Air Poll Lecture 1

28/11/12
Presenta-on by :

ASSOC. PROF. IR. DR. ZAKI ZAINUDIN

Department of Biotechnology Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Interna-onal Islamic University Malaysia
Introduc-on
Air pollution is the modication of the natural
characteristics of the atmosphere by a chemical,

particulate matter, or biological agent.
The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous
system that is essential to support life on planet Earth.

Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long
been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to
the Earth's ecosystems.
zakizainudin@gmail.com
28/11/12
Composi-on of Ambient
Air
Gas
Nitrogen (N2)
Volume
780,840 ppmv (78.084%)
Oxygen (O2)
209,460 ppmv (20.946%)
Argon (Ar)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
9,340 ppmv (0.9340%)

383 ppmv (0.0383%)
Neon (Ne)
18.18 ppmv (0.001818%)
Helium (He)
5.24 ppmv (0.000524%)
Methane (CH4)
Krypton (Kr)
Hydrogen (H2)
1.745 ppmv (0.0001745%)

1.14 ppmv (0.000114%)
0.55 ppmv (0.000055%)
Introduc-on
Worldwide air pollution is responsible for large numbers
of deaths and cases of respiratory disease. While major

stationary sources are often identied with air pollution,
the greatest source of emissions is actually mobile sources,
mainly automobiles.
Gases such as carbon dioxide, which contribute to global
warming, have recently gained recognition as pollutants by

climate scientists, while they also recognize that carbon
dioxide is essential for plant life through photosynthesis.
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Sources of Air Pollu-on

Anthropogenic
Sources of air pollution refer to the various locations, activities or factors which
are responsible for the releasing of pollutants in the atmosphere. These sources
can be classied into two major categories which are ;
Anthropogenic sources (human activity) mostly related to burning dierent kinds of
fuel
"Stationary Sources" as smoke stacks of power plants, manufacturing facilities,
municipal waste incinerators
"Mobile Sources" as motor vehicles, aircraft etc.

Combustion-red power plants
Controlled burn practices used in agriculture and forestry management
Motor vehicles generating air pollution emissions.
Marine vessels, such as container ships or cruise ships, and related port air pollution.
28/11/12

Anthropogenic
Burning wood, replaces, stoves, furnaces and incinerators
Oil rening, power plant operation and industrial activity in
general.
Chemicals, dust and crop waste burning in farming, (see Dust
Bowl).
Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol sprays and other
solvents.
Waste deposition in landlls, which generate methane.
Military uses, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ warfare
and rocketry.

Natural Sources
Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with
little or no vegetation.
Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for
example cattle.
Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earth's crust.
Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildres.
Volcanic activity, which produce sulfur, chlorine, and ash
particulates.
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Principal Air Pollutants - PM

Generally air pollutants are dividing into two categories ;
particulate matter (PM) and gases (vapor).

Particulate matter :
Aerosols liquids, oil from machine workshop, carry over from
demister, formed by condensation
Fumes condensed metal compounds
Soot product of incomplete combustion
Dust solid particles (> 1 m) in size from mechanical processes
Principal Air Pollutants - PM

Particulate matter can be classied in several ways
namely ;
Fraction
Total Suspended Particulates (TSP)
Size Range
(Aerodynamic
Diameter)
-
PM10
<=10 m
PM2.5
<=2.5 m
PM1
Ultrane (UFP or UP)
PM10-PM2.5
<=1 m
<=0.1 m
2.5 m - 10 m
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Most Polluted World Cities by PM

Particulate matter,
g/m3 (2004)
City
169
Cairo, Egypt
161
Beijing, China
150
Delhi, India
128
Kolkata, India (Calcutta)
125
Taiyuan, China
123
Chongqing, China
109
Kanpur, India
109
Lucknow, India
104
Jakarta, Indonesia
101
Shenyang, China
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Health Eects of PM
The eects of inhaling particulate matter has been widely studied in
humans and animals and include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular

issues, and premature death. The size of the particle is a main
determinant of where in the respiratory tract the particle will come to
rest when inhaled.
Larger particles are generally ltered in the nose and throat and do
not cause problems, but particulate matter smaller than about 10

micrometres, referred to as PM10, can settle in the bronchi and lungs
and cause health problems.
The 10 micrometer size does not represent a strict boundary between
respirable and non-respirable particles, but has been agreed upon for
monitoring of airborne particulate matter by most regulatory
agencies.
Health Eects of PM
Similarly, particles smaller than 2.5 micrometres, PM2.5, tend to penetrate
into the gas-exchange regions of the lung, and very small particles (< 100
nanometers) may pass through the lungs to aect other organs.
In particular, a study published in the Journal of the American Medical
Association indicates that PM2.5 leads to high plaque deposits in arteries,

