Pawanexh Kohli
ap
t.
P
aw
an
ex
Ko
hl
hl
an
t.
P
IMO regs Mandates use of <4.5% sulfur fuel effective 2010 ship
ex
Ko
hl
an
2010
4.50%
1%
2012
3.50%
-
aw
Global
SECAs
t.
P
Region/Year
2015
0.10%
2020
0.50%
-
ap
Ko
hl
an
aw
t.
P
ap
ex
Ko
hl
an
ex
aw
t.
P
ap
i
hl
Ko
h
ex
ap
t.
P
aw
an
As of 1st January 2008, the world trading fleet was 50,525 ships,
Ko
hl
January 2008
Bulk Carriers
25%
aw
Container ships
14%
t.
P
Tankers
8%
ex
an
37%
4%
12%
Passenger ships
ap
Other
6,890
Container ships
4,170
Tankers
Source: Lloyd's Register Fairplay
January 2008, >1000GT
Ships > 100GRT = 170,000 ships
18,982
12,583
Passenger ships
5,957
Other
1,943
TOTAL SHIPS
50,525
8
2007 Data
Average DWT
Average Main
Engine (HP)
CO2 from
Bunker cons.
Tonnes (10^6)
Number
Ko
hl
Ship Type
Total NOx
Emission from
Bunker cons.
Tonnes
PM10 emission
Tonnes
7,002.00
52,367.00
10,367.00
96,79,565.00
5,19,36,915.00
168.81
28,77,541.00
41,53,828.00
3,33,691.00
1,649.00
21,031.00
7,433.00
22,79,578.00
91,56,778.00
30.47
5,11,904.00
7,43,346.00
60,138.00
Chemical tankers
1,195.00
8,328.00
4,120.00
14,91,360.00
16.36
2,71,066.00
3,95,860.00
32,240.00
53,608.00
9,395.00
1,52,064.00
3,991.00
32,896.00
28,234.00
38,31,360.00
Crude tanker
1,945.00
1,43,533.00
19,415.00
5,498.00
3,186.00
375.00
74,117.00
36,175.00
60,064.00
4,834.00
79,08,519.00
6,24,046.00
26,88,768.00
132.29
23,23,733.00
33,13,973.00
2,62,336.00
65,43,360.00
4,27,00,898.00
2,04,90,663.00
82.74
12,39,732.00
18,89,895.00
1,61,467.00
69,120.00
1,56,75,000.00
47.56
8,46,512.00
12,00,888.00
94,444.00
14,497.00
6,152.00
14,66,726.00
60,65,143.00
20.13
3,38,723.00
4,91,538.00
39,735.00
1,417.00
3,199.00
57,12,960.00
64,53,645.00
54.55
5,74,856.00
10,38,473.00
1,03,490.00
Offshore vessels
4,326.00
2,473.00
5,788.00
41,52,960.00
1,24,37,179.00
73.37
9,02,332.00
15,07,317.00
1,40,781.00
Passenger/Ferry
3,759.00
1,646.00
11,526.00
51,96,442.00
2,72,19,205.00
120.49
17,15,315.00
26,75,118.00
2,34,039.00
Product tanker
2,926.00
16,754.00
5,455.00
40,44,902.00
2,31,03,134.00
74.77
12,77,935.00
18,42,742.00
1,47,841.00
Reefers Ships
2,132.00
4,175.00
5,790.00
44,20,915.00
1,04,97,832.00
37.16
6,01,312.00
8,86,916.00
73,067.00
RoRo Vessels
2,131.00
8,944.00
9,994.00
20,45,760.00
1,64,53,818.00
57.44
9,37,246.00
13,77,558.00
1,13,031.00
Tanker unspecified
1,723.00
9,070.00
3,071.00
8,27,040.00
21,77,679.00
12.79
1,57,594.00
2,62,964.00
24,536.00
17,911.00
7,608.00
5,46,02,880.00
35,24,74,269.00
1,245.84
2,01,77,117.00
2,97,48,997.00
24,49,716.00
Tons
HP
Miscellaneous
Grand Total
59,859.00
ap
1,061.00
11,902.00
41,542.00
55,59,774.00
aw
13,632.00
2.45
314.47
t.
P
7,47,965.00
10,25,51,791.00
an
110.00
Container carriers
48,06,625.00
ex
Combination Carriers
Bulk Carriers
(kW)
Tonnes
Tonnes (10^6)
Tonnes
Tonnes
Tonnes
10
ex
an
aw
t.
P
ap
hl
Ko
Chennai
Tuticorin
Cochin
New Mangalore
Mormugao
Mumbai
J.N.P.T.*
Kandla
All Ports India
hl
Ko
ex
Ennore
an
Vishakhapatnam
aw
Paradip
t.
