the idea that we would better do rather than
always need to do well and accept ourselves as a quite imperfect creature, who
has general human limitations and specific fallibilities.

9. The idea that because something once strongly affected our life, it should
indefinitely affect itinstead of the idea that we can learn from our past
experiences but not be overly-attached toor prejudiced by them.
10.The idea that we must have certain and perfect control over things -- instead of
the idea thatthe world is full of probability and chance and that we can still enjoy
life despite this.
11.The idea that human happiness can be achieved by inertia and inaction -instead of the ideathat we tend to be happiest when we are vitally absorbed in
creative pursuits, or when we are ourselves to people or projects outside
ourselves.
12.The idea that we have virtually no control over our emotions and that we
cannot help feeling disturbed about thingsinstead of the idea that we have real
control over ourdestructive emotions if we choose to work at changing the
musturbatory (tendency for an individual to meet often perfectionist and difficult
targets before achieving success, approval or comfort with their work) hypotheses
which weoften employ to create them.

triggered thoughts

start

abc
of human behaviour

response

RULES WE LIVE BY
----SELF DEFEATING BELIEFS
distorts reality

blocks you from

achieving your goal

creates extreme
emotions

TYPICAL WAYS OF
THINKING
(self-defeating)
1. Awfulising
2. Cant-stand-it-itis
3. Demanding
!

self defeat

rational thinking

Examples of
Self-defeating Beliefs

Examples of
Rational Beliefs

I need love and approval from those signicant to me

- and I must avoid disapproval from any source.

Love and approval are good things to have, and I'll

seek them when I can. But they are not necessities - I
can survive (even though uncomfortably) them.

To be worthwhile as a person I must achieve, succeed

at whatever I do, and make no mistakes.

I'll always seek to achieve as much as I can - but unfailing

success andcompetence is unrealistic. Better I just
accept myself as a person, separate to my performance.

People should always do the right thing. When they

behave obnoxiously, unfairly or selshly, they must
be blamed and punished.
Things must be the way I want them to beotherwise
life will be intolerable.
My unhappiness is caused by things outside my
control - so there is little I can do to feel any better.
I must worry about things that could be dangerous,
unpleasant or frighteningotherwise they might
happen.

It's unfortunate that people sometimes dobad things.

But humans are not yet perfect - and upsetting myself
won't change that reality.
There is no law which says that things have to be
the way I want. It'sdisappointing, but I can stand it
especially if I avoid catastrophizing.
Many external factors are outside my control. But it is
my thoughts (not the externals) which cause my
feelings. And I can learn to control my thoughts.
Worrying about things that might go wrong won't
stop them happening. It will, though, ensure I get
upset and disturbed right now!

GEORGE KELLY

PERSONAL
CONSTRUCT
THEORY

PROPONENTS

GEORGE KELLY

UNDERGRADUATE: PHYSICS
& MATH
MASTERS DEGREE IN
EDUCATIONAL SOCIOLOGY
!

PSYCHOTHERAPIST

KEY
CONCEPTS

KELLYS PHILOSOPHICAL
POSITION
PERSON AS SCIENTIST
SCIENTIST AS PERSON
CONSTRUCTIVE ALTERNATIVISM

PERSONAL CONSTRUCT

ones way of seeing how things are alike yet different

shape behaviour

BASIC POSTULATE &

COLLARIES

BASIC POSTULATE

A PERSONS PROCESSES
ARE PSYCHOLOGICALLY
CHANNELIZED BY THE
WAYS IN WHICH THAT
PERSON ANTICIPATES
EVENTS

Construction Corollary

a person anticipates
events by construing their
replications.

experience corollary

a person's construction
system varies as he
successively construes the
replication of events

dichotomy corollary

a person's construction
system is composed of a
finite number of
dichotomous constructs

organization corollary

each person
characteristically evolves,
for his convenience in
anticipating events, a
construction system
embracing ordinal
relationships between
constructs

range corollary

a construct is convenient
for the anticipation of a
finite range of events only

modulation corollary

the variation in a person's

construction system is
limited by the
permeability of the
constructs within whose
range of convenience the
variants lie

choice corollary

a person chooses for

himself that alternative in
a dichotomized construct
through which he
anticipates the greater
possibility for extension
and definition of his
system.

individuality corollary

persons differ from each

other in their construction
of events

commonality corollary

to the extent that one

person employs a
construction of experience
which is similar to that
employed by another, his
psychological processes
are similar to the other
person

fragmentation corollary

a person may successively

employ a variety of
construction subsystems
which are inferentially
incompatible with each
other

sociality corollary

to the extent that one

person construes the
construction processes of
another, he may play a role
in a social process
involving the other person