Protection
Harold Fischer
Robinson Sales, Inc.
SEL Representative
March 25, 2014
Introduction to Protection
Objectives
Generators
Transformers
Power Lines
Buses
Capacitor Banks
SY
Single Bus
Generator
Ring
Bus
GS
Transmission Line
Generator
Step Up
Transformer
Circuit
Breaker
Transformer
Sub-Transmission
Bulk Power
Substation
Distribution
Line
SZ
Capacitor
Distribution
Substation
Wholesale
Customer
Zones of Protection
Detect Faults
Short circuits
Overloads, unbalances, low voltage or
frequency
Components of a Protection
System
Voltage
Transformers
Relay
DC Supply
Communications
Channel
Protective Relays
Circuit Breakers
Communication Channels
DC Supply System
Control Cables
Instrument Transformers
CT Current Transformer
Current scaling
Isolation from primary voltage
VT Voltage Transformer
Voltage scaling
Isolation from primary voltage
Correct Operation
Incorrect Operation
Failure to trip
False tripping
Measures of Reliability
Measures of Performance
Simplicity
Economics
Protection costs
Equipment costs
Outage costs
General Relationships
Higher selectivity allows higher speed
Dependability is generally
proportional to sensitivity and speed
21 Distance Relay
87 Differential Relay
Overcurrent Relays
Two types
Instantaneous (ANSI Code 50)
Inverse Time (ANSI Code 51)
T
Inverse
Time
Definite
Time
IPU
Application of OC Relays
Overload protection
Overcurrent Application
Overcurrent Application
Overcurrent Application
Overcurrent Application
Rating
Poor
Poor
Depends
Best
Best
ANSI Code 67
Two criteria
Determine that current is flowing
in a particular direction
Detect current above normal and
trip
More selective
We need a reference
Called a polarizing quantity
Rating
Depends
Good
Good
Moderate
Higher
Distance Relays
ANSI Code 21
Determines:
Not only the direction of the fault
But, also how far away it is
M1
Bus B
Zone 1
(Instantaneous)
Zone 2
(15-30 cycle delay)
Zone 3
(> 30 cycle delay)
Bus C
Pilot Protection
Relay
Relay
XMTR
RCVR
RCVR
XMTR
XMTR = Transmitter
RCVR = Receiver
Pilot Protection
If each end of the line tells the
other if the fault is forward or
reverse, they can compare notes
and determine if the fault is inside
the protected zone
Rating
Good
Better
Better
Poor
Higher
Differential Relays
ANSI Code 87
Simple concept:
Measure current in vs. current out
If they are not equal, then trip
Internal
Fault
87
Differential Overcurrent
LV
800/1
2000/5
3
100/5
(REF)
IR
T
Relays
R
Communications
Channel
T
Relays
R
Rating
Best
Best
Best
Moderate
Depends
Summary
Dependability, security
Any Questions?