Practical.

Q1.Explain with neat sketch threading on lathe.

Fig. shows the setup of thread cutting on a lathe. Thread of any pitch, shape and
size can be cut on a lathe using single point cutting tool. Thread cutting is operation of
producing a helical groove on spindle shape such as V, square or power threads on a
cylindrical
surface. The job is held in between centres or in a chuck and the cutting tool is held on
tool
post. The cutting tool must travel a distance equal to the pitch (in mm) as the work piece
completes a revolution. The definite relative rotary and linear motion between job and
cutting
tool is achieved by locking or engaging a carriage motion with lead screw and nut
mechanism
and fixing a gear ratio between head stock spindle and lead screw. To make or cut
threads,
the cutting tool is brought to the start of job and a small depth of cut is given to cutting
tool using cross slide.

Q2.Explain with neat sketch various operations on lathe.

LATHE OPERATIONS
For performing the various machining operations in a lathe, the job is being supported
and driven by anyone of the following methods.
1. Job is held and driven by chuck with the other end supported on the tail stock centre.
2. Job is held between centers and driven by carriers and catch plates.
3. Job is held on a mandrel, which is supported between centers and driven by carriers
and catch plates.
4. Job is held and driven by a chuck or a faceplate or an angle plate.

The above methods for holding the job can be classified under two headings namely job
held between centers and job held by a chuck or any other fixture. The various important
lathe operations are depicted through Fig. 21.8 (a), (b) and (c). The operations performed
in
a lathe can be understood by three major categories.

Practical 4
Q1.What operations can be done on a drilling machine? Discuss them with diagrams.

1. Drilling 2. Reaming
3. Boring 4. Counter boring
5. Countersinking 6. Spot facing
7. Tapping 8. Lapping
9. Grinding 10. Trepanning.
The operations that are commonly performed on drilling machines are drilling, reaming,
lapping, boring, counter-boring, counter-sinking, spot facing, and tapping.
Q2. Define the following terms used in drilling operation.(i) Cutting speed (ii) Feed

CUTTING SPEED

The cutting speed in a drilling operation refers to the peripheral speed of a point on the
surface of the drill in contact with the work. It is usually expressed in meters/min. The
cutting speed (Cs) may be calculated as:
Cs = ((22/7) D N)/1000
Where, D is the diameter of the drill in mm and
N is the rpm of the drill spindle.

FEED

The feed of a drill is the distance the drill moves into the job at each revolution of the

spindle. It is expressed in millimeter. The feed may also be expressed as feed per minute.
The
feed per minute may be defined as the axial distance moved by the drill into the work
per
minute. The feed per minute may be calculated as:
F = Fr N
Where, F = Feed per minute in mm.
Fr = Feed per revolution in mm.
N = R.P.M. of the drill.

Practical no 5
Q1. Using neat sketches, describe the various operations that can be carried on shaping machines.

A shaper is a machine tool primarily designed to generate a flat surface by a single point
cutting tool. Besides this, it may also be used to perform many other operations. The
different
operations, which a shaper can perform, are as follows:
1. Machining horizontal surface
2. Machining vertical surface
3. Machining angular surface
4. Slot cutting
5. Key ways cutting
6. Machining irregular surface
7. Machining splines and cutting gears

Q2. Draw a neat labled sketch of a vertical shaper.

Practical no 6
Q1.Classify the milling machines

1. Column and knee type milling machines

(a) Hand milling machine
(b) Horizontal milling machine (Fig. 24.5)
(c) Universal milling machine
(d) Vertical milling machine
2. Planer milling machine
3. Fixed-bed type milling machine
(a) Simplex milling machine.
(b) Duplex milling machine.
(c) Triplex milling machine.
4. Machining center machines
5. Special types of milling machines
(a) Rotary table milling machine.
(b) Planetary milling machine.
(c) Profiling machine.
(d) Duplicating machine.
(e) Pantograph milling machine.
(f) Continuous milling machine.
(g) Drum milling machine
(h) Profiling and tracer controlled milling machine.
Q2.With a neat sketch show the various operation on milling machine.

Practical no 7
Q1. Draw the labelled sketch of a cylindrical grinding machine

Q2. Describe the grinding operations.

The common grinding operations are
(a) Cylindrical grinding: This operation is carried out on a cylindrical grinding
machine which
is made in two varieties plain and the universal type. The fundamental design is
the same in both

cases, but the universal machine can be adopted for internal grinding operation as
well.
In cylindrical grinding operation, the work is mounted between two centres and is
rotated. A
grinding wheel is mounted on a spindle and revolves at much higher r.p.m. than the
work. The work
centres are mounted on a table which can traverse at various feeds so that the
entire length of the work
passes to and fro in front of the wheel. The depth of cut is very small, about 0.015
mm. When the entire
length of work has passed infront of the wheel, the wheel advances forward by
another 0.015 mm at the
end of the traverse and so the cycle of machining goes on, until the desired daimeter
of the work piece
is reached. The result is a long cylinder of perfectly circular profile with very fine
surface finish.
(b) Internal grinding: Internal grinding operation means, grinding of internal holes
or bores.
The principle of internal grinding.
Internal grinding is designed to grind the surface of bores; whether plain or tapered
with the help
of a small grinding wheel mounted on a long slender spindle which can enter in the
bore. It is capable of
giving improved geometry of the hole as well as the surface finish. This operation is
performed on
specially designed internal grinding machines. For internal grinding, a softer wheel is
generally preferred.
(c) Surface grinding: A flat surface can be ground in many ways with a grinding
wheel. Some
possible configurations are illustrated in Fig. 5.4.
Recently surface grinding has emerged as a very important operation. Flat surfaces
may be
ground either by using the periphery of a disc wheel or by grinding with the end of a
cup-shaped wheel.
These methods can be further sub classified according to the method of feeding the
work to the wheel.
The method of using disc wheels entails the use of a horizontal spindle grinding
machine. The cup
wheels may be used in conjunction with either a horizontal or vertical spindle
machine.