Create Optical Network Topology

13/10/2015
3.CreatingthetopologyWDMtheTransmodewayWDMtheTransmodeway(html)TechnologiesTransmode
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Home Technologies WDMtheTransmodeway(html) WDMtheTransmodeway 3.Creatingthetopology
http://www.transmode.com/en/technologies/wdmthetransmodeway/wdmthetransmodewayhtml/3creatingthetopology
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Technologies
TechnologiesOverview
WDM
CWDM
DWDM
iWDM
FlexibleOpticalNetworks
ROADM
NativePacketOptical2.0
CarrierEthernet2.0
MPLSTP
SoftwareDefinedNetworking
100G
iAccess
iWDMPONAccessNetworks
iSync
LowPowerDesign
HighDensityDesign
WDMtheTransmode
way
IntroductionandContent
1.Opticsandcommunications
2.WDMnetworkingtechnologies
3.Creatingthetopology
4.Addingtraffic
5.Operatingthenetwork
Summary
Index
3.Creatingthetopology
3.1Executivesummaryofchapter3
Usingthetransmissionandmultiplexingtechnologiesdescribedinchapter2,endtoendlightpathspassingmultiple
intermediatenodescanbecreated.Thelightpathsactasopticalcircuitsthatareroutedthroughthenetwork
permanentlyorsetupbydemand.Inchapter3thefocusisontheselightpaths:
UsingWDMwavelengthstocreateacompleteopticaltransportnetwork.
Routingofwavelengthsbetweennetworknodesusingadddropmultiplexers(OADMandROADM)andwhythere
aremultipletypesofROADMs.
WDMintheaccessnetwork.
HowWDMlightpathscanbeconfiguredtoprotectthetransportnetworkandmakeitmoreresilient.
3.2Transportnetworksintelecom
Theequipmentandfibershandlingthephysicaltransportofsignalsinthetelecommunicationsnetworkareoften
referredtoasthetransportnetwork.Howshouldsuchanetworkbedesignedandoperated?Therearedifferentways
tosolvethistask.
Whetheranationwideormetropolitannetworkisbeingconstructed,thenetworkdesignermustconsidertwodifferent
aspectsofnetworklife
itsplannedexpansionovertimeanditsdaytodayoperations.
PLANNEDEXPANSIONTHELONGERTERMPERSPECTIVE
Planningofthenetworkisalongertermactivitytypicalperformedofflineinanofficeenvironment.Whenplanning
thetransportnetwork,factorssuchastheseareimportant:
Locationofnodesbasedonsiteavailabilityandcost.
Availabilityandcostoffiberssinglefiber,fiberpairs,owncables,leaseddarkfiber.
Customer/userlocations,typesoftraffic,capacityneedsnowandinthefuture.
Futureexpansionofthenetworktopologyandcapacity.
Needofredundantlinksandequipmentforprotectionagainstfaults.
OPERATIONSTHESHORTERTERMPERSPECTIVE
Theoperationalperspectivecoversthedaytodayoperationsofthenetwork.Thesetasksareperformedindirect
contactwiththeopticalnetwork,typicallyfromanetworkmanagementcenter(NMC).Examplesofoperationaltasks
thatinfluencethenetworkdesignandputrequirementsontheflexibilityofthenetworkare:
Proceduresforconnectinguserstothenetwork.
Proceduresforexpandingthenetworkandaddingmorelinks.
Manualorautomaticproceduresforprotectionswitching,i.e.thereroutingoftrafficonalternativelinksincaseof
anodefailureorlinkoutage.
Boththelongerandshortertermactivitiesrequireasetofflexibleandmanageablenetworkelementsthatcanform
thetransportnetwork:TheseelementsaretheTMSeries.
3.3WDMasthetransportnetwork
TheTMSeriesisafourthgenerationopticalnetworkingsystemthatcombinesthemostadvancedopticaltransmission
technologieswiththeswitchingoflightpathsandthepacketizationofinformationintoamultifunctionalpacketoptical
transportnetwork.Itsprincipalelementsarethetranspondersandmuxpondersthatallowtraffictoenterandleave
theopticalnetworkandtheopticalfilters,multiplexers/demultiplexersandreconfigurableopticaladddropmultiplexers
thatmultiplexandsendwavelengthsoflightindifferentdirectionsasdirectedbythecontrollingmanagementsystem.
(Figure28)
Figure28.AtypicalWDMopticalnetworkcoveringaccesstolonghaul.
Anopticalnetworkprovidescircuitswitchedendtoendopticalchannelsorlightpathsbetweennetworknodesand
theirusers,theclients.Alightpathismadeupofawavelengthbetweentwonetworknodesthatcanberouted
throughmultipleintermediatenodes.Theintermediatenodesdirectthewavelengths.Theopticalnetworkmaythusbe
thoughtofasawavelengthroutingnetwork.Lightpathsaresetupandtakendownasrequiredbytheusersofthe
network.
ItisimportanttorememberthatthelightpathsinaWDMnetworkareendtoendconnections,andshouldbe
consideredastheequivalentsofuninterruptedwires,stretchingfromonepointinthenetworktoanotherwhile
passingoneorseveralnodes.ThisisasignificantdifferencefromtheprinciplesofclassicalTDMopticaltransport
networks,suchasSDHandSONET,wherethesignalsareregeneratedateachnodetheequivalentuninterrupted
wirestretchesonlybetweentwonodes.Hence,aWDMnetworkrequirescarefulwavelengthplanning,todefine
whereeachwavelength(wire)startsandends,whileanSDH/SONETnetworkmakesallsignalsavailableinevery
nodepassed.Theendtoendaspectalsoaffectshowthepowerbudget(i.e.signalattenuation)iscalculated:Ina
WDMnetwork,theopticaltransmissioncharacteristicsforawavelengthhastobecalculatedforthecompletedistance
thelightpathtraverses;forSDH/SONETanewpowerbudgetiscalculatedforeachhopbetweentwoadjacentnodes.
