03 Urban Space English

Prof. Dr.
Josu Llull Pealba
Unit 3
URBAN SPACE
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)
CONTENTS
1. Urban landscape
2. The historical process of urbanization
3. Urban planning
1. URBAN LANDSCAPE
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays talking about Urban Revolution
51% urban population vs. 49% rural population all over the world
expanding growth in LEDCs
many regions with megacities, conurbations and other urban processes
social, economic and environmental problems
30% of the urban population living in marginalized slums or shanty towns
Evolution of the urban and the

rural population in the world
Comparative evolution of the urban population (percentages by region)
Source: http://www.grida.no/publications/other/geo3/?src=/geo/geo3/spanish/403.htm
URBAN GEOGRAPHY
CITY
it is an expression of the urban society where we are living

it is a geographical fact very important
it is an essential feature to understand the present time
Descriptive analysis: describing the elements of the urban landscape

Functional analysis: analyzing the functions of each area or element (a square)
analyzing the role of the city in its geographical area
(considering the city as a high order services supplier)
Internal perspective: studying the inner space of the city
External perspective: studying the city in relation to its geographical area

(How is the city organizing its surrounding area or even its
region? How is the city connected to other cities and villages?)
URBAN GEOGRAPHY
HISTORY
It deals with the

analysis of the
following aspects:
LOCATION
LAYOUT
CITY
POPULATION
PROBLEMS
FUNCTIONS
ARCHITECTURE
STRUCTURE
ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS
City: it is a kind of human settlement with some specific features such as the
following: high population density, artificial characteristics, multiculturalism and
economic activities mostly linked to industry and the tertiary sector.
Urban: it is an adjective that refers to every phenomenon concerned to the city as
a particular socio-cultural system with a number of implications.
Urban layout: it is also known as town planning or morphology. It is the shape
of the city as a result of its architectural design and its implementation in the
physical space. The urban layout is the consequence of how the buildings are
constructed and how the open spaces (streets, squares, parks) are organized
according to different patterns.
Urban structure: it is the division of the city into different parts or sectors taking
into account an internal system and a series of functions and land uses.
Access to an Urban Geography glossary in:
http://www.profes.net/rep_documentos/Propuestas_Bachillerato/BA%20Geograf%C3%ADa_urbana.PDF
CONCEPT OF CITY
It is very difficult to define what a city is.
Are some settlements large villages or rural towns?
There are some cities in LEDCs with a subsistence farming economy.
There are small places far away from the conurbations but very well connected
to them thanks to efficient means of transport (commuting).
Malabo, the capital

of Equatorial Guinea
(Source:
Jessica Weinberg)
Tomelloso, Castilla-La Mancha (Source: IGN)
According to Davis, a city is a community with a considerable size and a high

population density that houses a variety of specialized non-farming workers plus a
cultural and intellectual elite.
FROM RURAL TO URBAN

URBAN
SPACE
Industrial products &

high order services
Food & raw materials
RURAL
SPACE
Source:
Edelvives
10
CONCEPT OF URBAN
It is difficult to characterize a city according to statistics. There are other criteria:
RURAL
Settlement
versus
URBAN
Settlement
Contrasting criteria:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Population density
Centrality
Artificial morphology
Economic activities
Social heterogeneity
Multiculturalism
Urban way of life
Relationship with the environment
Capacity for innovation
11
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE URBAN SPACE

1. Population density
- A city is a nucleated settlement with a lot of inhabitants living together
- Minimum population for a city: France > 2,000 people; Spain > 10,000 people
- Minimum population density: India > 390 inhab./ km
2. Centrality
- A city brings together a number of services and activities
- It has a hierarchic position in the space arrival flows
3. Artificial morphology
- There are only a few of natural elements
- There are high buildings and large infrastructures
4. Economic activities
- Mostly related to industry and the tertiary sector
5. Social heterogeneity
- Population diversity
- Lack of social control, superficial relationships,
situations of marginalization
12
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE URBAN SPACE

