The
edge fields are so large for small apertures that radiation
duetothetermshaving
a singularbehavior
a tt h e
apertureedges,formsthemajorcontributiontothe
fields scattered by such an aperture. For apertures of
largerthanresonantdimensions,however,itappears
thattheedgesingularitieshave
a n almost negligible
effect on the total scattered field.
I t is also formally possible to evaluate the
ponent of the aperture field. This may be expected to
be small i n the case considered here, since the incident
field contains no s conlponent and the edgesof the aperture are either parallel or perpendicular to the incident
electric field. The component of the aperturefield may
be represented by a series of functionssatisfyingthe
edgecondition,andthetwosides
of ( l i j canbeespanded in pouyer series to obtain algebraic equations i n
the unknown coefficients of the aperture field. Since the
power series on each side of ( I f ) is differentiated, h o w
ever, convergence is much slower and the solution cannotbeobtainedb>-simpl>.truncatillgthesystem
of
equations.Theresults
gi\len here for scatteringcross
IS.CONCI.ITSIOSS
The problem of diffraction b>r an aperturein the range
of wavelengthscorrespondingtotheresonance
region
as aboundaryvalue
requiresarigorous,fornlulation
problem. Physical approxilnations can be made i n both
the long and the short wavelength limits, but these approximate solutions break down i n the resonance region
i n most cases.
A rigorousfornlulationhas
been presentedherefor
the problem of diffraction by ;I periodicall>- apertured
conducting screen. The form of the solution is very complicated, but is suitablefornumericalcomputation.
From numerical solution, the aperture resonance has
been demonstrated? and the relative importance of the
singularities of the field which occur a t t h e edges of the
aperturescanbeseen.Theedgesingularitieshave
a
pronouncedeffectonthescattered
field for apertures
smallerthanresonantdimensions,butonly
a small
effect for larger apertures.
IRE, AKD
T. W. THOMPSON,$
MEMBER, IRE
Summary-An annular slot antenna which is backed by acylincalculated [4]. This anal>-sis emphasizes the finite condrical or a coaxial cavity is excited by a current
sheet in the slot
ductivit!. of the cavit>and does not consider the
plane which exhibits no azimuthal (6)variation. The integral equaslot
susceptance.
tion which relates the radial electric field in the slot plane to the
linear source current density is solved by variational techniques. The The slot susceptance determines the bandwidth limitations of the antenna. Sizeable susceptances and narnumerical calculations emphasize narrow slots and shallow cavities.
The slot antennas may resonate with cavity depth z ~ < h / 4 .A resorow bandwidths maybe expected for cavit>--backed slots
nant antenna exhibits nearly the same bandwidth as the slot which of restricted size. Ob\-ious size restrictions arise in airis backed by h/4 deep cavity. Dielectric cavity loading decreases the
borne applications, but economical considerations m a > size of a resonant cavity, but it also decreases the antenna bandalso
limit thesize of ground based and possibly hardened
width.
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Fig. 1-Geometry
where k l =
R,,(P)
(3)
X J l ( X n P )
Jo(X,b)
and
N,-l
(5)
(b"2)J1'(X,,b).
I'o(Xna)
J o ( L a ) Y ~ ( L P ) ](6)
of
Jo(Xna.) J'O(Xn6)
(7)
Yo(Ana)Jo(Xnb)
and
The condition E,
20)
is met with
11. INTEGRAL
EQUATION
exp (2jKlzo)
(10)
The geometry of the slotted coaxial and cylindrical
B,
exp
k I 2201.
cavities is shown in Fig.1. The subsequent development
The amplitudes A
, are related to the excitation field
will be carried out for both cavity types. For an exp
Multiplying
0), as
time variation of the symmetrical fields the mag- of the cavity E,(p, 0)
is given b y
[ 6 ] computed from (9), with R n ( p ) p d p and integrating from
netic field in the cavity H,-(p,
a to 6(a 0, for a cylindrical cavity) gives
Ao
H+-(p, z )
(eiklz
B0-j~1~)
A.R,(p)
-jml
&(p)Rn(p)p&
7l=l
A,,
l:
[exp (\An2
K12
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Z)
B n exp
e24AIa-k12
4/xn2
K12
196.2
For
0, H,-(p,
673
of (1) becomes
where B o , -4,>
and B, are given by ( l o ) , (12) and
respectivel!.. --lo and R,,are given b!- (2) and (3)for
cylindricalcavitiesand
by (13) and ( 6 ) for coaxial
cavities.
