by
Avdagi Admir, Beirovi Denan, Hajrudinovi Alma, Huki Emira, Krpo Mirna, Mari
Bruno, Mutabdija Senka, Omanovi Mersad, Pintari-Avdagi Bojana, Salihovi Adela
Contents
1.
2.
3.
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 45
1.
Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) is a country in South Eastern Europe, part of what the
European Union refers to as the West Balkans. It has an area of around 51.129 sq km and
some 3.791.622 inhabitants (Bosnian Statistics Agency, http://www.bhas.ba/). Bosnia covers
the centre and north of the country, with its name probably having derived from 'bosana', an
old Indo-European word meaning water, which Bosnia has no shortage. The southern region
of ancient Hum, ruled by Herceg Stjepan (Duke Stjepan), was later named Herzegovina after
the region was conquered by the invading Ottomans. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country
characterised by great diversity, embodying a vast array of landscapes, cultures, traditions and
peoples.
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Fig. 1) is bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south,
Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast. The land border of the country amounts
to 762 km, borders defined by rivers have a length of 751 km, and the country also has 23.5
km of coastline on to the Adriatic Sea surrounding the city of Neum. Five percent of the
country is is made up of level terrain, 24% is hills, 42% mountains and 29% with karst
(National Environmental Action Plan /NEAP/ 2003).
The entity (dividing) line between the two territories goes through the capital and the
and the countrys largest city, Sarajevo, which belongs to the Sarajevo Canton (1.276,9 sq
km). Its total population is estimated as 438.443 people (Bosnian Statistics Agency, 2013).
Sarajevo is located in the Sarajevo Valley, surrounded by mountains and situated around the
Miljacka river. The city is famous for its traditional religious diversity, with adherents of
Islam, Catholicism, Orthodoxy and Judaism peacefully coexisting there for centuries which is
the reason that Sarajevo is sometimes called Jerusalem of Europe.
2.
Relief
The region belongs to the inner Dinaric area, which is characterized by a hilly and
mountainous relief broken up with deep canyons. The relief is very varied, with the highest
mountains (Treskavica, Bjelanica) being more than 2000 m above sea level, while the lowest
areas lies at approximately 400 m above sea level.
The city is situated in a valley of the river Miljacka, which is formed from the
confluence of two smaller rivers the Paljanska Miljacka and the Mokranjska Miljacka. In it
upper reaches, the Miljacka river forms a impressive canyon and on the west of the valley lies
the Sarajevsko polje where the most of the city is situated today. In the western part of the
city, on the location of Rajlovac Miljacka flows into river Bosna, as do all the other rivers of
the city region. On the southern border of the valley of the Sarajevsko polje lies Mt Igman and
to the north and north-east lies Mt Trebevi. Sarajevsko polje has the average altitude of 510
m above sea level while Mt Trebevi has the highest altitude (1629 m), This is followed to the
north and northwest by Bukovik (1532 m) and Ozren (1525 m). The valley is formed from the
intersection of several rivers coming from the southern and the south-eastern (eljeznica) and
from the north-western (Joanica, Vogoa and Ljubina) sides of the valley.
Some authors have suggest that the city region could be separated into three relief
units (e.g. Crnogorac & Jaki):
1) Sarajevsko polje up to 700 m above sea level
2) Hilly relief to 1000 m
3) Mountainous relief (Trebevi, Ozren, Bukovik, atorica, Brezica).
Mt Trebevi belongs geomorphologicaly to Mt Jahorina. To the north, this mountain is
bounded bythe Miljacka river, to the south by the Kasindolski stream (potok), to the east by
Veliki Stupanj and Mali Stupanj and to the west by Sarajevsko polje. From highest point
(1629 m) there is a tremendous view of the Zvijezda, Ozren, Romanija, Jahorina, Treskavica,
Bjelanica, Prenj, Bitovnja, Vranica, Zec and Vlai mountains. In simple terms, the structure
of Mt Trebevi comprises five cliffs distributed side by side in a northwest-southeasterly
direction, and it is this that gives this mountain its extraordinary beauty. These cliffs are made
from Triassic limestone which lie on top of verfenic shales and sediments which can be
found mainly in mountain depressions and valleys. At the junction between these two bedrock
materials there are the sources of many springs coming from the slopes of the mountains.
These limestones are rich in fossils of Gastropodes, Lamellibranchiata, Cephalopoda,
Brachipoda, Diplopora, Corals and Sponges.
Bedrocks
Sedimentary rocks are the most abundant type of geological material in this region. This
region is characterised by highly diverse types of bedrock from the Mesozoic, Cenozoic and
Paleozoic eras. Paleozoic (Permian) sediments, such as sandstones, shales, and
conglomerates, are found in the to the north, northeast, and east of the city region on Mt.
Jahorina and Trebevi. In the west of the region (western parts of Sarajevsko polje)
5
quaternary gravels and sands are found. These are the result of alluvial-diluvial processes.
