ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ
ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ
–
2007
ﺃﺻﺑﺣﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺩﺍﻣﺔ ﻫﺩﻓﺎﹰ ﺗﺳﻌﻰ ﺇﻟﯾﻪ ﺍﻟﺑﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻟﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺿﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل ،ﻭﺃﺻﺑﺢ
ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﯾﻁ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺿﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻣﻠﯾﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻹﯾﺟﺎﺑﯾﺔ ،ﺣﯾﺙ ﻟﻡ ﺗﻌﺩ ﻓﻛﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ
ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻣﺭﻏﻭﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻅل ﺗﺟﺎﺭﺏ
ﺧﺎﺿﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﯾﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺩﻯ ﻋﻘﻭﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻥ ﺛﺑﺕ ﻓﺷﻠﻬﺎ
ﺇﻣﺎ ﻟﺗﻌﺎﺭﺿﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻁﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻁﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ
ﺇﻥ ﺃﻫﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻣﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻫﺗﻣﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﯾﺔ ،ﺫﻟﻙ
ﺍﻻﻫﺗﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻋﻁﺗﻪ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺔ ﺑﻌﺩﺍﹰ ﺗﻘﺎﻧﯾﺎﹰ ﻓﺄﺻﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ
ﯾﻌﻁﻲ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺻﺩﻗﯾﺔ ﻭﻭﺍﻗﻌﯾﺔ ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﯾﺢ ﻟﻠﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺩﯾﻡ ﻧﻔﺳﻪ ﺑﻘﻭﺓ ﻛﻌﻧﺻﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ
ﻓﺭﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻣل ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﯾﻁ ﻟﺗﻁﻭﯾﺭﻩ ...
ﺗﻌﺩ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻠﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﻌﻠﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻭﺛﯾﻕ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﯾﻁ
ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ،ﻏﯾﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻧﺎﺀ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻟﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﯾﻧﻪ ﻭﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻟﯾﺱ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻬل ،
ﻓﺗﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺛﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺩﻗﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻧﺳﺟﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﯾﺱ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻛل ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﯾﺣﺗﺎﺝ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻬﻭﺩ ﻭﺇﻣﻛﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺳﺧﺭ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ.
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﺣﺗﻠﺕ ﻓﯾﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﯾﺔ ﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺟﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻭﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺷﺗﻰ ﻭﺟﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﻧﺷﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻧﻲ ،ﻭﻟﻡ ﯾﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﺭﺍﻑ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑ ـﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻭﺿ ـﻭﻉ ﻧﻘ ـﺎﺵ ،
ﻭﺃﺻﺑﺣﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ،ﺇﻣﺎ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺗﻭﻓﯾﺭﻩ ،ﺃﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺗﻧﻅﯾﻣﻪ ،ﺃﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠ ـﻭﺏ
ﻫﺿﻣﻪ ﻭﺍﻹﻓﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻧﻪ .ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻧﺧﺭﻁﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻋﻣﻭﻣﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺭﻛﺔ ﺇﺛﺑﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻺﻓﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺛﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻭﺗﺟﻠﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺧ ـﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﺣ ـﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﯾﻘ ـﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺗﯾﺣﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﺭﺹ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺧﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﯾﺭﺓ ﺗﻣﺛﻠﺕ ﺑﺗﻘﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻋﻥ
ﺑﻌﺩ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﯾﺑﻪ ﻏﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻭﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺗ ـﻲ ﻭﻓ ـﺭﺕ
ﺍﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﺄﺷﻛﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻭﻣﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺻﻔﯾﺔ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺑﺭﻣﺟﯾﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺑﯾﺔ
ﺿﺧﻣﺔ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻣل ﺗﻧﻭﻋﺎﹰ ﻭﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺻﺩﻗﯾﺔ .ﻏﯾ ـﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺳ ـﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣ ـل ﺑ ـﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣ ـﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺗﻭﺣﺔ ﻣﻧﺫ ﻋﻘﻭﺩ ﯾﺗﺳﺎﺑﻕ ﻓﯾﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﯾﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺧﺻﺻﯾﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔ ـﺔ )
