Chapter I
R/3 Architecture Client server
technologies layer and uses
SAP NetWeaver Application Server SAP
NetWeaver Application Server is a component of the
NetWeaver solution which works as a web
application server to SAP solutions. From the SAP
point of view the Web AS is the foundation on which
most of their product range runs.
OVERVIEW
Version:
ARCHITECTURE
1
The architecture of SAP Web Application Server can be
separated into five areas:
Presentation layer
In the presentation layer, the user interface can
be developed with Java Server Pages (JSP),
Business Server Pages (BSP), or with Web
Dynpro technology. The underlying business
layer provides the business content in Java or
ABAP.
Business layer
The business layer consists of a J2EE certified
run-time environment that processes the
requests passed from the ICM and dynamically
generates the responses. The business logic can
be written either in ABAP or in Java based on the
J2EE standard. Developers can implement
business logic and persistence with Enterprise
JavaBeans (EJB) using the J2EE environment.
Developers can also access the business objects
of applications running in the ABAP environment
to benefit from their business logic and
persistence.
Integration layer
The local integration engine is an integral part of
SAP Web AS and allows instant connection to
SAP XI. The local integration engine provides
messaging services that exchange messages
between the components that are connected in
SAP XI.
Connectivity layer
The Internet Communication Manager (ICM)
dispatches user interface requests to the
presentation layer and provides a single
framework for connectivity using various
communication protocols. Currently, modules are
available for Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP),
HTTPS (extension of HTTP running under the
2
Secure Socket Layer (SSL)), Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP), Simple Object Access Protocol
(SOAP), and Fast Common Gateway Interface
(FastCGI).
Persistence layer
The persistence layer supports database
independence and scalable transaction handling.
Business logic can be developed completely
independent of the underlying database and
operating system. Database independence is
also made possible by support for open
standards. The database interface ensures
optimized data access from within the ABAP
environment through Open SQL. SAP propagates
the outstanding capabilities of Open SQL for
ABAP to Open SQL for Java and offers a variety of
standard Application Programming Interfaces
(APIs) to application programmers, such as SQLJ.
Other technologies, such as Java Data Objects
(JDO) and container managed persistence (CMP)
for EJB, or the direct use of the Java Database
Connectivity (JDBC) API, are also supported
3
“Sap stands for System, Andwendungen, and Produkte
in Der Datanverarbeitung, which when translated to
English means System, Application, Products in Data
Processing.” The name of the parent Company is SAP
AG. The company SAP is based on Walldorf in Germany
and is the world’s largest enterprise software company
. Its foundation is built upon the concept of integration.
4
centralized functionality, while the client workstation
maximized for users. The data management was
separate from the server.
SAP ushered in a new generation of enterprise
software – from mainframe computing to the three-tier
architecture consisting of the Database layer,
Application (business logic) layer, and user interface
layer. Today is the day for client-server architecture,
where one can make changes or scale on layer without
having to retool the whole system.
The term SAP R/3 stands for runtime system three and
the client-server environment provides a set of
business application for the system. The R/3
architecture allows distribution of the workload to
multiple PC's connecting in a network
Component Service
5
onto the R/3 System and run the application within the system
that is the only user of the host operating system.
Database Access: Each R/3 system is linked to a
database system, consisting of a database
management system (DBMS) and the database
itself. The application use basis services to communicate with the
database. They do not communicate directly.
Communication: R/3 system can communicate with
other R/3 systems and with non-SAP Systems. It is also
possible to access R/3 applications from external
system using a BAPI interface. The service required for
communication are all part of the kernel and basis
services component.
System Monitoring and Administration: The
component contains programs that allow you to
monitor and control the R/3 system while it is running
and change its runtime parameters.
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• The structured exchange of business documents so that they can
be processed automatically.
• The various degrees of structural complexity as displayed by
different application systems can be reduced to a structure which
is as simple as possible.
Example: The structure of an SAP application document and the
structure of the corresponding EDI message under the
UN/EDIFACT standard.
• IDocs allow for extensive exception handling before the data is
posted to the application.
7
application data to be transmitted. After a user
performs an SAP transaction, one or more IDocs are
generated in the sending database and passed to the
ALE communication layer. The communication layer
performs a Remote Function Call (RFC), using the port
definition and RFC destination specified by the
customer model. The IDoc is transmitted to the
receiver, which may be an R/3, R/2, or some external
system. If the data is distributed from a master
system, the same transaction performed by the sender
will be performed by the receiving system, using the
information contained in the IDoc.
ALE
8
ALE technology facilitates rapid application prototyping
and application interface development, thus reducing
implementation time.
BAPI
9
IDocs are text encoded documents with a rigid
structure that are used to exchange data between R/3
and a foreign system. Instead of calling a program in
the destination system directly, the data is first packed
into an IDoc and then sent to the receiving system,
where it is analyzed and properly processed.
Therefore an IDoc data exchange is always an
asynchronous process. The significant difference
between simple RFC-calls and IDoc data exchange is
the fact, that every action performed on IDocs are
protocolled by R/3 and IDocs can be reprocessed if an
error occurred in one of the message steps.
10
In this phase, the business process expert
oversees the activities needed to document the
project and prepare the team that has been
organized to implement the process.