This alluvial-diluvial terrace links the upper areas of the south-eastern parts of valley
(Kasindol) to the northern parts (Koevo, Kobilja Glava, Joanica), which are made of clays,
carbonate clays sands and conglomerate sands. From Alipain Most (bridge) up to Koevo
and Koevski potok (stream), the bedrock material belongs to geological series called
Koevska serija. The hilly parts on north-western side of the city region are made up of
fli material from Jurrasic and Cretaceous periods. The hilly north-eastern parts of this
region comprise of Triassic formations: massive limestone associated with chevrons rich in
fossils, sandy limestones, clays, dolomites, claystones. These bedrocks are also characteristic
for the eastern part of the city and southern slopes of Mt Trebevi. Shale sandstones, usually
referred to as verfenic sediments (Triassic sediments), form a belt stretching from the northeast, east and south-east, while higher levels of the mountains are mainly limestones and
dolomites, associated with their specific karst morphology. The lower slopes and the bottom
of these mountains are composed of similar materials verfenic sediments - but with a red
and purple colour. These materials are extremely erodible and they are usually carried by
mountain springs and rivers like Miljacka, eljeznica, Lukaviki Stream (potok). Because of
red colour of the verfenic sediments, these rivers, during rainy periods, are also coloured red.
Soils
Together, the high altitudes and steep slopes of this mountainous relief, the nature of the
bedrock material and the high precipitation levels predispose specific soil formation processes
and specific pedological situation of this region. In addition, soils are usually shallow and
highly erodible. Due to the heterogenic geomorphologic structure, there is also a very diverse
pedological situation. Sarajevsko polje and valleys of other rivers in this region are
characterised mainly by alluvial and alluvial-diluvial soils. Verfenic sediments and verfenic
shale are characterised by acid soils, such as Sirozems and Dystric Cambisols. Limestone
and dolomites are characterised by a series of soils formed on this type of bedrock such as
Leptosol, Colluviums and Cambisols. Acid sands and sandstones are characterised by
Sirozems, Distric Cambisols and Podzol in higher altitudes and high precipitations. Rendzina
and Eutric cambisol are found on calcerious sands, calcerious clays in the fli serie.
Rendzinas and Calcic Cambisols are often found on calcareous moraines on Mt. Igman and
Bjelanica.
The highest parts of the Mt Trebevi are attributed to a series of soil types on limestone,
on the mountain slopes and depressions Districs and Cambisolss are found on Verfenic shales
and sediments. Some parts of the mountain that area exposed to east are characterised by
Districs Cambisols, Podzols overlaying sands and sandstones.
Climate
Sarajevo valley has mostly a temperate climate, while hilly and mountain areas are
characterised by temperate mountain and by alpine climates. The influence of the Adriatic Sea
is moderated by high mountains to the south of the city region. The average yearly
temperature is 10 C, with January (0.5 C avg.) being the coldest month of the year and
July (19.7 C avg.) the warmest. The highest recorded temperature was 40.7 C on 19 August
1946, and on 23 August 2008, while the lowest recorded temperature was 26.2 C on 25
January 1942. On average, Sarajevo has 6 days where the temperature exceeds 32 C and 4
days where the temperature drops below 15 C per year. The city typically experiences
mildly cloudy skies, with an average yearly cloud cover of 45%.
Category
Area in ha
6.989,00
Meadows
9.794,00
Cultivated land
9.589,00
14.498,00
Deciduous forests
46.229,00
Coniferous forest
13.997,00
Mixed forests
9.707,00
Pastures
5.645,00
10
1.679,00
11
6.999,00
12
180,00
13
1.800,00
14
266,00
15
13,00
16
Artificial accumulations
2,00
304,00
TOTAL:
127.691,00
3.
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITYS (OPEN SPACE)
STRUCTURE
Although settlement in the region stretches back to prehistoric times, the modern city
was founded by Isa-Beg Isakovi as an Ottoman stronghold in the 15th century. Sarajevo has
attracted international attention several times throughout its history. In 1914 it was the site of
the assassination that sparked World War I, while seventy years later, in 1984, it became the
host city of the XIV Winter Olympics. More recently, Sarajevo underwent the longest siege in
modern military history during the Bosnian War. Today the city is recovering and
adjusting to a post-war reality, as a major center of culture and economic development in
Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 2005, Sarajevo Canton was declared as the "Region of the year in
Europe".
The Ottoman period
Under Ottoman rule, the city of Sarajevo gradually started to develop. The traditional
oriental concept,of the city influenced the layout of the urban area, which consisted of the
Baarija (business center) in the valley and the residential areas, the so-called Mahala,
settled on the surrounding slopes. The Mahala represent the residential pattern of once
Ottoman oriental architecture. The Mahala developed as a large number of small residential
units (40-50) only with private courts and gardens. The Houses in the Mahala were developed
and placed so that each of them had a clear view, abundant light and plants. Open green and
public spaces were not present at that time. Over time, green spaces were created, but during
the War (1992 1996) all these spaces were transformed into cemeteries and now represent
protected areas as Cultural Landscapes (Harbinja 2012).
Austro-Hungarian period
The Austro-Hungarian period of Sarajevo's history was characterised by
industrialisation, development, westernisation, and social change. It could be argued that the
three most prominent alterations made by the Habsburgs to Sarajevo were to the citys
political structure, architecture style, and education system. Architects and engineers wanting
to help rebuild Sarajevo as a modern European capital rushed to the city. A fire that burned
down a large part of the central city area (Baarija) in 19th century left more room for
redevelopment.
The very first thing that the Austro-Hungarians had done upon arrival in Sarajevo was the
preparation of a cadastral map by land types, with the aim of defining tax levels. The job was
done within four years (1878 - 1882).