The fields excited by an aperture in a n infinite conducting plane may be determined from the distribution
of thetangentialelectric
fields in theaperture.
annular aperture is assumed to be excited b,, a radial electric field
which exhibits no
variations. The resultant magnetic field which has only a component is
givenfor a n exp (jut) timevariation of the fields by
121, [41, [51 a s
1 "
&(P)
C amprn,
(20)
m=O
HQ'(p,
where
-1
esp
k?
]J1([p)J1([p')ld(
(17)
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result in
P,
Yo
Hol log ( P B / P ~ )
PI)
bl
Hol(pe
log
cy,
:I7,Yo(h,a)
(33)
a11
Pq
RJo(h,a)
(34)
(42)
PI)
as
it
X I m
or from (37) as
After defining
2blHo1
Hoo
Y1
bl(m
( 3 5 ) may be rearranged into
rv
CO
BOO 2
2rjwelao2
bnHon
,,=l
4-
bnbmHnm.
(37)
n = l m=l
l2
CTLINDRICXLCAVITY
The admittance with a cylindrical cavity will be calculated only for the zero order approximation
of the
field distribution across the slot (bn=O). Eq. (41) may
be rewritten as
i t follows t h a t
lL=l
b1Ell
m 1 3
bnHon
dV
bnbtnHnm]-
db,
m= 1
y+
[log
and the admittance reflected by the cavity is
The symbols
N, and f~(x,>
are defined b y (22), (5)
and
respectively.
Y+ of
is easily related to the principal mode adI t is seen that (39) represents an infinite set of non- mittance seen by a coaxial line that radiates in a half
linear equations for determiningbm. Approximate values space.Comparison of
with
of Levine and
of the coefficients b, maybeobtainedbyassuming
Papas
shows t h a t
b, 0 for m
and g, 0 for
Q. High JI and Q
values will result in more accurate expressions for b,.
Because of thealgebraiceffortassociatedwiththe
evaluation of b, and H,,, coefficients, X will berestrictedto
1 althoughhigher Q values will beconPlJ
sidered in the examples.
The simplest solution is obtained by assuming that where Y ( 0 ) ; Y 0 ] C denotes the normalized admittance
all the coefficients b, 0. In this particular case (35) and of the coaxial line [2] and where the asterisk denotes the
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675
(49)
where
Substituting (5) and (23) in (49) and approximating
log
by
gives
Fig. 2-Slot
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susceptanre \vith
c>.lintirical cavity.
6'76
I
=b
IC!
OA06
Iz$A
Gs
B .max
2B.3
l 2 log
0.006
(kPd3
(2%)
P1
3E,
COAXIAL
CAVITP
IO
b h
OF
Fig.9->1dmittanreratio
Fig. 8-Slot
G/IB
Coaxialcavity.
at
u
0
mi
k
u
3
Fig. ll--\.ariation
500
G
B
20
log (b;a)
(54)
Bind
lmax
AY=
Y1-
x?
(55)
2 ? r
where
2(kpp)
Pl
(56)
Thecorrectiontotheadmittance
AY may beexpected to be small for narrow slots since it depends on
the square of
Considering
20,
b/a= 2 and b / X = 5 , ( 5 5 ) and (56) result in A II
(7.3
mhowhich is negligible with respect
to Yol 5
mho.
cavityantenna
of thesame
volume.
In the antenna of a small size the susceptance B is
capacitive with a cylindrical cavity and inductive with
a coaxialcavity. Thecylindricalcavityexhibitsthe
larger G;B ratio, which is still smaller than
GIB,,, of
a top loaded vertical electric dipole antenna
of comparable volume.
VI.
AACKNOWLEDGMENT
Theauthorsappreciatetheaid
of P. Kimball, E.
Larsen and Mrs. J. Van Horninthecomputerprogramming and numerical computations.
REFERENCES
V. DISCVSSIOX
A . Conclusions
The admittance of Y=G+jB of annularslotswas
calculated for cylindrical and coaxial back-up cavities.
The antenna self-resonance
-Bind or B 0 ) for a
givenratio of G/B,,, can be achievedwith a smaller
cavity volume
in
the coaxial geometq-.The
selfresonant antennas exhibit about the same G:Bca,, ratio
as slots backed by
deep cavities, unless the cavity
resonates for a cavity depth
<X,!30.
further decrease of thecavitydepthdeteriorates
GjB,,, ratio.
Dielectric cavityloadingdecreasesthe
G,:B,,, ratio,
although it decreases the cavity volumewhich is required for achieving self-resonance.
The radiusof the cylindrical cavity may be decreased
t o a point where all the cavity modes are below cutoff
and reflect a capacity in the slot plane. The resulting
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