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2009
14 th Week
2008 - 2009
Dynamics
Dynamics is that branch of mechanics which deals with the motion of particles , lines and bodies.
So , the dynamics is divided into two parts :
1 Kinematics : which deals with the motion of the bodies without consideration of the forces
required to produce the motion including the position , speed , velocity , acceleration etc .
2 Kinetics : which deals with the motion of the bodies with consideration of the forces required to
produce the motion .
Definition of Motion :
motion, the change of position of one body with respect to another. The rate of change is the speed
speed: change in distance with respect to time. Speed is a scalar rather than a vector quantity; i.e., the
speed of a body tells one how fast the body is moving but not the direction of the motion.
the velocity : change in displacement with respect to time. Displacement is the vector counterpart of
distance, having both magnitude and direction. Velocity is therefore also a vector quantity. The
magnitude of velocity is known as the speed of a body.
Types of Motion:
Uniform motion is motion at a constant speed in a straight line. Uniform motion can be described by
a few simple equations. The distance ( S ) covered by a body moving with velocity ( V ) during a time
( t ) is given by S =V.t , If the velocity is changing, either in direction or magnitude, it is called
Accelerated motion .
Acceleration, change in the velocity of a body with respect to time. Since velocity is a vector quantity,
involving both magnitude and direction, acceleration is also a vector. In order to produce an
acceleration, a force must be applied to the body.
Uniformly accelerated motion is motion during which the acceleration remains constant. The average
velocity during this time is one half the sum of the initial and final velocities. If ( a ) is the
acceleration, ( Vo ) the original velocity, and ( Vf ) the final velocity, then the final velocity is given by
Vf =Vo + at .
The distance covered during this time is S = Vo . t + . at2.
In the simplest circular motion the speed is constant but the direction of motion is changing
continuously. The acceleration causing this change, known as centripetal acceleration because it is
always directed toward the center of the circular path, is given by a = V2/ r, where ( V ) is the speed
and ( r ) is the radius of the circle.
Velocity (V )
ds
dt
dv d 2 s
acceleration(a)
dt dt 2
unit : m/sec
unit : m/sec2
[1]
O
(O is the reference point)
2008 - 2009
Example ( 1 ) :
The position ( S ) of a body moving along a horizontal strait line is given by the equation :
( S = 6t2 - 4 ) , where ( S ) in ( m ) , ( t ) in ( sec ) , the body is in ( 4 m ) to the right of the origin
when t = 0 . Determine :
a the displacement of the body during the time interval from t = 2 sec to t = 4 sec .
b the velocity and acceleration of the body when t = 4 sec .
Solution :
a - S1 = 6 t2 4 = 6 ( 2 ) 2 4 = 20 m ,
S2 = 6 t2 4 = 6 ( 4 ) 2 4 = 92 m
q = S2 S1 = 92 20 = 72 m .
b- V
ds
= 12 t = 12 * 4 = 48 m / sec
dt
dv
= 12 m / sec 2 .
dt
Example ( 2 ) :
3
A body moves on a straight line according to the equation : S = 4 t + 2 t 2 2 t + 5 , where (s) is
displacement , ( t ) is the time interval , Find out displacement , velocity , and acceleration when
t = 3 sec .
Solution :
3
S = 4 t + 2 t2 2 t + 5
3
2
1- The displacement at t= 3 sec : S = 4 ( 3 ) + 2 ( 3 ) - 2 ( 3 ) + 5 = 125 m
ds
2
= 12 t + 4 t - 2
dt
The velocity when t = 3 sec : V = 12 ( 3 ) 2 + 4 ( 3 ) 2 = 118 m / sec
2- The velocity at any instant : V
dv d 2 S
a
dt dt 2
= 24 t + 4
Example ( 3 ) :
The rectilinear motion of a body is given by the equation ( S = V 2 - 9 ) , When ( S ) is in ( m ) and
( V ) in ( m / sec ) , Determine : the acceleration of the body ?
Solution :
S V 2 9 .......