6. Multiculturalism
- Cultural dynamism multiple services and activities (museums, theatres, etc.)
- Social and ethnic diversity immigration
- Ghettos where each group of people lives isolated; lack of social integration
WASP
Afroamerican
Chinese
Indian
Irish
Italian
Russian
Hispanos
Arabs
Subsaharians
Gypsies
Etc.
7. Urban way of life

- Speed, stress, rapid changes and experiences, multiplicity, etc.
8. Relationship with the environment
- Distance from nature
- City / countryside interchanges based on consumption activities
- Communication network with other settlements
9. Capacity for innovation
- A city generates and spread out scientific, technological and social advances
13
URBAN HERITAGE
The UNESCO defines urban heritage as follows:
A human settlement showing a particular relationship with its natural
environment.
A group of buildings made up by man with a singular town planning and
structure.
A collection of monuments, representative buildings and artistic works with
meaningful values (historic, aesthetic, socio-cultural, etc.).
Some buildings containing cultural properties to be conservated or exhibited.
A number of immaterial elements, deep meanings and sensorial experiences that
provide a special identity to the city.
Everything together is valuable because it is an important testimony of human
civilization and their evolution all along history.
14
The Jemaa el Fnaa square in Marrakesh was promoted as a World Heritage site in 1997 due to its
immaterial elements. Folk expressions, tales, dances, smells, spices, sounds and voices are
generated by the merchants and the people that is passing though the square everyday. The
UNESCO declaration is intended to value the most sensorial aspects of Marrakesh city with the
aim of keeping them safe and avoiding the threaten of industrial civilization.
15
Can you identify which cities these images belong to?

What kind of social and cultural values are related to them?
16
THE IMAGE OF A CITY

According to Geography of Perception and the
humanist Geography
The geographic landscape is the sum of the physical
qualities and the subjective image that its inhabitants
have, based on their opinions and feelings. This
conditions the social behaviors that are developed in
each place. Thus, the city is also a perceived space,
which grants new dimensions.
We can analyze it in an objective way, adjusting to its data and formal aspects: its
origin and historical evolution, its situation and location, its hierarchical position, its
urban structure, its architecture, its functions, its economic potential, its cultural
and leisure resources, etc. Or we can also analyze it in a cross-curricular way, taking
into account the set of perceptions that configure the poetic image of the city. For
instance, its perceived levels of life quality, its zoning criteria, its social problems,
the personality of its inhabitants, its touristic attractiveness and the image that
the city sells to the exterior.
17
THE IMAGE OF A CITY

Social &
economic
problems
Cultural
Factors
Objective
reality of
a city
INFORMATION
Simplified or
superficial
image of a city
Psycological
Factors
Personal
motivations,
assumption of roles
POETIC IMAGE OF A CITY
EDUCATION
Citizenship
policies
Social
habits
Mass-media
preassure
BEHAVIORS IN A CITY
18
TYPES OF CITIES ACCORDING THEIR FUNCTIONS

The city functions determine its morphology,
structure, and hierarchy, but overall they are crucial
for land uses, social activities and land prices. Some
city functions are the following (in brackets there are
examples of cities concerning each function):
Industrial production (i.e. Birmingham, Aviles)

Trade, commerce (i.e. London, Badajoz)
Seaport (i.e. Rotterdam, Marseille)
Defense (i.e. vila, Cartagena de Indias)
Government (i.e. Brasilia, Canberra)
Culture (i.e. Oxford, Florence, Salamanca)
Tourism (i.e. Paris, Venice)

Religion (i.e. La Mecca, Jerusalem, Rome)
19
2. THE HISTORICAL PROCESS

OF URBANIZATION
20
PERIOD
Neolithic
Ancient Times
Rome
Islam
Early Modern
From the
Industrial
Revolution on
YEAR
WORLD
POPULATION
MAIN CITIES
PEOPLE
8000 BC
5 million
Jericho
500
4000 BC
50 million
Eridu, Erech, Uruk
15,000
2000 BC
100 million
Menphis, Tebas
100,000
200 million
Rome
350,000
1000
300 million
Constantinople,
Baghdad, Cordoba
250,000
1500
400 million
Florence, Milan, Venice
100,000
1650
500 million
Paris
300,000
1800
900 million
London
1 million
1900
1.500 million
22 cities in the world
1 million
1965
3.300 million
New York
15 million
6.000 million
Mexico, Sao Paulo, Rio de