(Figure29)
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Figure29.ComparisonbetweenanSDH/SONETandaWDMnode.IntheSDH/SONETnode(left)alltrafficsignalsare
regeneratedandswitched,makingthemavailableforaddanddrop.IntheWDMnode(right)onlyselectedsignals
(wavelengths)areavailableforaddanddrop,therestareglassedthrough.
Thelightpathsoftheopticalnetworkhaveseveralimportantcharacteristics:
Theyaretransparent,i.e.theycancarrydataatvariousrates,withdifferentprotocolsetc.Thisenablestheoptical
layertosupportavarietyofhigherlayerprotocolsconcurrently.
Wavelengthanddatarateusedaresetbytheterminatingnodes.Henceanindividuallightpathmaybeupgraded
tohighercapacitybysimplychangingtrafficunitsinthestartandendnodes,withoutaffectinganyequipmentin
intermediatenodes.ThisisafundamentaldifferencetoSDH/SONETaswellasnetworksofinterconnectedEthernet
switches.
Lightpathscanbesetupandtakendownondemand,equivalenttotheestablishmentofcircuitsinacircuit
switchednetwork.
Alternativelightpathscanbeconfiguredandkeptinstandbymodesothatintheeventofafailure,trafficmay
bereroutedandtheservicemaintained.
Wavelengthscanbereused.Ifalightpathusingaparticularwavelengthendsinonenode,thesamewavelength
canbereusedinanotherlightpathheadinginanotherdirection.
ThewholeconceptofWDMandlightpathsisbasedonanalogopticaltransmissiontechniques,makingparameters
suchasdispersion,signalattenuation,opticalsignaltonoiseratioandinterferenceoverthewholelengthofthe
pathimportanttocontrol.
3.4Nodesandnetworkelements
Thelightpathsoftheopticalnetworkpassnodesofdifferenttypes,eachcomprisingoneormoremanagednetwork
elements.Theprincipalnodesoftheopticalnetworkfromatopologyperspectivearetheterminalmultiplexer,the
opticaladd/dropmultiplexer(OADM)andthereconfigurableopticaladd/dropmultiplexer(ROADM).Thesenodesallow
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lightpathstoentertheopticalnetworkandtoberoutedtoanydesiredpointofexit.
3.4.1Theterminalmultiplexer
ClientsoftheWDMopticalnetworkareinterfacedtothenetworkviatranspondersandmuxponders.Theprincipal
differenceisthatatransponderisasignal/wavelengthconverter(onesignalinandonesignalout),whilethe
muxponderhascircuitrythatcombinesseveralclientsignalsintoonelinesignalandviceversa.The
transponder/muxponderandanassociatedmultiplexer/demultiplexerareoftenreferredtoasaterminalmultiplexer
10
(terminalmux)orterminalnode.
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Theopticalcrossconnect(OXC)issometimesalsoreferredtoasaprincipalnodeofanopticalnetwork.However,in
mostcasesthesamefunctionalitycanbeachievedwithcombinationsofROADMunits;hencetheOXCisnotdescribed
here.
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Theterminalmultiplexerissometimescalledanopticallineterminal(OLT),especiallyinresidentialbroadband
accessnetworkapplications.
Thetransponder/muxponderisanopticalelectricalopticalunitthatadaptstheincomingsignaltoaformatforuse
insidetheopticalnetwork.Theincomingwavelengthmayneedtobeconverted.Overheadfornetworkmanagement,
forwarderrorcorrectionandotherpurposesmustbeadded.Biterrorscountedandstatisticsforwardedtothe
managementsystem.Andinthecaseofthemuxponder,severalbitstreamsaretimedivisionmultiplexedintoa
higherratebitstream.Thenextchapterdescribesthefunctionsofthetranspondersandmuxpondersinmoredetail.
(Figure30and31)
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Figure30.Blockdiagramofaterminalmultiplexerwithatransponderandamuxponder.
Figure31.ATMSeriesterminalmultiplexercombining2.5Gbit/sand10Gbit/sdataratesonCWDMandcomprising
twomuxponders,atransponderandaCWDMmultiplexer/demultiplexer.Allunitsarehousedinonesinglechassis.
3.4.2Theopticaladd/dropmultiplexer(OADM,ROADM)
ThelightpaththathasenteredtheopticalWDMnetworkviaaterminalmultiplexermustberoutedtoitsdestination
viaintermediatenodesthatcandirectthewavelengthtowardsthedesiredpointofexit.Thetaskofroutingthelight
pathsisperformedbytheopticaladd/dropmultiplexer(OADM)andthereconfigurableopticaladd/dropmultiplexer
(ROADM).(Figure32)
Figure32.AnationalopticaltransportnetworkcomprisingmultipleOADMandROADMnodesthatroutelightpaths
betweenvariousclientsofthenetwork.
Consider,forexample,thesituationdepictedinthefollowingdiagram.Afiberringspansametroarea,withtraffic
originatingandleavingtheringat10locations,wherelocationsHUBAandHUBBareactingascentralhubsforthe
traffic.(Figure33)
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Figure33.Anexampleofametropolitanfiberringwithprotection(trafficissentintwodirections)andadd/dropof
DWDMwavelengths.Thisisalsoanexampleofhowthesamewavelengthmaybereusedondifferentsegmentsof
thering.
Sucharingtopologyrequiresanopticalelementthatcanremoveandaddwavelengthsfromtheringatdemandand
forwardthemtowardstheclientfacingequipmentitrequiresanadd/dropmultiplexer.Severalapproachescanbe
usedwhenimplementinganadd/dropmultiplexer,andtheTMSeriescomprisesopticalfilters,bandsplitterunits,
mux/demuxesandcompleteROADMsforthispurpose.