11
methodology it is the First Phase of SAP Implementation. During
this phase, following components are discussed and documented:
• Project Management
• Organizational Change Management
• Training
• Develop System Environment
• Organizational Structure Definition
• Business Process Analysis
• Business Process Definition
• Quality Check
12
Final Preparation Phase - During this phase, following activities
are discussed, completed and documented, successful completion
of these activities leads to transition of all configurations settings
to live R/3 System
• System Management
• Stress & Volume Tests
• Cutover Strategies & Plans
• End User Training
• Quality Check
13
Chapter II
14
marketing, sales and technical information on the
Business Suite 7 solution. Partners can expect to find
role-based information including marketing industry
materials, demos, sales success stories, presentations,
services and technical SAP best practices knowledge to
help them successfully market, sell and implement this
solution.
15
Business Suite (including ERP, PLM, SCM, etc.) to
engage multiple roles and lines of business into cross-
functional processes that is intended to deliver
business value. These Value Scenarios can provide the
foundation for creating and delivering additional
differentiating processes and capabilities.
Organizational Plan
Definition
16
group, for example). These structures are found in their
corresponding components.
Use
Structure
• Organizational Unit
• Position
• Job
• Task
• Standard task
• Workflow template
• Task group
Organizational Management
17
Purpose
18
Default values for personnel actions in
Personnel Administration
19
Implementation Considerations
Integration
o Personnel Development
o Recruitment
o Compensation Management
20
o Personnel Cost Planning
o Training and Event Management
o Manager's Desktop
o Shift Planning
o Capacity Requirements Planning
o Personnel Administration
o Human Resources Information System
Features
21
including object types which you have defined
yourself (teams, for example).
22
The main elements of an organizational plan are
Integration
23
to an organizational plan (as the holder of a position)
as well as an enterprise or personnel structure (that
is, to a personnel subarea etc.).
Enterprise Organization
(CO) Structure
Purpose
The enterprise organization is a uniform, integrated user interface
for the different organizational units in the SAP system.
Implementation Considerations
24
You need to activate the enterprise organization to be able to use
it. You do this in Customizing for the application component in
question by choosing Enterprise Organization Enter Settings
for the Enterprise Organization.
Integration
Enterprise organization is based on the organizational plan in HR,
and contains additional functions and organizational units specific
to accounting.
• HR organizational plan
• Cost center standard hierarchy
• Profit center standard hierarchy
• Personnel
• Costs
• Revenues
Features
Representing the structure of an enterprise
25
This facility enables you to create past, present, and future
organizational structures for your enterprise (see also
Time-Dependency of Enterprise Organizations).
26
Note, however, that you can only assign one object
type to a single HR organizational unit each time
you are processing.
Constraints
From the enterprise organization you can only currently display
master data for controlling areas and company codes.
27
For more information, see the SAP Library under Human
Resources PA - Personnel Management Organizational
Management.
Standard Hierarchy
Definition
Tree structure representing all cost centers belonging to a
controlling area from a Controlling perspective.
Structure
You can combine cost centers into cost center groups. You can
then create cost center hierarchies from these groups by
combining the groups according to decision-making area, area of
responsibility, or management area.
Integration
You can make changes to the standard hierarchy:
28
organization and then generate the current
standard hierarchy from here (see Enterprise
Organization, Generating a Standard or
Alternative Hierarchy from the Enterprise
Organization).
Cost Elements
Definition
Cost elements classify an organization’s valuated consumption of
production factors within a controlling area. A cost element
corresponds to a cost-relevant item in the chart of accounts.
Structure
We distinguish between primary cost and revenue elements and
secondary cost elements.
29
A primary cost or revenue element is a cost or revenue-relevant
item in the chart of accounts, for which a corresponding general
ledger (G/L) account exists in Financial Accounting (FI). You can
only create the cost or revenue element if you have first defined it
as a G/L account in the chart of accounts and created it as an
account in Financial Accounting. The SAP System checks whether
a corresponding account exists in Financial Accounting.
Material costs
Personnel costs
Energy costs
Integration
30
Cost elements in Controlling (CO) are closely related to the
general ledger accounts used in Financial Accounting (FI). This is
because the SAP System is structured as an Integrated
Accounting System:
Cost Centers
Definition
Organizational unit within a controlling area that represents a
clearly delimited location where costs occur. You can make
organizational divisions on the basis of functional, settlement-
related, activity-related, spatial, and/or responsibility-related
standpoints.
Use
Cost centers are grouped together into decision, control, and
responsibility units.
31
You can assign activity types to a cost center. These activity
types divide the specific activities that can be produced in a cost
center.
Structure
Before you create cost centers, you define a hierarchical cost
center structure (see: Standard Hierarchies).
Activity Types
Definition
Activity types classify the activities produced in the cost centers
within a controlling area.
Use
To plan and allocate the activities, the system records quantities
that are measured in activity units. Activity quantities are
valuated using a price (allocation price).
You can plan, allocate, and control costs either at the activity type
level of a cost center, or at the cost center level. You can enter
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actual costs at the cost center level. Costs entered at the cost
center level are assigned using splitting.
You can also assign the activity type of a cost center directly. This
use was designed for certain application areas (such as personnel
costs and depreciation postings).
Integration
You can assign one activity type, multiple activity types, or no
activity types to a cost center.
33
• Depreciation postings on the activity type in Asset
Accounting (see: Depreciations).
34
types are assigned correctly, and in full, to the
activity types. Directly assigned activity types
do not therefore take part in the first splitting
step. The R/3 System simply splits the cost into
fixed and variable. In the second splitting step,
the R/3 System also splits the activity-
independent costs on the directly assigned
activity types (see: Example of Splitting After
Account Assignment to an Activity Type).
