Chapter 5 - Formation Evaluation - Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation
[PEP 437]
Dr. Adel Salem
Asst. Prof. of Petroleum Engineering
Faculty of Petroleum and Min. Eng.
Suez Canal University
Spring Semester 2010-2011
Course Outlines
Chapter one:
Chapter Two:
Chapter Three:
Chapter Four:
Chapter Five:
Chapter six:
Chapter Seven:
Chapter Eight:
Chapter Nine:
May 8, 2011
Methods of Gathering Formation

Evaluation Data
Mud Logging
Measurements While Drilling
Coring
Wireline Logging Operations
Open-Hole Logging Measurements
Analysis of Logs and Cores
Formation Testing (DST)
Integrated Formation Evaluation
Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem
Chapter 5: 2
Wireline Logging
Operations
[Logging Environment]
Dr. Adel Salem

Spring 2011
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 3
Chapter 5: Outlines
Introduction
1. Rigging up to Run a Log
2. Logging Trucks
3. Logging Cables
A. The "Head" and the "Weak

Point"
B. Becoming Stuck
C. Fishing Alternatives
4. Logging Tools
5. The Borehole Environment
6. Choosing a Logging Suite
A. Depth, Pressure and
Temperature
B. Hole Size
C. Hole Deviation
D. Types of Logs to be Run
7. Influence of the Mud Program

8. Choosing When to Log
9. Computerized Logging Units
10. Calibrations
11. Log Quality Control
A. The Need for Log Quality
Control
B. Practical Log Quality Checks
C. Acceptance Standards for
Logs
Overall Technical Quality

Repeatability
Offset Logs
Absolute Log Values
Depth Measurements
Logging Speeds
References
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 4
Introduction
Well logging is the process
of recording various
physical, chemical,
electrical, or other
properties of the
rock/fluid mixtures
penetrated by drilling a
borehole into the earth's
crust.
A log is a record of a
voyage, similar to a ship's
log or a travel log. In this
case, the ship is a
measuring instrument of
some kind, and the trip is
taken into and out of the
wellbore.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 5
1. Rigging up to Run a Log

A logging truck is
anchored about
100 to 200 ft
from the well.
Two sheave
wheels are
mounted in the
derrick, one hung
from the crown
block and the
other chained
down near the
rotary table.
May 8, 2011
The Figure shows a setup for a typical

land logging job.
Chapter 5: 6
The logging cable

from the truck
winch is passed
through the sheave
wheels, attached to
the logging tool
string, and lowered
into the hole.
A more detailed
diagram of this rig
up is shown in the
Figure.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 7
Two mechanical details are

worth noting about this method
of rigging up. Between the top
sheave wheel and the elevators
there is a tension device that
measures the logging cable
strain and displays it in the
logging truck (the Figure).
The tension on the elevators is
twice the tension on the cable.
The elevators should be securely
locked and the traveling block
braked and chained.
May 8, 2011
Top sheave and elevator

arrangement during a logging job.
Chapter 5: 8
The tie-down chain for

the lower sheave is also
very important (The
Figure).
If it breaks or comes
loose, the cable will
probably break and the
sheave wheel could be
catapulted several
hundred feet away.
Lower sheave tie-down arrangement
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 9
2. Logging Trucks
Logging service companies offer a variety of logging units,
but each has the following components:
Logging cable;
Winch to raise and lower the cable in the well;
Self-contained 120 volt AC generator;
Set of surface control panels;
Set of downhole tools (sondes and cartridges); and
Recording mechanism (tape and/or film).
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 10
The NEXT Figure shows a cutaway of a typical logging

truck. Land units are mounted on a truck chassis that
has been reinforced to bear the load of a full reel of
cable (up to 300,000 ft long).
The instrument and recorder cabs are usually
cramped, noisy, too hot or too cold, and/ or filled
with ammonia fumes from an ozalid copier. Although
not designed to do so, this keeps away the merely
curious onlooker.
Do not be deterred; if you have good reason to be in
the logging unit, stay there and do what you must.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 11
Logging Truck
Cutaway view of a modern logging truck showing winch with

