TB Chapter21

Chapter 21
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE

Multiple Choice Questions
CORE CASE STUDY
1. Approximately 70% of the worlds electronic waste (ewaste) ends up
a. in land fills
b. recycled
c. shipped to India
d. shipped to China
e. incinerated
Level: Moderate
Answer: D
2. The United States produces one-half of the worlds ewaste and recycles
a. none of it
b. all of it
c. one-half of it
d. 25% of it
e. 1015% of it
Level: Moderate
3.
Answer: E
Which of the following is not a type of ewaste?

a. discarded TV sets
b. discarded computer printer paper
c. discarded cell pones
d. discarded e-toys
e. discarded computer monitors
Level: Easy
Answer: B
21-1 What Are Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste, and Why Are They Problems?
4.
Waste that includes paper, food wastes, cans, bottles, yard waste, glass, wood, and
similar items is called
a. industrial solid waste
b. hazardous waste
c. municipal solid waste
d. toxic solid waste
e. ewaste
Level: Easy
Test Bank: Chapter 21
Answer: C
137
5. Hazardous waste includes radioactive wastes, which will have to be stored safely for as
long as
a. 15,000 years
b. 50,000 years
c. 100,000 years
d. 240,000 years
e. 1,000,000 years
Level: Moderate
Answer: D
6. How much of the waste we mix, crush, and bury could actually be recycled?
a. 33%
b. 50%
c. 67%
d. 75%
e. 90%
Level: Easy
Answer: D
7. With 4.6% of the world's population, the United States produces about _____ of the
world's solid waste.
a. one-tenth
b. one-fifth
c. one-forth
d. one-third
e. one-half
Level: Easy
Answer: D
8. For each one pound of electronics in a computer, how much solid and liquid wastes
were created?
a. 4 tons
b. 1,000 pounds
c. 500 pounds
d. 250 pounds
e. 10 pounds
Level: Difficult
Answer: A
9. Garbage produced directly by households and businesses accounts for _____% of the
solid waste produced in the United States.
a. less than 2
b. 5
c. 10
d. 15
e. 20
Level: Easy
138
Answer: A
Solid and Hazardous Waste
10. The amount of solid waste produced in the United States each year would fill a convoy
of garbage trucks stretching around the world almost
a. 2 times
b. 4 times
c. 6 times
d. 8 times
e. 10 times
Level: Easy
Answer: D
21-2 How Should We Deal with Solid Waste?

11. One way to attempt to deal with the solid wastes we create is to attempt to reduce the
environmental impact without trying to reduce the amount of waste produced. This is
called
a. waste reduction
b. waste prevention
c. secondary pollution prevention
d. primary pollution prevention
e. waste management
Level: Moderate
Answer: E
12. The recycling and composting rate of U.S. municipal solid waste is about
a. 7%
b. 14%
c. 25%
d. 32%
e. 54%
Level: Difficult
Answer: D
13. ____ percent of the solid waste produced in the United States is buried in landfills.
a. Ninety-eight
b. Fifty-four
c. Forty-eight
d. Thirty-eight
e. Forty
Level: Easy
Answer: B
14. In a low-waste approach, which of the following strategies should be given lowest
priority?
a. incinerate
b. reuse
c. reduce
d. bury
e. recycle
Level: Easy
Answer: D
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140
15. Taking a refillable coffee cup to the office and using it instead of throwaway cups is an
example of __.
a. refuse
b. reduce
c. reuse
d. repurpose
e. recycle
Level: Easy
Answer: C
16. Which of the following is the least desirable from an environmental standpoint?
a. refuse
b. reduce
c. reuse
d. repurpose
e. recycle
Level: Moderate
Answer: E
17. Scientists estimate that in a low-waste society _____ of solid and hazardous waste
could be eliminated through reduction, reuse, and recycling.
a. 510%
b. 1525%
c. 2550%
d. 6580%
e. 7590%
Level: Easy
Answer: E
18. All of the following reflect a low-waste approach, except
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
extending the useful lifetime for a product

designing products that pollute less when used
built-in obsolescence
modular construction for repair
eliminating unnecessary packaging
Level Difficult
Answer: C
19. Which is the most advanced approach?

a. recycling materials
b. using biodegradable material
c. creating more durable products
d. reducing the amount of materials used
e. reusing materials
Level: Moderate
Answer: D
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20. As a form of waste reduction, reuse does all of the following, except:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
decreases the use of matter resources

decreases the use of energy resources
cuts pollution and waste
creates local jobs
costs money
Level: Moderate
Answer: E
21-3 Why Is Reusing and Recycling Materials So Important?