Result indicated that Sarajevo covered an area of 1136.6 hectares. Seven land use categories
relating to landscape and open space were defined (besides housing): cemetery, decorative
gardens, forests, meadows, orchards, pastures and vegetable gardens.
Figure 3. Map of Sarajevo in 1882 by land category (note: white areas represent built-up land).
Sarajevo was industrialised by Austria-Hungary and they used the city as a testing area for
new inventions, such as tramways (established in 1885), before installing them in Vienna. At
the time, Sarajevo was growing westward through the valley. The area of the city remained
more or less constant until after the Second World War. It is interesting that todays Sarajevo
has developed along the axis of the tramline which ends twelve kilometres westward at Ilida.
That is where the Austro-Hungarians planted a 2.8km long avenue of plane trees, running
10
from the ancient roman sanatorium to the spring of the River Bosna. This area is rich in
groundwater which is an important source of water for the city.
XIV Winter Olympics
The 1984 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XIV Olympic Winter Games, took
place from 819 February 1984 in Sarajevo. Other candidate cities were Sapporo (Japan) and
Gothenburg (Sweden). The main argument why Sarajevo was chosen as the host was that the
competition area was no further than 24 kilometers from the site where the Olympic medals
were awarded at Skenderija (Milinovi Vladimir, oral communication).
The Siege
Siege of Sarajevo (April 1992 - February 1996) lasted 1.425 days. It is the longest
siege of a capital city in modern history. 11.541 people were killed, including 643 children.
During the siege there were no essential supplies necessary for life - neither food, nor water or
electricity. People used public green space to produce food and heat. Underground water
could be used for drinking, but only with the help of hand pumps. After the siege there many
problems remain: landmines, abandoned land, devastation, illegal constructions etc.
11
Nowadays
In administrative terms, the city of Sarajevo consists of 9 municipalities. It is densely
populated, with a current trend for extensive building construction. The development of the
city is the separate responsibility of the mayors of each individual municipality, and these do
not act together as one body.
There are many disturbing factors involved in urban ecosystem degradation: legislation,
degradation of the environment by building construction, loss of underground water,
abandonment of land etc. Thanks to the forests around Sarajevo, the city agglomeration has
maintained its character as a sustainable environment.
12
There are three vegetated land types coexisting in Sarajevo: agricultural land, public
green space and forests. Agricultural land is mainly located on the border between urban and
rural areas and it is gradually being lost due to intensive construction pressure. In general,
agricultural land loss accounts for some 3000 ha of land annualy in Bosnia and Herzegovina
as a whole (Resulovi and ustovi, 2002). Sarajevos public green space is located mainly
along the east-west axis of the built-up urban area. It is managed by the individual
municipality in which it is located.
Characteristics of 2014 land use categories:
Figure 7. Map of Sarajevo in 2014 by land category (note: white areas represent built-up land).
Peri-urban sprawl
Sarajevo can be characterized as having frantic-growth with very high land
conversion rates and population densities. Schneider and Woodcock (2008) said that this
category is generally characteristic of developing countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina. As
the city of Sarajevo developed along the River Miljacka, the lack of space meant that the town
started to spread along the periphery and up the surrounding slopes. The Mahala expanded
further up the hills thereby causing further urbanization in the form of the so-called new upper
hill settlements. As the Government is taking responsibility for new architectural approaches
within the Mahala, a greater concern is for the new upper hill urbanization. These settlements
are located and developed without any architectural regulations whatsoever, and most
importantly threatened by the risk of landslides. The expansion of these settlements increased
rapidly after the War (1992 -1995) and since then has continued to spread further up to the
hills. Beside the challenges posed by the environmental conditions, the settlements are faced
with the lack of the necessary infrastructure and facilities, especially educational and health
facilities. As a result, inhabitants are forced to make use of the nearest facilities, located
within the Mahala or in the old town Baarija. Although these settlements have some
similarity with the Mahala, in terms of their position, they are not related to these types of
cultural landscapes (Harbinja, 2012). The main similarity is that there is a total absence of
public space, but the houses in the upper hill urban area are not located so that each of them
has basic parameters of Mahala: a clear view, abundant light and vegetation.
14
Figure 8. Sarajevo comparison of vegetated areas 1882-2014 (note: white areas represent built-up land)
Ornamental trees
It could be said that Sarajevos parks, gardens, avenues of trees and other green areas
have accumulated very diverse and interesting woody species over a time. In recognition of
the importance of knowledge about this, Prof. Vito Stefanovi and Prof. Nikola Janji listed
947 species, cultivars and varieties of ornamental trees in Sarajevo. Their results show a
continuous growth in the number of species over the period 1955 to 1998. However, there are
valid concerns about the introduction of non-native species due to their expansion into
habitats of native species. While this certainly raises the biodiversity it also violates the
criteria of "naturalness and typicality (Omanovi et al., 2012). Today, there are no formal
criteria or plan for the use of the plant material, so since 1998 there has been a constant
introduction of unknown ornamental plant species. As a consequence, Sarajevo is now full
of immature trees susceptible to wind and/or snow damage, especially Platanus acerifolia,
Fraxinus, Tilia and Thuja species. Also it is easy to find Armadillidium vulgare which is
indicator of physiological weaknesses.
15
Protected areas
The establishment of protected aresa came with 21th century. There are two objects of
special protection value near Sarajevo. The first is the natural monument centred on the
Spring of Bosna river' with a total area of 644 ha, and located in the Municipality of Ilida.
