BY GABRIEL KRON1
Non-member
Synopsis:1ln the following pages electrical machinery is analyzedfrom a new point ofview. Analytical quantities like magnetizing
current, armature reaction, leakage flux, transient reactance are not
introduced; only such quantities are used as 'actually exist in the
machine at one particular load. Thereby the theory of electrical
machinery is expressed in terms of the minimum possible number of
quantities. No hypothetical currents orfluxes are used and no actual
physical quantity is left out.
The concept of "free energy," used in thermo dynamics, is introduced and generalized.
T'he criterion of good design of all electrical machines is expressed
by a constant, the "thermodynamic efficiency" which gives a measure
of the effective utilization of iron and space for the transformation
of energy. This constant plays a most fundamental role in the
steady and transient behavior of the machine.
A method is given by which the direction of flow of energy between
different parts of any complicated machine can be easily read off the
diagrams.
The theory of constant-potential and constant-current electromagnets is used as a stepping stone to show that the theory of the
polyphase alternator is identical with the theory of the constantpotential polyphase transformer if flux linkages and magnetomotive
forces are interchanged. The circle diagrams of the transformer
and the alternator are developed as well as the elliptical locus diagram
of the alternator with salient poles. Problems in the sudden short
circuit and the sudden load variation of the polyphase alternator
are also solved.
Blondel's diagram for the circular locus of the synchronous motor
is derived in a more extended form together with its elliptical locus
with salient poles. The elliptical loci of the reaction machine and
the synchronous converter are also developed.
The circular locus for the polyphase induction motor, the singlephase induction motor, and the repulsion motor are derived.
The method of attack used in the paper is applicable not only to
circular and elliptical loci, but also to loci of higher curves. The
method is used to develop the complete theory and locus diagram of
the double squirrel-cage induction motor and the split-phase induction motor with or without condenser (or the so-called condenser
motor).
Besides those mentioned above the writer has also developed with
this method the loci of commutator machines, such as the polyphase
induction motor with commutator rotor, the series-polyphase and
the shunt-polyphase commutator motors, the compensated series
motor, including the effect of the short-circuited brush currents,
also the locus of induction motors in cascade and transmission lines.
Due to the length of the article, however, their discussion does not
appear here.
All locus diagrams show the speed and the torque at all loads.
They also show the magnitude and phase relation of all actual currents, fluxes, and e. m. f.
A relation of the form r/x is found for the ratio of the work done
to the free energy and this one simple formula is sufficient to find
the locus diagram and the complete performance of all electrical
machinery and transmission lines. It is the only formula used in
the paper.
In the appendix the relation of the design constants used to the
constants of other methods is shown.
* * * * *
the "free energy" of that state; Gibbs calls it "thermodynamic potential." The "free energy" of a state is
1. THE CONCEPT OF FREE ENERGY
analogous to the "potential" of a point in a field, which
shows the ability of a unit electric charge residing at
co
n t
y\N etiatio
body may be conducted along two different lines. that point to do work.
The investigation may determine either (1) how
D between two opoints) the work done between the
the energy varies from point to point inside the body or charge
g
(2) how the total energy possessed by the body varies two
two states (or points) is equal to the decrease of the
from instant to instant. In the following pages the sec.
ond type of changes will be studied.
Careful distinction should be made between the total
When the energy content of a body changes, the body
energy stored in the body and its free energy, its ability
is said to undergo a change of state. If after a change to
do work. The free energy may reside in the body or
it is
cb kni r t
tisognl
ae
in the surroundings or even entirely in the surpartly
the
fstaidtet havepasse
bosedy chromes
said
throgh a ycle.roundin s.
The amount of work a body can do deg
During a change of state a certain amount of energy pends not
only on the amount of energy stored in it, but
comes from one part of the surroundings which will be
the amount which flows into the body from
also
upon
called "source" and a certain amount passes out into
while work is being done.
the
surroundings
another part of the surroundings which will be called
II. ENERGY IN CONDENSERS
"load." The departing energy will be called "work."
To show the application of the idea of free energy, a
It will be assumed that no heat energy enters or departs and that the temperature remains constant during charged condenser will be considered with a dielectric
a change of state.of small permittivity (specific inductive capacity).
