Kendall Su
eBook ISBN:
Print ISBN:
0-306-47953-2
1-4020-7033-0
http://kluweronline.com
http://ebooks.kluweronline.com
Contents
Preface
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Preliminary Remarks
1.2 The Analog Filter
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
xiii
THE APPROXIMATION
2.1 The Butterworth Lowpass Characteristic
2.1.1 The normalized Butterworth lowpass
characteristic
2.1.2 Using a normalized Butterworth lowpass
characteristic for a filtering requirement
2.2 The Chebyshev Lowpass Characteristic
2.2.1 The Chebyshev polynomial
2.2.2 The Chebyshev lowpass characteristic
2.3 Other Chebyshev-Related Characteristics
2.4
2.5
2.6
1
1
3
4
7
9
13
13
14
16
16
20
25
26
27
29
30
31
34
37
39
41
43
43
vi
3
Contents
NETWORK FUNCTIONS
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
General Procedure
Network Functions for Butterworth filters
Network Functions for Chebyshev Filters
Network Functions for Elliptic-Function Filters
Bessel-Thomson Filter Functions
Delay Equalization
Summary
Problems
49
49
53
58
62
66
71
74
74
FREQUENCY TRANSFORMATION
4.1 Lowpass-to-Highpass Transformation
4.2 Lowpass-to-Bandpass Transformation
4.3 Lowpass-to-Bandreject transformation
4.4 Summary
Problems
77
78
80
86
88
88
93
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
93
94
94
96
99
100
104
106
107
108
110
112
115
118
Problems
118
Contents
SINGLY-TERMINATED LC LADDERSs
6.1
6.2
123
123
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
125
131
133
136
139
140
141
DOUBLY-TERMINATED LC LADDERS
145
6.3
6.4
vii
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
Basic Formulation
LC Ladders with Equal Terminations
LC Ladder with Unequal Terminations
A Doubly-Terminated Filter Used in Reverse
7.5
Summary
Problems
SENSITIVITY
8.1 Definition of Sensitivity
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
145
149
158
163
167
167
171
173
174
175
177
180
181
182
Summary
Problems
184
184
187
187
190
192
195
viii
Contents
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
10
9.6.1
Gain reduction
9.6.2
Gain enhancement
RC-CR Transformation
Types of Biquads
Summary
Problems
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
11
Sallen-Key Biquads
10.1.1 Lowpass biquad
10.1.2 Highpass biquad
10.1.3 Bandpass biquad
10.1.4 Bandreject biquad
Infinite-Gain Multiple-Feedback (MFB) Biquads
10.2.1 Lowpass biquad
10.2.2 Highpass biquad
10.2.3 Bandpass biquad
10.2.4 Bandreject and allpass biquad
Two-Integrator Biquads
10.3.1 The Kerwin-Huelsman-Newcomb (KHN)
biquad
10.3.2 The Tow-Thomas biquad
10.3.3 The Fleischer-Tow biquad
Summary
Problems
197
197
200
200
201
201
204
206
207
207
217
217
218
223
225
228
230
230
233
233
237
238
239
243
245
247
247
253
253
258
263
264
Contents
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
12
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
13
ix
SWITCHED-CAPACITOR FILTERS
13.1 An Introduction
13.2
265
265
266
270
274
274
276
277
280
281
285
286
288
291
291
292
295
299
301
302
305
305
307
309
314
314
321
322
323
Contents
x
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
14
Simple
13.3.1
13.3.2
13.3.3
13.3.4
Basic Circuits
All-capacitor op amp circuits
The inverting integrator
The inverting lossy integrator
14.2
14.3
14.4
327
327
328
329
329
330
330
331
331
332
333
335
337
338
341
345
345
347
348
348
349
350
350
351
352
353
354
354
356
357
359
Contents
14.5
14.6
14.7
xi
Element Simulation of Passive Filters
14.5.1 Realization of a highpass filter
14.5.2 Realization of a lowpass filters
Functional Simulation of Passive Filters
14.6.1 The leap-frog realization
14.6.2 Leap-frog realization of a lowpass filter
14.6.3 Simulation of a bandpass LC filter
Summary
Problems
Appendix A
TABLES OF FILTER
FUNCTIONS
360
360
362
362
363
366
368
371
374
377
Bibliography
395
Index
399
Preface
This book is intended as an intermediate-level introduction to the basic
theory of analog filters. It covers three major types of analog filters passive, active, and switched-capacitor. The only knowledge required to
follow the material in this book is some basic sophomore-to-junior circuit
theory, electronics, signal analysis, Laplace transforms, and mathematics
typically required by most engineering curriculums at the sophomore and
junior levels.