causing vascular inammation and atherosclerosis a hardening of the
arteries that reduces elasticity, which can lead to heart attacks and other
cardiovascular problems .
Researchers suggest that even short-term exposure at elevated
concentrations could signicantly contribute to heart disease.
PM pollution is estimated to cause 22,000 - 52,000 deaths per year in the
United States (from 2000) and 200,000 deaths per year in Europe).
28/11/12
Health Eects of PM
Concentration of Particles in g/m3
2000 g/m3 with 0.4 ppm SO2 (24-hr avg.)
episodes of several days duration
Eect
Increase in death due to bronchitis
1000 g/m3 with 0.25 ppm SO2 (24-hr avg.) Increases mortality from all causes
during episodes
including respiratory and cardiac disease
300 g/m3 with 0.21 ppm SO2 (24-hr avg.)
Signicant increase in bronchitis

symptoms
130 g/m3 with SO2 (annual avg.)
Increase in frequency and severity of lower

respiratory illness
100 - 200 g/m3 with 0.05 0.08 ppm SO2

(average seasonal levels

Increases in incidences of bronchitis

reported above this level
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Principal Pollutants - SOx

SOx is a colourless gas formed by burning of sulfur.
It is a corrosive acid gas
SOx combines with water vapor in the atmosphere to produce acid rain.
Both wet and dry deposition have been implicated in the damage and
destruction of soils, building materials and water courses.
SOx in the ambient air is also associated with asthma and bronchitis.
The principal source of this gas is the burning of fossil fuels particularly coal
Principal Pollutants - SOx

Sulfur dioxide can be prepared by burning sulfur ;
S8 + 8 O2 8 SO2
The combustion of hydrogen sulde and organosulfur compounds proceeds similarly.
2 H2S(g) + 3 O2(g) 2 H2O(g) + 2 SO2(g)
The roasting of sulde ores such as iron pyrites, sphalerite (zinc blende) and cinnabar (mercury
sulde) also releases SO2:
4 FeS2(s) + 11 O2(g) 2 Fe2O3(s) + 8 SO2(g) 2 ZnS(s) + 3 O2(g)

2 ZnO(s) + 2 SO2(g) HgS(s) + O2(g) Hg(g) + SO2(g)
Sulfur dioxide is a by-product in the manufacture of cement: CaSiO3 and CaSO4 is heated with
coke and sand in this process:
2 CaSO4(s) + 2SiO2(s) + C(s) 2 CaSiO3(s) + 2 SO2(g) + CO2(g)
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28/11/12
Principal Pollutants - NOx

NOx are a group of gasses made up of nitrogen and oxygen.
Formed during high temperature combustion of oxidation of
nitrogen in the air or fuel.
The primary sources NOx (NO and NO2) are
- Road Trac
- Power Stations
- Heating Plants
- Industrial Processes
Industrial Sources - NOx

The three primary sources of NOx in combustion processes:
Thermal NOx
Fuel NOx
Prompt NOx
Thermal NOx formation, which is highly temperature dependent, is
recognized as the most relevant source when combusting natural gas. Fuel
NOx tends to dominate during the combustion of fuels, such as coal, which
have a signicant nitrogen content, particularly when burned in combustors
designed to minimise thermal NOx.
The contribution of prompt NOx is normally considered negligible. A fourth
source, called feed NOx is associated with the combustion of nitrogen

present in the feed material of cement rotary kilns, at between 300 and
800C, where it is also a minor contributor.
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28/11/12
Principal Pollutants - NOx

NOx has variety of environmental and health impacts ;
It is a respiratory irritant
It reacts with hydrocarbon to produce photochemical
pollutants (in the presence of sunglight)
It contributes to acid deposition
Principle Air Pollutants - VOC

VOCs are ;
Released in vehicle exhaust gases either as unburned fuels or
as combustion products;
Emitted by the evaporation of solvents and motor fuels
Benzene and 1,3 butadiene are of particular concern as they
are known carcinogens
Benzene is an aromatic VOC which is a minor constituent of
petrol (about 2% by volume).
The main sources of benzene are the distribution and
combustion of petrol
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28/11/12
Principle Air Pollutants - VOC

1,3-butadiene is a VOC emitted into the atmosphere
principally from fuel combustion of petrol and diesel

vehicles.