In each state the body possesses a certain quantity The change of state will consist of letting the lines of
of energy, which shows the ability of that particular flux follow paths with different permittances. If the
state to do work. This quantity is called by Planck lines of flux start from a path with the minimutm possible permittance and passing through the path with
1~~.Th Licl ElcrcCmay lvln,Oi.
backcle. ..tb
666
30-9
April 1930
667
STORp ENEGY
Ba FREEan cageNEorGYuI
40
-SBTORKD
DONERGC
bCotadef.(rmmf)ERG
ECONDENStERm (ORmaT.)
is in its original position, the work done on it was ex-FG.1ERGINTECDNER(RNTHELTOANT
actly
th
work
eqalto doe
by
(b)
EECRMANT
-NEGYI
Hence, during the cycle point D describes a straight decreases and in both cases the work done is equal to
line, starting from C to B and back again.
tedces ffe
When the condenser is connected to a battery with tedces ffe nry
III. ENERGY IN ELECTROMAGNETS
constant electromotive force, during the change. of
state the number of flux lines does not remain conThe conception of free energy can be applied to the
stant, but increases in proportion to the increase of the constant-potential a-c. electromagnet and to the conpermittance, since electromotive force = dielectric flux stant-current a-c. and d-c. electromagnets if the dielec/permnittance= constant. When the dielectric is in tric flux, Q, is replaced by magnetic flux, 4~, the dielecthe condenser, the lines of flux follow again the path tric by a magnetic material, permittance, c, by perwhose permittance is a minimum, their number is meance PY, and electromotive force E, bymagnetomotive
the minimum possible and the stored energy is force, I. (In the case of a-c. illustrations effective
(Qminia)2 2crn,,in. Let this energy be plotted in Fig. lB values should be understood.)
nry
c%o+nstan (ngetn
essac)
efrigt-i.l-1A
668
magnet~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
the decrease
Transactions A. I. E. E.
Xmatandahle1
position between
distredi
sace, mayOneassume
ositio when
weenthe
two
extreme values.
extreme occurs
i
iSim
open. possIble
In that case
the flux
flux follows(Fig.
the
~secondary
pathdofof maximum
perme
possible permeance, 6)max. (Fig.
2A) and the stored energy is T2/ Pmax. The other extreme occurs when the impedance of the load is zero,
that is when the secondary is short-circuited. Since
no lines of flux can now link the secondary, no lines of
free-energy.path
(a)
April 1930
STORED ENERGY
(a) EE ENERGY
Ied
ORK DON`
STORED ENERGY
STORED ENERGY
7 40kX
(b)
Resistarceload
WORK DONE
STORED ENERGY
IS
(c)
an
Resio,tarweandractaneeWoMd
D
(d}
F IG.
, /
Resistance and capacity
load
669
work done, and the free energy are always in phase with
each other, angle B D C in Fig. 3A is 180 deg. and the
locus of point D is the horizontal line.
While the reactance of the load varies from zero to
positive infinity, point D moves from C to B along the
horizontal line and while the load varies from negative
infinity through negative values to zero, point D moves
from B through A along the horizontal line to negative
infinity, then from positive infinity still along the same
horizontal line back to C completing a cycle.
When the load is a resistance, the work done is stored
as an active energy. This energy has disappeared from
the machine again at the expense of the free energy.
Since the free energy before disappearance is stored in
the magnetic field as a reactive energy, after its disappearance from the machine is stored in a resistance as
an active energy, the energy disappeared, the work
done, and the free energy have to be represented at
right angles to each other (Fig. 3B).
As the resistance of the load increases, the work done,
C D increases, the free energy, B D, decreases, but the
angle between them has to remain always 90 deg.
Hence the locus of point D is a circle with its center on
line B C. When the resistance is positive infinity or
negative infinity (these two values being equivalent)
point D is at B. With negative resistance it arrives
back at its starting point C, completing a cycle.
When the load is divided between a resistance and a
reactance whose ratio remains constant, the lines representing the work done and the free energy have to be
at a constant angle a less than 90 deg. from each
other, hence angle B D C is 90 deg. + a (Fig. 3c) and
the locus of point D is again a circle passing through
points B and C with center below the horizontal line.
With a load partly resistance and partly capacity
(negative reactance) angle B D C is less than 90 deg.