Prerequisites
To assign costs to an activity type, go to Customizing for General
Controlling and choose the IMG activity for creating a controlling
area, under Organization Maintain Controlling Area). Select AA:
Activity Type under Activate components (see: Control Indicators).
35
• Reposting Costs Manually
• Reposting Revenues Manually
• Direct Activity Allocation
• Manual Cost Allocation
• Entering Statistical Key Figures
36
You mistakenly assigned the amount of 10,000 USD
for the cost element External services to cost
center 4210. The costs should have been posted to
cost center 4220. In transaction-based reposting,
you can repost the full amount to the correct cost
center under the same cost element. This
transaction affects only CO, since the costs are
debited (to cost center 4220) and credited (to cost
center 4210) using the same cost element.
37
Activities
38
To do so, for the cost centers or business processes
involved, you must plan activity types either using prices
set manually or using subsequent iterative price calculation
( see also: Plan Price Calculation).
1 hr X 35 USD/hr = 35 USD
39
The "Plumbers" cost center is credited with this
amount and the HI production cost center is
debited correspondingly.
• Standard costing
• Activity-Based Costing
• Direct costing
40
internal activity allocation, the system
allocates total costs or only the variable costs.
41
Approaches/Transfer Prices) and Multiple
Valuation Approaches in Overhead Cost
Controlling.
Activities
42
You can locate the document number by choosing
input help for the document date or by searching per
document date, period or fiscal year.
2. Choose Enter.
43
Chapter III Business Blue Print
Integration
You use the measures you define and edit here in the Balanced
Scorecard, Management Cockpit, Value Driver Tree and
Risk Management functions (in the risk catalog, you can assign
measures to risks).
Features
Creating a Catalog
44
as you wish to structure your measures in major sub-areas. For
example, you can create a catalog for the measures of each
subsidiary, each division (for example refrigeration engineering,
plant construction) or for different balance sheet items (profit
measures, sales types).
45
many hierarchy levels as you wish, and you can insert measures
on every level of the hierarchy.
Create Measure
46
• With Locate Measure, you can find the position of the
measure you are currently editing in the hierarchy of the
measure catalog. This function expands the hierarchy tree
down to the level of the position you are looking for and
the measure you searched for. This function is particularly
helpful when you had selected a measure for editing and
then navigated to another location in the hierarchy.
• With the function , you can search for a specific
measure. The search function does not distinguish upper
and lower case, and it adds "*" as a wild card before and
after the search text. The search results are listed in a
table of the search dialog box, and you can navigate
directly to the desired measure in the measure catalog
using .
• With , you can
Further Functions
47
In the context menu of a measure, you have the following
choices for printing:
Selection Result
Print with BW Measure SourcePrint This calls up the print dialog direc
where you can print the data of t
selected measure, together with
source information.
Print Without BW Measure SourcePrint This calls up the print dialog direc
where you can print the data of t
selected measure without the da
information.
Selection Result
Print with BW Measure Source Print This calls up the print dialog direc
Measures Print where you can print the data of a
measures contained in the measu
catalog or node, together with th
source information.
48
Print Without BW Measure Source Print This calls up the print dialog direc
Measures Print where you can print the data of a
measures contained in the measu
catalog or node without the data
information.
49
Updating BW Master Data
The measures you maintain with the Measure Builder are also
saved into the InfoObject 0MEASURE of your default BW
system. The hierarchical structure of the measure catalog is also
replicated in your default BW system. This is necessary to enable
the mapping of measures in Measure Builder to the benchmarks
defined for this purpose. The data is normally updated
automatically in the SAP BW system every time a measure is
changed in Measure Builder. However, in the event that this
update is unsuccessful (for example, because the BW system is
temporarily unavailable due to network problems), you can force
synchronization of the data sets. Data from the Measure Builder
always has priority.
Maintaining Characteristics
50
With BW Master DataUtilities , you can maintain the following
characteristics directly in Measure Builder:
• Benchmark version
• Industry
• Country key
• Company list
• Benchmark provider
• Region
• Size classes
• Type of size classes
• Measure
Activities
In the SEM menu, choose Enterprise Measure Performance
Measurement Management & Benchmarks to use the measure
catalog of the Measure Builder with its measures.
51
Use
With this function, you obtain an overview of how a measure is
defined by means of a display that shows how other measures are
related to the selected measure. Depending on your previous
selection, you also see various value fields, such as the actual,
plan and target values of each measure.
Integration
This function is based on the definition of key figures in the SAP
Business Information Warehouse (SAP BW) component.
Features
Using Legend On<->Off, you show or hide the color legend of the
values displayed for the measures.
52
Activities
GUI Version
Web Version
Use
There are various different working environments
available to SAP users, for example, SAP GUI for
Windows or SAP Enterprise Portal. You can use
different UI technologies in the individual environment,
for example classic Dynpros, people-centric UI,
WebDynpro, iViews, and so on. For Business Workflow,
this means that a work item may need to be processed
with different applications. When using the classic SAP
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GUI for Windows, you might use a Dynpro-based
transaction to process a work item from the Business
Workplace. When using an application that is based on
the SAP Enterprise Portal on the other hand, you might
use a BSP-based application or an iView to process a
work item from the UWL (Universal Worklist).
Activities
You specify the visualization parameters for tasks,
object types, or object methods in the view cluster.
This gives you the option of defining the visualization
parameters generically for an object method, or
54
separately for a particular task. The visualization
parameters for a task override the visualization
parameters for a referenced object method.
