2012.08.08 - Masonry Building Design

MASONRY BUILDING
DESIGN
An Overview of Masonry Building Design
Methods
Presented by Scott W. Walkowicz, P.E., NCEES
Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC
SE University, August, 2012
www.LearnWithSEU.com
Learning Objectives
To know the basic requirements for a

masonry structured building
To know key changes in recent masonry code
updates
To understand the specific defining limits and
requirements related to different masonry elements
To recognize the benefits of whole building or wall
software
Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC
Seminar Outline

Overview
Software Overview
Introduce the Example Building
Lintel Design
Jamb Strip Design
Bearing Wall Design
Overview

Gravity and lateral loads

Elements
Sidetrack (s).
Gravity and Lateral Loads

Gravity load path

First act on horizontal members:

Roof or floor plates
Transfer to beams
Then to girders
Then transfer to vertical elements

Columns
Walls
Terminate at foundations where they transfer

to the earth

Diagram Credit: Luebkeman and Peting

Buildings must also resist lateral loads

Wind
Seismic
Fluid
Earth

Act horizontally
Cause sliding and/or overturning
Individual elements
Building as a whole

Lateral load path

First act on vertical surfaces perpendicular to
their direction
Transfer load to horizontal supports
Foundation
Floor plates
Roof plate
Flow through horizontal supports to vertical

elements parallel to the loads direction
Transfer through to foundation
Diagram Credit: IMI International

Elements

Joints
Connections
Walls
Columns
Piers
Beams
Pilasters
10
Joints

Not going to design joints today

May avoid joints with horizontal
reinforcement
When using joints:

Place to minimize and control cracking

Utilize vertical control joints
Utilize vertical and horizontal expansion joints
Move them off openings in structural wythes
Locate them in drawings and detail them
11
Connections

Not going to design connections today

Must connect the walls receiving load to
the diaphragm
A 25 tall wall with 20 psf wind load
generates 250 lbs./ft. at top connection
If anchors are at 4 = 1000 lbs./anchor
Compression and
Tension
12
Connections
Must connect the diaphragm to the

lateral load resisting elements
Shear
A 25 tall building that is 100 long with 2
40 long shear walls and 15 psf MWFRS load
generates 190 lbs./ft. of shear at the
diaphragm connection
If anchors are at 4 = 760 lbs./anchor
13
Connections
Pay attention to capacity and stiffness

Axial
Tension
Compression
Unbraced length
Eccentricity
Shear
Flexural
If bridging cavities or other voids with transverse
displacement
14
Walls

Vertical Element
Horizontal length : Thickness > 3 : 1
Used to enclose space
15
Walls

Vertical Element
Not a wall: Length = 3 * nom. thickness
16
Walls

Vertical Element
Wall example:
17
Walls

Vertical Element
Wall example:
18
Walls

Note:
Within a wall
No confinement ties unless
The reinforcement is being utilized
(through transformed section analysis) to
resist axial compression
19
Columns
An ISOLATED vertical member

Like at the corner of a Porte-cachere
Not referring to seismic isolation

Horizontal dimension : Thickness 3 : 1

Height : Thickness > 4 : 1
Grouted solid SD only
20
Columns

Prescriptive confinement ties ( #2)

Min. / max. longitudinal reinforcement
Slenderness limit on height (ASD: 25 or
SD: 30 * nominal dimension)
Minimum eccentricity (ASD: 0.1*dim.)
21
Columns
Minimum Height and Maximum Length

for an 8 nominal column thickness
22
Columns
23
Piers
An ISOLATED vertical member

Not between windows
Special case conceptually between walls and
columns

Strength Design only

Load limit (0.3*An*fm)
Horizontal dimension : Thickness > 3 : 1
and 6 : 1
Height : Length < 5 : 1
No prescriptive confinement ties
24
Piers
25
Piers
26
Beams

No specific definition
Longitudinally reinforced
May have transverse reinforcement
Laterally braced at 32 x Thickness
Deflection control only to protect
strength and serviceability
l/600 for support of unreinforced
masonry
Do NOT require solid grout
27
Pilasters

No specific definition
Typically vertical spanning flexural
element with walls spanning
horizontally between
Longitudinally reinforced
May have confinement ties, if
Longitudinal reinforcement is utilized to resist axial
compression
If unbonded and meet column criteria or to bond
with wall wythe
28
Sidetrack 1.

