Wikipedia - Sciatica (CHECKED)

Sciatica - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Sciatica
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sciatica (/satk/), also

known as sciatic neuritis,
sciatic neuralgia, or lumbar
radiculopathy, is when pain
is felt going down the leg
from the back.[1] This pain
may go down the back,
outside, or front of the leg.
Typically, symptoms are only
on one side of the body.
Certain causes; however, may
result in pain on both sides.
Lower back pain is sometimes
but not always present.
Weakness or numbness may
occur in various parts of the
Sciatica
Left buttock, showing surface markings for arteries and sciatic nerve
Specialty
Orthopedics, neurology
leg and foot.[2]
ICD-10
About 90% of the time sciatic

is due to a spinal disc
herniation pressing on one of
the lumbar or sacral nerve
M54.3
(http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2015/en#/M54.3)-M54.4
(http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2015/en#/M54.4)
ICD-9
724.3 (http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=724.3)
MedlinePlus 000686 (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000686.htm)
eMedicine emerg/303 (http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic303.htm)

roots.[3] Other problems that
may result in sciatic include
MeSH
D012585 (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2009/MB_cgi?
spondylolisthesis, spinal
field=uid&term=D012585)
stenosis, piriformis syndrome,
pelvic tumors, and compression by a baby's head during pregnancy. The straight-leg-raising test is often helpful
in diagnosis. The test is positive if, when the leg is raised while a person is lying on their back, pain shoots
below the knee.[2] In most cases medical imaging is not needed. Exceptions to this are when bowel or bladder
function is affected, there is significant loss of feeling or weakness, symptoms are long standing, or there is a
concern of a tumor or infection.[4] Conditions that may present similarly are diseases of the hip and early herpes
zoster before the rash appears.[2]
Treatment initially is typically with pain medications.[4] It is generally recommended that people continue with
activites to the best of their abilities.[2] Often all that is required is time and in about 90% of people the problem
goes away in less than six weeks. If the pain is severe and last for more than six weeks then surgery may be an
option.[4] While surgery often speed pain improvement long term benefits are unclear.[2] Surgery may be
required if complications occur such as bowel or bladder problems.[4] Many treatments such as steroids,
gabapentin, acupuncture, and spinal manipulation have poor evidence for their use.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciatica
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Depending on how it is defined, 2% to 40% of people have sciatica at some point in time.[3] It is most common
during peoples 40s and 50s and men are more frequently affected than women.[2][4] The condition has been
known since ancient times.[2] The first known use of the word sciatica dates from 1451.[5]
Contents
1 Definition
2 Cause
2.1 Spinal disc herniation
2.2 Spinal stenosis
2.3 Piriformis syndrome
2.4 Pregnancy
2.5 Other
3 Pathophysiology
4 Diagnosis
5 Management
5.1 Medication
5.2 Surgery
5.3 Alternative medicine
6 Epidemiology
7 References
Definition
The term sciatica describes a symptom rather than a specific disease. Some use it to mean any pain starting in
the lower back and going down the leg. Others use the term more specifically to mean a nerve dysfunction
caused by compression of one or more lumbar or sacral nerve roots from a spinal disc herniation. Pain typically
occurs in the distribution of a dermatome and goes below the knee to the foot. It may be associated with
neurological dysfunction, such as weakness.[3] The pain is characteristically of shooting type, quickly traveling
along the course of the nerve.[6]
Cause
Spinal disc herniation
Spinal disc herniation pressing on one of the lumbar or sacral nerve roots is the primary cause of sciatica, being
present in about 90% of cases.[3]
Sciatica caused by pressure from a disc herniation and swelling of surrounding tissue can spontaneously subside
if the tear in the disc heals and the pulposus extrusion and inflammation cease.
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Spinal stenosis
Other compressive spinal causes include lumbar spinal stenosis, a condition in which the spinal canal (the
spaces the spinal cord runs through) narrows and compresses the spinal cord, cauda equina, or sciatic nerve
roots. This narrowing can be caused by bone spurs, spondylolisthesis, inflammation, or herniated disc, which