V
dS
dt
ds
dV
2 V
0
dt
dt
dV
V 1
a
....... V 2 V . a a
m / sec2
dt
2V 2
Example ( 4 ) :
The motion of a particle is defined by the relation x = t 2 10 t + 30 , where ( x ) is expressed in
meters and( t ) in seconds , Determine
a- -The time when velocity is zero
b- -The position and the total distance traveled when t = 8 seconds
[2]
2008 - 2009
Solution :
x t 2 10t 30
dx
2t 10
dt
2t 10 0 2t 10 t 5 sec onds
v
a-
x t 2 10t 30
82 10 * 8 30 14 m
Example ( 5 ) :
A line rotates in a vertical plane according to the law t 2 t 2 , where ( ) gives the
angular position of the line in radians , (t) is the time in seconds, The line is turning clockwise when
t =1 sec , Determine
A- The angular acceleration when t = 3 sec .
B- The value of (t) when the angular velocity is zero
C- the total angle turned through during the time t=1 sec to t=3 sec.
Solution :
3
t3 2t2 2
d
3 t 2 4t
dt
d
6 t 4 at any instant
dt
The angular accelerati on when t 3 sec :
6 3 4 14 rad/sec
3t 2 4t
3t 2 4t 0 t 3t 4 0
3t 4 0 3t 4 t 4 1.3 sec
3
1 at t 1 sec
1 1 3 2 1 2 2 3 rad
2 at t 1 sec
2 3 3 2 3 2 2 7 rad
Q 2 1 7 3 10 rad
[3]
14 th Week
2008 - 2009
Example ( 6 ) :
The rectilinear motion of the a body is given by the equation ( S = r . sin wt ) , if ( r ) and ( w ) are
constants , Show that the acceleration is equal to ( a = - w 2 . S ) ?
Solution :
S = r . sin wt
ds
= r . cos wt . w = r . w . cos wt
dt
dv
= r . w . ( - sin wt . w ) = - w2 . r . sin wt = - w2 . S
dt
Example ( 7 ) :
A circular body rotates according to the equation ( S = 2 t
give an angular acceleration of ( 4 rad / sec ) ?
Solution :
2
S=2t 4t
V = dS / dt = 4 t 4
a = dV / dt = 4
a=r.
r = 1 m
4=r*4
[4]
15 , 16 , 17 th Week
2008 - 2009
S Vo . t
1 2
at
2
.. ( 1 )
t=0
Vf
ds
VO a t
dt
. ( 2 )
Vf 2 VO 2 2 a S
Vf VO
a
( 3 )
These three are equations of motion at constant acceleration.
The following table explain the three equations of motion with constant acceleration according to the
type of a motion :
Vertical motion
Rectilinear motion
( horizontal motion )
V f V o gt
V f V o at
1
S Vo .t
Upward motion
a t2
h Vo . t
Vf
Vo 2 2 a S
Downward motion
h Vo . t
Vf
V f V o gt
g t2
Vo 2 2 g h
Circular motion
( Angular motion )
g t2
Vo 2 2 g h
.t
o. t 1 t 2
Vf
o 2 2
( rad / sec 2 )
S=r.
,
Example ( 8 ) :
A body is fall down from ( 5 m ) high , In what time does reach the earth ?
Solution :
Vf 2 Vo 2 2 g h = 0 2 * 10 * 5 = 100 = 10 m / sec
V f V o gt
10 = 0 + 10 * t .......................
t = 1 sec
[5]
15 , 16 , 17 th Week
2008 - 2009
Example ( 9 ) :
A stone is thrown vertically into the air from a tower
( 100 m ) high , at the same instant that a second stone is
thrown upward from the ground . The initial velocity of the
first stone is ( 50 m / sec) and that of the second stone is
( 75 m / sec ) , When and Where will the two stones be at the
same height from the ground ?
Solution :
S Vo .t
a t2
h 1 = 50 * t - * 10 * t = 50 t - 5 t ( 1 )
2
2
h 2 = 75 * t - * 10 * t = 75 t - 5 t ( 2 )
2
h 1 = - 50 t 5 t
2
h 2 = + 75 t - 5 t
------------------------------- adding
h 2 - h 1 = 25 t
Then , h 2 - h 1 = 100 m
100 = 25 t t = 4 sec
2
h 1 = 50 * 4 5 ( 4 ) = 200 80 = - 120 m
2
h 2 = 75 * 4 5 ( 4 ) = 300 80 = 220 m
Example ( 10 ) :
A stone is thrown vertically upward returns to the earth during (5 sec) , How high does it go?