2008 MSJC Adopted with 2009 IBC

TMS now the lead sponsor
Major changes

Relocation of certain information

Structural corbels allowed
Removed 0.3 deflection for beams supporting
unreinforced masonry
Explicit Ieff requirements
Light column provisions
Self Consolidating Grout (SCG) added
See Transition Guide published by TMS
29
Sidetrack 2.

2011 MSJC Adopted with 2012 IBC

Major changes

Side by side layout with commentary

1/3 stress increase eliminated with stress
recalibrations
ASD shear stress provisions significantly reworked
Coordinated with ASCE 7-10
AAC moved to Chapter 8 (from Appendix A)
Design of Masonry Infill added as Appendix B
30
Sidetrack 3.

Special Inspection
Are they required?
Put a list in the drawings?
What else?
31
Intl Building Code
32
IBC 2009 Special Inspections

Chapter 17
33

Chapter 17
34

Chapter 17
35
Introduce the Example

Example Design of a Single-Story

Building
Masonry Structures Behavior and
Design, 3rd Addition (Drysdale & Hamid)
36
37

16.5 Example Design of a Single-Story

Building (p. 655 ff)

147-4 x 96-0
Single-story, T.O.M. = 18-0 with no parapet
Small interior two-story office area
Modify to Lansing, MI location
Modify wind per ASCE 7-05
Modify control joint layout to non-lintel ends per
NCMA TEK 10-3
38
39
40
41
Roof Framing Plan

Graphic Credit: MIM
42
West Elevation
Graphic Credit: MIM
43
North and South Elevations
Graphic Credit: MIM

44
North and South Elevations
Graphic Credit: MIM

45
Analysis Introduction

Hand Calculations
Component
Whole Building
46
Hand Methods

A combination of calculations and tabulated

data
Current code provisions and values?
Less time requires simplification and
assumption
Simplification and assumption lead to
conservatism
Conservatism leads to inefficiency
Inefficiency adds cost and time to projects
47
Component Software

Structural Masonry Design System

(SMDS)
Enercalc
Quick Masonry
Digital Canal
Many others.
Well use SMDS
48
Component Software

Some more accurate than others

Some very inaccurate and even
unconservative
Limited applications
Multiple evaluations required
49
Whole Building Software

Ram Elements
RisaMasonry
Well use Ram Elements
And Ram Structural System
50

Ram Elements for Masonry Design

Build model in Ram Structural System
Rapid generation

Grid lines and Story Levels

Easy member and material designation
Easy generation of openings
Easy modification
Generate Seismic and Wind Shear Story Loads
Direct interface with Revit
51

Ram Elements for Masonry Design

Build model in Revit
Technician generation
Single model path with documentation
model
Bi-directional integration with Revit through
Structural Synchronizer
52

Build model in Ram Structural System

Some drawbacks to consider

Wind loads may be higher than necessary

Cannot designate walls as masonry
Stories interrupt entire levels even when
partial areas
Out-of-plane pressures are not applied and
do not transfer to RE (only story lateral forces
and gravity loads)
Once in RE will require some modifications
53
All Methods

Before we begin
Must determine basic loads

Dead Load
Live Load
Snow Load
Wind Load
Seismic, etc
Then
Well look at several element designs
using various methods
54
Basic Loads
Roof Dead Load:

Roof membrane (60 mil EPDM):

0.4 psf
Insulation (2 polyiso + fiberboard): 1.7 psf
Deck (1.5 B 22):
1.8 psf
Joists (30K10 at 6 o.c. 12 plf):
2.0 psf
Mech/Elect/Misc:
5.0 psf
Total Dead Load:
10.9 psf
Say:
11.0 psf
55
Basic Loads
Roof Live Load (ASCE 7-05):

20 psf base live load (reducible)
To the perimeter walls: Joist Tributary areas:
6 spacing
58 span maximum
6 x 58/2 = 174 SF not eligible for reduction
Use 20 psf
56
Basic Loads

Roof Snow Load (ASCE 7-05):

Pf = 0.7 x Ce x Ct x I x Pg
Ce = 1.0 (Table 7-2, Partially exposed, Terrain
Category B or C)
Ct = 1.0 (Table 7-3, standard roof performance)
I = 1.0 (Table 7-4, Occupancy Category II, Table 1-1)
Pg = 30 psf (Figure 7-1)
Pf = 0.7 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 30 = 21 psf
57
Basic Loads