Janeiro, Tokyo, Mumbay,
Calcutta, Delhi, Shanghai,
Seoul, El Cairo, etc.
15-25 million
2000
Source: New York Regional Planing Office

21
STAGES OF THE PROCESS OF URBANIZATION

Urbanization rate = percentage of urban population in a country in comparison with
the total population living in that country
Progressive increase from the Neolithic to present time
Boom of the cities while the industrialization (in MEDCs before than in LEDCs)
Process of urbanization = it is the historical consequence of multiple factors (social,
demographic, political, economic, cultural). As a result, cities has extended all over
the geographic space. Every country follow three main phases although each one
has its regional peculiarities.
THE PREINDUSTRIAL CITY
Up to the 19th century

THE INDUSTRIAL CITY
From the 19th century to 1975
THE POST-INDUSTRIAL CITY
Form 1975 to present time
22
19th Century ensanche
Roman city
Medieval city
From 15th to 18th C
Historical evolution of Barcelona city (Source: Beaujeu-Garnier & Chabot, 1970)
23
THE PREINDUSTRIAL CITY
It appeared in the Neolithic = isolated dwellings with some urban features

Economic activities concerned to farming and trade
It was enclosed by a strong city wall for defense and taxes
Slow evolution both in the physical and the demographic aspects
Irregular layout in Ancient Times, in the Muslim world and during the Middle Ages
Orthogonal (regular) town planning in the Classical Greece and Rome
Weak network except a few cases (Rome) not many external influences
More dynamic development in the medieval boroughs pre-modern cities
The preindustrial city turned into the historic center of our contemporary cities
Favorable factors for the preindustrial urbanization (Buzo & CNICE):

Strategic: i.e. Mrida (military control of the bridges over the Guadiana river)
Political: i.e. Madrid (designed as the capital of Spain in 1561)
Economic: i.e. Seville (location for the Casa de Contratacin)
Religious: i.e. Santiago de Compostela (pilgrimage destination in the Middle Ages)
24
Ancient cities
Working class houses in Tebas,

Egypt (2500 BC)
Celtic castro of Santa Tecla,

Pontevedra (1900 BC)
25
Ancient cities: Classical Greece and Rome
Source: Vicens Vives

26
Roman cities: Emerita Augusta (Mrida)
It was built up in an strategic site, originally as a military camp with a city wall
It was the capital of the Lusitania province = more than 50,000 inhabitants
Orthogonal layout organized around two long perpendicular streets (cardo - decumano)
There were important public works = forum, theatre, amphitheatre, aqueduct, bridge, roads
27
Muslim cities: Toledo
It was built at the top of a hill surrounded by city walls and the Tajo river = defense facilities
Irregular layout, as a labyrinth with narrow alleys and cul-de-sacs
There were some representative buildings: alcazar, mosque (former cathedral), zoco (square)
28
Medieval cities: Avila
Irregular layout typically medieval = disordered growing, social inequalities

The city wall was very important = built up over the boundaries of an antique Roman camp
Defensive & economic purposes = it was compulsory to pay taxes to get stuff into the city
29
The city walls in the Medieval and Renaissance town planning

Ronda. Muslim city wall
vila. Romanesque city wall
Ciudad Rodrigo. City wall with

bastions for artillery (18th C)
Palma. Renaissance city wall

30
Urban interventions in Early Modern

31
Urban interventions in Early Modern
Plaza Mayor of Madrid (1580-1619)
Aranjuez Palace (16th - 18th C)
The Prado Promenade, Madrid (18th C)
La Carolina (18th C)
32
The Neoclassical urban planning: the London reconstruction
The Great Fire of 1666 devastated most of London city. The architect Christopher Wren was
commissioned for designing a new urban layout in order to reconstruct the destroyed area. His
project followed an orthogonal plan inspired in Greek and Roman cities with squared apples and
straight streets oriented to the Thames river. He also introduced some dominant axis very dynamic
for the whole composition. These axis were long diagonal avenues to make the distances shorter and
promote long perspectives to a series of representative buildings: the new St Pauls Cathedral (1) in
the angle formed by two avenues, and the Stock Exchange (2) in the middle of a wide polygonal
square. Furthermore there were some radial and ring streets around some roundabouts or circular
spaces. This urban pattern was imitated during the Neoclassicism in some new cities built up in the
USA all along the 18th century, such as New York and Washington.
33
THE INDUSTRIAL CITY