(Fig. 3D) and the center of the circle lies above the horizontal line. With a pure capacity load point D starts
at C toward positive infinity and from negative infinity
through point B comes back to C. Point D travels in
opposite direction as in the case of a pure reactance
670
At short circuit the permeance of the flux path is minimum, the number of lines of flux is the minimum possible, and the stored energy is ('Imin)2/ cPmin. The ratio
(maximum stored energy)/(minimum stored energy)
= (Pmax/(Pmin = (Dmax/4'min = k.
Let it be assumed again that the impedance of the
load passes through a cycle. When the impedance is
zero, the secondary is short circuited and the minimum
0
Oll
(a)______________________
Transactions A. I. E. E.
constant, it sends flux through the path having a permeance n (Fig. 6A). The number of lines thus produced is proportional to I2. Since these lines combine
with the lines already existing there, the resultant
lines of flux appear as if the flux lines have been shifted
from a path with maximum permeance to a path with
minimum permeance (Fig. 6B). The number of flux
lines thus shifted is proportional to I2.
It has been seen above that when a flux line passed
around the secondary it has lost its free energy. Hence
when a flux line is shifted due to the increase Of 12, it
~~acquires the same amount of free energy it has lost.
Since the total free energy is proportional to the number of lines shifted, the free energy is also proportional
ENERGY
A (a) L BI- WORK DONE
D
FREE ENERGY
(b)
THE
ALTERNATOR
Open circuit
Short circuit
stored energy is A B (Fig. 5A). As the impedance increases, work is done and the stored energy increases.
Here also the increase of the stored energy is equal to
the work done, while the work done is equal to the
decrease of free energy (Fig. 1B).
If the load is for instance a resistance, the work done
has to be at right angles to the free energy just as in
case of a transformer, and the locus of point D is again
a circle (Fig. 5B).
The differences between Fig. 3, which refers to a
transformer and Fig. 5, which refers to an alternator,
are the following.
1. The lines for free energy and work done are
FACTORS OF ENERGY
(b)
EE
interchanged.
2. In Fig. 3 point D starts at C, in Fig. 5 it starts
at B, both at the short-circuit point.
The Generalized Vector Diagrams
VIII. CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE ENERGY AND THE
ENERGY
SO
(d)
Resistance load
(c)
April 1930
_=4- Hl I
==
(a)
_0 sf L } }
671
(b)
Component fluxes
Actual fluxes
relations of the four actual measurable physical quantities not only in time, but also in space. For instance, if
in Fig. 7B line A C represents the axis of the field pole,
the angle between I, and 4I represents the space angle
/
Hb
ENERGYtV
,___________MAXIMUMSTORED ENERGY
__C
TAOM(a)
%A1 ~~~
~
I~I
'
~ ~
bC
B TERNATR
FIG. 7-THE GENERALIZED VECTOR DIAGRAMS
(a)
Transformer
(b) Alternator
672
Transactions A. I. E. E.
quantities of the transformer. If A 'C = D C/lv" it is the secondary towards the primary, no additional curequal to 'I2. If A' H is drawn parallel to D A and_A 'D' rent can flow in the primary, but additional flux can
to D B, then it can be assumed that instead of A D line appear at the terminals of the primary; that is, the
H A' represents II and then A'D' = I2 v'. If A LI' is primary behaves with respect to the secondary as if it
drawn parallel to L)'A' then A C = D'C/v' hence were permanently open circuited. Hence the reactance
of the alternator from the secondary side is always (XO'').
A H' = I2.
b. From the Primary Side. In case of positive loads
The four heavy lines represent the four actual physical quantities in their proper magnitude and phase (resistance and reactance) the reactance of the machine
relation. (If fluxes and currents are interchanged, the varies between the limiting reactances XSH' and XO'.
four quantities of the alternator are found.)
XII. THE GENERAL LOAD-FORMULA
Starting from the four lines representing the actual
It has been shown in connection with Fig. 6A that in
quantities, two different diagrams can be derived. If transformer
I2 sends flux through the path having a
on theprimary,thenpoa
the primary, then point D3 1S
thethee.
e. m.m.f. f.iS iimpressed on
permeance (mzn
The number of flux lines so produced
selected as the common meeting point of three lines.
the
e. m. f. induced by them) is equal to I2 XSn",
(or
f. is impressed on the secondary however,
If the e. m.
Ifthen point
h meet-.
the
seconr
ever which is also equal to the number of .lines shifted and to
ed as
e.itm.D'fs
hasimpreassed
to be assumed
the common
then
ing point and then the four lines determined by points the free energy. The flux lines which are not shifted
A' B' C' D' represent_the transformer diagram (where appear as the secondary terminal-voltage, (D2 and their
number is equal to 12 ZL, where ZL is the impedance of
D' B'isparallel toA D).
