Exercise 1 (Sound and Sources of Sound): For a one-dimensional problem the

perfect gas equation and the momentum equation given below can be simplified as
follows:

Linearise these two equations.

Utilizando o mtodo da pertubao para linearizar as equaes do gs perfeito e
da quantidade de movimento, obtemos:

p p0 p '

0 '
u u0 u '
p0 0 u0
p' '
Temos que
,
e so constantes no tempo e no espao. Assumindo que ,
e
u'
so pequenos, podemos negiglenciar os termos de segunda ordem. Substituindo na
equao do gs perfeito:
dp0 dp '
u
u
u '
u '

p0 0 p0
p' 0 p'
0
dt
dt
x
x
x
x
dp '
u '
p0
0
dt
x

(1)

Substituindo na equao da quantidade de movimento:

du
du
du '
du ' p0 p '
0 0 0
' 0 '

0
dt
dt
dt
dt
x
x

du ' p '

0
dt
x

(2)

Exercise 2 (Sound and Sources of Sound): 11Equation Section (Next)Someone tries

to estimate the distance to a storm by measuring the time delay T=7s between
lightning and thunder. The wind is blowing at an average speed of 100km/h.
Calculate the distance when
a) the effect of the wind is neglected,
b) the thunder is propagating against the wind,
c) the thunder is propagating with the wind.
Para uma atmosfera padro ao nivel do mar:

T 25C 1.4 R 287 J / kg.K c 346m / s

,
e
,

a) Neglignciando a influncia do vento:

s c * t 346 * 7
s 2422m
b) Os troves esto propagando contra o vento:
v = 100 / 3,6 =27.8

s (c v ) * t (346 27.8) * 7
s 2227 m
a) Os troves esto se propagando com o vento:
v = 100 / 3,6 =27.8

s (c v ) * t (346 27.8) * 7
s 2617 m
Exercise 3 (Sound and Sources of Sound):22Equation Section (Next) Consider a
time-harmonic plane wave at 1kHz. Calculate the frequency perceived by an
observer moving with the flow:
a) the wave is propagating upstream with M = 0:25,M = 0:5,M = 0:75,
b) the wave is propagating downstream with M = 0:25,M = 0:5,M = 0:75
Equao da onda harmnica :
cf

Assumindo

constante e dependendo da direo do fluxo, temos:

cv
f'

c cv

f
f'
f ' f 1 M
Assim,
Para a onda se propagando na direo contrria ao fluxo,
Para M = 0.25
'

f =1000(1+ 0.25)=1250 Hz
Para M = 0.5
f ' =1000(1+ 0.5)=1500 Hz
Para M = 0.75
'

f =1000(1+ 0.75)=1750 Hz
Para a onda se propagando na direo do fluxo,
Para M = 0.25
f ' =1000(10.25)=750 Hz

Para M = 0.5

f ' =1000(10.5)=500 Hz
Para M = 0.75
f ' =1000(10.75)=250 Hz

Exercise 4 (Sound and Sources of Sound):33Equation Section (Next)44Equation

Section (Next) Describe the Lighthill Theory of Aerodynamic Sound (physics and
equations).
The sound generated by turbulence is usually called aerodynamic sound, which
is a very small byproduct of the motion of unsteady flows of high Reynolds number.
The source of aerodynamic sound was given the exact form by Lighthill. Lighthill
exactly transformed the set of fundamental equations, Navier-Stokes and continuity

equations, to an inhomogeneous wave equation whose inhomogeneous term plays the

role of the source:
2Tij

2 2

0
0

xi x j
t

where the tensor

Tij

(1)

is called Lighthills tensor and is defined by

Tij vi v j p p0 c02 0 ij ij

Here,

c0

(2)

denotes the speed of sound in a stationary acoustic medium,

pressure with the average

p0

the air density with the average

, and

the air

ij

the

viscous stress tensor. It is considered that the sound wave is generated by the
quadrupole source distribution in turbulence given by the inhomogeneous term in RHS
of Equation 1 and propagates like that in the stationary acoustic medium, even though
turbulence exists. This interpretation is called Lighthills acoustic analogy.
ij
Since the dissipation by
can be ignored for a high Reynolds number and
adiabaticity is well held as

p p0 c02 0 0
then the first term of Equation 2,

vi v j

(3)

, becomes the major term of the source. Further,

particle velocities of the sound are usually sufficiently small compared with those of the
real flow and so the source term is well approximated by that obtained from

incompressible fluid with

and

divV 0

2Tij
xi x j

: 0

. Then, the sound source is given by

2 vi v j
xi x j

0 sij2 wij2

1 2
v
2

0 div xV 0 2

where

sij

and

wij

are respectively given by

(4)

1 v j vi
sij

2 xi x j

wij

1 v j vi

2 xi x j

(5)

(6)

For two dimensional(2D) fluid, it is further reduced into

2Tij
xi x j

v1 v2 v2 v1

x1 x2 x1 x2

: 2 0

(7)

In calculation of Lighthills source for 3D and 2D models, we will use the above
formulae later. For exactly incompressible fluid, an analogue to Lighthills equation is
written by a Poisson equation
2 p 0

2 vi v j
xi x j

(8)

As the analogy to the static electric field, a static pressure field is created by the
source term in RHS corresponding to the main term of Lighthills quadrupole source,
but the propagation speed of pressure distortion is infinite due to incompressibility. For
compressible fluid, the pressure distortion propagates at a finite speed, then the term
1 2 p
c02 t 2

should be added to LHS of Equation 8 and Lighthills Equation 1 with the

approximations Equation 3 and Equation 4 is obtained again. Since the compressible

portion of a dynamical variable is extremely small compared with its incompressible
portion, then Lighthills equation Equation 1 may be well approximated in turbulence
by Equation 8.

Exercise 5 (Sound and Sources of Sound):55Equation Section (Next) Write down

the equations for the farfield pressure radiated by:
a) Monople source

p r , , t i

Q ck i t kr
e
4 r

(1)

b) Dipole source
Q ck 2 d
p r , , t i
cos ei t kr
4 r

(2)

c) Quadrupole source

Figure 1 (a) Lateral quadrupole and (b) longitudinal quadrupole

Lateral

p r , , t

Q ck 2
4k dD cos sin
4 r

Longitudinal

p r , , t

Where

is the fluid density,

Q ck 2
4k dD cos 2
4 r

is the speed of sound,

distance from source to observation point, and

pole as shown in figure 1.

and

is the wave number,

is the

are the distances between each

is a constant, termed the complex source strength and

represents the volume of fluid displaced by the source at the rate:

rr
Qeit u .ndS
where

r
u

is the velocity at some point on the surface of the source. For a pulsating

sphere the source strength is real, and equals the product of surface area and surface

Q 4 a U 0
2

velocity:

. The pressure amplitude

Q ck

4 r

does not depend on angle; the

pressure produced by a monopole is the same at all points a distance r from the source.