ﺍﻟﺟﯾﻭﻟﻭﺟﯾﺎ ،ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺎ ،ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ،ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﺣﯾﺎﺀ ،ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩ ،ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻉ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﯾ ـﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺩﻧﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎﺭﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ ﻭﻏﯾﺭﻫﺎ ( ﻻﺣﺗﻼل ﺣﯾﺯ ﻣﻥ ﻋﻣل ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﺻل ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻛﺎﻥ .ﻭﻟﻛل
ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺣﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻧﺎﻭل ﻋﻧﺎﺻﺭ ﺗﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﺣﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺣل ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺋل ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻪ .ﻏﯾﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ
ﺗﺗﻣﺛل ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﺎﺑﻘﯾﻥ ﻻ ﯾﻘﻔﻭﻥ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺧﻁ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺩﺍﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺑﺎﻕ ،ﻭﻻ ﯾﻌﺗﺭﻑ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﻡ ﻟﺑﻌﺽ ﺑﺄﻥ
ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺄﻟﺔ ﻟﯾﺳﺕ ﺳﺑﺎﻗﺎﹰ ﯾﻛﺳﺏ ﻓﯾﻪ ﻣﻥ ﯾﺻل ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ،ﺃﻭ ﻣﻥ ﯾﻧﻁﻠﻕ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ،ﺑل ﺇﻥ ﺍﻹﯾﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺩﻭﺭ
ﺍﻵﺧﺭﯾﻥ ﯾﻌﺩ ﺿﺭﻭﺭﯾﺎﹰ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟل ﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﻠﻭل ﺳﻠﯾﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺎﺋل ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺭﻭﺣﺔ .
ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺑﺗﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻭﺭﯾﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺣﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﯾﻘﻲ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﯾﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ ،ﻭﺗﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﯾﻥ
ﺍﻟﻬﻭﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﯾﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾل ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻱ ،ﻭﻻ ﯾﺗﻣﯾﺯ
ﻣﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﯾﻥ ﺑﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﺑﯾﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﻟﻣﯾﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﯾﺑﻪ ،ﻛﻣﺎ ﻻ ﯾﺗﻣﺗﻌﻭﻥ
ﺑﺗﺄﻫﯾل ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺋل ﺍﻟﺭﯾﺎﺿﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﯾﺯﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﺛﯾﺭﺍﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺣﺩﺩ ﻁﺭﯾﻘﺔ ﻭﻁﺑﯾﻌﺔ
ﻋﻣل ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﻧﻁﻠﻕ ﻣﻌﻅﻣﻬﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺄﻫﯾل ﺃﺩﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺑل ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﯾﺔ ﺑﺣﻛ ـﻡ
ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺑﻭل ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﻏﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﯾﺧﺹ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺔ ،ﻛل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺿﻌﻑ ﺍﻟ ـﺩﺧﻭل ﺇﻟ ـﻰ
ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﯾﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﯾﺔ ﻭﻣﻧﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﻟﻣﯾﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻛﺗﻔﻲ ﺑﺄﺧﺫ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﻣل ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺧﺻﺻﯾﻥ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﯾﻘﯾﺔ ﺑل ﺗﺳﻌﻰ ﻟﻔﻬﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﯾﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻣﺎل ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﯾﻘﯾ ـﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﯾﺩﺍﻧﯾ ـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺧﺑﺭﯾ ـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻛل ﺑﺣﺙ ﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ .ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﺿﻊ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻐ ـﺭﺍﻓﯾﯾﻥ ﺃﻗ ـﺩﺭ ﻣ ـﻥ
ﺳﻭﺍﻫﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺣﻠﯾل ﺍﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﯾﺎﻕ ﺍﻧﺗﻣﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻧﻅﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ) ﺃﻗﺎﻟﯾﻡ ( ﻭﻓﻬﻡ
ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺷﻌﺑﺔ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﻧﺭﯾﺩﻩ ﻛﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﯾﻥ ،ﻟﯾﺱ ﺇﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺣﻘﯾ ـﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻟﻭﯾ ـﺔ ﻓ ـﻲ ﺗﻧ ـﺎﻭل
ﻋﻧﺎﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺗﻬﺎ ،ﺑل ﺿﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﯾﻛﻭﻥ ﻟﻧﺎ ﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺗﻧﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺭﯾﻥ ،ﺿﻣﻥ ﻓ ـﺭﻕ ﻋﻣ ـل
ﺗﻛﻣﱢل ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻋﺗﺭﺍﻑ ﺑﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑل ﺍﻵﺧﺭﯾﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺫﯾﻥ ﯾﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﻡ ﻋﻣ ـل ﺍﻟﺟﻐ ـﺭﺍﻓﯾﯾﻥ .