P
Haldia
Dry Bulk
37
27
745
580
1218
1098
1208
1010
213
184
455
463
407
325
35
54
403
276
217
478
31
234
49
46
598
461
5718
5389
ap
Kolkata
Period
2007-08
2006-07
2007-08
2006-07
2007-08
2006-07
2007-08
2006-07
2007-08
2006-07
2007-08
2006-07
2007-08
2006-07
2007-08
2006-07
2007-08
2006-07
2007-08
2006-07
2007-08
2006-07
2007-08
2006-07
2007-08
2006-07
2007-08
2006-07
Port Name
Total
1012
880
2373
11889
1513
1405
2346
2052
213
201
2052
2059
1602
1509
806
912
1144
1015
443
699
1709
2086
3106
2775
2598
2124
20876
20284
Others #
24
47
47
24
264
24
150
580
Total
1012
904
2373
1889
1513
1452
2346
2099
213
201
2052
2059
1602
1533
806
1176
1144
1039
443
699
1709
2236
3106
2775
2598
2124
20876
20864
Ko
hl
Totals
ex
0.33
2.00
0.25
2.00
4.58
6.67
43.00
5.00
35.00
an
8.00
48.00
6.00
48.00
AE Cons. MT
Days
aw
Port 1
Port 2
Port 3
Port 4
Hours
t.
P
Port Stay
89.67
ap
fuel.
Average 19.5 MT per day in port-
Ko
hl
ex
ap
t.
P
aw
Average 5.77 MT per day in port 2009 Q1: x USD 263 = USD 1,517/ 2008 Q3: x USD 678 = USD 3,911/-
13
SHIP
Ko
hl
SHORE
an
ex
Onboard Connector
t.
P
aw
100v
Control Panel
440 v
6 KVA
ap
440 v
Power Source
pKohli
Frequency/Transformer
Convertor
CASE 1:
Operating Voltage: AC 440V / 220V
Automation System: Gavazzi, Sulzer operates on AC220V / DC24V
Diesel Generators: Bergen Diesel KRG 7590KW - 2 x 1430KW; 3 x 1260KW; 1 x 950KW
ap
t.
P
aw
an
ex
Lighting - Internal
Accommodation/Control Room Air Conditioners
Provision Room Compressors
Essential Services (SW/LT/CW Pumps, Boiler)
Purifiers HFO, LO
Emergency Service (Fire Pumps)
Bilge pump
Ballast Pumps (transfer & pump in ballast) x 2nos
Machinery Space Ventilation
Cargo Hold Ventilation
Galley Services
Mooring Winches each (x 4 nos)
Container Operating Load (cycling 60% load)
Ships Cargo Gantries
Anti-Heeling pumps each (x 2 nos)
Main / Service Air compressors
Ko
hl
110 KW
315 Amps at 195 KW
70 KW
112 KW
12 KW
410 KW
23 KW
26 KW
26 KW
37 KW
105 KW
20 KW
25 KW
50 KW
2400 KW
850 KW
105 KW
110 KW
670 KW
37 KW
15
DAYS
SEA
PORT
D/D
OFF
HIRE
TTL
MILES
LOADED
Tons per Day
SPD
(Knots)
Main
Aux.
MILES
BALLAST
Tons per Day
SPD
(Knots)
Main
Aux.
179.6
68.2
24.4
92.8
365
38,772
18.09
hl
38.97
6.07
39,433
18.21
36.19
2.96
SISTER 1
287.8
76.3
0.9
365
62,901
17.83
25.69
6.84
63,317
18.73
25.34
2.95
SISTER 2
283.0
80.9
1.2
365
ex
18.21
25.67
7.56
59,680
17.85
22.90
2.81
SISTER 3
234.3
130.5
0.2
365
54,600
18.02
26.33
7.54
49,604
19.13
26.29
3.06
SISTER 4
226.0
122.0
17.0
365
50,439
17.61
28.02
7.41
40,509
17.30
24.69
2.90
FANCY 1
287.0
77.0
1.0
365
70,933
19.97
39.60
9.19
65,685
19.69
35.71
3.97
FANCY 2
290.1
75.0
365
70,013
19.61
40.25
9.27
65,488
19.34
37.72
3.61
FANCY 3
290.1
75.0
365
70,458
19.91
40.36
9.29
65,882
19.35
36.05
3.76
FANCY 4
286.5
78.5
365
68,743
19.98
41.61
9.20
67,770
19.73
35.74
3.60
ELDER 1
241.5
107.5
16.0
365
56,168
19.07
39.23
14.56
52,998
18.61
37.09
6.14
ELDER 2
242.1
109.7
13.1
0.1
365
56,691
18.96
45.95
14.54
52,639
18.66
47.99
4.82
ELDER 3
270.0
80.0
15.0
365
59,756
17.84
41.69
19.16
58,467
18.72
40.61
4.20
ELDER 4
267.0
83.0
15.0
365
58,771
18.25
42.73
19.66
60,879
19.08
41.07
4.72
BIG 1
239.0
126.0
365
66,838
20.76
70.40
25.34
50,407
20.05
70.84
8.62
BIG 2
235.0
117.0
13.0
365
62,960
20.04
62.66
25.11
48,644
19.45
62.71
8.21
62,747
an
t.