The second is the natural monument ''Waterfall Skakavac' with total area of 1430,7 ha, which
is located in the municipality Stari Grad. It is interesting to note that even 861 privately
owned forests, in whole or in part, are located within the protected area with total area of
463,9 ha (Omanovi et al., 2010).
16
Figure 11. Ranking of European cities by green performance (Baycan et al. 2004).
17
4.
TRADITIONAL CULTURAL LANDSCAPES OF THE CITY AND THE CITY
REGION
"... the Earth has many cities named Saraj. But the bosnian stone eher Sarajevo of all of them is advanced,
prettier and livelier. " Evlija elebija, 1659.
Sarajevo was built in the valley of the river Miljacka, surrounded by hills that result in
the city being isolated and enclosed from the world. "arija" (Fig. 12), the old business
centre of the city was built in the flat terrain at the bottom of the valley, and the city districts
called "Mahale" are located on the lower slopes of the hills that surround the valley. The
construction of "arija" took place in parallel with the construction of the residential zones
"Mahale". While the "arija" was developing at the flat terrain, the "Mahale" were
developing on local hills. These hills, as described by Kulenovi, make the valley of the
Miljacka into an outstanding natural amphitheatre, which is open to the west.
One could say that the city centre is actually double-fenced from the world by both the
hills that surround the city and by the "Mahale". The urban plan, the terrain and the position
of the "Mahale" in relation to the centre, all function at the same time as "armour" that
protects the city from external impact. The fact that city became completely introverted, very
soon after its establishment can be seen as a metaphor for the world, as a place where its
different faces are gathered together at one point.
18
The interplay of open and closed, external and internal, which oppose and reflect each
other, can be perfectly seen in the organization of the city.
Bosnian writer Karahasan explains it best when he defines "arija" as technically
closed but semantically open. "arija" is the universality and "Mahala" is particularity and
concreteness. "arija" is enclosed from all and therefore potentially contains all in itself,
while the "Mahala" is open to all. A complicated game of mutual opposition and reflection of
the exterior and interior spaces provided the basis for the existence and functioning of
Sarajevo as a whole, and which is evident in the in relationshi between the Mahala and
arija, and could be seen in every aspect of urban existence and life. That was the case even
inside the houses, as within their walls the houses were divided into open and closed parts and
male and female areas.
Gardens and courtyards represented a very important green space element in the old
Sarajevo. Thanks to this, as geo-topography, microclimate, as well as other natural conditions
of the Sarajevo valley, with lots of vegetation and water, meant that old Sarajevo developed
into a true garden city: "Wood and water, garden and mountain, houses in gardens," as stated
by Grabrijan.
Many travel writers who stayed in Sarajevo in the 16th and 17th century confirmed
that Sarajevo was "garden city".
Pavle from Rovinj stayed in Sarajevo in 1640 on the occasion of which he wrote:
"Varo extends partly by flat part of valley, partly on the hill. Parts of the hills cannot be seen
because of the trees".
Quiclet, a French traveller who visited Sarajevo in 1658, wrote: "the city is full of
gardens, and there are only few houses without a special garden, and all gardens are full of
orchards, especially apples."
Evlija elebija, the famous Turkish traveller of 17th century, who stayed in Sarajevo,
wrote in his famous travelogue "Sajjahatnami": "here are 26.000 of gardens similar to gardens
from heaven and through each garden plenty of water is flowing. These gardens are beautiful
as a paradise on Earth. They are decorated with a variety of pools and arbours."
Moving between the streets, courtyards, houses and gardens depended on the
differentiation of space. An important role in the spatial definition of roads was played by
gates, which allowd for physical and visual closure of the spaces. The side walls flanking the
gates are therefore quite deep, and usually consist of the walls of auxiliary rooms.
Alternatively, the gate was placed beneath the outbuilding, which provided the entrance to the
courtyard. Often the gates are placed at both ends of the space by which the courtyard is
separated from the street. Such a space between two gates was commonly used as a
commercial yard. The gates represent a very significant functional and decorative element of
residential buildings.
Gardens form an integral part of the culture of residence, and represent a form of
artistic expression. The gardens were, in part, created under the influence of the religion of
Islam and were considered as the earthly reflection of paradise. The similarity between
gardens throughout the Islamic world bears witness to the universality of Islamic art, while
the cult of gardens in turn strongly influenced all the decorative arts. Wherever possible water
was introduced into the design of the garden.
19
Residential houses were adapted to the environment through the use of natural, local
materials for construction, and were integrated into the terrain. Nature thus became part of the
architectural composition.
The whole complex of Svrzina house was constructed during the 18th century. Beside
the ground of the house in the women's courtyard, which was completed in 1832 the house
comprises a complex consisting of three buildings and two courtyards divided into "selamluk"
- male part (Fig. 13), the public part of the house, and haremluk - female, or the family part of
the house (Fig. 14). The entrance from the street leads through a large gate into the men's
courtyard. The gate, which is located over the entrance, once led in large garden - or "bostan",
which belonged to the house, but the old owners kept it as a part of the new house.
Islamic architecture has developed very meaningful, very specific and easily
identifiable characteristics. These are expressed particulalry clearly in residential architecture
where they are characterised by specific forms and architectural elements. All the arguments
by Isanovi relating to traditional Islamic belief have outer and inner meanings and are filled
with rich symbolism, and make the specificity of artistic and architectural expression of Islam.