21. Studies by two soft-drink companies indicate that 21-oz bottles of soft drinks cost
_____ in refillable bottles than throw away bottles.
a. three times more
b. two times more
c. about the same
d. one-third less
e. four times more
Level: Easy
Answer: D
22. Environmentalists say that the best way to handle soft-drink and beer containers is to
a. use landfills
b. recycle aluminum cans
c. use stainless steel cans
d. use reusable glass bottles
e. bury them
Level: Moderate
Answer: D
23. How many U.S. states have bottle laws?

a. 1
b. 6
c. 11
d. 22
e. 50
Level: Easy
Answer: C
24. _____ has a beverage-container deposit fee that is 50% higher than the cost of the drink,
to encourage use of refillable bottles.
a. Italy
b. Ecuador
c. Germany
d. Canada
e. United States
Level: Easy
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Answer: B
25. The most energy-efficient beverage container on the market is
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
refillable glass
recyclable aluminum
stainless steel
recyclable plastic
carton
Level: Easy
Answer: A
26. At the checkout counter, an environmentalist is most likely to

a. say "Plastic please."
b. say "Paper please."
c. say "I brought my own bag."
d. walk out of the store
e. say Either plastic or paper.
Level: Easy
Answer: C
27. Compost is most accurately described as

a. manure
b. landfill byproducts
c. pure garbage
d. soil conditioner and organic fertilizer
e. humus
Level: Easy
Answer: D
28. Source separation differs from materials-recovery facilities in all but which of the
following?
a. It is cheaper.
b. It yields cleaner and more valuable recyclables.
c. It produces less air and water pollution.
d. It encourages higher throughput of matter.
e. It saves more energy and provides more jobs per unit of material recycled
Level: Moderate
Answer: D
29. Currently, the United States recycles about _____ of all its wastepaper.
a. 16%
b. 26%
c. 46%
d. 56%
e. 66%
Level: Easy
Answer: C
143
30. Consumers of recycled products are most effective when they maximize the amount of
_____ waste in the products.
a. pre-producer
b. post-producer
c. pre-consumer
d. post-consumer
e. producer
Level: Easy
Answer: D
31. Partially biodegradable plastics need _____ to be broken down.

a. light
b. oxygen and moisture
c. anaerobic conditions
d. cool conditions
e. heat
Level: Moderate
Answer: B
32. Which of the following is not true of plastic materials?

a. They decompose readily in landfills.
b. Toxic lead and cadmium can leach out of plastics.
c. They can harm animals that swallow them or become entangled in them.
d. They are made of many different types of resins.
e. They are unnecessarily and excessively used as single-use and throw-away
packaging.
Level: Moderate
Answer: A
33. Critics of recycling are most likely to claim

a. It isnt worth the effort.
b. There is no solid-waste problem.
c. Incineration is the safest and most efficient way to dispose of solid wastes.
d. It does make sense to recycle if it costs more than landfilling or incinerating.
e. There is abundant landfill space in all areas.
Level: Moderate
Answer: D
34. Of the following materials, the most difficult to recycle is

a. glass
b. plastic
c. paper
d. aluminum
e. cardboard
Level: Easy
144
Answer: B
35. Plastic is not recycled at a high rate for all of the following reasons, except
a. Separating the many resins used is difficult.
b. Plastics contain stabilizers and other chemicals that must be removed.
c. The amount of plastic resin in each item is small.
d. The price of oil has made it cheaper to use virgin resin.
e. Health concerns exist about continual use of plastic.
Level: Difficult
Answer: E
21-4 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Burning or Burying Solid Waste?
36. In order for an incinerator to be a safe alternative for waste disposal all of the following
must be done, except

a. Find a use for the heat generated.
b. Control release of CO2.
c. Monitor for toxic metals.
d. Monitor and remove toxic fly ash.
e. Dispose of hazardous materials in an approved landfill.
Level: Moderate
Answer: A
37. Incinerators
a. create many low-paying jobs
b. are inexpensive to build
c. are inexpensive to operate and maintain
d. produce toxic substances in fly ash and bottom ash
e. create few high paying jobs
Level: Easy
Answer: D
38. Sanitary landfills typically have problems with

a. rodents and insects
b. odor
c. open, uncovered garbage
d. traffic, noise, and dust
e. spread of disease
Level: Moderate
Answer: D
21-5 How Should We Deal with Hazardous Waste?