decreases available space for the spinal cord, thus pinching and irritating nerves from the spinal cord that travel
to the sciatic nerves.
Piriformis syndrome
Piriformis syndrome is a controversial condition that, depending on the analysis, varies from a "very rare" cause
to contributing to up to 8% of low back or buttock pain.[7] In 17% of the population, the sciatic nerve runs
through, or under the piriformis muscle rather than beneath it. When the muscle shortens or spasms due to
trauma or overuse, it's posited that this causes compression of the sciatic nerve.[7] It has colloquially been
referred to as "wallet sciatica" since a wallet carried in a rear hip pocket compresses the buttock muscles and
sciatic nerve when the bearer sits down. Piriformis syndrome cause sciatica when the nerve root is normal.[8][9]
Pregnancy
Sciatica may also occur during pregnancy as a result of the weight of the fetus pressing on the sciatic nerve
during sitting or during leg spasms. While most cases do not directly harm the fetus or the mother, indirect harm
may come from the numbing effect on the legs, which can cause loss of balance and falling. There is no
standard treatment for pregnancy induced sciatica.[10]
Other
Sciatica can also be caused by tumours impinging on the spinal cord or the nerve roots.[3] Severe back pain
extending to the hips and feet, loss of bladder or bowel control, or muscle weakness may result from spinal
tumours or cauda equina syndrome. Trauma to the spine, such as from a car accident, may also lead to sciatica.
Pathophysiology
Sciatica is generally caused by the compression of lumbar nerves L4, or L5 or sacral nerves S1, S2, or S3, or by
compression of the sciatic nerve itself. When sciatica is caused by compression of a dorsal nerve root (radix), it
is considered a lumbar radiculopathy (or radiculitis when accompanied with an inflammatory response). This
can occur as a result of a spinal disk bulge or spinal disc herniation (a herniated intervertebral disc), or from
roughening, enlarging, or misalignment (spondylolisthesis) of the vertebrae, or as a result of degenerated discs
that can reduce the diameter of the lateral foramen (natural hole) through which nerve roots exit the spine. The
intervertebral discs consist of an anulus fibrosus, which forms a ring surrounding the inner nucleus pulposus.
When there is a tear in the anulus fibrosus, the nucleus pulposus (pulp) may extrude through the tear and press
against spinal nerves within the spinal cord, cauda equina, or exiting nerve roots, causing inflammation,
numbness, or excruciating pain. Inflammation in the spinal canal can also spread to adjacent facet joints and
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cause lower back pain and/or referred pain in the posterior thigh(s). Pseudosciatic pain can also be caused by
compression of peripheral sections of the nerve, usually from soft tissue tension in the piriformis or related
muscles.
The spinal discs are composed of a tough spongiform ring of cartilage ("anulus fibrosus") with a more malleable
center ("nucleus pulposus"). The discs separate the vertebrae, thereby allowing room for the nerve roots to
properly exit through the spaces between the vertebrae. The discs cushion the spine from compressive forces,
but are weak to pressure applied during rotational movements. That is why a person who bends to one side, at a
bad angle to pick something up, may more likely herniate a spinal disc than a person jumping from a ladder and
landing on their feet.
Herniation of a disc occurs when the liquid center of the disc bulges outwards, tearing the external ring of
fibers, extrudes into the spinal canal, and compresses a nerve root against the lamina or pedicle of a vertebra,
thus causing sciatica. This extruded liquid from the "nucleus pulposus" may cause inflammation and swelling of
surrounding tissue, which may cause further compression of the nerve root in the confined space in the spinal
canal.
Diagnosis
Sciatica is typically diagnosed by physical examination, and the history
of the symptoms.[3] Generally if a person reports the typical radiating
pain in one leg as well as one or more neurological indications of nerve
root tension or neurological deficit, sciatica can be diagnosed.[11]
The most applied diagnostic test is the straight leg raise to produce
Lasgue's sign, which is considered positive if pain in the distribution of
the sciatic nerve is reproduced with between 30 and 70 degrees passive
flexion of the straight leg.[12] While this test is positive in about 90% of
people with sciatica, approximately 75% of people with a positive test
Straight Leg test sometimes used to

help diagnose a lumbar herniated disc
do not have sciatica.[3]