ﻭﻧﺩﺭﻙ ﺃﯾﺿﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻧﻔﺳﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﯾﻥ ﺗﺣﺳﯾﻥ ﺻﻭﺭﺗﻬﻡ ،ﻣﻥ ﺧ ـﻼل ﺭﻓ ـﻊ ﺳ ـﻭﯾﺔ
ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩﻫﻡ ﻭﺗﻣﻛﻧﻬﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﯾﺛﺔ .ﻭﯾﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﯾﻘﺔ ﻗﺑ ـﻭل ﻁﻠﺑ ـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺎ ،ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺭﯾﺳﯾﺔ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﯾﺟﯾﻥ .ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﺗ ـﺿﺣﯾﺔ
ﻭﺟﻬﺩﺍ ﻛﺑﯾﺭﯾﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻗﻧﺎﻉ ﺃﺻﺣﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻛﻛ ـل ﻓ ـﻲ ﺗﻐﯾﯾ ـﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﻅ ـﺭﺓ ﺇﻟ ـﻰ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾ ـﺎ
ﻭﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﯾﻥ ،ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻛﯾﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺛﺑﺕ ﺻﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻁ ـﺭﻭﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻟ ـﺏ،
ﻭﻟﻌل ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﯾﻛﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﯾﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺔ ﻭﺿﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﻭﻟﻭﺟﯾﺎ ﻟﯾﺷﻛﻼ ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺟﺩﯾﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﺳ ـﻡ ﻛﻠﯾ ـﺔ
ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﯾﻌﺩ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺗﺣﻭل ﺇﯾﺟﺎﺑﻲ ﯾﺟﺏ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﯾﺎﻡ ﺑﻧﻘﻠﺔ ﻧﻭﻋﯾﺔ ﻓ ـﻲ ﻣﺗﻁﻠﺑ ـﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻠ ـﯾﻡ
ﻭﻟﻌل ﺍﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺭﻭﺡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻘ ـﻭل ﺃﻧﻬ ـﺎ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻙ ﺍﻷﻋﻅﻡ ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻧﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﻭﻧﻬﺞ ﺑﺣﺙ ﺗﺳﺗﻁﯾﻊ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺧﺻﺻﯾﻥ
ﻓﯾﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻣل ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻛﺎﻣل ﺑﻬﺎ ﯾﻔﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﺿﺎﻣﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺧﺻﺻﯾﻥ ﻣﺛﻠﻣﺎ ﯾﻔﺭﺽ
ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ ،ﺣﯾﺙ ﯾﺷﻛل ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔ ـﺔ ﻣﻧﻅﻭﻣ ـﺎﺕ
ﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ) ﺃﻗﺎﻟﯾﻡ ( ﺫﺍﺕ ﺷﺧﺻﯾﺔ ﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺗﻛﺎﻣل ﻓﯾﻬﺎ ﺑﻌ ـﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻ ـﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧ ـﺔ ﺑﺣﻛ ـﻡ
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﯾﻧﻬﺎ ،ﻓﺗﺗﺷﻛل ﻣﻧﻅﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﺭﻯ ﺗﺧﺹ ﻋﻠﻣﺎﹰ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺎﹰ ﺑﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﺩﺍﺧل ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺑﺭ
ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﯾﻭﻟﻭﺟﯾﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺑﺎﺗﯾﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﯾﻭﺍﻧﯾﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻛﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻧﺿﻭﻱ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻭﻣ ـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻯ ،ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺄﺧﺫ ﻛل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ ﻣﻥ ﺣﯾ ـﺙ ﺧﺻﺎﺋ ـﺻﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾ ـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻣﯾ ـﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﯾﺔ ﻭﺗﻐﯾﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ.ﻋﻠﻣﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺧﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﯾ ـﺷﻛل ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻭﻣ ـﺔ ،
ﻭﺗﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎل ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ،ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻬ ـﻲ ﻣﻌﻧﯾ ـﺔ
ﺑﺷﺩﺓ ﻷﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺷﺭﯾﻛﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﯾﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺩﺍﻣﺔ.
ﻭﺍﻧﻁﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺎ ﻭﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺔ ﻛﻣﻧﻬﺎﺝ ﺑﺣﺙ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﻣﺢ
ﺑﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﯾﺏ ﺑﺣﺛﯾﺔ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾل ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﯾﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾ ـﺔ ﻭﻛ ـﺄﺩﻭﺍﺕ
ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻛﻠﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺩﺍﻣﺔ ﺃﺻﺑﺢ ﺿﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﻌﯾﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺷﻛﯾﻙ،
ﻓﺎﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺩﺍﻣﺔ ﯾﻣﻛﻥ ﻓﻬﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺗﻐﻼل ﻋﻠﻣﻲ ﻣﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻟﻠﻣ ـﻭﺍﺭﺩ
ﺍﻟﻁﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﯾﺔ ،ﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﻭﺇﯾﺟﺎﺑﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل.
ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺩﺍﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﻗﺑل ﻛل ﺷﻲﺀ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﻧﺯﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑل ﺗﺟﺩﯾﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻧﻭﯾﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺩﻭﯾﺭ ﻣﺎ
ﯾﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺩﻭﯾﺭﻩ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﺭﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﻭﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﯾﺎﺓ ﻛﺭﯾﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﯾﺎل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ.
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.1ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﯾﺔ :ﻁﺭﺣﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﯾﺔ ﻓﻛﺭﺓ ﺗﺣﺩﯾﺙ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﯾﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﺳﯾﺔ ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ
ﺭﻗﻣﯾﺔ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺔ ،ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﻛﯾﺭ ﺑﺗﻘ ـﺩﯾﻡ ﻧﻣ ـﺎﺫﺝ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔ ـﺔ
ﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺔ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺳﻭﺭﯾﺔ ﻟﺑﻧﺎﺀ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﯾ ـﺔ
ﻟﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﺃﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﯾﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻛل ﻣﻥ ﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺩﻣﺷﻕ ﻭﺭﯾﻔﻬ ـﺎ ،ﺑﺣﯾ ـﺙ ﯾ ـﺗﻡ
ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﻧﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﺳ ـﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭﻩ ،ﻭﻓ ـﻲ ﻫ ـﺫﺍ
ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻣﺩﯾﻧﺔ ﺩﻣﺷﻕ ﺗﻡ ﺇﺩﺧﺎل ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻟﻣﺩﯾﻧﺔ ﺩﻣ ـﺷﻕ ﻭﺇﺭﺟﺎﻋ ـﻪ
ﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺎﹰ ﻭﺗﺭﻗﯾﻣﻪ ﺑﺣﯾﺙ ﺗﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﯾﻪ ﻛل ﺍﻟﺷﻭﺍﺭﻉ ،ﻭﺗﻡ ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺷﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﻓﻲ
ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﺳﺏ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﺍﻫﺎ ) ﺷﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﺧﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﺭﺋﯾ ـﺳﺔ ،ﺷ ـﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺭﺋﯾ ـﺳﺔ
ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ،ﺷﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﻓﺭﻋﯾﺔ ،ﺟﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﺯﻗﺔ (.ﻛﻣﺎ ﺃﺩﺧﻠﺕ ﻣﺳﻣﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﻭﺍﺭﻉ .ﺛ ـﻡ
ﺃﺩﺧﻠﺕ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﺑﺩﻗﺔ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﯾﺎﻡ ﺑﺟﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﯾﺩﺍﻧﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ
ﺗﺣﺩﯾﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ) ( GPSﻭﺗﻡ ﺗﺩﻗﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺭﺑﻁ ﺑﯾﻥ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣ ـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁ ـﻁ
ﺃﺩﺧﻠﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻔﻬﺎ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﯾﺔ ﻭﺣﺳﺏ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ
ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻡ ) ﺣﻛﻭﻣﻲ ﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺩﻣﺷﻕ ،ﺣﻛﻭﻣﻲ ﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻧﯾﻁﺭﺓ ،ﺧﺎﺹ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻟ ـﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﻟﻛل ﻣﺩﺭﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺩﺓ ،ﻛﻣﺎ ﺃﺩﺧﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﯾﺎﺀ
ﺗﻡ ﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻛﻧ ـﺔ ﻭﻓ ـﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺗﻬ ـﺎ
ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﯾﺎﺀ ﺛﻡ ﺣﻠﻠﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﯾﺩ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺧ ـﺩﻣﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﯾﻧﺔ ﺑﻛﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﯾﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻭﺿ ـﻌﺕ
ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻭﺍﺣﻲ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺗﺿﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺃﺭﺟﻌﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﯾﻁﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ
ﺗﻡ ﺗﺭﻗﯾﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﯾﺔ ) ﻣﺩﻥ ،ﺑﻠﺩﺍﺕ ،ﻗﺭﻯ ،ﻣ ـﺯﺍﺭﻉ ( ﻋﻠ ـﻰ ﺧﺭﯾﻁ ـﺔ
ﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﺩﯾﺩ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﺣﺳﺏ ﻋﺎﺋﺩﯾﺗﻬﺎ ) ﺣﻛﻭﻣﯾﺔ ،ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐ ـﻭﺙ(
ﻭﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﯾﺔ ) ﺗﻌﻠﯾﻡ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ – ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﻰ ،ﺣﻠﻘ ـﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﯾ ـﺔ ،ﺗﻌﻠ ـﯾﻡ
ﺃﻧﺗﺟﺕ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻅﻬﺭ ﺗﻭﺯﻉ ﻭﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﯾ ـﺔ
ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﺍﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺧﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻅﻣﻬ ـﺎ ﻣ ـﻥ
.2ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺗﯾﺔ :ﺩﺭﺳﺕ ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺗﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺩﯾﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺣﯾﺑﺔ ﺑﺭﯾﻑ ﺩﻣ ـﺷﻕ
ﻛﻣﺎ ﺩﺭﺳﺕ ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻛﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺩﯾﻧﺔ ﻁﺭﻁﻭﺱ ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻠﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘ ـﺭﻯ
ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ
.3ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻐﻼﻟﻬﺎ :ﺗﺩﺭﺱ ﺣﺎﻟﯾﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋ ـﻲ
.4ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﯾﺔ ﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺩﻣﺷﻕ ﻭﺗﻘﺳﯾﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﯾﺔ :ﯾﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ
ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺩﻣﺷﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﯾﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻔﺭﺯﻫﺎ ﻛﻭﻧﻬ ـﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺑ ـﺭ ﻋ ـﻥ
ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺩﯾﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺿﻭﺍﺣﯾﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺃﺻﺑﺣﺕ ﺟﺯﺀﺍﹰ ﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺎﹰ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﯾﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺣﯾﺙ
:
ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﯾﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﯾﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻧﺎﺀ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻭﺑﻧﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺗﻬ ـﺎ
ﻭﺍﻹﻓﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻣل ﺑﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺔ ،ﻭﺿﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﺷﻐﺎل ﻫ ـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟ ـﺩﻭﺭ
ﺑﺟﺩﺍﺭﺓ .
ﺗﺷﺟﯾﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﯾﺎل ﺍﻟﺟﺩﯾﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﯾﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳ ـﺗﯾﻌﺎﺏ ﺃﻧﻅﻣ ـﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣ ـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾ ـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﯾﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣل ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻹﺷﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻧﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ
ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﯾﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﺩﺧﺎل ﻣﻧﺎﻫﺞ ﻭﺗﻛﻧﻭﻟﻭﺟﯾﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﻘﻭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﯾﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﯾﻥ ،ﻟﯾﺗﻣﻛﻧﻭﺍ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﻭﻅﯾﻔﺗﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺳﺭﯾﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﻭﺭ .
1999 1
450 2000 2
3
2000 –
4
2003
5
60 1418
6
1990 1410
7
2000
2000 8
– 9
560 1998 1419
10
2000
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