It began while the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century
New economic activities were developed in factories
Location based on economic criteria: next to mines, market places, harbors, rivers,
main roads, communication nodes
Demographic expansion massive urbanization in MEDCs
Strong contrast between the industrial cities and the countryside rural exodus
Transports development facilities for raw materials and food supply
Urban way of life linked to specific behaviors and land uses
New functions contrasting with the medieval layout and the old housing
New ways of organizing town planning and structure urban utopias
Industrialization + urbanization = heritage degradation (city walls demolished)
Additional factor government regulations for urban planning

34
THE INDUSTRIAL CITY

35
First stage of disorganized

growth with no town planning
(working class neighborhoods
with unhealthy conditions)
dense and piled up housing

pollution, lack of health regulations
TWO OPTIONS
1. UTOPIC URBAN PLANNING

Proposals by Owen, Fourier, Ledoux
2. PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS
Infrastructures improvement
Renovation of the inner city
Ensanches
Garden City & Linear City
36
Utopist urban planning Ville idale de Chaux, by Ledoux (1775)
Factory & administrative pavilion in the center plus four measurement towers in the interior
and a surrounding area with gardened houses for the workers = radio centric plan
Public buildings in the periphery (temples, farms, leisure areas)
Sustainable project regarding its size, its activities and its relationship with the environment
37
Utopist urban planning in the 19th century not successful

Working class
settlement of New
Harmony, Indiana (USA),
planned by the utopist
socialist Robert Owen:
ideal urban site
factory + residences
self-organized &
cooperative society
Very close to nature
Phalanstre or Social Palace

designed by Charles Fourier:
rural community based on
a self-sufficient production
and consumption system
capacity: 400 families
Collective services
38
Practical solutions urban interventions in the 19th century

Infraestructures improvement
Sewage system
Conductions for water supply
Waste management
Removal of the cemeteries out of the city
Streetlights (first gas lamps, later on electricity)
Streets paving
Renovation of the inner city
Restoration policies for houses and monuments
Construction of new public buildings with a symbolic purpose (City Hall)
New solutions for the town planning: streets alignment and regularization
Adornment of the city promenades, boulevards, tree-covering
Demolition of the medieval city walls, construction of ring-roads (rondas)
Increase of the government control census, local laws, city maps, etc.
39
Renovation of the interior of Paris

(Opera Avenue)
Modification of the urban layout of Paris, by Haussmann

(1852) new morphology over the previous one based on
large boulevards and avenues, straight streets and open spaces
40
The city of Vienna before

and after its expansion in
the 19th century.
In the top plan it is possible
to appreciate the city walls
and bastions from the 17th
century.
In the bottom plan the city
walls have been substituted
by a circular ring-road.
41
Regularization of the urban

layout by replacing old
houses for new buildings.
Project for the renovation of the interior of Madrid:

enlargement of the Calle Preciados and connection between
the Plaza del Callao and the Gran Via (1904-1929).
42
Practical solutions renovation of the interior of Alcal de Henares (19th C)
Circular promenade in the Plaza de Cervantes
Music kiosk and monument to Cervantes
Boulevard in the Calle Libreros
Alignment of the Paseo de la Estacin
43
Practical solutions ensanches

BARCELONA
Regular city blocks

following a grid
system
Rationalism
Healthy conditions
Ensanche = residential neighborhood for the bourgeoisie in the periphery, apart of the
historic center, as in this project for Barcelona designed by Ildefonso Cerd (1854)
Orthogonal planning with open spaces (parks, squares) and long diagonal avenues
44
Initial project by Cerd
Increasing clustering of the city

blocks due to speculation and
demographic necessities (much
more population than expected)
45
Practical solutions the Garden City
Garden City pattern by Howard

