Gainza National High School

Gainza, Camarines Sur

S/Y 2015 2016

Different Disease,
Definition, Description,
Causes and Prevention

Student

Ms. MorenaAbayon
Subject Teacher

Acute and Chronic Diarrhea

Diarrhea means that you have loose, watery stools more than three times in one day. You may also have cramps, bloating,
nausea and an urgent need to have a bowel movement.
Causes of diarrhea include bacteria, viruses or parasites, certain medicines, food intolerances and diseases that affect the
stomach, small intestine or colon. In many cases, no cause can be found.
Although usually not harmful, diarrhea can become dangerous or signal a more serious problem. You should talk to your
doctor if you have a strong pain in your abdomen or rectum, a fever, blood in your stools, severe diarrhea for more than
three days or symptoms of dehydration. If your child has diarrhea, do not hesitate to call the doctor for advice. Diarrhea
can be dangerous in children.
Amenorrhea
Amenorrhea is the medical term for the absence of menstrual periods, either on a permanent or temporary basis.
Amenorrhea can be classified as primary or secondary. In primary amenorrhea, menstrual periods have never begun (by
age 16), whereas secondary amenorrhea is defined as the absence of menstrual periods for three consecutive cycles or a
time period of more than six months in a woman who was previously menstruating.
The menstrual cycle can be influenced by many internal factors such as transient changes in hormonal levels, stress, and
illness, as well as external or environmental factors. Missing one menstrual period is rarely a sign of a serious problem or
an underlying medical condition, but amenorrhea of longer duration may signal the presence of a disease or chronic
condition.
What causes amenorrhea?
The normal menstrual cycle occurs because of changing levels of hormones made and secreted by the ovaries. The ovaries
respond to hormonal signals from the pituitary gland located at the base of the brain, which is, in turn, controlled by
hormones produced in the hypothalamus of the brain. Disorders that affect any component of this regulatory cycle can
lead to amenorrhea. However, a common cause of amenorrhea in young females sometimes overlooked or misunderstood
by the individual and others, is an undiagnosed pregnancy. Amenorrhea in pregnancy is a normal physiological function.
Occasionally, the same underlying problem can cause or contribute to either primary or secondary amenorrhea. For
example, hypothalamic problems, anorexia or extreme exercise can play a major role in causing amenorrhea depending on
the age of the person and if she has experienced menarche.
Anemia
If you have anemia, your blood does not carry enough oxygen to the rest of your body. The most common cause of anemia
is not having enough iron. Your body needs iron to make hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that gives the
red color to blood. It carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.
Your iron might be too low because of
Heavy periods
Pregnancy
Ulcers
Colon polyps or colon cancer
Inherited disorders
A diet that does not have enough iron, folic acid or vitamin B 12
Blood disorders such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia, or cancer
Aplastic anemia, a condition that can be inherited or acquired
Anemia can make you feel weak, cold, dizzy and irritable. It is confirmed with a blood test. Treatment depends on the
kind of anemia you have.

Atopic Dermatitis Eczema

Eczema is a term for several different types of skin swelling. Eczema is also calleddermatitis. It is not dangerous, but most
types cause red, swollen and itchy skin. Factors that can cause eczema include other diseases, irritating substances,
allergies and your genetic makeup. Eczema is not contagious.
The most common type of eczema is atopic dermatitis. It is an allergic condition that makes your skin dry and itchy. It is
most common in babies and children.
Eczema is a chronic disease. You can prevent some types of eczema by avoiding irritants, stress, and the things you are
allergic to.
Atrophic Vaginitis (Vaginal dryness )
Vaginal dryness is present when the tissues of the vagina are no longer well-lubricated and healthy. When these symptoms
are caused by a decreased amount of estrogen in a womans body, this problem is called atrophic vaginitis.
Causes
Atrophic vaginitis is caused by a decrease in estrogen.
Estrogen keeps the tissues of the vagina lubricated and healthy. Normally, the lining of the vagina makes a clear,
lubricating fluid. This fluid makes sexual intercourse more comfortable. It also helps decrease vaginal dryness.
If estrogen levels drop off, the vaginal tissue shrinks and becomes thinner. This causes dryness and inflammation.
Estrogen levels normally drop after menopause. The following may also cause estrogen levels to drop:
Medicines or hormones used in the treatment of breast cancer, endometriosis, fibroids, or infertility.
Surgery to remove the ovaries
Radiation treatment to the pelvic area
Chemotherapy.
Severe stress, depression, or intense exercise.
Some women develop this problem right after childbirth or while breastfeeding. Estrogen levels are lower at these times.
The vagina can also become further irritated from soaps, laundry detergents, lotions, perfumes, or douches. Certain
medicines, smoking, tampons, and condoms may also cause or worsen vaginal dryness.
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also called benign enlargement of the prostate (BEP), adenofibromyomatous
hyperplasia and benign prostatic hypertrophy, is an increase in size of the prostate.
BPH involves hyperplasia of prostatic stromal and epithelial cells, resulting in the formation of large, fairly discrete
nodules in the periurethral region of the prostate. When sufficiently large, the nodules compress the urethral canal to cause
partial, or sometimes virtually complete, obstruction of the urethra, which interferes with the normal flow of urine. It leads
to symptoms of urinary hesitancy, frequent urination, dysuria (painful urination), increased risk of urinary tract infections,
and urinary retention. Although prostate specific antigen levels may be elevated in these patients because of increased
organ volume and inflammation due to urinary tract infections, BPH does not lead to cancer or increase the risk of cancer.
[citation needed]
BPH involves hyperplasia (an increase in the number of cells) rather than hypertrophy (a growth in the size of individual
cells), but the two terms are often used interchangeably, even amongst urologists.[1]
Adenomatous prostatic growth is believed to begin at approximately age 30 years. An estimated 50% of men have
histologic evidence of BPH by age 50 years and 75% by age 80 years; in 4050% of these men, BPH becomes clinically
significant.[2]