Use
Whereas only 1:1 relationships can be processed in maintenance
views (except for language-dependent texts), key extensions and
relationships of cardinality N:M can also be handled in view
clusters. Maintenance dialogs with no key, or partial key-
dependence, can also be combined into view clusters.
55
Grouping dialogs into one maintenance unit has the following
advantages for data maintenance:
Structure
Navigation in a view cluster is usually based on the hierarchy of
the tables/views on which the dialogs are based. A view cluster
usually consists of one or more root dialogs and the at most 14
maintenance dialogs which depend on them. A view at a lower
level has one or more additional fields in its key compared its
higher-level view. Each data record at the higher level has several
dependent data records below it.
56
Generate a maintenance dialog for each view before you call the
cluster maintenance (SM34). When you generate the
maintenance dialog, flag the key fields which are identical in the
view and its higher-level in the cluster, with the maintenance
attribute S. The system fills the key fields when you go from the
upper to the lower level, with the values of the data record
selected in the upper level. Go to the transaction SE54 to define a
view cluster.
1. Define table/view
if the table or view does not yet exist.
2. Define maintenance dialog
Define table/view
57
other secondary tables which depend on the referring
table, are also only referred tables for the primary table.
You can display the view structure graphically with the View
hierarchy struct. function in the Utilities menu.
To create a table/view:
o read only
o read, change, delete and create (default setting)
o read and change
o read and change (time-dependent views)
58
• Function group: the function group in which the
tables/view-specific maintenance dialog components are
generated. The function group is created if necessary.
• Authorization group: the users who are authorized to
maintain the table/view contents.
• Maintenance type: one or two-step dialog. One-step
dialogs comprise only an overview screen containing all
fields. In two-step dialogs, only the key and text fields with
a length of more than 20 characters are displayed in the
overview screen. All fields are offered in the detail screen.
• Maintenance screens: the internal number of each
maintenance screen. You can get possible values in a
search function.
• Recording routine: Specify whether and how the
table/view contents maintained with the dialog are put in a
transport.
Result
The maintenance dialog is generated after all values have been
entered. If there are no errors, the dialog can be used
immediately to maintain table/view contents.
Integration
The component provides a standardized maintenance interface
for many customizing activities. It is also useful as a customer
table or view input tool.
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Maintenance dialogs and data which were created, changed or
deleted with the maintenance dialog can be transported into
other R/3 Systems.
Functionality
The component creates maintenance dialogs which are
standardized in their:
• functionality
• interface
• maintenance screen
• navigation
• enhancement options
• maintenance
Initial screen
Use
The initial screen contains several processing functions. You can
manage the objects which are required for the preparation and
generation of a maintenance dialog, with these functions.
Functions
These are the following functions:
• Edit table/view
Change function group text and source texts. You can also reset
the group-specific programs:
60
structure-spec. PAI module
• Test table/view
61
The use of Travel Planning provides an important strategic
advantage for the role of the travel manager in your enterprise.
The business volume statistics and reporting tools in Travel
Planning deliver concrete arguments for rate negotiations with
service providers. The travel manager is relieved of routine tasks
and can therefore concentrate on more strategically important
tasks, such as system and quality management and the control
and optimization of internal enterprise processes.
Cost advantages are also made due to the link between Travel
Planning and SAP Business Workflow, using which the approval
processes can be defined uniquely and the complex approval
procedure implemented successfully.
Implementation Considerations
In order to make full use of the information and booking functions
available in Travel Planning you must set up a connection to
global reservation system, via which communication with the
service providers can be made.
Integration
The following data from Travel Planning is transferred
automatically to Travel Expenses in SAP Travel Management:
62
From Travel Expenses an automatic transfer can be made to:
Features
The following functions are available for you to use in Travel
Planning:
63
Management (FI-FM) according to the allocation-by-
cause principle.
Process Flow
Travel request
64
destination, and purpose of the trip, the transportation and
accommodations required, the requested advance and the
estimated costs for the trip.
The paid amounts in the first three cases are, however, also
forwarded for posting to financial accounting.
Travel planning
65
5. When the traveler has recorded the travel plan, the
booking code (PNR) is entered in the processing queue
of the travel agency that is connected with the company.
The travel agency checks the correctness and consistency
of the booking.
6. If changes are made to the booking outside of the R/3
System, they are transferred to the R/3 System in a
synchronization process.
Travel expenses
8. After the trip has been taken, the traveler completes his or
her travel expense report, including all necessary data
and documents. The system takes all the statutory and
enterprise-specific specifications stored in Customizing
into consideration and checks the consistency of the
entries with these specifications.
66
reimbursement according to individual receipts for meals,
accommodations and travel costs; for all other categories,
reimbursement on the basis of individual receipts must be
used.
o By check
o Via Payroll Accounting
o Via Financial Accounting
o By bank transfer to the employee's bank account
(via DME)
Result
See also
68
settlement of travel expenses to be organized centrally, whereby
the settlements are entered and checked centrally.
Traveler SAP_FI_TV_TRAVELER
Activities
To display, create or edit roles, choose from the SAP Easy Access
Menu Tools Administration User maintenance Activity
Groups (User Roles).
69
You can use the Travel Manager (depending on your enterprise-
specific Customizing settings) to:
Integration
Description Function
Menu area Here you can navigate using the menu bar,
standard toolbar and application toolbar.
Overview area Here all the general trip data and status of the
travel requests, travel plans and travel expenses
statements created for a personnel number are
listed in table form.