Importance of the idea of living next to the natural environment (garden)
Residential neighborhoods with single family houses = 32,000 inhabitants
Urban layout based on concentric rings (400 ha) surrounded by a farming area (2.000 ha)
Characteristics of the Anglo-Saxon urbanism = horizontal extension not vertical
46
Practical solutions the Linear City
Plan for the Ciudad Lineal designed by the architect Arturo Soria y Mata
(Madrid, end of the 19th century - beginning of the 20th century)
GEOGRAFA HUMANA (MAGISTERIO PRIMARIA)
47
Practical solutions the Linear City
To facilitate the expansion of Madrid, Arturo Soria suggested in the North-Eastern area of the city the
creation of a great communication axis parallel to the Paseo de la Castellana, around which the block
of houses were laid out longitudinally. This axis was a street 50 km long and 40 km wide, in the
middle of which the tramline went by. The blocks located at both sides had a rectangular shape and
were separated by transversal streets 20 meters wide. The idea had a strong social dimension,
because three different types of buildings were proposed for the three different social classes, that
only differed in volume, keeping the same decorations, materials and localization. The perimeter,
finally, was enclosed by a fringe of woods and insulating gardens 100 meters deep, that facilitated a
respectful and progressive transition towards nature.
GEOGRAFA HUMANA (MAGISTERIO PRIMARIA)
48
THE POST-INDUSTRIAL CITY

About 1975 industrial cities reached their maximum size
Deceleration of the growing rates after the rural exodus
Economic activities more linked to the tertiary sector = industrial recession
Rational distribution of the land uses (Le Corbusier)

City expansion beyond the urban fringe = sprawling city
Intense use of cars and other means of transport (commuting, centrifuging)
New urban patterns
Limits to vertical construction
Single family housing = horizontal urbanization
Middle and little towns (even rural) are growing more than large cities
Suburban residences (detached, semi-detached, terraced)
Open cities less clustered
High speculation rates = planes de ordenacin urbana
49
The sprawling city
50
Metropolitan area urban agglomeration
Conurbation urban network formed by a
around a large city that is considered a

dominant political or industrial nucleus.
Thus, there is a clear hierarchy.
number of cities that looks like a continuous

with no hierarchical relationship. Thus, there
is no dominant nucleus.
Conurbation of Randstad (Netherlands) formed

by the cities of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The
Hague, Utrecht and other intermediate towns.
Metropolitan area of Madrid

51
New urban patterns
United States of America
Nevada, USA (2010)
Houston (2012)
Livia Corona, Mexico (2008)

Sao Paulo (2005)
52
El Ruedo, M-30 Madrid (1980)
New urban patterns Brasilia
The environmental sustainability presided the

construction of the capital of Brazil, designed
by Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer in 1959. It
was placed in a region of the interior of the
country, scarcely populated but with good
climate. It is organized in an open way,
without boundaries, allowing its natural
extension towards its surroundings although
its population is less than 1.5 millions. The
structure is based on the differentiation of
functions by sectors, and the connection
between them by quick communications:
one sector of governmental buildings, one
sector for the embassies, gardens, a
university campus and a residential zone, that
follows the morphology of the lineal cities.
The avant-garde architecture of many of the
buildings, and its spacious and open
perspectives turns Brasilia into a model of a
monumental city, and at the same time
sustainable, very spectacular.
53
Vertical clustering unsustainability
Kowloon district
(Hong Kong)
54
CONSEQUENCES OF THE PROCESS OF URBANIZATION
Limited availability and high prices of houses

Changes in the moral values and in the human behaviors
Increase of public services and infrastructures for leisure and cultural activities
But also social problems, crime, lack of safety
LEDCs: high urbanization rates, expansion of the cities, rural exodus, unbalanced
urban network with metropolitan areas very nucleated, marginalization problems,
differences among neighborhoods.
Pollution and other environmental problems
55
3. URBAN PLANNING
56
ELEMENTS OF THE URBAN SPACE