In Islamic architecture, more than in the architecture of other cultures, water forms an integral
part of almost every traditional architectural and urban space.
20
The pattern of life in Islamic society revolved around the family house, as a residential
complex. While this was separated from the outside world, from the street and uninvited
curiosity of passersby, the house and its organisation, by contrast, were open, often even
vanish towards nature, towards the sky and water.
With the arrival of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, which received a mandate to
occupy and govern Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 the country underwent a very dramatic
transition. It was removed from the Ottoman Empire and became part of the European
civilization.
With the new civilisation came a new understanding of lifestyle and new ways of
building and forms of housing, which were completely different from the inherited tradition.
21
In valley area of Sarajevo, gardens and courtyards gradually began to disappear. The new
situation was also reflected in the planning and construction of public parks and spa facilities.
However, this took place without any detailed observation and understanding of the value of
the existing landscape, and resulted in the introduction of objects which were exotic but with
given a decorative veneer in the Moorish style.
During the Austro-Hungarian Period, Mt Trebevi acquired the characteristics of a
forest park through the building of some access roads (Appel's road), fortifications and
restaurants. In this period the uncontrolled introduction of exotic plant species took place such
that today it looks like an improvised arboretum.
22
5.
URBAN AND REGIONAL
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS
POPULATION,
SOCIAL
ISSUES
AND
In 1995 Bosnia and Herzegovina was divided into two administrative entities: the
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FB&H) and Republika Srpska (RS), and the separate
district of Brko
B&H Entity's structure: FB&H is administratively divided on 10 cantons, which are in
turn divided into municipalities. There are 79 municipalities in FB&H. Republika Srpska is
administratively divided into 62 municipalities. The city of Brko forms a separate
administrative district.
The area of Bosnia and Herzegovina covers a total of 51,209.2 km, Of this, 51,197
km is land and 12,2 km sea
Climate: The majority of the country has a continental climate with an area of
mediterranean climate in the south.
Population: The number of inhabitants grew from 1879 up to year 1991 (Table 3) and
the population was made up of Bosniacs, Croats, Serbs and peoples of others nations.
The Preliminary results of the census conducted in 2013 revealed the that 2.371.603
people live in Federation of B&H, 1.326.991 in Republic of Srpska and 93.028 in Brko
District, which makes a total population of 3.791.622. The Sarajevo region (which fits mostly
into the administrative unit of the Canton of Sarajevo) is the second the most highly populated
area with 438.443 inhabitants. This region comprises 9 municipalities, the most populous of
which are Novi Grad, Ilida, Novo Sarajevo and Center (Table 4).
The average net salary in B&H is 838 KM (period XII-2013). The rate of
unemployment is, according to the ILO definition, (ARS) 27.5% (PERIOD: 2013) and the
rate of employment is 31.6%.
23
Table 4. Number of people living in Sarajevo city region according to preliminary census results.
Municipality
CENTAR SARAJEVO
HADII
ILIDA
ILIJA
NOVI GRAD SARAJEVO
NOVO SARAJEVO
STARI GRAD SARAJEVO
TRNOVO FB&H
VOGOA
* http://fzs.ba/PopisNaseljenaM.pdf
Number of people
59.238
24.979
71.892
20.504
124.471
68.802
38.911
1.830
27.816
24
6.
Veliki Park (meaning big park) and Mali Park (meaning small park) were
constructed on the sites of abandoned Muslim graveyards in the year 1885 (Fig. 16, 17). The
area of these two parks totals almost 4 ha and they are located in the centre of town, across
from the Presidents residence. In the park is located relatively recent monument dedicate to
all the Sarajevo children who died during the war (1992-1995).
25
At Mejdan Park was constructed on the location of a horse market dating from
Ottoman period (Fig. 18). It was established in 1905 and was first known as Franz Joseph
Park. The music pavilion was built in 1913 and destroyed on 6th April 1941, during the World
War II. The pavilion was rebuilt in 2005 (Fig. 19). This park represents the first park in the
European style in this region.
26
27
Wilson Promenade
The Wilson Promenade (Fig. 22) is named after the twenty-eighth U.S. President
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28th, 1856 February 3rd, 1924).
The promenade was constructed during the Austrian-Hungarian Period. It was first
called Kalaj promenade after the diplomat Benjamin Kalaj. From 1941 to 1945 its name
was changes to "Mussolini Promenade", and after the II World War it was given its current
name, the Wilson promenade.
The Main species planted along the Wilson promenade is the lime, of which there are
some 280 specimens. For many people of Sarajevo the Wilson Promenade has sentimental
significance. Many love stories started in this avenue of lime trees. Beneath the crowns of the
linden trees many generations have experienced their first love, first kiss but also
disappointments.
Spomen-Park Vraca
The Spomen-Park Vraca (Vraca Memorial Park) is a park dedicated to the World War
II victims of Sarajevo (Fig. 23, 24). It covers 78.000 square meters and honours the names of
the over 11.000 men, women, and children killed during World War II.