logging cable (left) and computerized operator's station (center
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 12
3. Logging Cables
Modern logging cables are of two types:
1. mono-conductor and
2. multi-conductor.
Mono-conductor cables are mainly used for completion
services, such as shooting perforating guns, setting
wireline packers and plugs, and for production logging
surveys such as flowmeters and temperature logs in
producing wells.
Multi-conductor cables are mainly used for recording
openhole surveys.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 13
Cables
Mono-conductor cables are usually 0.25-0.5 in. in diameter; the smaller
diameters are used where high wellhead pressure is encountered.
The multi-conductor cables are slightly larger in diameter and contain
individual insulated conductors in the core.
The outer sheath of both mono- and multiconductor cables is an armor
of two counterwound layers of steel wire. A new 7/16 in.
multiconductor cable has a breaking strength near 18,000 lbf and
weighs approximately 350 Ibm per 1000 ft (in air). It is quite elastic and
has a stretch coefficient of around 0.8 x 10-6 ft/ft/lbf. Thus 10000 ft of
cable subjected to 3000 lbf tension will stretch 24 ft.
The stretch of the logging cable is a critical part of proper depth

control procedure.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 14
A. The "Head" and the "Weak Point"

The cable ends at the logging "head," and the head attaches the
cable to the logging tool using a threaded ring. The head also
provides the electrical connection between the individual cable
conductors and the various pins in the top of the tool Built into
the head is a "weak point": a short metal pin, bolt, or cable that is
designed to break at a specific tension.
The standard breaking point is 6000 lbf, but weakpoints as low
as 2800 lbf are used when logging deep wells. The weak point is
necessary to provide a means to free the cable from the tool if
the tool has become irrevocably stuck.
To fully explain the function of the weakpoint, a discussion of the
various ways the tool can become stuck is in order.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 15
B. Becoming Stuck
There are two ways to become
stuck:
1. Either the tool will stick and
the cable above the tool will
remain free, or
2. the tool will remain free and
the cable will become "keyseated" further up the hole .
The Figure illustrates the
difference.
Two ways of getting stuck.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 16
Stuck
If the tool or cable sticks, the first action should be to determine
which is stuck.
The standard procedure is to put normal logging tension on the
cable and let it sit for a few minutes while the following data is
gathered:
I.
II.
The present depth of the tool;

The normal logging tension that was on the cable just before
getting stuck;
III. The cable type, size, strength rating, stretch coefficient; and
IV. The cable head weak point rating.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 17
C. Fishing Alternatives
There are several alternatives available for recovering a stuck tool
and/or cable.
I. Leave the cable attached to the tool and run a side-door
overshot.
II. Use the "cut-and-thread" technique.
III. Break the weak point, recover the cable, and fish for the
logging tool with the drill pipe, or push it to the bottom of
the hole and mill it up.
The side-door overshot is not recommended at depths greater than
3,000 ft, because of the risk of inadvertently cutting the cable.
Historically, the cut-and-thread technique is the surest way to
recover a stuck logging tool. It also often means the destruction of
all the cable from the surface to the top of the tool, but cables are
far less expensive than logging tools.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 18
Fishing Alternatives
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 19
http://www.scribd.com/doc/40499336/Logging-While-Fishing
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 20
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 21
4. Logging Tools
Logging tools are cylindrical tubes containing sensors and
associated electronics which can be attached to the logging cable at
the logging head. Although there are wide variations in sizes and
shapes, a typical logging string is 3-5/8 in. in diameter and 35ft.
long. Most tools are built to withstand 20,000 psi and 350 to 400F.
The internal sensors and electronics are ruggedly built to withstand
moderate physical abuse. Modern tools are "modularized" to allow
combination tool strings. By appropriate mixing and matching,
various logging sensors can be connected together.
Obvious limitations exist to this method-very long tools are
difficult to handle and there are limitations on the data
transmission rate up the cable. Additionally, the need for
pressure control equipment ("full riser") will limit the total length
of the tool string that can be safely assembled and run in the
hole.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 22
Logging Tools
Consider a logging string with three
different sensors that have their
measure points at A, B, and C
(Figure).
The depth reference point for the
survey is chosen to be at A Signals
from measure point B and C have to
be "delayed" in order for them to
appear on the log on-depth with the
measurements made by sensor A
Measure points and memorization distances

May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 23
5. The Borehole Environment

Invasion begins immediately upon drilling into a permeable
formation. Since the pressure in the mud column exceeds
formation pressure, fluid from the mud will seep into the
formation (provided it is porous and permeable) and deposit a
mud cake on the borehole wall.
The NEXT Figure illustrates this process and the terms used in
logging literature for the various zones that surround the
borehole. It is important to distinguish between the resistivity of
a rock/fluid system and the resistivity of the fluid within its
pores.
The terms used the Figure and the Table should be well known to
anyone involved in log evaluation.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 24
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 25
Nomenclature for zones in and around the borehole