Wind Load - MWFRS (ASCE 7-05):

Simplified Method
Ps = x Kzt x I x PS30
= 1.26 (Figure 6-2, Interpolated, Exposure C)
Kzt = 1.0 (Section 6.5.7.2)
I = 1.0 (Table 6-1, Category II)
PS30-C = 8.5 psf (Figure 6-2, Area C, 90 mph, flat roof)
Ps = 1.26 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 8.5 = 10.71 psf
58
Basic Loads***

Wind Load - MWFRS (ASCE 7-05) In-plane

loads:
Analytical Method
qz = 0.00256 x 0.882 x 0.85 x 902 x 1.0 = 15.55 psf
Ps = 15.55 x 0.85 x (0.8 + 0.5) = 17.2 psf***
59
Basic Loads

Wind Load - MWFRS (ASCE 7-05):

East & West Walls
V = (96 x 18/2 x 10.71 psf) / 2 = 4627 lbs./wall
V = 4627 lbs. / 147.3 = 31.4 plf
North & South Walls

V = (147.3 x 18/2 x 10.71 psf) / 2 = 7099 lbs./wall
V= 7099 lbs. / 96 = 74 plf
Combine with appropriate out-of-plane loads
60
Basic Loads

Wind Load - Components and Cladding (Out

of Plane Loads) (ASCE 7-05):
Simplified Method
Pnet = x Kzt x I x Pnet30
= 1.26 (Figure 6-3, Interpolated, Exposure C)
Kzt = 1.0 (Section 6.5.7.2)
I = 1.0 (Table 6-1, Category II)
Pnet30-C = +12.4/-13.6 psf (Figure 6-3, Area 4, 100 SF,
90 mph, flat roof)
Pnet = 1.26 x 1.0 x 1.0 x -13.6 = -17.14 psf (neg.

pressure controls - magnitude & direction)
61
Basic Loads

Wind Load (ASCE 7-05):

Dont forget to include edge and corner zone
pressures in actual design
62
Basic Loads
Seismic Loads (ASCE 7-05):

Michigan Location
Light roof
Modest building mass
Even with bearing wall/shear wall

configuration:
Wind will govern no calcs for example
63
Lintel Design
Lintel in Non-load Bearing Wall:

Hand Methods
Wall Weight Only with Min. Roof Trib
wDL = (10.67 x 41 psf) + (6/2 x 9 psf) = 465 plf
wLL = 6/2 x 20 psf = 60 plf
wSN = 6/2 x 21 psf = 63 plf
wTL = 528 plf
MTL = 528 x 10.672/8 = 7514 lb.-ft. = 90,168 lb.-in.
VTL = 528 x 10.672/2 = 2817 lbs.

NCMA TEK 17-01C: 8 x 16 with (1) #6

NCMA Lintel Manual: 8 x 16 with (1) #4 and
fm = 2500 psi
64
Lintel Design

Hand Methods:
Strength of method:

Fairly quick
No software investment
Decent results
Could incorporate triangular, reduced load due to arching
Weaknesses of method:

This building probably has 6 different lintels.

No out-of-plane load consideration
No ability to add load/moment/torsion from anchored lintel
fm = 1500 psi (only) or purchase NCMA Lintel Manual or
more involved hand calcs.
Pinned-Pinned only
65
Lintel Design

Component Software:
Same loads and geometry as hand method
Increase fm to 2500 psi per local availability
8 x 16 with (1) #6 (no arching)
8 x 8 with (2) #5s (with arching)
(No Control Joints to maintain thrust resistance)
Proper height above opening
No point loads within triangle
66
Lintel Design

Component Software:
Strength of method:

Very quick
Minimal software investment
Decent results
Easily incorporate benefits of arching
Easily allows trials of different materials and configurations

This little building probably has 6 different lintels.