Two things can be observed if the e. m. f. is im- the load. It is also equal to the work done. Hence
pressed in the secondary. First, that q = Be' C/ A' C (work done)/(free energy) = 12 ZL/II XsH" = ZL/Xsa".
D
= B C/A C, that is the thermodynamic efficiency is
.
the same no matter which side the e. m. f. is impressed.
Second, that v" is the ratio of the primary and the sec- .--,\\
ondary e. m. fs. at open circuit.
,.'
,.
It is proved in textbooks that if in any complicated
A
B
(a)
circuit a generated e. m. f. and an ammeter are interF
changed, the reading of the ammeter does not change.
(It is the so-called Theorem of Reciprocity.) Hence
.-D
the short-circuit current in the secondary with an e. m. f.
- ,',.'
in the primary is equal to the short-circuit current of
. . *the primary with the same e. m. f. in the secondary.
- 7
;
Hence if the e. m. f. is impressed on the primary, then
A
C
A C = (I2)s1H/V". If the e. m. f. is impressed on the
(B{
F
secondary then A'C = (I1)sH/V". Since (I1)sH = (I2)SH,
A C v" = A' C v' or A C/A' C = v'/v". But A C
FIG. 9-RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE LOAD
= Eim,/XsH and A 'C = Ejmp/XsH" therefore XSHI/XSH'
(a) Loads in series
= v'/v". Similarly XO'/XO' = v'/v".
(b) Loads in parallel
of
the
electrical
maperformance any
Summarized,
chine can be predetermined if any three of the four
Applying similar reasoning to the alternator,
XsH"
(work
done)/(free energy) = ZL/Xswh .
reactances
are
known.
X",'
limiting
XsHf',
Xo,
of
These are the only formulas which will be used in the
This is a particular case a more general principle
artle.
which states that the performance of any complicated
circuit (transmission system) can be found if the openXIII. SPECIAL CASES OF LOADS
circuit and short-circuit impedances measured from
(a) In case of short-circuits ZL r2 and the alterthe source and from the load are known.
nator short-circuit current is determined by the point
XI. THE REACTANCES UNDER LOAD
where D B/D C = r2/X," (Fig. 7B) and the transformer
a. From the Secondary Side. In the transformer short-circuit current is determined by the point where
the total resultant flux linking the primary is always DC/D B = r2/XS". (Fig. 7A.) D C is perpendicular
constant. If energy is sent from the load towards the to D B.
(b) The load may consist of any combination of
primary, no additional flux can link the primary, but
additional current can flow through the primary. That resistances and reactances. Let two simple cases be
is the primary behaves with respect to the secondary as considered, a resistance and reactance in series and in
if it were permanently short circuited. Hence the re- parallel.
When in a transformer a resistance load is in series
actance of the transformer from the secondary side is
always (XSH"/). with a reactance load, the same I flows through both of
In the alternator the total current flowing through them, while the total secondary terminal voltage is
the primary is always constant. If energy is sent from divided between them. In Fig. 9A, D F is the voltage
Y
April 1930
673
across the resistance, F C across the reactance and they Here also D C/D F = RL/XSH", D C/F B = XL/XSH"/
are at right angles to each other. Since D F repre- and D C/D B = ZL/XSHf/.
sents the energy which disappeared in the resistance,
Similar relations hold true for an alternator, except
D F has to be at right angles to the free energy B D, Xsi"T is replaced by XO".
while F C must be parallel to B D. It can be also
Influence of the Boundary Conditions
C_.,,_._._
<
G'
Locus of
Il
\\
THE
ALTERNATOR
/\
\ 0
\/
(a)
(b)
/122
Resistance
(b)
circles with center at D' and F'. Point F' lies on the
vertical line through G' and D' F '/D' C =r2lXo"
If F2 is plotted against I2, the so-called OelschlagerEllipses are found.
In case of the transformer (Fig. 11) the reasoning is
similar except D F/D B - r2/XSH".
The scale for F2 and 12 r2 is the same as for 42, that
=F2 V".
~~~~~~~isCF
,,
, 1D
F
l? B.
H...
674
Transactions A. I. E. E.
Since
m/ZL,
BIBH rIm
aserequired.