Imaging tests such as computerised tomography or magnetic resonance imaging can help with the diagnosis of
lumbar disc herniation.[13] The utility of MR neurography in the diagnoses of piriformis syndrome is
controversial.[7]
Management
When the cause of sciatica is lumbar disc herniation, most cases resolve spontaneously over weeks to
months.[14] Initially treatment in the first 68 weeks should be conservative.[3] There does not appear to be a
significant difference in outcomes between advice to stay active and recommendations of bed rest.[15] Similarly,
physical therapy (exercises) has not been found better than bed rest.[16]
Medication
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Although medicines are commonly prescribed for the treatment of sciatica, evidence for analgesics is poor.[17]
Specifically, NSAIDs do not appear to improve immediate pain and all NSAIDs appear about equivalent.[17]
Evidence is also lacking in use of opioids and muscle relaxants. In those with sciatica due to piriformis
syndrome, botulinum toxin injections may improve pain and or function.[18] There is little evidence for steroids,
either epidural or by pill.[19]
Surgery
Surgery for unilateral sciatica involves the removal of part of the disc, known as a discectomy. While it results
in short term benefits, long term benefits appear to be equivalent to conservative care.[3][20] Treatment of the
underlying cause of the compression is needed in cases of epidural abscess, epidural tumors, and cauda equina
syndrome.
Alternative medicine
Low to moderate quality evidence suggests that spinal manipulation is an effective treatment for acute
sciatica.[21][2] For chronic sciatica the evidence is poor.[21] Spinal manipulation has been found generally safe
for the treatment of disc-related pain; however, case reports have found an association with cauda equina
syndrome[22] and it is contraindicated when there are progressive neurological deficits.[23]
Epidemiology
Depending on how it is defined, 2% to 40% of people have sciatica at some point in time.[3] It is most common
during peoples 40s and 50s and men are more frequently affected than women.[2][4]
References
1. "Sciatica" (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024494/). Retrieved 2 July 2015.
2. Ropper, AH; Zafonte, RD (26 March 2015). "Sciatica.". The New England journal of medicine 372 (13): 12408.
PMID 25806916 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25806916).
3. Valat, JP; Genevay, S; Marty, M; Rozenberg, S; Koes, B (April 2010). "Sciatica.". Best practice & research. Clinical
rheumatology 24 (2): 24152. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2009.11.005 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.berh.2009.11.005).
4. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (October 9, 2014). "Slipped disk: Overview"
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072656/). Retrieved 2 July 2015.
5. Simpson, John (2009). Oxford English dictionary (2nd ed. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199563837.
6. Bhat, Sriram (2013). SRB's Manual of Surgery. p. 364. ISBN 9789350259443.
7. Miller TA, White KP, Ross DC (September 2012). "The diagnosis and management of Piriformis Syndrome: myths and
facts". Can J Neurol Sci 39 (5): 57783. PMID 22931697 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22931697).
8. Kirschner, Jonathan S.; Foye, Patrick M.; Cole, Jeffrey L. (2009). "Piriformis syndrome, diagnosis and treatment".
Muscle & Nerve 40 (1): 1018. doi:10.1002/mus.21318 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fmus.21318). PMID 19466717
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19466717).
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9. Lewis, A. M.; Layzer, R.; Engstrom, J. W.; Barbaro, N. M.; Chin, C. T. (2006). "Magnetic Resonance Neurography in
Extraspinal Sciatica". Archives of Neurology 63 (10): 14691472. doi:10.1001/archneur.63.10.1469
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Farchneur.63.10.1469). PMID 17030664
10. Sciatic nerve compression during pregnancy (http://www.americanpregnancy.org/pregnancyhealth/sciaticnervepain.html)
11. Koes, B W; Van Tulder, M W; Peul, W C (2007). "Diagnosis and treatment of sciatica"
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1895638). BMJ 334 (7607): 13131317.
doi:10.1136/bmj.39223.428495.BE (https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.39223.428495.BE). PMC 1895638
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1895638). PMID 17585160
12. Speed, C (May 8, 2004). "Low back pain." (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC406328). BMJ (Clinical
research ed.) 328 (7448): 111921. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7448.1119 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.328.7448.1119).