Streets: arteries for communication, connection and transportation
Open spaces: squares, parks, gardens, sports complex, etc. for social activities,
trade and exchange, leisure and sports, public demonstrations, etc.
Buildings: houses built up in vertical or in horizontal but also representative
constructions due to their artistic values (cathedral), governmental functions (city
hall), or economic purposes (mall, shopping center).
These elements are combined theoretically in the
town planning which is the graphic design of the
city. They provide an urban layout which is the
morphology or the physical shape of the city.
Types of urban street plans (Benevolo)

Buildings and land uses (Conzen)
Topographic conditions (Ricard)
Phases of the city growth (Dickinson)
Functions and economic activities too
FACTORS
57
MORPHOLOGY: TYPES OF URBAN STREET PLANS
Grid plan (La Habana, Cuba, 17th century)
Irregular (London in the 16th century)
Radio-centric
(Sforzinda,
ideal city
designed in
the 16th
century)
Linear (Santo Domingo de la Calzada, a

village built along the Way of St James
which is its High Street in present time)
58
MORPHOLOGY: OTHER PATTERNS
City map of Cuzco, Peru, that was the capital of the Inca Empire
Symbolic morphology following the shape of a puma, a sacred animal for the Incas
Royal fortress of Saqsaywamn in the head; Viracocha temple in the center of the world
59
MORPHOLOGY: OTHER PATTERNS
Aerial view of the communal city of Auroville, India (designed in 1968)

Urban layout around a circular central square with a big spherical monument
Morphology similar to a galaxy as it is explained by the religious sect that lives in there
60
URBAN STRUCTURE: the Mediterranean pattern

The structure of a city has to do with the land uses and with the functions of each urban
element. As a result of the historical evolution that the European cities have experienced,
their structure is usually heterogeneous and we can distinguish the following areas:
Historical Center: Roman or Medieval origin, in process of aging or abandon of
population, set aside for cultural or touristic functions.
City expansion: zone extended in the XIX and XX Centuries (ensanches), with a very
high land value, concentrates tertiary activities (commercial, administrative and of
representation), and nowadays it constitutes the true neuralgic center of the city.
Residential periphery: added in the second half of the XX Century, it is formed by
groups of compact buildings, with homogeneous characteristics, economical level, and
social behavior. They can be working class neighborhood built with little planification
during the industrial development of 1960-1970, or new urbanizations of semidetached houses, more modern and with a higher life quality.
Boundary: it is a physical barrier (river, hill) or a road, railways, etc. that mark the limits
of the spatial growing of the city.
Extra radio: outside the boundary, it includes the industrial park, area of substandard
housing, and other spontaneous settlements surrounding bypasses.
61
URBAN STRUCTURE: the Mediterranean pattern
Source:
Editorial
CCS (1993)
62
Urban structure of Madrid and its suburbs
Ensanche (Barrio
de Salamanca,
19th - 20th C)
Madrid de los
Austrias (17th C)
Paseo del Prado

(noble promenade
for leisure, 18th C)
Medieval town
(historic center)
City map of
Madrid in 1910,
by Nez Grans
Not urbanized
areas
Suburbs in the end of the 19th C

63
URBAN STRUCTURE: the Anglosaxon pattern
Source: GCSE (2012)

64
65
URBAN STRUCTURE: the Anglosaxon pattern

LAND PRICES
Source: Waugh (2009)
66
67
URBAN STRUCTURE: the multiple-nuclei pattern

68
LAND USES
1
2
3
Different land uses and prices

depending on each urban area in
Calgary, Canada (1); London, UK (2);
Los Angeles, USA (3).
69
URBAN NETWORK
The urban network is the series of interconnections among cities and towns in a
territory. The different urban nucleus in a network have varying levels of
importance according to their economic and political power. Some factors are:
Geographical location, urbanization rate and communication speed among cities.
Number of urban nucleus linked to the network by
political or economic issues.
Complementary functions and interchange of services
Hierarchy: how some cities dominate the others.
Consequences of the network for the regional
development.
Different patterns: radio-centric, hierarchical, crossshaped, other systems.
Urban networks can be global, national or regional, and they can have different
features depending on their area. For instance, in Europe and Japan the urban
network is very dense but in the USA is medium. In LEDCs the urban network is
weak because there are only a few and very isolated nucleus.
70
URBAN NETWORK PATTERNS
71
GLOBAL URBAN NETWORK
Source: Nagle (2000)