Solution :
2
1
. g .t
2
2
2
h 1 = 0.5 * 10 * t1 = 5 t1
2
t1 - 5t12 = 0
50 t
= 125
h = * 10 * ( 2.5 ) = 31.25 m
[6]
= 2.5 sec
2008 - 2009
Example ( 11 ) :
A vehicle starts motion from rest , then accelerated uniformly until its velocity reaches 20 m/sec after
30 sec . Find :
a. The acceleration of vehicle
b. The displacement of the vehicle during the period
c. The displacement of the vehicle during the last seconds from its motion
Solution
a-
Vo 0 , Vf 20 m/ sec
Vf Vo at
t 30 sec
20 0 a*30
a 0.6 m/ sec 2
b-
1
1
x Vo.t a.t 2 0 * 0.6( 30 )2 270 m
2
2
c-
Example ( 12 ) :
A body moving according to the relation x = 20 + 4 t2
a- Determine the displacement of the body during the interval t1 = 2 sec and t2 = 5 sec
b- Find average velocity during this interval
c- Find the velocity at t= 2 sec
[7]
15 , 16 , 17 th Week
2008 - 2009
Solution :
a-
x 20 4t 2
x1 20 4(2) 2 20 4 * 4 36 m
x2 20 4(5) 2 20 100 120 m
x x2 x1 120 36 84 m
b-
v
c-
x2 x1 120 36 84
28 m/sec
t 2 t1
52
3
dx d 20 4t 2
v
dt
dt
0 8t
0 8* 2 16 m/ sec
Example ( 13 ) :
A body moving with constant acceleration 4 m/sec2 , the position of the body is x = 5 m at t = 0 with
initial velocity 3 m/sec .
a- Determine the position and the velocity after 2 sec
b- Where the body maybe in position when its velocity 5 m/sec
Solution :
a-
1
x x0 Vo.t a.t 2
2
1
2
5 3 * 2 * 4 * 2 19 m
2
Vf Vo a.t
3 4 * 2 11 m / sec
b-
Vf 2 Vo 2 2a x x0
52 32 2 * 4 x 5
25 9 8 x 5
x
56
7m
8
[8]
15 , 16 , 17 th Week
2008 - 2009
Example ( 14 ) :
A stone is dropped down a well ( ) , and ( 5 sec ) later , the sound of splash is heard , if the
velocity of the sound is ( 332 m / sec ) , what the depth of the well ?
Solution :
h
t
h v . t 332 t ( 1 )
. ( ) ( t )
1
h V o . t g t 2 = 0 * t + * 10 * ( 5 t ) 2
2
2
1
+ ( 5 sec )
1
h = * 10 ( 5 t ) 2 = 5 ( 25 10 t + t 2 ) = 125 50 t + 5 t 2
2
.. ( 2 )
: ( 2 ) ( 1 )
332 t = 125 50 t + 5 t 2
5 t 2 282 t + 125 = 0
282 227
2 *5
10
t = 55.95 sec : ( t ) ( + )
( t = 0.44 sec ) , , ( 5 sec )
h = 332 * 0.44 = 148.3 m
: ( h )
t
Example ( 15 ) :
A car with ( 90 Km / hr ) velocity is suddenly stopped by breaks , Find the time interval to stop the
car after ( 50 m ) distance ?
Solution :
1000 900
Km
90 *
25 m / sec
60 * 60 36
hr
Vf 2 Vo 2 2as
V 90
( 25 ) = 0 + 2 * a * 50 .
S Vo . t
2
m / sec
1
. a . t2
2
50 = 0 * t + * 6.25 t
50 = 3.125 t
..
t = 16 .
t = 4 sec
Example ( 16 ) :
A sphere weighs ( 49 N ) , Joined with a wire and rotated in a horizontal plane , if the length of wire
is ( 1 m ) with ( 30 r . p . m ) , Find the tension in the wire ?