70
statement) or enter the trip data for the
respective processing function.
Travel Request
71
Definition
The travel request is an information unit containing all the data
that a traveler wants to forward for approval/advance
payment/booking or that a superior needs to know before
approving a trip. The travel request is part of the travel
manager entry scenario that accompanies the whole process of a
business trip from the request, planning and booking, through to
its settlement.
Use
The travel request in SAP Travel Management includes the
system-aided handling of the request and approval process of
business trips. Paper forms are replaced by an electronic request
that can be sent from the R/3 System to the respective superior
for approval.
You can call the travel request object at any time from the
overview area of the Travel Manager. You can therefore always
keep track of the approval status and the approved trip details
and view them at a later date (for example, to compare the facts
with the corresponding travel expenses statement).
Structure
The travel request covers the following entries:
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• number of travel services required (flight, hotel room, car
rental, rail trip)
• estimated total cost of trip
Integration
Due to the integration with Travel Expenses the travel request
data is forwarded directly to Travel Expenses. The corresponding
object Travel Expenses then automatically contains, for example,
the general data of the trip (such as date and reason), any
stopovers or requested trip advances and the assignment of the
costs to a cost center other than the master cost center.
The use of the travel request is thus linked to the use of Travel
Expenses. In addition to the travel request you can also use
Travel Planning to determine available flights, hotels, car rentals
and trains and for the online booking of these services.
Implementation Considerations
You activate the travel request object in the Customizing for SAP
Travel Management under Integration of Travel Planning and
Travel Expenses Activate request/plan/expense report in
travel manager.
73
Depending on the configuration Support Packages (SP) and HR
Support Packages (HR SP) have to be imported into the respective
systems.
Advantages/Disadvantages of Cases 1 - 4
Case 1: Travel Management, HR and Accounting are in one
system
Advantages:
HR master data
Travel expense results to Payroll
CO receivers
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• Validation of CO receivers is carried out locally
• Synchronous posting of travel expense results to
Accounting
Disadvantages:
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
75
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
76
• CO receivers have to be replicated in the Travel
Management system to provide a correct input help for CO
receivers
• Asynchronous posting of travel expense results to
Accounting via ALE. To guarantee a successful posting to
the Accounting system in this case, the posting run has
to be validated before it is sent.
See also:
Transfer to Accounting
Transfer to HR Payroll
77
Note that a validation of the posting run must always be made
before an asynchronous transfer of the travel expense results to
Accounting. This is the only way to guarantee that the dataset to
be posted can always be posted to Accounting.
or maintained automatically.
Transfer to Accounting
Purpose
To use the travel expenses results for external accounting
processes (Financial Accounting) and internal accounting
(Controlling), you can transfer them to R/3 Accounting. The goal
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of the entire business process is to attain correct posting of travel
expenses to Financial Accounting and source-related cost
accounting in Controlling.
Prerequisites
The transfer of settlement results to Accounting requires
extensive system settings. You can specify them via Customizing
for Travel Management.
Process flow
79
The process is based on the Management of Posting Runs. It
begins with the creation of a posting run, includes (repeated)
checks and ends with the posting of a posting run.
Result
The system has
Transfer to HR Payroll
Purpose
If Travel Management is integrated with HR Payroll, the travel
expense results can be transferred from Travel Management and
taken into consideration in Payroll. The transfer makes it possible
to carry out payment of travel expenses via payroll.
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the country-specific payroll schemas. You can activate these
subschemas via Travel Management Customizing.
Prerequisites
Process Flow
Result
The travel expenses results have been calculated for taxation via
payroll. The travel expenses are paid via payroll if the wage types
for travel expenses have been set accordingly.
81
If Travel Management and Payroll are installed in different logical
systems, transfer of travel expenses results to Payroll is
asynchronous.
Prerequisites
82
first been created in Travel Expenses of Travel Management.
Feature TRVPA must be coded identically in the Payroll and Travel
Management systems.
Process Flow
Result
The additional amounts for trips have been calculated for taxation
via payroll. The travel expenses are paid via payroll if the wage
types for travel expenses have been set accordingly.
83
However, with this procedure, the personnel
number and the trip number are not transferred
with the posting document. Thus the line items can
not be assigned to individual employees or trips.
84
number of the clearing account is in transaction
HRP).
MJ10 +X1
85
Make sure that you have entered the posting keys
correctly.
Overview of Postings
With this coding, for example, the system posts the amount 10 as
follows:
Note
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Chapter iv Realisation of Projects
REALIZATION
Purpose
In this project phase, settings are made and tested for
the master data, organizational units and business
processes selected in the Business Blueprint phase.
Prerequisites
The Business Blueprint has been completely created
and approved.
The development system (DEV) is available.
Process Flow
The following Realization phase project steps are
supported by the SAP Solution Manager:
Customizing Distribution
Configuration
Consistency Check
Set-Up Project Systems
Test Organization
Result
You have made and tested all required system
settings.
CUSTOMIZING DISTRIBUTION
Use
You often have to make selected customizing settings
match in various systems within a system landscape.
You can use the Customizing Distribution to
synchronize selected customizing settings in a source
system (e.g. SAP R/3) with the customizing settings in
the target systems (e.g. an SAP CRM system).
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The system which is the reference for the
Customizing Distribution is also referred to below
as the source system. All other systems in your
system landscape are referred to as target
systems and are synchronized with the source
system.
