Reinforced Concrete Design I

L t
Lecture 2

Flexural Analysis of Beams

Lecture 2 P١ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Flexural Analysis of Beams

LL

 A relatively
l ti l long
l beam
b is
i assumed d (so
( shear
h has
h littl
little
effect). If load w varies from zero to until the beam fails,
th b
the beam will ill have
h th
three stages:
t
1.Uncrackedconcrete stage
2.Concrete cracked –Elastic Stress range
3.Beam failure –Ultimate Strength stage

Lecture 2 P٢ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Flexural Analysis of Beams
 1.
1 Uncracked Concrete Stage
Beam behaves like a solid rectangular beam made completely of
concrete.
concrete

Lecture 2 P٣ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Flexural Analysis of Beams
 2.
2 Concrete Cracked –Elastic
Elastic Stress Range

Cracking Moment

Neutral Axis (N.A.)

moves upward

Lecture 2 P٤ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Flexural Analysis of Beams
 3.
3 Beam Failure –Ultimate
Ultimate Strength Stage

Lecture 10 P٥ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Flexural Analysis of Beams
 Cracking Moment
The area of reinforcing is a very small percentage of the total cross
sectional area (usually less than 2%) and their effects are negligible
when the beam is uncracked.
My
The Flexure Formula:  
I
f I
Solving: M cr  r g
yt

fr = modulus of rupture, the stress at which concrete fails in tension

Ig = gross momentt off inertia
i ti
yt = distance from centroidal axis of section

f r  2 f c' ACI 9.5.2.3

λ = modification factor for lightweight concrete

= 1 for normal weight concrete
Lecture 10 P٦ Eng. Malek Abuwarda
 Flexural Analysis of Beams
 Example:
Determine the cracking moment for the section if fc’ = 280kg/cm2

Lecture 10 P٧ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Flexural Analysis of Beams
 Elastic Stress –Concrete
Concrete Cracked
Perfect bonding between the concrete and the steel is assumed. The
strain between the steel at the same distance from the N.A.
N A will be
the same. Because they each have different modulus of elasticity,
they will have different stresses.
Es
Modular ration: n 
Ec

If n= 10,
10 the stress in the steel will be 10 times the
stress of concrete at the same distance from the N.A.,
i e the stress in 1 in2of steel is the same as 10 in2of
i.e.,
concrete.

Lecture 10 P٨ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Flexural Analysis of Beams
 To determine stresses in cracked beams,
beams first the location of
the N.A. must be determined.

Transformed Area

Lecture 10 P٩ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Flexural Analysis of Beams
 Example
Compute the flexural stresses for the section and load given.

Lecture 10 P١٠ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Flexural Analysis of Beams
 Ultimate or Nominal Flexural Moments
Assuming the steel yields before the concrete crushes:

Lecture 10 P١١ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Flexural Analysis of Beams
 To obtain the nominal strength of a beam:
1-Compute total tensile force T  As f y
2 Equate total compression force C  0.85
2- t A s f y and solve
0 85f c'abb to
for a.
3- Calculate the distance between the centers of gravity of T and C. C
(For a rectangular section it equals d – a/2.)
4- Determine Mn, which equals T or C times the distance between
4
their centers of gravity.

Lecture 10 P١٢ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Flexural Analysis of Beams
 Example
Determine the nominal moment capacity Mn. Take fy = 4200 kg/cm2
and ff’cc = 300 kg/cm2.

Lecture 10 P١٣ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Flexural Analysis of Beams

Lecture 10 P١٤ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Flexural Analysis of Beams
 Example
Determine the nominal moment capacity Mn. Take fy = 4200 kg/cm2
and ff’c = 300 kg/cm2.

Lecture 10 P١٥ Eng. Malek Abuwarda

 Flexural Analysis of Beams

Lecture 10 P١٦ Eng. Malek Abuwarda