Solution :
2
rad / sec
60
W
49
T * 2 * r * ( )2 *1 48.3N
g
10
30 *
[9]
2008 - 2009
Example ( 17 ) :
The 10 m rod in fig. moves with its ends in contact with ( x ) and
( y ) axes , the rod has an angular velocity of 5 rad / sec
clockwise , and an angular acceleration of 8 rad / sec2
counterclockwise . Determine the velocity of ( G ) when the rod is
in this position . ( = 60 )
Solution :
X = 6 cos
Y = 4 sin
dx d 6 cos 6d cos
d cos
d
d
6
6 sin *
6 sin
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
6.w. sin 6 * 5 sin 60 26 m / sec
Vx
Vy
dy d 4 sin
d sin
d
4
4 cos
4.w. cos 4 * 5 * cos 60 10 m / sec
dt
dt
dt
dt
V Vx 2 Vy 2
262 102
27.9 m / sec
Example ( 18 ) :
A point moves along the curve y2 = 16 x ( x and y in meters ) in such a manner that the y coordinate
of its position at any time is y = t2 - 4t , where t is in seconds , Determine the velocity of the point
when t = 5 sec .
Solution :
,
y 2 16 x , y t 2 4t , 16 x t 2 4t
1
8
16
1
1
x t4 t3 t2 t4 t3 t2
16
16
16
16
2
1
dx 1
V
* 4t 3 * 3t 2 2t
2
dt 16
1
3
V t 3 t 2 2t the velocity at any ins tan t
4
2
Then, the velocity at t 5 sec
1 3 3 2
V 5 5 2 * 3 78.75 m / sec
4
2
[10]
16 x t 4 8t 3 16t 2
2008 - 2009
FAB = F BA
Example ( 19 ) :
What forces act on a 2 kg tin of chocolates on a table? If an Engineering student decides to test the
strength of the tin and pushes down on the lid with a force of 40N, what changes will occur in the
forces acting on the box of chocolates?
Solution :
The reaction force R increases to 138 N , The weight of the box of chocolates remains the same.
Example ( 20 ) :
Determine the weight of the body (A) to give the body (B) of ( 20 N ) weight a downward acceleration
of 0.5 m/sec2 ?
Solution :
For the body (A) : F = m . a
T 1 WA WA * a1
10
10T 1 10WA WA * a1 ........ (1)
For the body (B) : F = m . a
20
* a2
10
20 T 2 2 * a 2
20 T 2
20 T 2 2 * 0.5
20 T 2 1 20 1 T 2 T 2 19 N
[11]
15 , 16 , 17 th Week
Example ( 21 ) :
Determine the acceleration of each block , and the tension in the cord , if
the fixed drum is smooth ?
Solution :
For the first block (10 N ) weight :
F= m.a
10
.a
10
T 10 a ....... ( 1 )
T 10
40
.a
10
40 T 4 a ....... ( 2 )
40 T
Example ( 22 ) :
Block ( A) weighs ( 8 N ) , Block ( B) weighs ( 16 N ) , The
horizontal slot is smooth , the length of the slot is ( 7.2 m ) ,
Determine :
a the tension in the cord .
b the acceleration of each block .
c the required time for the block ( B ) to complete its motion
along the slot . ( g = 10 m / sec2 )
Solution :
a For the block ( A ) : F = m . a
T8= 8 .a
10
10 T 80 = 8 . a ------- ( 1 )
[12]
2008 - 2009
15 , 16 , 17 th Week
From ( 2 ) :
2008 - 2009
500 40 T
-------- ( 3 )
80
500 40 T
10 T 80 = 8
80
Subst. ( 3 ) in ( 1 ) :
b- Subst. In ( 3 ) :
S Vo . t 2 a
cS= the length of slot
1
7.2 = 0 * t + ( 1.6 ) t
..
T = 9.2 N
500 40 * 9.2
1.6 m / sec 2
80
2
t = 3 sec
Example ( 23 ) :
Determine the weight of the body ( A) to give the block ( 100 N )
an acceleration of ( 0.5 m / sec2 ) , = 0.1 ?