P
ap
Ko
GRAND LADY
aw
SHIP NAME
16
USD 302
USD 1,507.50
USD 312
USD 1,558.13
MGO
U$ / MT
462.00
USD 444
USD 481
USD 2,406.67
Average Price
Cost @ 5 MT/day
MDO
U$ / MT
441.00
470.00
422.00
hl
HFO 180cst
U$ / MT
320.00
302.50
306.50
317.50
aw
an
ex
Ko
Singapore
Houston
Rotterdam
Fujairah
HFO 380cst
U$ / MT
310.00
288.00
280.50
301.50
USD 2,221.67
463.50
518.50
t.
P
Ports
For every kilowatt-hour (kWh) electricity, about 200 grams of bunker fuel
ap
is used. This means a bunker oil usage of as much as 0.55 tonnes every
hour. For 1 kilo of bunker oil =3.125 kilos of Carbon dioxide.
Type of Marine Vessels & Average Power Requirement at Berth
Container Ships
1 - 4 MWe
Cruise Ships
7 MWe
Reefers
2 - 5 MWe
Ro-Ros
700 kWe
Tankers
5-6 MWe
Bulk/Cargo Ships
ap
t.
P
aw
an
ex
18
Stena Line
Cobelfret
ACL
P&O
Superfast
Ferries
Service between:
GOTHENBURG IMMINGHAM
GOTHENBURG KIEL
GOTHENBURG ZEEBRUGGE
ROTTERDAM HULL
ROSYTH ZEEBRUGGE
Vessels:
TOR BRITANNIA,
STENA
TOR SELANDIA, GERMANICA, STENA
TOR SUECIA
SCANDINAVICA
426341
0.105
Ko
ex
0.228
645085
5387200
20926180
300
1137
4323
0.231
0.244
0.211
0.207
517420
91846
347832
1322698
0.071
0.075
0.065
0.063
782893
138969
526295
2001337
0.107
0.113
0.098
0.096
an
1691
0.070
1230883
aw
1393
"ATLANTIC "
NORSEA, NORSUN,
CONCERT,
PRIDE OF
CONVEYOR,
ROTTERDAM, PRIDE
COMPANION,
OF HULL
COMPASS, CARTIER
t.
P
7329024
ap
6122484
SLINGEBORG,
SCHIEBORG,
SPAARNEBORG
hl
Operator:
Supefast IX,
Superfast X
5219500 kWh
1070 MT
0.205 Kgs/kWh
327363 USD
0.063 USD/kWh
495324 USD
0.095 USD/kWh
i
hl
Ko
h
ex
ap
t.
P
aw
an
20
t.
P
aw
an
ex
Ko
hl
maritime norms.
Quality of power to protect shipboard automation
systems.
Legalities with various stakeholders.
21
ap
t.
P
aw
an
ex
Ko
hl
22
ap
t.
P
aw
an
ex
Ko
hl
Frequency used onboard different vessel types (300 random vessels from Lloyds Register Fairplay, 2002)
23
i
hl
Ko
h
ex
an
aw
t.
P
ap
C
Ships tend to have requirements depending or location of building yard.
24
hl
ap
t.
P
aw
an
ex
Ko
25
ap
t.
P
aw
an
ex
Ko
hl
i
hl
Ko
h
ex
an
aw
t.
P
C
ap
Maritime Pollution
From Power generation
27
ap
t.
P
aw
an
ex
Ko
hl
i
hl
Ko
h
ex
an
Vessels use auxiliary engines to produce onboard electricity while at the dock to
ap
t.
P
aw
power lighting, ventilation, pumps, air conditioning, refrigeration and other onboard amenities as well as systems for cargo & safety operations.
These hotelling emissions can comprise as much as 20 percent of all particulate
matter (PM) emissions from a large port city.
At the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach the third busiest port complex in the
world after Hong Kong and Singapore - ships produce 343 tons per year of cancercausing particulate matter every year.
Equipping ships and ports for shoreside power capabilities can be a cost effective air
pollution reduction mechanism particularly for container, cruise and reefer vessels
that call regularly at the same port.
Estimated costs are $4 to $13 per TEU for container ships or $12 to $16 per
passenger on cruise ships (USA costs, LA Study).
29
aw
an
ex
Ko
hl
ap
t.
P
30
i
hl
Ko
h
ex
ap
t.
P
aw
an
31
Ko
aw
ap
t.
P
an
ex
hl
33
ex
an
aw
t.
P
ap
hl
Ko
ap
t.
P
aw
an
ex
Ko
hl
34