The idea was to rehabilitate an old Austro-Hungarian fortress as a joint project between
Vladimir Dobrovi as designer, Alija Kuukali as sculptor, and Aleksandar Maltari as
landscape architect. Construction began in April 1980 and was finished in November of the
same year. It was opened and dedicated on November 25, 1981, the "Day of Statehood of
Bosnia and Herzegovina". In 1996, the park was systematically destroyed by withdrawing
Serbian forces after the signing of the Dayton Agreement. In 2005, the park was declared a
national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
28
Park-uma Mojmilo
Park-uma Mojmilo is the one of the newest parks in Sarajevo (Fig. 25, 26). It has an
area of almost 40 ha. The main idea was to animate the local community, schools and NGOs
to build a park. Features of the park include: an arboretum, areas for walking and specific
horticultural elements, an eco-house (where you can drink free coffee and enjoy the view),
29
Park Prijateljstva
Park Prijateljstva (meaning Park of Friendship) is a new modern park with equipment
the first of its kind in our city (Fig. 27). It was founded through a donation of Azerbaijan and
represents friendship between Azerbaijan and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
30
One of of the symbols of this park takes the form of a statue of two women, one
Azerbaijani and one Bosnian. The statue is monument to victims of the war in Bosnia (19921995) and tragedy in Azerbaijan, Hodala, in February in 1992. Around 70 trees were
planted in the park and the new green areas also incorporate decorative flowers and ca. 200
ornamental shrub seedlings.
For sports lovers there is a running path of almost a mile long and a climbing wall,
while for the safety of visitors there is a protective fence along the banks of the river
Dobrinja.
Ali-pain Park
Ali-Pain Park was founded after World War II by landscape architect Smiljan Klai
(1912 -1989) and it is one of the most beautiful parks in Sarajevo. The park surrounds the AliPasha's Mosque, which was constructed in Sarajevo in the years 1560 to 1561 (Fig. 28).
31
32
Protected areas
Vrelo Bosne
Vrelo Bosne (the spring of the Bosna River) is the source of the River Bosna and is
located in the central region of Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the southwest of Sarajevo (Fig.
32, 33). It is one of the country's top natural landmarks and is one of the most famous areas of
natural beauty in the region. The park is usually entered on foot or, for a reasonable price, by
horse-carriage via the main avenue leading into it. The avenue itself contains traditional
buildings from the Austro-Hungarian-era offering a glimpse into the luxuries of the past.
The paths and roads inside the park are ideal for walks and give the visitors the
opportunity to take a closer look at the bubbling streams and waterfalls. Outdoor cafs are
33
available offering drinks and snacks but opening times vary from season to season. Typical
fauna includes ducks and swans.
During the Bosnian War the park was not maintained and trees were chopped down
and used for heating by the local citizens. In 2000 the park was restored to its former
appearance by local youths led by an international ecological organization.
Skakavac
Skakavac is a waterfall with a height of about 98 m, which is located 12 km from
Sarajevo (Fig. 34, 35). The Skakavac waterfall is one of the highest and most attractive
waterfalls in B&H and it forms a real tourist attraction, with its location within a landscape of
exceptional beauty.
34
The surroundings are one of the most heterogenous areas in that region, being
dominated by spruce and fir and beech and fir forests with spruce on the more pronounced
slopes. On shallow carbon grounds in the vicinity of the waterfall, there are thermophilous
forests with an understorey of eastern hornbeam and autumn locust as well as eastern
hornbeam and manna ash. The rocks surrounding the waterfall have very interesting
vegetation dominated by endemic and relic types. The waterfall at Skakavac, meaning
grasshopper in Bosnian, is for more than one reason, one of the most attractive tourist sites in
the vicinity of Sarajevo.
Bijambare
The Bijambare area, which is famous for its caves, is located on the far north-eastern
slopes of Sarajevo District and the Ilija, a small town near Sarajevo. It is accessible via the
main Sarajevo-Tuzla road, from which an asphalt road branches off leading towards a
mountain home and the well-known Bijambare caves, large parts of which are open to visitors
(Fig. 36, 37). An optimum height above sea level (950 m on average), dense conifer woods,
meadows, two water courses with lakes and chasms, five caves, rocky massif and high quality
air provide ideal conditions for alpinism, speleology, skiing, mushroom picking, harvesting
medicinal herbs, or simply for nature excursions and visits.
The central part of Bijambare is a karst enclave with all its commonly observed
characteristics: caves, lost rivers, intriguing funnel-shaped depressions and rocky massifs.
There are five caves located at three levels, in a relatively small area. One of these caves, the
Bijambare cave is especially popular, and it has been a popular tourist spot and a
speleological site for a long time. The cave is 420 m long (basic direction without individual
branches), with four chambers with rich ornaments in all the known forms: lateral blocks,
stalactites, casts, stalagmites and curtains. The fourth chamber is the biggest (around 60 m in
diameter and 1530 m in height). It is also called the "music chamber" because of its acoustic
effects.
35
36
7.
CURRENT RESEARCH ON CHARACTERISTIC USES AND SIGNIFICANT
ACTIVITIES IN PUBLIC SPACES
In transitional societies such as Bosnia-Herzegovina, a combination of urbanisation
together with modern way of living is very often the reason for citizens to become completely
or partially isolated from nature. Urban green spaces should, therefore, provide specific
buffer zones for urban people in order for them to maintain both a relationship with nature
and a healthy way of living. Therefore, such an intention demands the fulfilment of citizens'
preferences during planning and maintenance of urban green spaces.