1,3 butadiene is also an important chemical in certain
industrial processes, particularly the manufacture of

synthetic rubber.
Measurement of
Ambient Air Quality Parameters
The components of an air pollution monitoring system
include ;

The collection or sampling of pollutants from the ambient
air.
The analysis or measurement of pollutant concentrations.
The reporting and use of the information collected.
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28/11/12
Measurement of
Recommended Malaysian Air Quality Guidelines (RMAQG)
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28/11/12
Measurement of
Ambient Air Quality Parameters - Example
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Measurement of
Ambient Air Quality Parameters - Example
Concentration (g/m3)
Locations
*TSP
*PM10
A1 Nexa Training Centre
79
51
A2 Bulk Storage Tank
107
49
A3 ARP Point
79
35
A4 IF Cell
72
21
RMAQG
260
150
Notes:
* TSP and PM10 levels are reported in 24-hours averaging time.
** NO2 and SO2 levels are reported in 1-hour averaging time
*** CO concentration is reported in parts per million (ppm)
ppm
**NO2
**SO2
***CO
< 5
5
< 10
< 10
320
< 5
< 5
10
< 5
350
0.142
0.517
0.400
0.558
30
15
28/11/12
Measurement of
Example (TSP)
User
Instrument
Location
Date
SN
Monitoring is carried out over a

24-hr period for TSP and the
average concentration is
calculated and compared against
the RMAQG.
Date
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
7-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
8-Nov-06
( A-01 )
0.120
Conc ( mg/m3 )
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
9:00
8:00
10:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0:00
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
11:00
13:00
0.000
12:00
0.020
Time
: Alam Sekitar (M) Sdn. Bhd.

: GT-640A (MetOne Instrument)
: A-01
: 7 Nov 2006
: GT-640A
Time
11:00:00
12:00:00
13:00:00
14:00:00
15:00:00
16:00:00
17:00:00
18:00:00
19:00:00
20:00:00
21:00:00
22:00:00
23:00:00
0:00:00
1:00:00
2:00:00
3:00:00
4:00:00
5:00:00
6:00:00
7:00:00
8:00:00
9:00:00
10:00:00
Conc(mg/m3)
0.051
0.062
0.074
0.096
0.092
0.084
0.067
0.065
0.068
0.060
0.071
0.098
0.104
0.091
0.086
0.088
0.075
0.082
0.077
0.075
0.085
0.089
0.084
0.080
Average Concentration -
0.079
Flow(l/m)
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
mg/m3
Measurement of
Ambient Air Quality Parameters Example NOx and SOx
SOx and NOx is performed in accordance with JP Lodge Method 704C, using Hydrogen
Peroxide as scrubber solution.

Sampling ow rate was xed at 4L/min for a total running time of one (1) hour, which gave a
total air volume trapped of 0.24 m3.
Parameter
Concentration
in scrubber
solution (mg/l)
Sample volume
(ml)
Sampling
owrate
(l/min)
Averaging time
(hr)
NOx
0.5
10 ml
SOx
0.3
10 ml
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28/11/12
Measurement of
Ambient Air Quality Parameters Example NOx and SOx
For NOx

Total NOx in sample :

0.5mg

0.01l

l

Total NOx concentration in ambient air :

3

CALCULATE FOR SOx.

= 0.005mg
0.005mg
= 0.021mg / m3 = 21g / m3
0.24 m
Environmental Monitoring Network

Our country-wide Environmental Monitoring Scope covers:
Air Quality:
51 Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Stations (CAQM)
Manual Air Quality Monitoring Stations (MAQM)
Water Quality:
15 Continuous Water Quality Monitoring Stations (CWQM)
> 1000 Manual Water Quality Sampling Sites (MWQM)
> 71 Islands and Marine Quality Monitoring
Operates & maintains the National Environmental Data Centre at ASMA
HQ, Shah Alam, Malaysia
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28/11/12
Con-nuous Air Quality Network
Real-time display / On-line access 24-hrs
Satellite Monitoring of Forest/ Large-Scale Fires in the South East Asia

region, covering Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and Brunei
Hot Spot Count = Number of large fires detected by the Satellite
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28/11/12
Visit by the Malaysian Prime Minister

to ASMA HQ/ EDC (13 Aug 2005)
YAB Dato Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi taking notes while listening to a brieng on ASMA Air Quality
Monitoring Network System. Accompanying him was the Minister of Natural Resources & the Environment,
Dato Seri Adnan Satem (partially hidden).
Stack Sampling
Stack monitoring emission in Malaysia is done for compliance
with the Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978,
of the EQA.