May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 26
Radial resistivity profile as a function of mud type and formation content

May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 27
Radial resistivity profile as a function of mud type and formation content

May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 28
6. Choosing a Logging Suite

Choice of a logging suite will be controlled by:
Type of well (wildcat or development);
Hole conditions (depth, deviation from vertical, hole size, mud
type);
Formation fluid content (fresh or salt connate water); and
Economics (cost of rig time and logging).
Each tool has its preferred set of conditions for optimum
performance. Outside of these, a tool may fail to provide the
desired measurement; therefore, its use is discouraged.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Depth, Pressure and Temperature

Hole Size
Hole Deviation
Types of Logs to be Run
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 29
A. Depth, Pressure and Temperature

The majority of logging tools are rated at 20,000
psi and 350 to 400 F.
This is adequate for most holes to be logged Special
tools are available from the logging service
companies for higher temperatures.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 30
B. Hole Size
Six inches is the standard minimum hole size for correct and
safe operation of normal logging tools.
Some slim-hole, small diameter tools are available for smaller
holes on a limited availability basis.
Maximum hole size is hard to define.
Many wall-contact tools (Dual-Spaced Neutron Log,
Compensated Density Log, Microlog, Dipmeter, etc.) have
hydraulically or mechanically operated arms and/ or
decentralizers that push the sonde against the borehole wall.
The arms will open to about 20 in. in diameter, although this
limit varies. If larger holes are deviated, good pad contact may
still be possible since the tool will "'lean" on the low side of
the hole, but this cannot be guaranteed.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 31
C. Hole Deviation
In many areas, the deviated hole is the norm rather than the
exception. The greater the angle of hole deviation from 0 (vertical),
the greater the difficulties of physically getting a logging tool to the
bottom of the hole. In general, hole deviation more than 40 from
vertical will cause problems.
A number of techniques have been tried to get logging tools safely
to bottom. Among them are:
I. keeping the open hole section as short as possible;
II. removing centralizers and standoff pads from logging tools;
III. using a "hole finder," a rubber snout on the bottom of the
logging tool string;
IV. pumping-down small, specially adapted logging tools
through drill pipe; and
V. using normal logging tools adapted to run on drill pipe.
Holes with deviations as high as 65 have been logged with the first
three methods. Higher deviations and most horizontal wells require
logging with drill-pipe-conveyed (Tool pusher) or reeled-tubingconveyed logging systems.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 32
D. Types of Logs to be Run

Logging suites (chosen according to the type of mud, lithology,
and information needed) will generally include at least one
resistivity device and one porosity device.
Where hydrocarbon reservoirs are more difficult to evaluate, two
or more porosity devices are needed to determine hydrocarbon
type, rock type, and porosity.
In addition, the reservoir engineer, completion engineer, and
geophysicist may need more information for evaluation and
completion of the well.
With computers to assist in formation evaluation, one can derive
the maximum benefit of comprehensive logging programs.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 33
7. Influence of the Mud Program

The drilling fluid can limit the selection of logging tools,
especially the choice of resistivity tool. Holes which have no
conductive fluid in them (air or oil) must be logged with an
induction device. If conductive fluids are in the borehole during
logging, the choice between induction and laterolog devices is
controlled by the salinities of the mud and the connate water in
the formation.
The general rule is that fresh muds and salty formation waters
favor the induction log; salty muds favor the laterolog.
the mud program should be designed for both the drilling and
the logging operations.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 34
8. Choosing When to Log

Logs should be run just prior to running and setting a casing
string.
Once casing is set, the choices for logging are severely limited.
Loss should also be run if hole conditions suggest that a section
of hole could be lost" (due to cavings, washouts, or other
conditions that will deteriorate with continued drilling), if cuttings
indicate that an unexpected formation has been encountered, or
if one is otherwise "'lost" structurally.
However, one's enthusiasm for running logs could be tempered
by economic and practical realities.
Finally, there is an "operations charge" over the intervals actually
logged. The full cost of a logging operation is thus, more than
anything else, a function of the depth of the well. To log a 100 ft
section at 10,000 ft may be more expensive than logging a 4,000 ft
survey in a 5,000 ft well.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 35
9. Computerized Logging Units

Service companies offer logging services from computer-based
logging units. The advantages of using computer-based units are
many and their use is to be encouraged.
Some of the systems available include:
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 36
Computerized Logging Units

In contrast with analog logging units, computer-based units offer
the following features:
All logs are recorded on digital magnetic tape;
Computer control of the data-gathering allows logs to be
recorded either logging up or down with all curves on depth;
Calibrations are performed under programmed control and
can be performed more quickly, consistently, and accurately
than in analog units;
Logs can be played back from the data tapes on many
different formats; and
Basic wellsite analysis of data is available. These range from
completion aids (hole volume integration for cement volumes)
to dipmeter computations and complete log analysis.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 37
Computerized Logging Units

The Figure depicts a diagram of a computer-based logging unit.
The logging engineer interacts with the system through a
keyboard At his command, the computer loads programs to
perform such functions as calibration, logging, computation and
playback.
Components of a computerized logging system.