3.4.2.1TheopticalfilterasOADM
AfullypassiveopticalfiltercanbeusedinCWDMandDWDMnetworkstoadd/droponeormorewavelengths.The
mainadvantageoftheopticalfilterapproachisitssimplicityanddirectscalabilityonlywhenmorechannelsaretobe
dropped,morefiltersneedtobeinstalled.Themaindisadvantageistheattenuationthatisintroducedateachfilter
pointandtheplanningrequiredinassigningwavelengthstothedesiredlightpaths.(Figure3435)
Figure34.Principleofapassive,filterbased,opticaladd/dropmultiplexer.Onewavelength(1)ispassedthroughthe
OADM,andanotherwavelength(2)isdropped.Newsignalsarethenaddedwhenthewavelengthiscontinued.
Figure35.TheopticalfilterusedasanOADM
3.4.2.2Themux/demuxasOADM
Analternativeapproachforaddinganddroppingchannelsatanintermediatesiteistodemultiplexalltheline
wavelengthsandextract/addthedesiredchannels,whilelettingtherestofthewavelengthspassthrough.(Figure36)
Figure36.Add/dropofawavelengthsusingapairofmux/demux.
Thisapproachismoreefficientthanfiltersifmanychannelsaretobedroppedatonelocation.Sinceallwavelengths
arecateredforfromthebeginningandthemux/demuxhasafixedattenuation,thisapproachalsobecomesmore
flexibleandrequireslessadvanceplanningthanwithopticalfiltersinseries.However,theamountofequipment
neededandthusthecostishigherthanforafiltersolution.Also,theamountofpatchcordsforinterconnectingthe
wavelengthstobepassedthroughaddstothecomplexityandcancreatehandlingproblems.
FortheTMSeriesadd/dropwithopticalmux/demuxcanbeusedonbothsinglefiberandfiberconfigurationswith
CWDMandonfiberpairconfigurationswithDWDM.
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CWDMandonfiberpairconfigurationswithDWDM.
Whenlargernumbersofchannelsaretobedroppedtheaboveprinciplecanbeextendedbyuseofabandsplitter
unit,whichextracts/insertsawholebandofwavelengthsfordemultiplexingbyamux/demuxasshowninthe
followingdiagram.(Figure37)
Figure37.OADMina40channelDWDMsystem.8channelsareadded/droppedasabandbythebandsplitterunit
andmadeindividuallyavailableviatwomux/demuxes.Theremaining32channelsarepassedthroughtheband
splitterunittransparently.
3.4.3TheROADM
Inasmallandstaticopticalnetwork,OADMnodesoftheabovetypesmaybethebestsolution.However,inlarger
networks,thefrequentestablishmentandreassignmentoflightpathsmakeremotereconfigurabilityaverydesirable
attributeinanOADM.Reconfigurabilityreferstotheabilitytoselectthedesiredwavelengthstobedroppedandadded
onthefly,asopposedtohavingtoplanaheadanddeployappropriateequipment.Reconfigurabilityallowslight
pathstobesetupandtakendowndynamicallyasneededbetweennetworknodesandisthetaskofthe
reconfigurableopticaladd/dropmultiplexer,theROADM.(Figure38)
Figure38.Theaddingofnewlightpathswithredandbluewavelengthsrequireschangesinnodeconfigurations.
ROADMsareusedinbusandringnetworkstoenableflexibleadd/dropofwavelengthsandhitlessexpansionwhere
wavelengthscanbeaddedwithoutinterruptionsoftrafficonadjacentchannels.Whenusedinameshedoptical
network,ROADMscanprovidetotalflexibilityintheroutingoflightpaths.TheflexibilityofROADMsthusbenefitsthe
operatorwantingtoadapttochangingsubscriberrequirements,aswellasincreasingnetworkavailabilityby
simplifyingprotectionswitchingandrestorationoflightpaths.Itcanevenbeusedforsettinguplightpaths
dynamicallyondemandinspecialapplications,forexampleifthereisamajormediaeventatasiterequiring
bandwidthjustforafewhours.(Figure39)
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Figure39.Exampleofameshedopticalnetwork.WithmultidegreeROADMnodesinthenodesthelightpathscanbe
directedtoanydestination,providingmaximumflexibilityforthenetworkoperatorandsuperiorresiliencetolink
outages.
AROADMbasednetworkdecreasestheoperatorstimetorevenuesinceservicescanbeprovidedrapidlywhenlight
pathsaresetupremotelywithouttheneedofdispatchingtechnicianstonetworknodes.Commissioningandoperation
oftheentirenetworkbecomessimplifiedandthecentralizedmanagementofROADMnodesenablesmoreautomation,
reducingtheriskformanualerrors.
ROADMnodesalsohavesignificantadvantagesfromanetworkplanningperspective.Freewavelengthallocationwith
ROADMnodessimplifiesnetworkplanningandreducestheeffectsofinaccuratetrafficforecasting.ROADMnodes
simplifytrafficengineeringandoptimizationofnetworkuse.Theyallowforbetterwavelengthutilizationsince
wavelengthsaremanagedseparatelyratherthanincompletebands.TheTMSeriesROADMunitsalsoinclude
integratedvariableopticalattenuators(VOAs)foreachwavelength,whichgreatlysimplifiespowerbalancingofthe
lightpaths.
3.4.3.1ROADMprinciples
ROADMunitscanbedesignedaroundmux/demuxesandopticalswitches,butthemostcommonarchitecturetoday
makesuseofa1xNwavelengthselectiveswitch(WSS)thatindividuallycanswitchthewavelengthsonitsinputsto
itsoutput.(Ndenotesthenumberofinputstotheswitch.)TheTMSeriesROADMunitshaveaWSSontheaddside,
i.ewhereaddedsignalsarecombinedwiththelinesignal.Thisarrangementgivesfullcontrolofallsignallevelson
addedandpassedchannels,aprerequisiteforsecurenetworkoperationswithoutanytransmissionlevelproblems.
RecenttechnologydevelopmentshavemadeWSSbasedROADMunitsaffordable,notonlyinlonghaulnetworks,but
alsointhemetronetworks.HavingthecapabilitytodeployROADMnodesinmetroapplicationsisofsignificantvalue
sinceconfigurationchangesarenormallyquitefrequentinmetroandmetroaccess.HencetheTMSeriesROADM
nodesareanoptimalchoicewhenimplementingaregional,metroormetroaccessopticalnetwork.(Figure40)
Figure40.ThemainelementsoftheTMSeries1x2ROADMpluginunit.