No out-of-plane load consideration
No ability to add load/moment/torsion from anchored lintel
Pinned-Pinned only
67

Build in RSS and import the model into RE

About 2 hours to build this model
About 20 minutes to modify the model and set load
combinations, etc
Or build in RE directly
Longer to generate due to nodal entry method
Can do five story simple building in 8 hours
Or jump to the wall module

10 to 15 minutes for a wall segment
Includes openings and all loads
68

RSS model imported into RE
69

Import the model into RE

Assign materials, etc
Masonry (fm = 2500 psi)
Bar Joist Sections and Material
70
Lintel Design


Were only after lintel design right now
Dont analyze the model!
Select the appropriate wall stack
71
Lintel Design


A rendered look
72
Lintel Design


Open the appropriate wall stack in Module
73
Lintel Design
74
Lintel Design


Change the number of levels to (1) and adjust
the height
75
Lintel Design
76
Lintel Design


Create Load Cases and Combinations
Add distributed Roof Live and Snow Loads
e=0 to match other methods for now
Analyze without veneer lintel loads
Analyze without lateral loads
Lintel: 8 x 16 with (1) #4
77

Look ahead:
Add additional strips
Adjust base fixity to pinned
Will get a lot of bang for our lintel buck
Ready for the jamb strip analysis (and
others)
78
Lintel Design

Revisit RE Lintel Results: 8 x 16 with (1) #4

Interesting
M = 4,544 lb.-ft. (flexure controls)
SMDS without arching: M = 7,910 lb.-ft.
SMDS with arching: M = 2,930 lb.-ft.
So neither arching nor simple span are

accurate???
Actual moment somewhere in between?
79
Lintel Design

Whole Building Software:

Strength of method:

Very efficient results

Automatically incorporates benefits of finite element force
distribution
Full out-of-plane load consideration
Full ability to add load/moment/torsion from anchored lintels
or other elements
Very quick to select multiple walls sequentially from 3-d model
Multiple level and fixity condition capability

Moderate to high software investment

Not as quick for a single element unless really streamline input
80
Jamb Strip Design

Jamb Strip in Non-load Bearing Wall:


Add lateral out-of-plane pressure: -17.14 psf
Jamb strip(s) okay with (1) #6 in first 16 then
#6 at 40 or 72 o.c. in rest of wall
Or (2) #5s in first 24 then more variety in
required spacing
Then
Add in shear, eccentricity for gravity no
change!
Could add veneer lintels, canopy reactions,
etc
81
Jamb Strip Design


Whole Building Software:

Strength of method:

Already had the wall entered

Very efficient results
Automatically incorporates benefits of finite element force
distribution
Full out-of-plane load consideration
Full ability to add load/moment/torsion from anchored lintels
or other elements
Very quick to select multiple walls sequentially from 3-d model
Multiple level and fixity condition capability

Moderate to high software investment

Not as quick for a single element unless really streamline input
82
Jamb Strip Design


Component Software
First: Calculate collected loads
Assume same 16 strip as RE
Assume window load distributes to jamb like RE
Wind Loads:
Direct wind on jamb = -17.14 psf

Window distribution = (-17.14 psf x 10/2) / 1.33
Window distribution = -57.28 psf
Total wind load on jamb = -74.42 psf
Then apply gravity loads with eccentricity

83
Jamb Strip Design


Component
Software
#6 @16 o.c. - No
Good!
#10 @ 8 o.c.!
Distribute over
48 38.57 psf
#6 @ 24 or (3) bars
in 48
Still not as efficient
84
Jamb Strip Design


Component Software:
Strength of method:

Rapid analysis for a single element

New data entry

Less efficient results
Limited out-of-plane load consideration
No multiple level and limited fixity condition capability
No ability to add load/moment/torsion from anchored lintels
or other elements
No in-plane shear included
85
Jamb Strip Design


Hand Methods
First: Calculate collected loads same as SMDS
Probably ignore minor gravity loads and their
eccentricity
Multiple load combinations will take time
Drysdale takes 5 pages, less than 2 pages of hand
calcs, or use
Spreadsheet interaction diagram
Few old charts and graphs
Rigorous calcs equate to SMDS results
Others more conservative depending on effort
86
Jamb Strip Design


Hand Methods:
Strength of method:
Excellent to decent results depending on ability and
effort
Could incorporate any material, load and boundary
conditions
Not fast at all, no tabulated methods
This building probably has multiple jamb strips.
Multiple load combinations will cost time
87
Load Bearing Wall Design

General Field Strip in Bearing Wall:

Hand Methods
First: Calculate loads and eccentricities
Cannot ignore gravity loads and their eccentricity
Multiple load combinations will take time

Drysdale takes 5 pages, less than 2 pages of

hand calcs, or use
Spreadsheet interaction diagram
Few old charts and graphs
Rigorous calcs equate to SMDS results
Others more conservative depending on effort
88


Component Software
First: Calculate Loads

Same as hand calcs except software does self-wgt.

