Class: Aug-25-2003
Agenda
History
Motivation to use the Sky
Spectrum Allocation
Satellite Systems Applications
System Elements
System Design Considerations
Current Developments and Future Trends
Satellite Communications
Lecture 1
1926 First liquid propellant rocket lauched by R.H. Goddard in the US.
Class: Aug-25-2003
1977 A plan for direct broadcast sattellites (DBS) assigned by the ITU
1960 First passive communication satellite (Large balloons, Echo I and II).
1963: First satellite into geostationary (GEO) orbit (Syncom 1, comms. failed).
1990-95:
- Proposals of non-geostationary (NGSO) systems for mobile communications.
- Continuing growth of VSATs around the world.
- Spectrum allocation for non-GEO systems.
- Continuing growth of DBS. DirectTV created.
1997:
- Launch of first batch of LEO for hand-held terminals (Iridium).
- Voice-service portables and paging-service pocket size mobile terminals
launched (Inmarsat).
1998-2000: Mobile LEO systems initiate service and fail afterwards (Iridium,
Globalstar).
7
750 km
high tower
36,000 km
MEO
5,000 15,000 km
LEO
500 -1000 km
Class: Aug-25-2003
Height
Period
LEO
MEO
10
GEO
11
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Class: Aug-25-2003
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25.0
Satellite
System
Orbital
Height (km)
15.0
INTELSAT
35,786.43
3.0747
23 56 4.091
10.0
ICO-Global
10,255
4.8954
5 55 48.4
1,469
7.1272
1 55 17.8
780
7.4624
1 40 27.0
Hours
20.0
Skybridge
5.0
Iridium
0.0
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Orbital
Velocity (km/s)
Orbital
Period
h min s
40000
Altitude [km]
15
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Class: Aug-25-2003
300.0
v (velocity)
250.0
F2
Delay [ms]
200.0
F1
(Gravitational
Force)
150.0
(Inertial-Centrifugal
Force)
100.0
50.0
0.0
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Altitude [km]
40000
17
18
- Antenna Sizes
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Microwave Frequencies
Spectrum Regulation
0.1
10
100
L S
1
MHz
SHF
C X Ku Ka V Q
10
fixed/mobile networks
22
VHF
HF
AM
Class: Aug-25-2003
Resonance frequencies
below 100GHz:
100
22.2GHz (H20)
53.5-65.2 GHz (Oxigen)
GHz
Water Vapor
Terrestrial Bands
Space Bands
Oxygen
Atmospheric attenuation effects for Space-to-Earth as a function of frequency (clear air conditions).
(a) Oxigen; (b) Water vapor. [Source: ITU 1988]
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Class: Aug-25-2003
Mobile services
Weather observation
Satellite Navigation:
Communications
Military surveillance
Weather
Atmospheric studies
Earth observation
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Class: Aug-25-2003
MEO
Less handoff
than with LEO
Less propagation
delay than with
GEO
GEOs
Greater delays
and propagation
losses than with
LEOs
elevations
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Space Segment
Satellite
Coverage Region
Earth
Stations
SCC
TT&C Ground Station
Ground Segment
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Class: Aug-25-2003
Ground Segment
Space Segment
Retirement Phase
Earth Station = Satellite Communication Station (air, ground or sea, fixed or mobile).
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Signals (1)
Basic Principles
Signals:
Satellite
Downlink
Earth
Station
Earth
Station
Tx
Source
Information
Output
Information
Rx
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Class: Aug-25-2003
Signals (2)
Sine waves
Carry no information
Sine wave frequency is the carrier (center) frequency of the
data
Polarization
V & H linear polarization
RH & LH circular polarizations
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Basic Principles:
System Block Diagram
Source
Data
from
User
f1 = User 1
f2 = User 2
f3 = User 3
Source
Coding
Channel
Coding
(Carrier)
Modulator
To Satellite
(Uplink)
HPA
Antenna
(Channel)
Source
Data
To
User
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Source
Decoder
Channel
Decoder
(Carrier)
Demodulator
From Satellite
(Downlink)
LNA
Antenna
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10
Basic Principles:
Satellites (Typical Transponder)
Antenna
(Uplink)
Receiver
(f1)
Frequency
Conversion
(f3)
Processing
Transmitter
(f2)
Class: Aug-25-2003
The Challenge
Antenna
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Current Trends
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Mobile services:
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