---
April 1930
675
3. Measure on line H' D' the distance F' D', where the following: First draw the circle through B K C,
F' H'/D' H' p = (Xo0"/(Xot1)?.
then
1. Assume any line C K
4. Draw line B D 'D.
2. Draw K B and the vertical line K M
The intersection of B D' and C K determines point D.
3. Find point N so that N M/K M =
The intersection of theverticallineDHand
the vertical line D H and B K
K
4. Draw N P perpendicular to C(X0").
that
K so (XOl")?n
determines point F. of
N PIK C = r2/ (Xol').
The cross component of I1 can be found by con5. DrawlinesCXFandCPL
sideringthat
Sinc
sidering
that (41),
Since F H =
(4)c = (+F2X (V',.
(v"Xc.
6. From point L draw perpendicular to C K
7. Through F draw the vertical line F D
8. Find point G so that G H/F H = (V"t)c/(v"t)r.
dheterinterseioint
5.DawlneH=Fad
Is
%-cs of
/11
,
A
II
B~~~~~~~
D'
FIG. 16-VECTOR DIAGRAM OF THE
ALTERNATOR
WITH SUDDEN
LOAD VARIATION
primary m. m. f.
JZ
.2iZ
(b)
(1
12X
XX.
676
Transactions A. I. E. E.
(The writer has no means of checking the correctness of this reasoning, except one particular case, the
FIG. 19-Locus DIAGRAM OF THE REACTION MACHINE
sudden short circuit from open circuit when point D
moves from C to B.)
following: First draw the circle and any vertical line
M N. Then
D
1. Assume any line C NA
2. Find point K so that K M/N M = (Xo",)c/ (Xo,,).
3. Draw line C K
I,r~~~)
4. Draw KP perpendicular to NC so that
K P/NC = (X,")m
5. Draw line CP L
6. From L draw a perpendicular to N?C
A
B I1 H A C
7. From point F draw the vertical line H F D
8. Find point so that HFH
(v),
I12
rz
April 1930
677
subscript (
0R
4)
1r=2'
678
Transactions A. I. E. E.
(PQ = slip)
:S=l,=-0
/oK
T F.
/><//
_.j
\(Orm
/
e'
B
F:
02
XXVIII.
THE SINGLE-PHASE
M INDUCTION MOTOR
XVIITHSNGEPAE1DCO
OP
The single-phase motor will be considered as a twothe voltage F C changes direction and the angle be- phase motor, in which no e. m. f. is impressed on the
tween (42).. and F C shows that active energy comes primary of the cross phase.
from the cross phase into the secondary of the main
First the cross phase will be considered. The only
phase. But angle (Ii)m -(42)m shows that active
energy flows also from its primary into the secondary
T
of the main phase. Both of these energies are dissiV
pated in the secondary.
u
Effect of Primary Resistance. The effect of the priR
(02)mr.P.M.
mary resistance is taken care of by inverting the circle
around point E, (Fig. 23) where A E = E/r1 or
A C/A E = rl/XsH' as shown before. The' locked
OF THE
April 1930
(02) r.p.m.R
(00im
THE
I
S
S0O
1. Angle a=constant,henceangle
=constant
= 90 deg.
3. D)F is perpendicular to D B and D F/D B
=
These conditions can be satisfied only if point G is
fixed. Hence the locus of point D is a circle through
points G and C.
Locked Point. Point L, where angle (12)m - (412)m iS
90 deg., is the locked point because F C is zero and
LKCI/L B= (r2)m/(XsH")m.
Motor Action. Between points L and N the angle
(II)m - (bD), shows that active energy flows from the
primary toward the cross phase.
No-load Point. At point N where the angle (Il)m
= (12)c passes through 90 deg. the motor runs without
load.
Synchronous-Speed Point. Between points N and S
the angle (Il)m - (42). shows that now active energy
flows from the cross flux toward the primary, but the
angle (I2)m - (n2). shows that active energy flows also
from the secondary of the main phase toward the cross
phase. That is between these points the copper loss in
the secondary of the cross phase is supplied partly from
the shaft and partly from the source. At point 5,
(rD)m/(XsH")m.
since a + 0 = 90 deg.
2. Angle C M G = constant
679
point.
XXIX.