60
Solution :
For the block ( 100 N ) :
Ff = . N = 0.1 * 100 cos 60 = 5 N
F=m.a
T 100 sin 60 - Ff = ( 100 / 10 ) . a
T 91.6 = 10 . a
T 91.6 = 10 . * 0.5
T = 96.6 N
For the block ( A ) :
F=m.a
WA T = (WA / 10 ) . a
WA 96.6 = (WA / 10 ) * 0.5
10 WA - 960.6 = 0.5 * WA
10 WA - 0.5 WA = 960.6
9.5 WA = 960.6
WA = 960.6 / 9.5 = 193.2 N
[13]
15 , 16 , 17 th Week
2008 - 2009
Example ( 24 ) :
A man wants to slide the homogeneous ( 100 N ) box shown in fig
. across the floor by pushing on it with the force ( P ) , the
coefficient of friction between the box and the floor is ( 0.2 ) .
Determine the force ( P ) to give the box an acceleration of
( 8 m / sec2 ) ?
Solution :
Fy = 0
N 100 = 0
Ff = . N = 0.2 * 100 = 20 N
F=m.a
P - Ff = ( 100 / 10 ) * 8
P 20 = 10 * 8
P = 80 + 20 = 100 N
N = 100
Problems :
1- A particle moves along a plane curve having the parametric equations x = 2t , y = 2t2 4 , where
the rectangular coordinates x and y are measured in m and t is the time in seconds. Determine :
(a) the displacement of the particle during the time interval from t = 0 to t = 2 sec;
(b) the velocity of the particle when t = 2 sec .
2- A point moves along the curve y2 = 36x ( x and y in m ) in such a manner that the y coordinate of
its position at any time is y=6t2 . Determine the acceleration of the point when
t =2 sec .
3- The velocity of a point moving in the xy plane is given by the equations Vx = 4t 1 and Vx =2. If
the point is at ( 3 , 4 ) measured in m , when t =1 sec , Determine the equation of the path in terms
of x and y .
4- Block A in Fig . weighs 20 N and the
coefficient of friction between A and the plane
is 0.30 . The initial velocity of A is 5.0 m/sec
to the right, and during the next 3 sec the
block is displaced 30 m to the right. Determine
the weight of block B.
5- In Fig. , the 20 N A is connected by a cord to the 12 N block B . The coefficient of friction between
A and the plane is 0.20 , and that between B and the plane is 0.30 . The blocks are moving to the
right with an acceleration of 6.00 m/sec2 to the right . Determine the force P .
[14]
2008 - 2009
F .V
t
P= t
ENERGY
The ability to do the work . Divided into two parts :
1 Potential Energy ( P.E ) : The energy which stored in or loosed from the body .
P.E = W . h = m . g . h
W : the weight of the body , h : the high of the body
2 Kinetic Energy (K.E ) : The ability of the body to do the work due to its velocity .
K.E = . m . V 2
m= mass of the body , V = velocity
Example ( 1 ) :
A body of ( 50 N ) weight , falls down from ( 500 m ) height , Show that the potential energy is
changing to kinetic energy ?
Solution :
P.E = m.g.h = 50 X 10 X 500 = 250 000 J
V f 2 = 2 . g . h = 2 X 10 X 50 = 10 000
K.E = . m . V f 2 = X 50 X 10 000 = 250 000 J
YES , the potential energy is changing to kinetic energy .
Example ( 2 ) :
Find the work done by a body of ( 5 N ) weight which is fallen down from ( 10 m ) height ?
Solution :
Work done = P.E = m . g . h = ( 5/10) X 10 X 10 = 50 J
Example ( 3 ) :
Determine the total energy of ( 10 tones ) airplane mass when it is flying with ( 15 m/sec ) and of
( 2500 m ) high?
Solution :
P.E = m . g . h = 10 X 1000 X 10 X 2500 = 250 000 000 J
K.E = . m . V f 2 = X 10 000 X ( 15 ) 2 = 1125000 J
E T = P.E + K.E = 250 000 000 + 1125 000 = 26125 000 J
Problem:
Each of the three balls has a mass mand is welded to rigid angular frame of
negligible mass. The assembly rests on a smooth horizontal surface. If
a force F is applied to one bar as shown, determine (a) the acceleration of
the point O and the (b) the angular acceleration of the frame.
[15]