Asshowninthefigureabove,theincomingwavelengthsfromwestareallsplitviaanopticalcouplerandmade
individuallyavailablelocallyviaademuxwhenusingtheTMSeries1x2ROADMpluginunit.Localwavelengthstobe
addedaremultiplexedandaddedtotheincomingsignalfromeastinthe2x1WSS.EachoftheincomingWSSports
issettoacceptoneorseveralwavelengths,theonlylimitationbeingthatnotwowavelengthsoverlap,i.e.arethe
same.Thus,theWSScanforeachwavelengthdecideifitshouldbetakenfromlineeastorbelocallyadded.
TheROADMunitinthediagramabovehasfiberlinksintwodirections,asforexampleinaringtopology.Thenumber
offiberlinkdirectionsto/fromaROADM(oranyotheropticalnetworknode)isoftenreferredtoasthedegreeofthe
ROADM.Inmeshnetworksandinterconnectedringtopologiestherearenodesthathaveahigherdegree,forexample
3or4,referredtoasmultidegreeROADMnodes.
Ifwewanttocreateacomplete2degreeROADMnodewhereanywavelengthcanbeaddedordroppedinboththe
westandeastdirections,twoofthejustdescribed1x2ROADMpluginunitsarecombinedbacktoback.(Figure
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westandeastdirections,twoofthejustdescribed1x2ROADMpluginunitsarecombinedbacktoback.(Figure
41)
Figure41.Acomplete2degreeROADMnode.
3.4.3.2ColorlessROADM
FurtherflexibilitycanbeaddedtotheROADMbymakingthemux/demuxunitswavelengthindependent,i.e.makingit
possibletoaddordropanyatanyoftheirports,creatingacolorlessROADMnode.(Figure42)
Figure42.Acolorless2degreeROADMnode.
Whencombinedwithtunabletransceiversintheattachedtransponders/muxponders,theoperatorcannowchange
thewavelengthforaservicewithoutmovingthetransponder/muxpondertoanewportonthemux/demux.Forthe
TMSeriesROADMnodes,suchwavelengthreconfigurationscanbemadecompletelyremotelyfromtheTransmode
NetworkManager(TNM)systemwithouttheneedtovisitthesite.(Figure43)
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Figure43.ManagementofwavelengthswiththeTransmodeNetworkManager(TNM).
AfurtheradvantageoftheTMseriesROADMunitsisthattheyareallimplementedaspluginunitswhichmaybe
locatedinanyoftheavailablechassis.Thismeansthatanynode,largeorsmall,easilycanbeupgradedwithROADM
functionalitywhenthenetworkgrows.
3.4.3.3DirectionlessROADM
IntheROADMnodeconfigurationsinthepreviouschapters,aparticularaddedisphysicallydeterminedtogoeither
intheeastorwestdirection,dependingonwhichofthetwomuxesthetransponder/muxponderisconnectedto.
Thiscanbeadisadvantage,forexampleinprotectiveswitchingandmaymeanawasteofavailablewavelengths.By
addingonemore1x2ROADM,itispossibletocreateadirectionlessROADMnodewheretrafficfromanyaddedport
canbesentineithereastorwestdirections.(Figure44)
Figure44.Adirectionless2degreeROADMnode.
3.4.3.4HigherdegreeROADMnodes
Using4x1and8x1WSSunitsitispossibletodesignROADMnodesformeshednetworks,withnodesofhigher
degreethantwoandwithmorethantwoincomingandoutgoingfiberdirections.TheTMSeriescomprisesone1x4
ROADMunitfor40channelDWDMsystemsandtwo1x8ROADMunitsfor40or80channelDWDMsystems,all
suitablefortheseapplications.
The4or8addportsuseawavelengthselectiveswitch(WSS)todynamicallyselectwhichoftheDWDMchannelson
theITUTCbandgridtobeaddedtothelinesignalforeachaddport.AnOpticalCouplerisusedtodistributethe
incominglinesignaltothedropports.ADWDMadddropfilterorMux/Demuxunitisalwaysusedforthelocally
terminatingtraffic.
Similarlytothe1x2ROADMpluginunit,theTMSeries1x4and1x8ROADMsalsoincludevariableoptical
attenuator(VOA)functionalityonallwavelengthsaddedtothelinesignalbytheWSS.Thisfacilitateschannelpower
balancinginamplifiednetworks.
Groupingofportsondifferentunitscanbemadeinthenodemanagementsoftwaretoenablethesettingofidentical
channelselection.Alsorestrictionsonchannelsselectioncanbemadeonindividualorgroupedportstosimplify
commissioningandminimizeriskforfaultyhandling.
Boththe1x4andthe1x8ROADMunitsconsumeslessthan6W.Lowpowerconsumptionincombinationwitha
smallfootprintreducessitecostsandenablesmorecapacitytobehandledatsiteswithrestrictionsonpower
consumption,coolingandspace.
3.4.3.5ContentionlessROADM
Usingacombinationof1x4and1x2ROADMsafullycontentionlessROADMnodefor2degreesmaybedesigned.As
showninthefollowingdiagram,wavelengthscannotbeassignedarbitrarilyinthedirectionlessROADMdescribed
earlier:Ifonewavelength1issentine.g.thewestdirection,thesamewavelength1cannotbereusedinthe
eastdirection.Byaddinganextrasetof1x2ROADMunitsfullfreedomofwavelengthallocationispossible;the
ROADMnodebecomesbothdirectionlessandcontentionless.However,especiallyforhigherdegreenodes,theamount
ofequipmentneededforacontentionlessROADMmaymakeitscostprohibitive,althoughexpectedtodecreaseas
newcomponentsbecomeavailable.(Figure45)
Figure45.Adirectionlessandcontentionless2degreeROADMnode.Themux/demuxunitscanbemadecolorlessand
combinedwithtrafficunitshavingtunabletransceiversforadditionalflexibility.