The emphasis of this book is on some fundamental principles behind the
various techniques of analog filter design. It is geared toward students
in communications, signal processing, electronics, controls, etc. It is not
meant to be an in-depth or comprehensive treatment of the entire area
of filter theory as network theorists and filter designers would like to
have the subject presented. Rather, it is meant to expose the student
to the elegant theory behind the development of analog filters. It also
introduces the student to the terminology used and techniques practiced
in analog filters. As such, it is also a readable reference for practicing
engineers who need to acquire some knowledge in this area.
The design of some standard filters is now a fairly routine matter. In
fact, for many types of filters, one can purchase software at a very modest cost and generate filters without ever knowing anything about the
underlying principles. The main purpose of this book is to engender
some understanding of the mathematical basis of those parts of network
theory and electronic circuits that are germane to filter design for electronic and high-tech applications. Although the computational steps for
generating filters are covered, they are not the major focus of this book.
This book stresses the mathematical bases and the scholastic ingenuity
of analog filter theory. In other words, the student will learn why analog
filters work as well as how their element values can be calculated.
The book should also help nonspecialist electrical engineers in gaining
a background perspective and some basic insight into the development
of real-time filters. In many modern advances in signal handling, their
xiv
Preface
concepts and procedures have close links to analog filters, either conceptually or mathematically. The material in this book will provide
engineers with a better perspective and more penetrating appreciation
of these modern techniques.
This book is designed to be a medium-level introductory textbook or
reference in the area of analog filters. The proper timing of a course
using this book can vary widely depending on the individual student as
well as the curriculum. At one extreme, the course can be taken as early
as immediately after the first circuits course. At the other, it can serve
as a complement to other courses in a graduate program. At Georgia
Tech, this course is normally offered as a senior elective. Usually some
juniors and graduate students also enroll in it. Students who have had
some cursory exposure to filters from courses such as signals and systems
or semiconductor electronics will find this book particularly helpful in
extending their knowledge of various types of analog continuous-time
filters.
The First Edition of this book was published in 1996. Since its first
publication, it has undergone several printings. In the meantime, several
factors have encouraged me to undertake this revision.
Recent advances in technology have necessitated the development of analog filters that are suitable for high-tech applications. The passive, op
amp-RC, and switched-capacitor filters are no longer suitable for some
of these applications. The newer filters must work at much higher frequencies, have small physical sizes, be suitable for integrating with other
systems, consume low power, and work in low-signal, high-noise environments. To meet these demands, operational transconductance amplifier
and capacitor filters have become a very important class of filters. One
of the most important features of this new edition is the addition of a
new chapter on OTA-C filters.
As in the previous edition, the software MATLAB (MATLAB is a registered trademark of The Math Works, Inc., 3 Apple Hill Drive, Natick,
MA 01760-2098, U.S.A. Telephone: 508-647-7000. Fax: 508-647-7101.
E-mail: info@mathworks.com. Web: www.mathworks.com) has been
chosen as the standard computational tool for this book. Since the First
Edition was published, the syntax of the Symbolic Tool Box of this software has been changed. The Second Edition reflects this update.
Many examples in this book are first presented in the usual mathematical form without using MATLAB. Then these examples are also worked
using MATLAB. By following these two versions of solutions, students
can actually learn MATLAB as they go through the text. Of course,
MATLAB is not mandatory to working problems in this book. If MAT-
Preface
xv
LAB is not available to the students, the MATLAB steps can be either
bypassed or substituted with other software available at their facility.
In this revision, some minor errors of the earlier edition are corrected
and some new examples and homework problems are added.
This book is designed to be used in a three-hour one-semester course.
With the proper choice of topics, parts of this book can be used in
a three-hour one-quarter course. The First Edition has been used at
Georgia Tech several times. When Tech was on the quarter system, the
course was offered every other quarter. Since Tech converted to semester
system in 1999, the course has been offered once a year. In teaching these
courses, I have found the book is easily adaptable to either system. I
have been gratified and encouraged by my students in these classes in
their interest in this topic and their zeal to broaden their knowledge in
this as well as many other areas of electrical engineering.
Kendall L. Su