May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 38
10. Calibrations
Non-computerized logging units require human operation of
both sensitivity and zero offset control. The Figure depicts a
conventional calibration system.
Computerized units eliminate
the need for human
intervention, other
than to place the tool to be
calibrated in the correct
environment (put the 6- and,
12-in. rings over the caliper
arms, for example).
The data gathering system uses
the uncalibrated readings of the
tool and computes coefficients
in a calibration equation to
transform raw data into
calibrated data.
May 8, 2011
Principle of two-point calibration.
Chapter 5: 39
For example, a caliper may read 72 m V in the 8 in. ring and 136
mV in the 16-in. ring. The computer solves the equation relating
calibrated readings to raw readings:
where A is the required offset and B is the required gain.

Simultaneous solution of these two equations gives:
Thus, the value recorded on the log will be: 125 x (Raw Caliper) 1, but the transformation will be carried out by software rather
than hardware.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 40
Calibrations
When an analogue sensor is first connected to an interface it may need to be calibrated.
Calibration matches sensor voltages with units that humans can understand. During
calibration two readings should be taken and matched to known values. For example a
reading could be taken from a temperature sensor when it was in a bucket of ice and
matched to 0C. Then another reading could be taken when the sensor was in boiling water
and matched to 100C. Once this has been done the computer will be able to work out the
temperature in degrees for all other sensor voltage readings.
Calibration Example
During calibration a particular temperature sensor produces a voltage of 1V at 0C and 5V at
100C. The difference in voltages between the two temperatures is 4V. Therefore the
computer can calculate that a change in the voltage produced by the sensor of 1V is
equivalent to a change in temperature of 25C.
The temperature sensor is now reading 2V. This is an increase in voltage of 1V above the
voltage measured during calibration for 0C. Therefore the temperature must be 25C.
The temperature sensor is now reading 4V. This is an increase in voltage of 3V above the
voltage measured during calibration for 0C. Therefore the temperature must be 3 * 25 =
75C.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 41
The Figure presents typical calibration records. These

calibrations fall into three categories:
1. Shop calibration;
2. Before survey calibration; and
3. After survey calibration
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 42
11. Log Quality Control

A. The Need for Log Quality Control
C. Acceptance Standards for Logs
May 8, 2011

Repeatability
Offset Logs
Absolute Log Values
Depth Measurements
Logging Speeds
Chapter 5: 43
A. The Need for Log Quality Control

The need for log quality control has been documented in many
studies by both service companies and oil companies.
The cost of living with a bad log in the well files is far greater
than the cost of the time to rerun the log at the time of logging.
As a result, log quality control is almost entirely a wellsite
function.
Modern logs are run and calibrated under control of a computer
program, monitored by the logging engineer.
Most problems will be related to poor borehole condition and
mistakes in recording the log as set out in the logging program
found in the well prognosis. Tool failures and missing curves
may cause difficulties later during the analysis phase.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 44

Logs contain two kinds of data:
Log data (the curves); and
Heading and calibration data, including any remarks.
Calibrations are the only completely objective verifications of log
quality available. Learn what they mean and how to use them.
The depth-related log measurements will include one or more
repeat sections, usually of about 200 ft. These records are
valuable, though not conclusive, indications of consistent tool
operation, and should be examined carefully on every log.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 45
C. Acceptance Standards for Logs

For serious errors, it is a mistake to think a bad log is better than
none; a bad log may wrongly influence important decisions.
Consequently, it is imperative that a log with a serious error be
rerun.
One reliable method for determination of a bad log is to ask
the question: Is the interpretation accurate?" If in doubt, rerun
the log.
Also ask: "Can everyone who will use this log see the error
and/or be able to perform an accurate interpretation?" Again,
if in doubt, rerun the log.
Definite criteria for acceptance or rejection of a log are difficult
to establish. The following guidelines should assist in making
such decisions.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 46

The technical quality of the data may be adversely affected by
many things. The possible causes of poor data are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The Equipment Malfunction.