MOTOR
In the double squirrel-cage induction motor another
load is added in parallel to the ordinary induction motor
load. This additional load is the reactance, X3 of the
lower cage (or of the tertiary winding) which also has a
resistance r3. __
In Fig. 26 A B = E/X0' and A C = E /XsH' where
XOI and XSH' are constants of the motor without the
680
//-a._ +%
_. R
\
K
'~o
\;ww X
{V S
rPp
/llt(,)c
\
us
A-S:'-Ml.
Locus
cawtLout
,0werc te
FIG. 26-Locus DIAGRAM OF THE DOUBLE SQUIRREL-CAGE
INDUCTION MOTOR WITHOUT PRIMARY RESISTANCE
Transactions A. I. E. E.
gests how to find the locked point. Let the locked point
divides into two parts. One part is D F = I2 r2, 90 deg. of the motor without the lower cage be at L', where
from I2 where D F/D K = r2/XSH". The other part C L' L' B = r2/XsH". If a circle is drawn through L'
is F C = (F2). X rev. per min., 90 deg. from (+2)c, which on L' C with diameter LI J where M J is parallel to
lies along line D K. Hence D C is always 90 deg. from B L', then the intersection of this circle with the locus
is the locked point. Of course at this point D C/D K =
I2 and D C/D K = R2/XSH' = (r2/s) /XSHJ".
The lower cage which is in parallel with the upper r2/XSH'".
Speed. For any point D on the locus the semicircle
cage and therefore has the same e. m. f. +2 impressed
upon it, has in addition to r3 and ()3), and additional K D R C represents the instantaneous locus of the upper
reactance X3 in series. Hence f2 is divided now into cage, R the locked point. Hence if a vertical line is
three parts. One part, C T is the e. m. f. across the drawn from R to the diameter K C, line D C divides it
reactance X3, is equal to I3 X3, is parallel to I3 = B K into two parts, such that rev. per min./syn. = RIP/R Q
and C T/B K = X3/XSH". The other part, D U is the just as in an ordinary induction motor.
A second scale for speed is F C/D C = rev.
e. m. f. across r3, is equal to I3 r3, is perpendicular to I3
and D UIK B = r3/XsH". The third part is U T = per min./syn. A third scale is U 1'/1) T = rev. per
(f3). X rev per mmi., 90 deg. from (e3)C which lies along min./syn.
Torque. The projection of ()m on (Ii). multiplied
line K B. Similarly to the upper_cage D U + U T
= D T lies 90 deg. from B K and D T/B K = R3/XsH"' by (IK)C gives the torque of one phase. Hence just as in
= (r3/x)/XsH". an induction motor the vertical component of I1 is
Due to the perpendicular position of the currents and proportional to the torque.
Effect of Primary Resistance. Each point of the locus
the fluxes the triangle C D T is similar to triangle
K G D. Since D(I7 = D K X R2/XsH"! each side of should be inverted around point E/r1. All currents
triangle C D T is R2/XsH"t times as large as the sides of and fluxes will keep their relative configurations.
April 1930
681
// 2
S=-00
,,+Noo
F=1
C',
-\
---
:\^
(Fig.\\\Su
28) differs from
Fig. 24.
F1
G3C
682
that case point G lies to the left of point B. The construction of all quantities, however, remains the same.
The center of circle G C L lies below the horizontal line
and no load occurs above synchronous speed.
Care should be taken in the speed scale. In Fig. 25
where ((1)2 = R D cos a the synchronous speed is represented by the distance L Q. In Fig. 28, however,
(1)2) is less than N D X cos a by a constant ratio
D U/D H = b, hence the synchronous speed is representedbyLQ X b.
The Condenser Motor. The actual constants of each
phase should be used. Let an e. m. f. be impressed on
the primary of the main phase and let the primary of the
E
C_%X;g 0
o B
~~~~P(42)mxrpmx~x
1. Draw any line K" T" and measure L" P" = (rev.
per min.)22
2. Draw line K' T' representing the same speed,
that is L' P' = (rev. per min.)22
3. Draw 1 J perpendicular to A T" where
H J/A T" = (ri)m/ (XsH')m [A H = E (XsH')m}] representing the resistance drop in the primary of the main
phase when acts as a single-phase motor. Then J T"
= (1)2)m
In Fig. 28 the short-circuit current T V is always
proportional to (42)2. X rev. per min. and is always at
a constant angle (90 deg. - 3) from it. Let T V/D R
= d. In Fig. 29 the number of volts corresponding to
((12)m = J T" X (XSH')m (V")m. [J T' in amperesi
The number of volts generated in the secondary of the
cross phase = J T" (XSH')m X a X rev. per min./(v")m.