Thefourindividualadddropportsofthe1x4ROADMenablehitlessredirectionoftrafficinmultidegreenodes.By
groupingfourunitsandinterconnectingtheadddropports,a4degreenodeiscreated,wheretrafficfromanylinecan
bedirectedtoanyotherlineorbelocallydropped.(Figure46)
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Figure46.Afourdegreenodeimplementedbyfour1x4ROADMs.
The8individualadddropportsofthe1x8ROADMenablehitlessredirectionoftrafficinevenhigherdegreenodes.
Bygroupingupto8unitsandinterconnectingtheadddropports,upto8degreenodescanbecreated,wheretraffic
fromanylinecanbedirectedtoanyotherlineorbelocallydropped.A50GHzcompatibleMux/Demuxisusedto
separatetheterminatedchannels.(Figure47)
Figure47.An8degreenode.Allconnectionsarejustshownforline1.
Itispossibletocreatedirectionlesshigherdegreenodesbyusinganextra1x8ROADMunittodirectthelocaltraffic
tothepreferredlinefiber.Eachwavelengthcanbedirectedasrequiredonanindividualbasis.Itispossibletohave
bothfixedanddirectionlessadd/dropsinthesamenode.(Figure48)
Figure48.Afourdegreenodewithbothfixedanddirectionlesstraffic.
3.5Wavelengthmanagement
Trafficunitswithpluginandtunabletransceivers,multidegreeROADMsandcolorlessmux/demuxunitsenablea
tremendousflexibilityinopticalnetworkdesignandoperations,butalsoputstringentrequirementsonwavelength
management.TheTransmodeEnlighten11softwaresuiteforplanning,design,commissioningandmanagementofan
integratedpacketopticalnetworkincludesthenecessarytoolsforthistask.Centralizedwavelengthmanagementis
performedfromtheTransmodeNetworkManager(TNM),acomprehensive,carrierclassElement,Networkand
ServiceManagerforTransmodesintegratedlayer1andlayer2networkingsolutions.
TNMincludesseveralfeaturesofhighvalueforefficientwavelengthmanagement,forexample:
Theextensiveinventorymodule.
TheROADMprovisioningapplication.
TheOpticalControlPlanewithitsapplications.
Integratedhandlingofalienwavelengths.
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NotonlydoestheinventorymoduleofTNMkeeptrackofallactiveequipmentinaTMSeriesopticalnetwork.The
inventorymayalsobeusedtoregistereveryfilter,mux/demuxandotherpassiveunitinthenetworkandthenkeep
trackofhowthevariouswavelengthsareallocated.Havingalsothepassiveelementsavailableintheinventorygreatly
simplifiesplanningandallocationofwavelengthsthroughouttheopticalnetwork.
TheROADMprovisioningapplicationinTNMautomaticallyreadsROADMparametersettingsfromthenodesand
enablestheoperatortoremotelyaddchannelstoanadd/dropport.IftheROADMprovisioningapplicationisactivated,
theTNMautomaticallyidentifiespotentialchannelsthroughtheunconfiguredROADMsofthenetwork.TNMchecks
thatnowavelengthconflictsoccurthroughouttheopticalpathandthenautomaticallyconfigurestheROADMsto
createtheopticalpath,includingstartingnecessarycontrolloops.Thishighlyautomatedprocessgreatlyreducesthe
riskformisconfigurationswhilereducingtheconfigurationtimebyupto90%.
3.5.1TheOpticalControlPlaneinTNM
TheOpticalControlPlane(OCP)inTNMprovidesadvancedfunctionalitytosimplifycentralizedcommissioning,tuning
andplanningoftheopticalnetwork.Currently,theTNMOpticalControlPlanecomprisestwomodules:Transmission
ControlandChannelControl.
3.5.1.1TransmissionControl
TransmissionControlisaTNMapplicationthatsupportscommissioningandtuningofamplifiedopticalnetworks,
therebyreducingtheoperationalcostsassociatedwithsettingupandmaintainingsuchnetworks.Transmission
ControlworksinconcertwiththeOpticalChannelMonitoring(OCM)units,theVariableOpticalAttenuators(VOAs)and
thetransceiversinthenetworktomeasureandpresentpowerlevelsatvariouspointsofanopticallightpath.
TransmissionControlallowstheoperatortoselectoneormorelightpathsinthenetwork,showthepowerlevelin
eachpointthathasmeasurementcapabilityandthenmaketheoptimalpowersettingsinattenuatorsandamplifiers.
3.5.1.2ChannelControl
ChannelControlisaTNMapplicationthatallowstheoperatortoselectanumberofopticallinksandshowtherouting
ofusedandavailablechannels()andsubchannels(sub)throughouttheselectedlightpath.
ChannelControlprovidesroutinginformationforchannelsandsubchannelsandidentifieschannelsas:
ActiveChannelschannelsthatarecarryingtraffic.Activechannelhavetranspondersconnectedandcliententries
defined.
PossibleChannelspreprovisionedchannelsthatareavailabletobetakeninservice.Possiblechannelsmayor
maynothavetranspondersconnectedbutnocliententriesaredefined.
ReservedChannelspreprovisionedchannelsthathavebeendedicatedforparticularfuturepurpose.Reserved
channelsmayormaynothavetranspondersconnectedbutnocliententriesdefined.
3.5.1.3Handlingofalienwavelengths
AnalienwavelengthisastandardCWDMorDWDMwavelengththattransportstrafficthatdoesnotoriginateand
terminateinTransmodeequipment,e.g.IPpacketssentbetweentworoutershavingopticalinterfacesconnected
directlytotheportsoftwomux/demuxunits.SuchtrafficdoesnotpassanyTMSeriestrafficunitsandisonly
transportedthroughtheopticalnetworkbetweentwopassiveports.AlthoughnotbeingofTMSeriesorigin,the
followingTNMmanagementfeaturesarestillavailableforalienwavelengths:
TransmissionControl,i.e.thealienwavelengthispowerbalancedinthesamewayandtogetherwiththeTM
Seriesnativewavelengths.