Stack monitoring is carried out in accordance with the
Department of Standards MS1596:2003 ;

Determination of Concentration and Mass Flow of Particulate
Matter in Flue Gas for Stationary Source Emissions.

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28/11/12
Isokine-c Test Methods - United States Environmental Protec-on
Agencys (U.S. EPA) Test Methods from Code

of Federal Regula.ons Title 40 Part 60 (40 CFR 60):

Method 1 Sample and velocity of traverses for stationary sources;

Method 2 Determination of stack gas velocity and volumetric ow
rate;
Method 3a Determination of oxygen and carbon dioxide
concentrations in emissions from stationary sources
(instrumental
analyser procedure);
Method 4 Determination of moisture content in stack gases;
Method 5 Determination of particulate emissions from stationary
sources;
Method 6c Determination of sulphur dioxide emissions from
stationary sources (instrumental analyser
procedure);
Method 10 Determination of carbon monoxide from stationary sources;

Isokine-c Sampling
What is Isokinetic sampling ?

A technique for collecting airborne particulate in which the sampling

device has a collection eciency of unity for all sizes of particles in
sampled air, regardless of wind velocity and direction of the
instrument. The air stream entering the collector has a velocity
(speed and direction) equal to that of the air in the gas stream just
ahead of the sampling port of the collector.

20
28/11/12
Isokine-c Sampling
Isokine-c Sampling
21
28/11/12
Stack Sampling Train
22

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ASSOC. PROF. IR. DR. ZAKI ZAINUDIN

characteristics of the atmosphere by a chemical,

The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous

system that is essential to support life on planet Earth.

209,460 ppmv (20.946%)

9,340 ppmv (0.9340%)

18.18 ppmv (0.001818%)

5.24 ppmv (0.000524%)

1.745 ppmv (0.0001745%)

of deaths and cases of respiratory disease. While major

Gases such as carbon dioxide, which contribute to global

warming, have recently gained recognition as pollutants by

Sources of Air Pollu-on

"Stationary Sources" as smoke stacks of power plants, manufacturing facilities,

municipal waste incinerators

"Mobile Sources" as motor vehicles, aircraft etc.

Sources of Air Pollu-on

Sources of Air Pollu-on

Principal Air Pollutants - PM

particulate matter (PM) and gases (vapor).

Principal Air Pollutants - PM

Most Polluted World Cities by PM

Kolkata, India (Calcutta)

humans and animals and include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular

not cause problems, but particulate matter smaller than about 10

The 10 micrometer size does not represent a strict boundary between

In particular, a study published in the Journal of the American Medical

Association indicates that PM2.5 leads to high plaque deposits in arteries,

Researchers suggest that even short-term exposure at elevated

concentrations could signicantly contribute to heart disease.

PM pollution is estimated to cause 22,000 - 52,000 deaths per year in the

Signicant increase in bronchitis

130 g/m3 with SO2 (annual avg.)

Increase in frequency and severity of lower

100 - 200 g/m3 with 0.05 0.08 ppm SO2

Increases in incidences of bronchitis

Principal Pollutants - SOx

destruction of soils, building materials and water courses.

Principal Pollutants - SOx

2 H2S(g) + 3 O2(g) 2 H2O(g) + 2 SO2(g)

sulde) also releases SO2:

4 FeS2(s) + 11 O2(g) 2 Fe2O3(s) + 8 SO2(g) 2 ZnS(s) + 3 O2(g)

coke and sand in this process:

2 CaSO4(s) + 2SiO2(s) + C(s) 2 CaSiO3(s) + 2 SO2(g) + CO2(g)

Principal Pollutants - NOx

nitrogen in the air or fuel.

The primary sources NOx (NO and NO2) are

Industrial Sources - NOx

The contribution of prompt NOx is normally considered negligible. A fourth

source, called feed NOx is associated with the combustion of nitrogen

Principal Pollutants - NOx

Principle Air Pollutants - VOC

Principle Air Pollutants - VOC

principally from fuel combustion of petrol and diesel

industrial processes, particularly the manufacture of

Recommended Malaysian Air Quality Guidelines (RMAQG)

Monitoring is carried out over a

: Alam Sekitar (M) Sdn. Bhd.

Environmental Monitoring Network

HQ, Shah Alam, Malaysia

Con-nuous Air Quality Network

Real-time display / On-line access 24-hrs

Satellite Monitoring of Forest/ Large-Scale Fires in the South East Asia