Integration
The Customizing Distribution synchronizes the
customizing settings when implementing or updating a
system landscape. Before you synchronize customizing
settings, you can compare them with another tool, the
Customizing Scout,.
Prerequisites
You have made all necessary System Settings for the
Customizing Distribution. You have ensured that the
Customizing ID Mapping Framework is not used in
more than one customizing object and system at the
same time.
Features
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can transport the customizing changes from the
development systems into the quality assurance and
production systems.
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6.20 7
6.30 and higher -
Use
This project step configures the process requirements
specified in the Business Blueprint phase, in the
system.
If you use objects from the Business Process
Repository in your structures, they may already be
assigned to transactions and BC Sets. If you create
structures without objects from the Business Process
Repository, you can assign transactions yourself in the
transaction Business Blueprint, and BC Sets, IMG
objects and test cases in the transaction Configuration.
Prerequisites
You have selected scenarios and processes, or created
your own processes using the Business Process
Repository, in the Business Blueprint phase.
You are now in the Realization phase and have called
the Configuration transaction.
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Features
This project task comprises the following steps:
Assign Transactions/Programs
You can call assigned transactions, add new ones or
remove superfluous ones from the project scope, in
the Transactions tab.
Assign/Edit BC Sets
You can assign BC Sets to project steps, display the
contents of the assigned BC Sets and delete
superfluous BC Sets from the project scope, in the
Configuration tab.
You can activate one BC Set or all BC Sets assigned to
a process.
You can create new BC Sets for project or company-
specific settings, which you e.g. want to use in a group
rollout or to create your own solution, in the
application system, and assign them in the Solution
Manager.
Assign IMG
You can assign IMG objects to the project steps. You
can display and edit these settings, and the settings
made by BC Sets, in the Implementation Guide.
Edit Test Cases
You can make initial function tests after the
configuration. You can also run CATTs to see how a
transaction works. You can also create test cases.
You document the settings relevant for the
configuration along the project structure, in the Project
Documentation tab or in the IMG.
Create/Change Problem Messages
Activities
1. ...
1. Cross-Scenario Configuration:
1. a. Create a configuration structure
for the basic settings of your solutions, e.g. for
SAP CRM 3.1, under Configuration in the
business process structure.
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2. b. Configure these basic settings.
2. Configure your business scenarios under Business
Scenarios in the business process structure, e.g. for the
scenario E-Selling.
Purpose
Prerequisites
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or provide a service in the most economical way.
Came out of this method they were ended up by
producing in volume most of their products
which in turn, high competition and price cutting
as well as stocking and devaluation became a
significant issues for companies. This has been a
huge lost throughout the business. Companies
now are enforced to accurately measure their
production capacity and market demands as well
as trends. They are expected to be able to
produce a product which suits and satisfy each
customer and yet delivering their products in the
right time with the right strategy.
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result a better product and more efficient
processes.
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ERP born as a dynamic system which expects
dynamic approaches in its implementation. Many
people said that ERP implementation will never
end and it requires constant adjustment and
upgrades. Change is constant. Stable business is
considered as dead and because of extreme
competition, business required to make a
significant progress to survive.
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time wasted for information flows between
components of production process.
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ERP implementation is undoubted requires major
changes throughout the company. In many cases, the
company needs to restructure the whole business
processes and its system. As any other new system,
ERP implementation requires Business Process
Reengineering. But, can BPR cope up with such a huge
system implementation? How long will BPR process be
before ERP can be implemented, go-live and ultimately
giving Return On Investment (ROI)? Or, will it finish
ever?
• ASAP’s Roadmap
o Project Preparation
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events will be documented as well as
uncompleted tasks which require more
attention. Both internal and external issues
need to be documented as well.
o Business Blueprint
• Q&A Database
• Business Navigator.
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• General project management
o Realisation
• Baseline configuration
• Final configuration
o Final Preparation
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production area. Included in this phase are
testing, end user training, overall system
management and finalising company
readiness to go live. All the processes
during this phase will be monitored by
project manager.
• ASAP’s tools
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There are various tools provided by SAP to help
company to “implement effectively and cost
efficiently” (Ciudad Futura). Some of the
packages listed below are used for configuration
of business processes.
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BPR & ASAP INTERACTION
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implementation are still require adjustment or
reengineering in some sort.
CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
Overview
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Some dialog steps and functions are required frequently during
the realization of application development dialogs. These are
available as function modules in self-contained modules. Their use
standardizes application dialogs, which in turn simplifies use.
Concept
The function modules provide a standardized dialog box with
function keys which are tested at the end of the dialog.
Depending on the function module, texts for information, for
choices and/or for the available function keys can be passed.
Procedure
No preparatory steps are necessary for the use of the function
modules for standardized dialog boxes, with the exception of the
text display function modules (function group SP06). In this case,
the texts must be created previously.
Situation Function
group
The user is to be warned of potential data loss SPO1
The user should answer a question about further SPO1
processing with Yes or No
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The user is to be warned about potential data loss, SPO1
and decide whether he or she wants to continue
with the action
The user must choose between further processing SPO2
alternatives
The user must continue the current action or SPO2
cancel
The user is to input data (with or without check SPO4
against a value table)
Data are to be displayed to the user SPO4
The user is to receive detailed information SPO6
The user is to be able to scroll in a displayed list STAB
The user is to print data from a table or a table STRP
view
Transaction Function
code
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STMS_ALERT CCMS Alert Monitor
• Insertable objects
• Display area
• Navigation area
Procedure
To configure the transport routes with the graphical editor:
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In your User-Specific Settings, you can set the
system so that when you choose Transport
routesOverview takes you directly to the
graphical editor.