72
73
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aguilera Arilla, M. J. et al. (2010). Geografa General II: Geografa Humana. Madrid: UNED.
Albet, A.; Benejam, P. et al. (2012). Geografa. Educacin Secundaria. Barcelona: Vicens Vives.
Benvolo, L. (1994). Orgenes del urbanismo moderno. Madrid: Ed. Celeste.
Bonet Correa, A. (1989). Las claves del urbanismo. Barcelona: Ariel.
Chueca Goitia, F. (1998). Breve historia del urbanismo. Madrid: Ed. Alianza.
Cano Forrat, J. (2003). Introduccin a la historia del urbanismo. Valencia: Universidad Politcnica.
Delfante, C. (2006). Gran historia de la ciudad: de Mesopotamia a Estados Unidos. Madrid: Abada.
Estbanez lvarez, J. (1989). Las ciudades. Morfologa y estructura. Madrid: Sntesis.
Esteve, G. (1999). Recorridos urbanos en el Tiempo Libre. Madrid: Editorial CCS.
Gmez Palacios, J. J. (1993). El latido de la ciudad. Madrid: Editorial CCS.

Nagle, G. (2000). Advanced Geography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pacione, M. (2001). Urban Geography: a global perspective. Oxford: Routledge
Varios Autores (1989-1991). Recorridos didcticos por Madrid. Madrid: Ediciones La Librera (6 vols.)
Varios Autores (2001). Vivir en las Ciudades Histricas. ber, n 27 (monogrfico).
Waugh, D. (2009). Geography: An Integrated Approach. London: Nelson Thornes.
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Prof. Dr.

Josu Llull Pealba

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)

Evolution of the urban and the

Comparative evolution of the urban population (percentages by region)

it is an expression of the urban society where we are living

Descriptive analysis: describing the elements of the urban landscape

Internal perspective: studying the inner space of the city

External perspective: studying the city in relation to its geographical area

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)

It deals with the

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)

Malabo, the capital

Tomelloso, Castilla-La Mancha (Source: IGN)

According to Davis, a city is a community with a considerable size and a high

FROM RURAL TO URBAN

Industrial products &

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE URBAN SPACE

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE URBAN SPACE

7. Urban way of life

Can you identify which cities these images belong to?

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)

THE IMAGE OF A CITY

THE IMAGE OF A CITY

POETIC IMAGE OF A CITY

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)

TYPES OF CITIES ACCORDING THEIR FUNCTIONS

Industrial production (i.e. Birmingham, Aviles)

Tourism (i.e. Paris, Venice)

2. THE HISTORICAL PROCESS

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)

Eridu, Erech, Uruk

Florence, Milan, Venice

22 cities in the world

Mexico, Sao Paulo, Rio de

Source: New York Regional Planing Office

STAGES OF THE PROCESS OF URBANIZATION

Up to the 19th century

19th Century ensanche

THE PREINDUSTRIAL CITY

It appeared in the Neolithic = isolated dwellings with some urban features

Favorable factors for the preindustrial urbanization (Buzo & CNICE):

Working class houses in Tebas,

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)

Celtic castro of Santa Tecla,

Ancient cities: Classical Greece and Rome

Source: Vicens Vives

Roman cities: Emerita Augusta (Mrida)

Muslim cities: Toledo

Medieval cities: Avila

Irregular layout typically medieval = disordered growing, social inequalities

The city walls in the Medieval and Renaissance town planning

vila. Romanesque city wall

Ciudad Rodrigo. City wall with

Palma. Renaissance city wall

Urban interventions in Early Modern

Source: Vicens Vives

Urban interventions in Early Modern

Plaza Mayor of Madrid (1580-1619)

Aranjuez Palace (16th - 18th C)

The Prado Promenade, Madrid (18th C)