Rough Borehole,
Sticking Tools,
Logging Engineer Errors,
Tool Rotation,
Excessive Logging Speed,
Deviated Wells,
Poor Centralization Or Eccentralization, And
Formation Alteration.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 47
Repeatability
A repeat section of 200 ft or more should be required except in
unusual circumstances. Properly functioning resistivity tools, run
under conditions that are within their capability, will nearly
always repeat very well. Radioactive tools should also repeat
within their statistical limits. Remember that excessive logging
speed will result in poor repeats of radioactive logs.
Aside from equipment failures, factors which could cause poor
repeats include: washed out holes, variable tool centering, tool
rotation, the presence of metallic "'fish" in the borehole, and
comparing an up log with a down log (which may appear quite
different with some types of logs, such as the temperature log).
Repeatability with a earlier log run may also be affected by timerelated phenomena, such as changing invasion profiles. Invading
filtrate can penetrate deeper, migrate vertically, accumulate as
"'annuli," or dissipate with the passage of time
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 48
Offset Logs
If the well is in a developed field, or a in consistent
geological block, available offset logs may be
useful.
This is especially true when the field engineer and/
or oil company representative are not familiar with
the area.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 49
Absolute Log Values

Comparison of log readings with known absolute values is seldom
possible, but when it can be done, this positive cross-check should be
used. Formations that consist of pure, zero-porosity minerals such as
halite, anhydrite, or limestone can be used to check log readings. The
Table lists these natural benchmarks for several of the more common
tools:
Casing can sometimes be used as a caliper check. All caliper tools

should read the same in casing. The internal diameter indicated is
usually slightly greater than that of new casing because of drill pipe
wear.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 50
Depth Measurements
Measurement of depth is one of the logging company's most
basic functions, but one that tends to get lost among the more
glamorous measurements.
Absolute depth control is provided by a calibrated sheave wheel
and/or magnetic marks every 100-ft on the logging cable.
Good depth control procedure is rigorous, but if followed
properly, it will almost always result in depth measurements
accurate to about 1 ft/1 0,000 ft.
Relative depth control means insuring that all measurements
are on-depth with each other. All curves that are recorded on
the same trip in the hole should be on-depth with each other
within 6 inches. Additionally, each subsequent log should
match the base log within 2ft in straight holes and 4ft in wells
deviated over 30.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 51
Logging Speeds
The logging speed is indicated by gaps or ticks along the edge of
the log. Acceptable speed depends on the type of log, the
intended use of the data, and type of formation being logged.
Normal logging speeds are given in the following Table .
Recommended logging speed

May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 52
References
1. Richard M. Bateman : Open-hole Log Analysis and Formation
Evaluation, International Human Resources Development
Corporation, Boston, ISBN 0-88746-060-7 (U.S.), 1985.
2. Halliburton : Formation Evaluation Manual, HLS
3. D. G. Bowen : Formation Evaluation and Petrophysics, Core
Laboratories, Jakarta, Indonesia, March 2003.
4. Heriot-Watt University Formation Evaluation, Institute of
Petroleum Engineering,
5. Toby Darling : Well Logging and Formation Evaluation, Gulf
Professional Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier Science,
Elsevier, 2005.
May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 53
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May 8, 2011
Chapter 5: 54

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Formation Evaluation

Methods of Gathering Formation

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

A. The "Head" and the "Weak

7. Influence of the Mud Program

Overall Technical Quality

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

1. Rigging up to Run a Log

The Figure shows a setup for a typical

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

The logging cable

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Two mechanical details are

Top sheave and elevator

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

The tie-down chain for

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

The NEXT Figure shows a cutaway of a typical logging

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Cutaway view of a modern logging truck showing winch with

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

The stretch of the logging cable is a critical part of proper depth

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

A. The "Head" and the "Weak Point"

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

The present depth of the tool;

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Measure points and memorization distances

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

5. The Borehole Environment

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Nomenclature for zones in and around the borehole

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Radial resistivity profile as a function of mud type and formation content

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Radial resistivity profile as a function of mud type and formation content

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

6. Choosing a Logging Suite

Depth, Pressure and Temperature

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

A. Depth, Pressure and Temperature

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

D. Types of Logs to be Run

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

7. Influence of the Mud Program

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

8. Choosing When to Log

Formation Evaluation-PEP437_Dr. Adel Salem

9. Computerized Logging Units