Beri-beri
Beriberi is a disease in which the body does not have enough thiamine (vitamin B1).
Causes
There are two major types of beriberi:
Wet beriberi affects the cardiovascular system.
Dry beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome affect the nervous system.
Beriberi is rare in the United States because most foods are now vitamin enriched. If you eat a normal, healthy diet, you
should get enough thiamine. Today, beriberi occurs mostly in patients who abuse alcohol. Drinking heavily can lead to
poor nutrition, and excess alcohol makes it harder for the body to absorb and store thiamine.
A rare condition known as genetic beriberi is inherited (passed down through families). People with genetic beriberi lose
the ability to absorb thiamine from foods. This can happen slowly over time and symptoms occur when the person is an
adult. However, because doctors may not consider beriberi in nonalcoholics, this diagnosis is often missed.
Beriberi can occur in breast-fed infants when the mothers body is lacking in thiamine. The condition can also affect
infants who are fed unusual formulas that dont have enough thiamine.
Getting dialysis and taking high doses of diuretics raise your risk of beriberi.
Bronchial Asthma
Asthma is a chronic disease that affects your airways. Your airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. If you
have asthma, the inside walls of your airways become sore and swollen. That makes them very sensitive, and they may
react strongly to things that you are allergic to or find irritating. When your airways react, they get narrower and your
lungs get less air.
Symptoms of asthma include:
Wheezing
Coughing, especially early in the morning or at night
Chest tightness
Shortness of breath
Not all people who have asthma have these symptoms. Having these symptoms doesnt always mean that you have
asthma. Your doctor will diagnose asthma based on lung function tests, your medical history, and a physical exam. You
may also have allergy tests.
When your asthma symptoms become worse than usual, its called an asthma attack. Severe asthma attacks may require
emergency care, and they can be fatal.
Asthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief medicines to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control
medicines to prevent symptoms.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often
brings up mucus, as well as shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis:
acute and chronic.
The same viruses that cause colds and the flu often cause acute bronchitis. These viruses spread through the air when
people cough, or through physical contact (for example, on unwashed hands). Being exposed to tobacco smoke, air
pollution, dusts, vapors, and fumes can also cause acute bronchitis. Bacteria can also cause acute bronchitis, but not as
often as viruses.

Most cases of acute bronchitis get better within several days. But your cough can last for several weeks after the infection
is gone. If you think you have acute bronchitis, see your healthcare provider.
Treatments include rest, fluids, and aspirin (for adults) or acetaminophen to treat fever. A humidifier or steam can also
help. You may need inhaled medicine to open your airways if you are wheezing. You probably do not need antibiotics.
They dont work against viruses the most common cause of acute bronchitis. If your healthcare provider thinks you have
a bacterial infection, he or she may prescribe antibiotics.
Burns
A burn is damage to your bodys tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight or radiation. Scalds from hot
liquids and steam, building fires and flammable liquids and gases are the most common causes of burns. Another kind is
an inhalation injury, caused by breathing smoke.
There are three types of burns:
First-degree burns damage only the outer layer of skin
Second-degree burns damage the outer layer and the layer underneath
Third-degree burns damage or destroy the deepest layer of skin and tissues underneath
Burns can cause swelling, blistering, scarring and, in serious cases, shock and even death. They also can lead to infections
because they damage your skins protective barrier. Treatment for burns depends on the cause of the burn, how deep it is,
and how much of the body it covers. Antibiotic creams can prevent or treat infections. For more serious burns, treatment
may be needed to clean the wound, replace the skin, and make sure the patient has enough fluids and nutrition.
Cancer and Tumor Formation
Cancer begins in your cells, which are the building blocks of your body. Normally, your body forms new cells as you need
them, replacing old cells that die. Sometimes this process goes wrong. New cells grow even when you dont need them,
and old cells dont die when they should. These extra cells can form a mass called a tumor. Tumors can be benign or
malignant. Benign tumors arent cancer while malignant ones are. Cells from malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues.
They can also break away and spread to other parts of the body.
Most cancers are named for where they start. For example, lung cancer starts in the lung, and breast cancer starts in the
breast. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another is called metastasis. Symptoms and treatment depend on
the cancer type and how advanced it is. Treatment plans may include surgery, radiation and/or chemotherapy.
Cataract
A cataract is a clouding of the lens in your eye. It affects your vision. Cataracts are very common in older people. By age
80, more than half of all Americans either have a cataract or have had cataract surgery.
A cataract can occur in either or both eyes. It cannot spread from one eye to the other. Common symptoms are:
Blurry vision
Colors that seem faded
Glare headlights, lamps or sunlight may seem too bright. You may also see a halo around lights.
Not being able to see well at night
Double vision
Frequent prescription changes in your eye wear
Cataracts usually develop slowly. New glasses, brighter lighting, anti-glare sunglasses or magnifying lenses can help at
first. Surgery is also an option. It involves removing the cloudy lens and replacing it with an artificial lens. Wearing
sunglasses and a hat with a brim to block ultraviolet sunlight may help to delay cataracts.