Opticalprovisioning.
Aseparatepassiveadministrativestate.
Servicetopology.
Servicealarmsifthewavelengthpassesanopticalchannelmonitoring(OCM)unit.
(Figure49)
Figure49.Analarmcanbetriggeredalsoforanalienwavelengthifitpassesanodewithanopticalchannel
monitoring(OCM)unit.
3.6WDMintheaccessnetwork
Modernizationoftheaccessnetworkisapressingissueformanyoperators,duetotherapidlyincreasingtraffic
volumesgeneratedbynewapplicationsdemandedbytheirsubscribersandusers.Mobileoperatorsaredeploying
fourthgeneration(HSDPA,LTE)mobilenetworkstosupportsmartphones,tabletsandmobilecomputing,thus
requiringlinkswithGbit/sdataratestothecellsites.Enterprisesareincreasinglydependentoncentralizedcloud
computing,whiletheresourceswithinthecloudneedtobeinterconnectedbyhighcapacitylinks;bothtrendsdriving
uptheneedformoredatatransportcapacityintheaccessnetwork.Inparallel,consumerssubscribetovideoon
demandandotherInternetbasedmediaservices,making100Mbit/saccessandmorearequirementforeach
household.
WDMasatechnologyanswersmanyoftheoperatorsdemandsandhasanimportantroleinthemodernizationofthe
accessnetwork.
3.6.1WDMaggregationrings
AnimportantapplicationofWDMandtheTMSeriesisforefficientcapacityupgradesoftheaggregationnetworks,
carryingtrafficfrommultipleremoteaccesssitesto/fromacentralhubsite.Forexamples,theremotesitesmaybea
mobilecellsite,aDSLAMservingresidentialInternetusersoranEthernetdemarcationunitinanindustrycampus.
WithWDM,eachsuchremotenodecanbeallocatedadedicatedwavelengthoverthering,carryingitstrafficto/from
thecentralhub.(Figure50)
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thecentralhub.(Figure50)
Figure50.ComparisonofanaggregationnetworkbuiltwithEthernetswitchesandaWDMaggregationnetwork.
InaWDMring,alltheremotenodeshavetheirownpredeterminedcapacityonthelinktowardsthehub,resultingin
adeterministictrafficpatternandeasybandwidthmanagement.Ethernetrings,ontheotherhand,sharetheavailable
linkcapacitybetweenalltheremotenodes.Anincreaseincapacityononenodestealscapacityfromtherest.
Ethernetringsalsorequirethesameuplinkinterfaceonallswitches/nodeswhichleadstoexpensiveforklift
upgrades,shouldcapacityonanyofthenodesneedtoberaised.InaWDMnetworkeachnodeuplinkisindependent
fromalltheothersandeachnodecanbeupgradedindividuallywhenneeded.
InaWDMringeachnodeequipmentisindependentoftheothers(nosharedhardware)andtheprotectioncanbe
handleddirectlyonlayer1withlessthan50msdelay.Ethernetringsaresensitivetosingleunitfailureandneed
complexlayer2orlayer3redundancyschemestoovercomethis.
WithWDMaggregationitiseasytocombineEthernetandTDMtrafficbackhaulingonthesamefiber,whileEthernet
ringsneedmorecomplexremappingsolutions(pseudowireetc.)orseparatefiberpairstocopewithlegacyTDM
traffic.ThisisofspecificvaluetomobileoperatorswhichoftenrequiretransportofbothlegacyTDMtrafficandnew
Ethernettrafficfromthecellsites.
TheTMSeriesisideallysuitedforbuildingWDMaggregationrings.LowcostCWDMringsolutionsusingonlypassive
opticalfiltersandcoloredinterfacesonalreadyexistingroutersandswitchesareeasilyimplemented.Byincluding
activetranspondersandmuxponders,thetrafficaggregation,protectionandmonitoringcanbemademoreefficient.
Andforlongerdistancesandmorechannels,completeDWDMsystems,ifnecessarywithamplifiers,canbedeployed.
Inaddition,thepacketopticalfunctionalityoftheTMSeriestranspondersandmuxpondersenablesintegrationoflayer
2functionspreviouslyresidingintheEthernetswitchesdirectlyintotheopticalaggregationring.
3.6.2PointtopointandPassiveOpticalNetworks(PON)inaccess
Expandingthetelecommunicationsnetworktoeachandeveryhouseholdandeachandeveryenterpriseisthereal
challengeofanynetworkdesigner.Thenumberofendpointsterminatingthenetworkbecomesmassive,andsodoes
theassociatedcostofcivilworksandequipmentneeded.Whilemostlargerandmediumsizedenterpriseshavehad
dedicatedconnections(leasedlines)fordatatraffictotheirpremisessincethe1980s,residentialInternetusershave
primarilybeenrestrictedtouseaccessnetworksthattakeafreerideonthealreadyinstalledinfrastructureof
12
telephonylinesorCATVHFC networks.
12
CableTV(CATV)usinghybridfiberandcoax(HFC)distributionnetworks.
Thecostofdeployingnewfiberisobviouslyaprohibitingfactorforamorerapidexpansionofhighspeedaccess,and
variousschemesareusedtoreducethenumberoffibermilesintheaccessnetworks.Thetwomaincompeting
categoriesarepointtopointfiberaccessnetworksandpassiveopticalnetwork(PON)accessnetworks.Aswewillsee,
WDMhasanimportantroleinextendingthecapacity,securityandflexibilityofthesenetworks.
Apointtopointfiberaccessnetworkisafairlystraightforwardstructurethatmimicstheclassicaltelephonyaccess
networkinthatithasacentralnodewithindividualfibercablesreachingouttoeachsubscriber.Thenetworkisstar
shaped;sometimesendinginthebasementofamultidwellingbuilding,whereanopticalelectricalconversionisdone
andatraditionalstarshaped,electricalEthernetLANisinstalledreachingouttoeachandeveryapartment.(Figure
51)
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Figure51.Topologyofapointtopointbroadbandaccessnetwork.