PMC 406328 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC406328). PMID 15130982
13. Gregory, DS; Seto, CK; Wortley, GC; Shugart, CM (2008). "Acute lumbar disk pain: navigating evaluation and treatment
choices" (http://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=18841731). American family physician 78 (7): 83542. PMID 18841731
14. Casey, E (February 2011). "Natural history of radiculopathy.". Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North
America 22 (1): 15. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2010.10.001 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pmr.2010.10.001).
15. Hagen, KB; Hilde, G; Jamtvedt, G; Winnem, M (Oct 18, 2004). "Bed rest for acute low-back pain and sciatica.".
Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (4): CD001254. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001254.pub2
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD001254.pub2). PMID 15495012
16. Luijsterburg, Pim A. J.; Verhagen, Arianne P.; Ostelo, Raymond W. J. G.; Os, Ton A. G.; Peul, Wilco C.; Koes, Bart W.
(2007). "Effectiveness of conservative treatments for the lumbosacral radicular syndrome: a systematic review"
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2219647). European Spine Journal 16 (7): 881899.
doi:10.1007/s00586-007-0367-1 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00586-007-0367-1). PMC 2219647
17. Pinto, RZ; Maher, CG; Ferreira, ML; Ferreira, PH; Hancock, M; Oliveira, VC; McLachlan, AJ; Koes, B (Feb 13, 2012).
"Drugs for relief of pain in patients with sciatica: systematic review and meta-analysis."
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278391). BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 344: e497.
doi:10.1136/bmj.e497 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.e497). PMC 3278391
18. Waseem, Z; Boulias, C; Gordon, A; Ismail, F; Sheean, G; Furlan, AD (Jan 19, 2011). "Botulinum toxin injections for
low-back pain and sciatica.". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (1): CD008257.
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008257.pub2 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD008257.pub2). PMID 21249702
19. Balagu, F.; Piguet, V.; Dudler, J. (2012). "Steroids for LBP - from rationale to inconvenient truth.". Swiss Med Wkly
142: w13566. doi:10.4414/smw.2012.13566 (https://dx.doi.org/10.4414%2Fsmw.2012.13566). PMID 22495738
20. Bruggeman, AJ; Decker, RC (February 2011). "Surgical treatment and outcomes of lumbar radiculopathy.". Physical
medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America 22 (1): 16177. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2010.10.002
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pmr.2010.10.002). PMID 21292152 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21292152).
21. Leininger, Brent; Bronfort, Gert; Evans, Roni; Reiter, Todd (2011). "Spinal Manipulation or Mobilization for
Radiculopathy: A Systematic Review". Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 22 (1): 105125.
doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2010.11.002 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pmr.2010.11.002). PMID 21292148
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22. Tamburrelli, FC; Genitiempo, M; Logroscino, CA (May 2011). "Cauda equina syndrome and spine manipulation: case
report and review of the literature." (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3087049). European spine
journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European
Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 20 Suppl 1: S12831. doi:10.1007/s00586-011-1745-2
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00586-011-1745-2). PMC 3087049
23. WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic. "2.1 Absolute contraindications to spinal manipulative
therapy", p. 21. (http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/Chiro-Guidelines.pdf) WHO
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Sciatica - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sciatica (/satk/), also

leg and foot.[2]

About 90% of the time sciatic

MedlinePlus 000686 (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000686.htm)

eMedicine emerg/303 (http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic303.htm)

Sciatica - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sciatica - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sciatica - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Straight Leg test sometimes used to

do not have sciatica.[3]

Sciatica - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sciatica - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sciatica - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sciatica&oldid=671463331"

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