The specific location and the configuration of the terrain in the valley in which
Sarajevo has developed over the centuries (Fig. 38), means that there is a natural Green ring
formed out of mountains, meadows, forests, streams, mountain villages etc. literally within
half-an-hour walking distance from the city. This has resulted in a specific and very close
relationship between Sarajevos citizens and their natural surroundings. According to the
1965 urban development plan for the city (Aneli, 1981) it was planned to increase area of
public green space in Sarajavo from 5.38 m2 to 20.8 m2 per person. However, in practice the
opposite happened and the area of public green space actually decreased. In 1980, Sarajevo
had only 4 m2 of urban green space per citizen, and the war, with the siege of Sarajevo (19921995), led to the almost complete destruction of public green space of the city - grasslands
were used for agriculture production while park trees were felled for heating.
Today, Sarajevo is facing numerous problems related to its urban green space. The
reasons are manifold, while the drivers of the unfavourable situation relating to urban green
space range from intensified migration from rural to urban areas to various irregularities
related to the civil engineering and also include the weak institutional and legislative
framework. One thing is certain the negative impacts of this situation have both a direct and
37
an indirect influence on the entire population of the city (Fig. 39). The increasing density and
growth of Sarajevo, which is taking place without consideration of the land-use capacity of
the city and citizens' needs for healthy environment and recreation, have contributed to a
drastic loss of trees and forest cover within and around city.
forest ecosystems/urban forests (Fazli, 2010; Braji, 2011) represented the most important
functions of forests. These are followed by sociological functions, while economic functions
are rated as the least important function of forest ecosystems in Sarajevo.
Nevertheless, the majority of the respondents thought that the condition of the forest
ecosystems of Sarajevo were unsatisfactory (Fazli, 2010). According to the citizens, the main
reason is poor forest management practice on the part of the authorities responsible for the
territory of Sarajevo. On the other hand, most of the respondents thought that the overall
condition of Vrelo Bosne was satisfactory (Braji, 2011). However, they recommended the
authorities responsible for the management of Vrelo Bosne urban forest to pay special
attention to diversifying the facilities on offer, to the organisation of appropriate events, to
making infrastructure improvements and increasing the quality of communication and
cooperation with the citizens as final users (Braji, 2011). Similar results were obtained from
research on public green areas within City of Sarajevo. Respondents were dissatisfied with the
amount of public green space in City, its quality, the infrastructure as well as organisation of
events (Hadiderviagi, 2010). Closeness and availability were the most important reasons
why respondents decide to spend spare time in public green areas (Hadiderviagi, 2010). On
the other hand, important characteristics of public green areas such as their condition, layout
and role as a refuge from traffic and urban hustle were rated as not very well developed
(Hadiderviagi, 2010).
Surprisingly, results of research relating to expectations regarding the Vrelo Bosne
urban forest and research on public green spaces within City of Sarajevo showed that most
visitors visit these places once or twice in a week (Braji, 2011; Hadiderviagi, 2010).
Reasons for spending time in Vrelo Bosne were mainly to have an outing, for sport and
recreation, to relax in natural surroundings, or to spend time with friends and relatives (Braji,
2011). On the other hand, visitors to public green spaces go there for relaxation, to socialise,
to spend spare time with children or simply because it is the closest green space to the place
where they live (Hadiderviagi, 2010). Interestingly, respondents did not mention recreation
and sport activities as main motive for visiting public green spaces. Such a trend was already
noticed and often debated in local newspapers, which have sought to explain how the
mentality of the citizens of Bosnia Hercegovina is the main reasons why fitness facilities
installed at public green spaces are not used as expected. Therefore, the local association for
architecture, sport, recreation and ecology planned to organise education workshops to
emphasise the positive health benefits of recreation in open spaces.
Bearing in mind the results of research studies into the perception/attitudes of citizens
towards forests, urban forests and public green spaces, the general conclusion is that citizens
express a significant need for a natural environment as well as an awareness of the positive
influences of natural environment. However, respondents are generally dissatisfied with the
overall condition of forests, urban forests and public green spaces. Such a situation calls for
the implementation of various participatory techniques for involving citizens in the planning
and managing forests/urban forests and public green spaces as they are the end users whose
needs ought to be fulfilled. On the other hand, citizens express a rather passive relationship
with public green spaces. Therefore, there is a need to organise appropriate educational
campaigns in order to improve their attitude and overall connectedness with public green
spaces of City of Sarajevo.
39
8.
Bosnia and Herzegovina is a melting pot of many different cultures, a bridge between
East and West. It offers the traveller an experience like nowhere else with influences from
Roman times to the reign of the Bosnian Kings; from the Ottoman Period to the AustroHungarian Empire and from the Yugoslav era with Marshal Tito as its leader. Bosnia and
Herzegovina is also a paradise for nature lovers. With its soaring mountains, untouched
forests and wild rivers, it invites visitors to come for rafting, canoeing or hiking. The Olympic
ski pistes offer the opportunity of enjoying the snow at affordable prices. Perhaps the greatest
asset is the wonderful hospitality of Bosnian people, along with the traditional Bosnian coffee
and cakes, the irresistible evapi (grilled minced-meat fingers), wines of long tradition, our
lively urban promenades and small cosy places (Foreign Investment Promotion Agency
2013).