DL = 11 psf x 58/2 = 319 plf
LLr = 20 psf x 58/2 = 580 plf
SnL = 21 psf x 58/2 = 609 plf
WL = -17.14 psf
Gravity load eccentricity = -2
89

Component
Software
#5 @ 48 o.c. No
Good
#5 @ 40 o.c. OK
90



Select the appropriate wall stack
Make quick changes
Same loads applied as SMDS
Include eccentricity for gravity
Add in shear no change!
Could add canopy reactions or other point
loads
91

Wire-frame model
92

Rendered view
93

Whole Building Software Wall Module
#5s @ 40 o.c.
94
Summary
Lintel:

Lintel design most shallow by SMDS with arching is it

accurate?
Lintel design lightest steel at 16 depth by RE and NCMA
manual
2 cs. grout and (1) #4 v. 1 cs. and (2) #5s
Not a bad selection to choose from
Hand: 15 minutes with tabulated values
Hand: 30 to 60 minutes to calculate
SMDS: 10 minutes
RE: Wall Module: 10 15 minutes but includes entire
wall
RE: 3D: Well
Wouldnt do that for a lintel
95
Summary
Jamb Strip:
Much more efficient with RE
Hand: 30 to 60 minutes or more to calculate
SMDS: 20 minutes
RE: Wall Module:
Still the same 10 15 minutes from the lintel analysis

Includes all jamb strips, lintels, general field areas
RE: 3D: Well

Wouldnt do that for one wall strip, either

But were getting closer how many walls do you have?
RSS took about 2 hours to build model from start
RE import and modification took about 20 minutes
Wall Module modification use took about 5 minutes
96
Summary
Load Bearing Wall:

Hand: 30 to 60 minutes or more to calculate
SMDS: 10 to 15 minutes
RE: Wall Module: 10 minutes, more if openings,
etc
RE: 3D: Well

Still wouldnt do that for one wall segment

But weve now used another part of the model
RSS took about 2 hours to build model from start
RE import and modification took about 20 minutes
Wall Module modification and use took about 5
minutes
97
Conclusions
Single elements

Can be done about as quickly in SMDS or RE as by

simplified hand methods
Can be done more quickly in SMDS or RE than by
full hand calculations
RE offers ability to consider aspects of design that
others dont
RE Wall Module is as quick as SMDS for blank walls
and
RE Wall Module offers concurrent design of multiple
elements if openings are present
98
Conclusions
Multiple Elements
The greater the number of elements the greater the
design time savings with RE
The greater the number of elements the greater the
impact of efficiency on the project cost and schedule
and therefore the greater the project savings with RE
And if you need to model floor and roof

structures anyway
Use one model for the entire building
99
Questions and Discussion

Scott W. Walkowicz, P.E., N.C.E.E.S.

scott@walkowiczce.com
(517) 339-0314
100

2012.08.08 - Masonry Building Design

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MASONRY BUILDING

To know the basic requirements for a

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

Gravity and lateral loads

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

Gravity and Lateral Loads

Gravity load path

First act on horizontal members:

Then transfer to vertical elements

Terminate at foundations where they transfer

Gravity and Lateral Loads

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

Gravity and Lateral Loads

Buildings must also resist lateral loads

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

Gravity and Lateral Loads

Lateral load path

Flow through horizontal supports to vertical

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

Gravity and Lateral Loads

Diagram Credit: IMI International

Not going to design joints today

Place to minimize and control cracking

Not going to design connections today

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

Must connect the diaphragm to the

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

Pay attention to capacity and stiffness

If bridging cavities or other voids with transverse

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

An ISOLATED vertical member

Horizontal dimension : Thickness 3 : 1

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

Prescriptive confinement ties ( #2)

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

Minimum Height and Maximum Length

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

An ISOLATED vertical member

Strength Design only

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

2008 MSJC Adopted with 2009 IBC

Relocation of certain information

2011 MSJC Adopted with 2012 IBC

Side by side layout with commentary

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

Intl Building Code

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

IBC 2009 Special Inspections

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

IBC 2009 Special Inspections

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

IBC 2009 Special Inspections

Copyright 2012, Walkowicz Consulting Engineers, LLC

Introduce the Example

Example Design of a Single-Story