Themainadvantagesofapointtopointaccessarchitectureareitstopologicalsimplicityandthestrictseparationof
trafficto/fromeachsubscriber.Significantdisadvantagesarethedeploymentcostofalltheindividualfibers,the
massiveamountoffibersthatmustbeterminatedatthecentralnodeandthatpointtopointaccessnormallyrequires
activeequipment(typicallyanEthernetswitch)ateverysubscriberlocation.AlthoughpopularinsomeNordiccity
networksforresidentialaccessandoftenusedforenterpriseaccess,pureEthernetbasedpointtopointbroadband
accessisnotlikelytodominatethefuturebroadbandaccessnetworks.
Apassiveopticalnetwork(PON)isapointtomultipoint,accessarchitectureinwhichpassiveopticalsplittersareused
toenableasingleopticalfibertoservemultiplepremises,typically16128.APONconsistsofanopticallineterminal
(OLT)attheserviceproviderscentralofficeandanumberofopticalnetworkterminals(ONTs)nearendusers.PON
reducestheamountoffiberandcentralofficeequipmentrequiredcomparedwithpointtopointarchitectures.(Figure
52)
Figure52.Topologyofapassiveopticalbroadbandaccessnetwork(PON).
TwomaintypesofPONsystemshavebeenstandardized:TDMPONandWDMPON.TDMPONs(i.e.BPON,EPON,
GPON)useseparatewavelengthsforthedownstreamandupstreamdirectionsonthesinglefiberandtimedivision
multiplexingbetweentheindividualsubscribersconnectedtothefiber.Downstreamsignalsarebroadcasttoall
premisessharingmultiplefibersandonlyreceivedbytheappropriateONT.Upstreamsignalsarecombinedusinga
multipleaccessprotocol,usuallytimedivisionmultipleaccess(TDMA).TheOLTsallowsatimeslotassignmentsfor
upstreamcommunicationfromeachoftheOLTsinturn.BecauseaTDMPONreliesupontimesharing,ithasan
inherentcapacitylimitation,aswellasasecurityproblem,sinceallinformationistheoreticallyavailableatevery
endpoint.
AWDMPONcombinesthededicatedbandwidthofapointtopointnetworkwiththefibersharingarchitecture
inherentinthePONtopology.AWDMPONusesafiltertoseparatethewavelengthsofaWDMstreamfordeliveryto
eachindividualsubscriberONT.Thus,onlyonefiberisrequiredatthecentralsitewhilethewavelength(channel)
topologyispointtopoint.
AkeyadvantageofWDMPONistheuseofacompletelyseparatedownstreamwavelengthforeachofthesubscribers.
Thisseparatewavelengthprovidesmorebandwidthtoeachsubscriber,bettersecurity,andenhancedoperational
controlsincethereisnopotentialinterferencebetweenwavelengths.Similarly,adedicatedupstreamwavelength
providesalmostunlimitedcapacitytoeachsubscriber,coveringallpotentialfuturegrowth.(Figure53)
Figure53.PrincipleofaWDMPONaccessnetwork.
3.6.3TheTransmodeiWDMPONsolution
WhileWDMPONsatisfiesallfuturecapacityandsecurityrequirementsinbroadbandaccess,itisstillatechnologyin
itsinfancy,withvariousimplementationalternativesunderstandardization.Severalofthesuggestedstandardsrely
uponspecialcomponentshavinghighcostsduetosmallseriesandlimiteddeployment,e.g.whenWDMPONis
implementedwithCandLbandtransmissionandnonITUstandardizedwavelengths.
TransmodehasthereforeselectedanalternativeapproachtoWDMPON:Usingthesamebasicelementsasformetro
andlonghaulWDM,TransmodesiWDMPONsolutionoperatesintheCband.Byusingthesamewavelengthsfor
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andlonghaulWDM,TransmodesiWDMPONsolutionoperatesintheCband.Byusingthesamewavelengthsfor
accessasthoseusedinthemetroandlonghaulnetworks,itispossibletodevelopacommonWDMaccessstructure
thatcombineslegacyenterprisetraffic,mobilebackhaul,residentialInternetaccessandhighcapacityWDMPONusers
inthesameopticalnetwork.(Figure54)
Figure54.ATransmodeiWDMPONaccessnetwork.Usingonewavelengthfromaccesstocoreprovidesoptical
transparencyandeliminatesopticalelectricconversions.
TheadvantagesofusingITUstandardWDMintheaccessnetworkarevaried:
EasytocombineFTTB,mobilebackhaul,Enterpriseleasedlinesandmoreinthesameinfrastructure.Providesone
solutionforalltypesofdataratesandapplications.
Eachservice(SDH/SONET,GbE,FC,FICON)canbeallocateditsownwavelength.
OpenandstandardizedDWDMgridanduseofthestandardITUCbandmakesitpossibletocapitalizeonstandard
componentdevelopmentcurveandpricereductions.
Opticaltransparencyfromaccesstocoreeliminatestheneedforopticalelectricconversions.
TransmodesiWDMPONsolutionleveragesthepassiveandactivecomponentsalreadydescribed,butalsoincludes
specialelementstofacilitatewavelengthallocationtosubscribers,accordingtonormalWDMPONprinciples.Akey
elementistheuseofpluggable,colorlessDWDMSFPswithinjectionlockedFPlasersintheONTatthecustomersite.
ThecolorlessSFPisautomaticallytunedtotheincomingseedingwavelength,thuseliminatingmanualtuningateach
subscriber.(Figure55)
Figure55.WavelengthallocationiniWDMPON:TheseedingboardinstalledintheTMSeriescentralofficeOLT
broadcastsabroadbandlightsource.AfilterforwardsasinglewavelengthtotheSFP,whichlocksonthecorrect
frequency.
3.7Networktopologies
Opticalnetworkscanbeclassifiedaccordingtotheirtopologies:Lineorpointtopoint,star,ringandmeshshaped.