Bosnia and Herzegovina has experienced a rapid development of tourism in recent
years. Its loction in the southeast of Europe at the crossroads between Europe, the Middle East
and North Africa, Bosnia and Herzegovina has all the necessary pre-conditions to further
develop its tourism including geographical features, natural beauty, suitable climate and a rich
cultural and historical heritage. Many tourism business facilities were established in the
period up to the war in 1992, which were supported by a strong transportation infrastructure,
and in 1984, Bosnia and Herzegovina successfully hosted the 14th Winter Olympic Games.
Like all sectors in the country, tourism was heavily affected by the war from 1992 to
1995. After the war, tourism has begun to seen as a strategic development area for the
economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Many facilities survived the war, along with countrys
untouched nature and historical treasures, and as a result important development potential is
seen in a number of different areas, including winter tourism, eco-tourism, spa tourism,
cultural and religious tourism and coastal tourism. Research into the tourism business
undertaken by the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has shown that an annual growth rate of
10,5 % can be expected over the period to 2020, During this time, Bosnia and Herzegovina
will be the country with the third highest growth rate in tourism.(Development Bank of
Turkey 2010).
Estimated Arrivals
600.000,00
Day Trips
490.000,00
Diaspora
498.000,00
Total
1.588.000,00
Source: David T. King and Omer ar , Estimating Foreign Tourism Arrivals in B&H, USAID Cluster
Competitiveness Activity
The total added value produced by the tourism sector grew by 1.8% annually in 2011
against a year earlier. The tourism sectors share in total employment amounted to 4.1% in
40
2011. Arrivals and overnight stays from Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia have also been showing
an encouraging growth in (Fig. 40).
2,6%
2,9%
3,3%
Montenegro
5,0%
21,8%
USA
France
6,2%
Austria
Germany
7,7%
Poland
Turkey
18,5%
Italy
8,8%
Slovenia
Serbia
9,0%
Croatia
14,1%
2009
610.817
499.695
54.795
Arrivals
2010
2011
610.817 686.148
499.695 559.397
54.795
58.734
2012
747.827
610.115
59.495
2009
1.268.173
1.034.420
98.942
Nights
2010
2011
1.416.691 1.504.205
1.103.637 1.167.735
96.413
94.535
30.921
30.921
24.191
22.410
51.547
50.627
53.397
41.644
4.879
4.879
3.776
5.061
9.332
5.348
5.296
7.527
20.527
20.527
40.050
50.746
73.932
160.666
183.242
213.578
289.306
220.547
32.783
289.306
220.547
32.783
294.203
206.471
40.607
309.242
219.760
39.252
597.045
448.911
56.539
643.937
430.352
55.097
668.200
426.179
57.786
714.440
456.655
60.827
21.456
21.456
14.905
14.794
33.126
22.126
24.855
22.570
2.762
2.762
2.893
3.473
3.105
2.611
3.430
4.246
11.758
11.758
29.327
31.963
55.364
133.751
155.950
170.142
321.511
279.148
22.012
321.511
279.148
22.012
391.945
352.926
18.127
438.585
390.355
20.243
671.128
585.509
42.403
772.754
673.285
41.316
836.005
741.556
36.749
931.081
825.967
39.323
9.465
9.465
9.286
7.616
18.421
28.501
28.542
19.074
2.117
2.117
883
1.588
6.227
2.737
1.866
3.281
8.769
8.769
10.723
18.783
18.568
26.915
27.292
43.436
2012
1.645.521
1.282.622
100.150
41
a synagogue within easy walking distance of each other (Fig. 42). If there were any city in
Europe that effortlessly straddles east and west, it is Sarajevo. Here the Byzantine and
Ottoman empires of the east and the Roman, Venetian and Austro-Hungarian empires of the
west left an indelible mark through culture, traditions and religions. A walk through Sarajevo
is a walk through its past. From the oriental Ottoman quarters lined with sweet shops, cafs
and handicraft workshops, to the administrative and cultural centre of Austro-Hungarian
times, Sarajevo encompasses the very best of both worlds.
43
Sarajevo today is a place close to the heart, a city that makes you feel at home.....a community
that welcomes guests as if you were one of their own.
Table 7. Tourists' arrivals and nights in Canton Sarajevo for the period 2009. to 2012.
Arrivals
Overnight stays
2009
2010
2011
2012
2009
2010
2011
2012
170.469
205.392
225.644
268.673
324.677
384.977
427.208
512.434
From the Table 7 one can conclude that the present growing trend both in arrivals and
overnight stays in Sarajevo Canton is a positive indicator for the growth of tourism. During
the 2012 Canton Sarajevo recorded 268.673 tourist arrivals. In the same year, the number of
overnight stays was 512.434, suggesting significant potential for growth. Although the
Sarajevo is capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the basis of the above numbers it can
also be described as the countrys capital of tourism.
It is also worthwhile to mention the protected areas in Sarajevo Canton as a further
attraction for great number of tourists (Fig. 43.). These include: Vrelo Bosne Nature
Monument, the Skakavac Nature Monument and the Bijambare Protected Landscape, all of
which are managed by the Cantonal Public Institution for Protected Nature Areas.
Figure 43. Protected areas in Canton Sarajevo: Waterfall Skakavac, Vrelo Bosne and Bijambare cave.
Sources: http://www.ecofutura.ba/slike/galerija/1309814727.jpg
http://www.ekoakcija.com/content/bijambare
http://www.6yka.com/novost/42678/oko-16.500-posjetilaca-na-vrelu-bosne-od-kako-se-naplacuje-ulaz
44
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