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• Import status of the request
You can also show the following additional information (see also
Displaying Information on Requests):
• Request type
• Source client
• Return code
• Import flag
• Unconditional mode
• Project name
• Active flag
Procedure
To adjust the import queue in an SAP System:
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You can display the import queue of an SAP
System from each SAP System that belongs
to the transport domain.
After importing the objects into the target system, the requests
are placed corresponding to the transport routes in the import
queues of the delivery systems (for example, in the production
system). You can start the import into these systems using this
function after performing quality assurance tests (See TMS
Quality Assurance).
Prerequisites
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To prevent change requests from being placed in
the import queue shortly before the import, and
perhaps being imported unintentionally, we
recommend closing the import queue before the
import.
Procedure
To import all the requests in the import queue:
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Assurance). If you still want to import them, for
example if the QA system is not available, you must
activate the requests.
On the tab page Execution, you can specify how you want
the transport control program tp to start.
On the tab page Options, you can specify options for the
import. You do not usually need to change the defaults.
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The system checks if you are allowed to import
these requests (see Project Status Switch). Even
if the import is not allowed for just one project, the
import does not start and an error message
appears. If this is the case, ask the project manager
when you should start the import.
Result
TMS starts or schedules the import in the target system.
After the import has finished, you can view the import history to
check the return codes for all import steps. You can also go to the
corresponding transport logs from the import history.
Prerequisites
You need the authorization S_CTS_IMPALL to import all requests in
a project. This authorization is in the profile S_A.SYSTEM (see
Authorizations in CTS).
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To prevent change requests from still being placed
in the import queue shortly before the import, and
perhaps being imported unintentionally, we
recommend closing the import queue before the
import.
Procedure
To import all the requests in one or more projects:
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Only requests with the import status Request
waiting to be imported or the status Request is
ready for import again are imported.
On the tab page Execution, you can specify how you want
the transport control program tp to start.
On the tab page Options, you can specify options for the
import. You do not usually need to change the defaults.
11. After you have made your settings in the Start Import
dialog box, choose Continue. The system now checks if it
can import the requests from the projects you have
selected without conflicting with predecessor relationships
with other requests.
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If the system finds out that the import would
conflict with predecessor relationships, it displays
the requests involved. If necessary, stop the import
and import all projects that are linked together in
one import. If you want to ignore the relationships,
continue the import with Continue. The import is
started automatically with the option Ignore
predecessor relations.
12. Check and confirm the information on the next dialog box.
This box displays the system, clients and options for your
project.
13. If you are logged on to system A in the transport domain
and start an import into system B in this domain, a logon
screen for the target system appears (in this case system
B). Your user name is already entered by default. Enter
your password.
Result
TMS starts or schedules the import in the target system.
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or Import Monitor, depending on whether the import has
already been started, or just been scheduled. The display
is restricted to the selected request.
After the import has finished, you can view the import history to
check the return codes for all import steps. You can also go to the
corresponding transport logs from the import history.
Prerequisites
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To import your own requests, you need the authorization
S_CTS_IMPSGL. This authorization is in the profile S_A.SYSTEM.
Procedure
To import single change requests:
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you still want to import them, for example if the QA system
is not available, you must activate the requests.
The box displays the requests you chose, and the import
target.
On the tab Execution, you can specify how you want the
transport control program tp to start.
On the tab page Options, you can specify options for the
import.
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9. If you are logged on to system A in the transport domain
and start an import into system B in this domain, a logon
screen for the target system appears (in this case system
B). Your user name is already entered by default. Enter
your password.
Result
TMS starts or schedules the import in the target system.
After the import has finished, you can view the import history to
check the return codes for all import steps. You can also go to the
corresponding transport logs from the import history.
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(When you configure the QA system, you determine how many QA
approval steps have to be processed for each request.) If a check
for an approval step is not successful, the entire request cannot
be approved.
Integration
In the TMS transport route configuration, you determine which
system is the QA system, and which approval steps should apply
to this system. You configure the QA approval procedure by
performing these two steps. All the requests that are then
imported into the QA system are included in the QA worklist.
You can only import all requests into the delivery systems if all
the requests ready for import have been checked (which means
approved or rejected).
If all the requests for a project and target clients are checked, you
can import them even if requests for other projects and target
clients have not been checked yet.
Prerequisites
Your system landscape contains at least one QA system from
which there are configured delivery routes into other systems.
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In a 3-system landscape, the requests from the
development system are imported into the QA
system. There, the requests are checked and the
approved requests are forwarded to the production
system.
Functions
Activities
Transport Workflow
Purpose
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The transport workflow provides a framework for transporting
enhancements or new developments of existing business
functions in a system landscape. It provides a direct connection
between development and transport administration. The transport
workflow manages the transport process, determines the user for
each individual step automatically, and then displays an interface
which they can use to perform the task directly.
• Import sequence
• Incompleteness
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This reduces the amount of work for the transport administrator
significantly. The automated nature of the workflow also reduces
the likelihood of errors during transports.
Prerequisites
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• The users involved in the transport workflow have a user in
the Workflow Engine system/client.
• One or more users have transport administration
authorization.
Process Flow
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Developers and transport administrators can communicate
directly by writing notes.