This has to be equal to T V X (v"), (XSH"),/d = number of volts represented bylDK in Fig. 28. Hence
4. Calculate
Tu D (in mm.) = J T" (in mm.) X rev.
per min. X constant, where constant = (XSH')m X a
X dl/(XSH )C(V ).m1X) c
5. Draw T' D at an angle 3 from J T". Then A T"
+ T"D = (Il),n
6. Draw this same distance at point T' parallel to
A,.}.
\KR
<F
,,
mary current in the main phase is the circle L" SF' K" in
Fig. 29. Let the same e. m. f. be impressed on the
primary of the cross phase and let the primary of the
main phase be short circuited. The locus of the pri-R
mary currenlt in the cross phase is the circle L 5' K'.
(The current scales should be identical.)
Locus of_the Line Current. If the primary currents
A T" and AT' orresponding to the same speeds are
added, the locus of IotOal (Coming from the line is found
to be again a circle L T S K. Hence it is sufficient to
add three points, the infinite-speed points (K" and K')
the synchronous-speed points (S" and S'), and the
locked points (L" and L') to determine the locus.
Speed_Scale. It will be also noticed that the speed
scale L Q for 'to/al can be constructed in exactly the
same way as in a_single-phase motor. That is for any
assumed 'total = A T the line T K cuts off from L, Q
a distance L P proportional to (rev, per mmn.)2 (L Q
= unity).
Locus of the Phase Currents. It is sufficient to find
the short-circuited current in the cross phase. The
steps are the following:
Transactions A. I. E. E.
xG
(1
A\S
\ |<
@ <\
,;=_O~~~~~~~~~~-D'-.~
.../
...
~
.h XM
/~O
~
(? C /
t<X
April 1930
F1
F2
r
R
I1
BETWEEN
DESIGN CONSTANTS
Steinmetz:
Then
+ Xm
XSH'
= XI
X2
+ Xm)
=Xm/(2
? = Xm/(Xi + Xm)
1912, p. 1749.
V = Xm/(X2 + Xm)
b. Let
X, = self-inductive reactance of the primary
X2 = self-inductive reactance of the secondary
K = coefficient of coupling
Then
XOl = X1 XSH' = X1 (1 - K2) n7 = K2
= X2
XSH" = X2 (1 - K2)
xol/
Discussion
R. H. Park: The diagram (b) of Fig. 3 of the paper will look
a little more familiar if we draw it as in Fig. 1 herewith. Let the
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness
to Dr. W. J. Branson, who taught him the use of the
open-circuit and the short-circuit reactances in the
design of polyphase and the single-phase induction2
motor. Also, he wishes to thank Mr. E. E. Dreese for
his suggestions and criticisms.
NOMENCLATURE
=
XO
Open-circuit reactance, measured from the
primary side
Xi" = Open-circuit reactance, measured from the
secondary side
XSH = Ideal short-circuit reactance, measured fromf
the primary side
XSHZ' = Ideal short-circuit reactance, measured from
the secondary side
Current Phenomena."
and Converters."
"Synchronous
Arnold: "Die Wechselstromtechnik."
Steinmetz: Mechanical Forces in Magnetic Fields, A. I. E. E.
xi=
Xl
secondary winding
= Actual resistance
= Apparent resistance
= Primary current
"Alternating
"The InductionMotor."
~~~~~~~~~~~Behrend:
Beied:"h
ndcin
oo.
Blondel:
Motors
a. Let
X2
= Secondary current
I2
6)max' = Maximum possible permeance, measured from
the primary side
=
(Ymax' Maximum possible permeance, measured from
the secondary side
(Ymin' = Minimum possible permeance, measured from
the primary side
pmin" = Minimum possible permeance, measured from
the secondary side
( )m = Quantity belonging to the main phase
( )c = Quantity belonging to the cross phase
Bibliography
Planek: "Treatise on Thermodynamics"
Appendix
CONNECTION
683
IM
FIG. 1
current Il is coming out of the slip rings. If the slip rings are
b1 = Total resultant flux linking the primary short circuited, the secondary current will be wholly reactive,
..
if the slip rings are feeding resistance
~I2
~~~~~~~~~~this