Thelineandstartopologieshavesinglepointsoffailure,andshouldbeavoidedwhenresilienceagainstoutagesis
important.Therearemanyargumentsaboutwhicharethebest:Ringormesh.Veryoften,thedebatemixesupthe
topologyofthephysicalfibersinstalledandthelogicalconnectivitythatcanbeachievedbyswitchingandroutingover
thefibersathigherlayers.Thephysicalconnectivitymattersmostwhenresilience,distanceanddelayarebeing
considered.
Manymetropolitannetworksstartasringsandevolvesgraduallytomeshthecrossoverdependsonfibercosts,
equipmentcosts,trafficloading,degreeofmeshrequiredforresilienceetc.Ascanbeseenfromthediagrambelow,
thecostofameshednetworkishighatlowertrafficvolumes,butbecomesincreasinglyattractiveastrafficgrows.The
diagramisbasedonsimulations.
WiththeadventoftodayscostefficientROADMnodes,itisnowpossibletoimplementresilientandflexiblemeshed
networksalsointhemetroareaandmetroaccessareas.(Figure56)
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Figure56.Simulationofnetworkcostasafunctionoftrafficfordifferenttopologies.
3.8Resilienceandprotection
3.8.1Calculatingtheavailability
Beingafundamentalpartofthetelecommunicationsinfrastructure,theopticalnetworkmustalwaysbeoperational.
Threevariablesdefinethequalityofanetworkfromaresilienceperspective:
Availabilityisthefractionoftotaltimethatafunction,forexampleanetworkconnection,isavailablei.e.whatthe
usersexperienceasaworkingsystem.Availabilityismeasuredin%oftimeandtypicallyliesintherangeof
99.999%(fivenines)ormore.
Thereliabilityofanetworkelementisthefractionoftotaltimethatanobjectisworking.Reliabilityisoftenmeasured
asmeantimebetweenfailures(MTBF)atimethatshouldbeaslongaspossible.Therepairtimedefineshowquickly
anobjectcanberepairedandputbackinservice.Repairtimeismeasuredasmeantimetorepair(MTTR)andshould
preferablybeasshortaspossible.
Letuslookataconcreteexampleonhowprotectionswitchingandringtopologiescanhelpimprovetheavailabilityon
anopticallightpathfromGlasgowtoLondon.ThecalculationisbasedonSDHtechnologyandpurelyforillustrative
purposes,i.e.thevaluesusedforactivecomponentsarenotdirectlyapplicablefortheTMSeries.
Lookingfirstatanunprotectedlightpath,thephysicalnetworkcanbedrawninamoreeasilyunderstoodform.The
totalavailabilityoftheunprotectedpathissimplyfoundbymultiplyingtheavailabilitiesofeachoftheelementsinthe
chain.(Figure57)
Figure57.Availabilityforanexamplenetwork.
Usingprotectionswitchinginthenodes,thelightpathmayfindalternativeroutesbetweenitsendpoints,forexample,
shouldafiberbreakoccur.(Figure58)
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Figure58.Availabilityforaprotectedandarestoredexamplenetwork.
Calculationoftheavailabilityinaprotectednetworkisabitmorecomplicatedthaninanunprotectednetwork:
1. Firstmultiplytheavailabilitiesoftheunprotectedpartstogether(inthiscasethetributarycardateitherendof
thepath).
2. Calculatetheavailabilitiesofthetwodiversepathsbymultiplyingtheavailabilitiesofeachoftheelementsin
bothchains.
3. Combinethetwochainsbymultiplyingtheirunavailabilitystogether(unavailability=1availability).
4. Finallymultiplytheavailabilityfromstep1withtheavailabilityfromstep3.
Therestoredexamplebreaksthesingle,long,diverserouteintoseveral,shorter,diversesections.Theresultofthisis
thatitcansurvivemultiplesimultaneousfailureswhilsttheprotecteddesigncanonlysurviveasinglefailure.
3.8.2TMSeriesresiliencefeatures
TheTMSeriesincludesnumerousfeaturesthatcanbeusedtominimizetheimpactofbothfiberbreaksandfailuresin
individualcomponentsontheoverallnetworkavailability.
Oneliveandoneredundantclientsystemmay,forexample,beconnectedtotwoseparateandindependent
transpondersormuxponderssharingthesameopticalfiberviaapassiveopticalcouplerunit.Incaseoffailureofthe
liveclientsystemorthecorrespondingtransponder/muxpondertraffic,theredundantpathisautomaticallymade
activeinlessthan50ms.Thetransponders/muxpondersmayevenbelocatedinseparateTMSerieschassistofurther
minimizetheriskofsinglepointoffailure.(Figure59)
Figure59.ClientandequipmentprotectionwiththeTMSeries.
Transponderscanbeequippedwithmultipleoutputsforalternativefiberroutesandsignalsfromincomingfiberscan
besplitintotwoormorepaths.Switchingbetweentheworkingpathandthealternativepathisfullyautomaticand
takeslessthan50ms.Therefore,multipathlineprotectioncaneasilybeachievedinTMSeriesopticalnetworks
13
withouttheneedforGMPLS/ASON software.(Figure60)
Figure60.Threeexamplesoflineprotectionwithtransponders.
13
GeneralizedMultiProtocolLabelSwitching(GMPLS)isaprotocolsuiteextendingMPLS(seechapter4)tomanage
furtherclassesofinterfacesandswitchingsuchastimedivisionmultiplexers,layer2switchesandwavelength
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furtherclassesofinterfacesandswitchingsuchastimedivisionmultiplexers,layer2switchesandwavelength
switches.ASON(AutomaticallySwitchedOpticalNetwork)isaconceptfortheevolutionoftransportnetworkswhich
allowsfordynamicpolicydrivencontrolofanopticalorSDHnetworkbasedonsignalingbetweenauserand
componentsofthenetwork.
Ifseveralfibersareavailableonagivenlink,theTMSeriesalsoallowsforfiberprotection,byusingamechanicalfiber
protectionunit.(Figure61)
Figure61.Fiberprotection.
2015Transmode.Allrightsreserved.
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