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Reporting in Make-to-Order
Production
In profitability analysis reporting you can collect information
about the costs and revenues on sales orders allocated to
profitability analysis. When you create the report, you must define
the sales order as a criterion. For more detailed information about
reporting in profitability analysis, see CO Profitability Analysis.
Prerequisites
Make-to-order production is controlled by the requirements type.
The requirements type is determined on the basis of the MRP
group and the strategy group in the material master record.
Screen Field
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In addition, a plant must be assigned for make-to-order items in
the sales order.
Statuses in Make-to-Order
Production
Order items made to order have an object status which can be
divided up into the following phases:
1. Released
2. Revenue posted
3. Fully invoiced
4. Completed
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In make-to-order production, sales order stock is set up for each
order item. This means that stock is assigned to the sales order
and item number in inventory management.
Settling a Make-to-Order
Transaction
To settle an make-to-order item, that is, to assign the costs
incurred to the appropriate receiving accounts, proceed as
follows:
You can carry out the settlement after the whole process
of make-to-order production has been completed.
However, you can also carry out settlements during the
process, if you want to keep up more closely with the cost
development.
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You can also carry out the settlement as a
background task.
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The following stock types are available for use with sales order
stock:
• Unrestricted use
• quality inspection
• Blocked stock
Movement Types
The following movement types are available for sales order stock
(in each case, including cancellation and returns):
• Transfer posting
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When you carry out a goods movement for sales order stock,
please take the following points into account:
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Finding Standard Reports
Purpose
You can search for standard reports in individual applications, or
across several applications. Application-specific standard reports
are available in the info systems of individual HR components. In
addition, standard HR reports are grouped together in
comprehensive info systems in the SAP Easy Access menu.
• HR Information System
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Human Resources ® Information system ® Reports
o InfoSet Query
o SAP Query
o The Business Information Warehouse
136
If you want to develop a report yourself, you can
use a similar standard SAP report as a
programming template, which considerably reduces
the amount of time and money involved.
• HIS
See HIS
• InfoSet Query
137
System. You do not require programming skills to create
reports using InfoSet Query. Provided that you have the
appropriate authorizations, you can save and reuse reports
defined in InfoSet Query.
• SAP Query
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groups; for example, all of the addresses
pertaining to one person. This is particularly
relevant to infotypes with subtypes and/or
time constraint 3. See Output Options for
Control Levels
Define one basic list, up to nine statistics,
and up to nine ranked lists per report
(query). This enables you to prepare data for
the output list in a number of different ways.
Format output lists using colors.
Define and use local fields.
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BW can provide data in an intranet/Internet environment,
where it can be viewed at any time by persons with the
appropriate authorizations. It supplies you with data for
decision-making and information purposes. Standard
calculation of key figures also facilitates benchmarking.
Process Flow
When deciding which tool to use, refer to the following schema.
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You’re still unsure? See Overview: HR Reporting, which contains a
table summarizing the purposes, advantages, and limitations of
standard reports and reporting tools in HR.
Standard HR Reports
Use
SAP Human Resources provides you with more than 200 standard
reports. They enable you to perform standard reporting simply,
and without you having to spend time and money on
development. This section gives you an overview of the standard
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reports that are available in the following areas of Human
Resources Management:
Personnel Management
Time Management
Payroll
Organizational Management
Activities
A report is usually executed as follows:
1. You start the report from the SAP Easy Access menu, an
info system, an application, or the ABAP Editor, for
example.
2. This takes you to the selection screen, in which you enter
the required selection parameters. By doing so, you
determine the conditions that apply when the report is
executed. If you only want to report on a specific group of
employees, for example, you enter an organizational unit.
3. You start the report.
4. The system reads data from the database, processes it in
accordance with the report you specified, and outputs the
result.
5. Depending on how the data is output, you can continue
processing, print, and export the data.
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HR Reporting Tools
Use
To enable you to report on HR data, the R/3 System provides you
with numerous standard reports and, in addition, reporting tools
that give you easy access to existing reports (HIS) or enable you
to create your own reports, even if you have no programming
skills (InfoSet Query, SAP Query).
HIS
InfoSet Query
SAP Query
Overview: HR Reporting
This section contains a table that gives you an overview of the
purposes, advantages, and limitations of the various reporting
options in HR.
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tool
Little training
required
144
and User group continue
parameters processing
already contain queries using
values and you SAP Query
can only perform
ad hoc reporting. Set operations
If InfoSet Query is enable you to
accessed this create sets of
way, it is called objects as
Ad Hoc Query in required for
HR (see HR in which data
InfoSet Query). must be output
Can be included
in roles using a
suitable InfoSet
145
define one basic Requires much
list and several more training
statistics and than other
ranked lists for options
each query
Enables you to
access non-SAP
data
Easy to use
Uses OLAP
technology
Includes
detailed
Business
Content (HR
extractors,
InfoCubes, key
figures, and
standard
queries)
References ;
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_46C/helpdata/EN/e1/
8e51341a06084de10000009b38f83b/frameset.ht
m
146
o http://help.sap.com/saphelp_45b/helpdata/en/e1/8e
51341a06084de10000009b38f83b/frameset.htm
o http://help.sap.com/saphelp_46b/helpdata/en/e1/8e
51341a06084de10000009b38f83b/frameset.htm
o https://cw.sdn.sap.com/cw/docs/DOC-41071
o http://www.sdn.sap.com/irj/sdn/bi-sdklibrary
o http://www.sapdb.org/htmhelp/e2/55683ab81fd846
e10000000a11402f/frameset.htm
147
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