39. The top priority when dealing with hazardous waste should be
a. making it less toxic
b. making certain it is stored properly
c. pollution prevention and waste reduction
d. making certain it is transported safely
e. protecting groundwater
Level: Moderate
Answer: C
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40. All of the following are means of detoxifying hazardous and toxic wastes, except
a. phytoremediation
b. crushing and grinding
c. bioremediation
d. nanomagnets
e. chemical methods
Level: Moderate
Answer: B
41. Since 1995, Superfund has been primarily funded by
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
identified polluters
taxes on all industries
taxes on all industries and fines on identified polluters
taxpayers
Superfund is no longer a funded program.
Level: Moderate
Answer: D
42. Which of the following is a disadvantage of using a plasma torch to detoxify hazardous
waste?
a. mobility
b. toxic ash production
c. cost
d. production of SO2 gas
e. low energy use
Level: Difficult
Answer: C
43. Which of the following methods uses natural or genetically engineered plants to absorb,
filter, and remove contaminants from soil and water?

a. phytoremediation
b. physical methods
c. bioremediation
d. nanomagnets
e. chemical methods
Level: Moderate
Answer: A
44. Which of the following is the most common method of storage of hazardous wastes
used in most countries of the world?
a. burial at sea
b. above ground tanks
c. inside plants and warehouses
d. land burial
e. glassification
Level: Moderate
146
Answer: D
45. What percentage of liquid hazardous waste in the U.S. is injected into deep disposal
wells?
a. 34%
b. 14%
c. 54%
d. 24%
e. 64%
Level: Moderate
Answer: E
46. Of the following methods of reducing hazardous wastes, the most desirable is
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
incineration
conversion to less hazardous materials
perpetual storage
deposit in ocean trenches
recycling and reusing hazardous wastes
Level: Moderate
Answer: B
47. What percentage of the hazardous waste produced in the U.S. is regulated by the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act?

a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 15%
d. 20%
e. 25%
Level: Easy
Answer: A
21-6 How Can We Make the Transition to a More Sustainable Low-Waste Society?
48. A disproportionate share of polluting factories, hazardous waste dumps, incinerators,
and landfills in the U.S. are located in communities populated by all of the following,
except
a. African Americans
b. Asian Americans
c. Caucasians
d. Latinos
e. working poor
Level: Easy
Answer: C
49. In 1989 an international treaty called the Basel Convention banned developed countries
from shipping hazardous waste to developing countries. Which of the following
countries has not ratified the treaty?
a. Lithuania
b. Burkina Faso
c. Cuba
d. Democratic Republic of Congo
e. United States
147
Level: Moderate
Answer: E
50. Which of the following principles does not contribute to a transition to a low-waste
society?
a. Economic growth and free markets reduce waste.
b. Everything is connected.
c. There is no "away."
d. Reduce, reuse, recycle are the best priorities for using matter.
e. Dilution is not always the solution to pollution.
Level: Difficult
Answer: A
True/False Questions
Core Case Study
1. The fastest growing solid waste problem in the U.S. and in the world is ewaste.
True
False
Level: Easy
Answer: True
2. The European Union has an approach to ewaste, known as the cradle-to-grave

approach, which requires manufacturers to provide health benefits from cradle-to-grave.
True
False
Level: Easy
Answer: False
3. About 98.5% of all solid waste in the United States is industrial solid waste.
True
False
Level: Easy
Answer: True
4. Since 1990 the annual production of municipal solid waste has doubled.
True
False
Level: Easy
Answer: False
5. Trash production, by weight, in the city of New York reached its peak between 1920
and 1940.
True
148
False
Level: Easy
6.
Answer: True
Each day the average American produces about 2.0 kilograms (4.5 pounds) of
municipal solid waste, three-fourths of which is dumped in landfills.
True
False
Level: Moderate
Answer: True

7. Most scientists think that waste management should be the last priority for dealing with
material use and solid waste.
True
False
Level: Moderate
Answer: True
8. Integrated Waste Management involves combining several different waste management

methods into one single strategy.
True
False
Level: Easy
Answer: True
9. Waste reduction is the preferred solution to managing solid wastes because it does not
try to avoid the issue of economic growth.
True
False
Level: Moderate
Answer: True
10. The ecoindustrial revolution includes the redesign of manufacturing processes to mimic
how nature reduces and recycles wastes.

True
False
Level: Moderate
Answer: True

11. Reusing products can be a health hazard for the poor in developing countries who
dismantle products to extract usable parts.
True
False
Level: Easy
Answer: True
149
150
12. Large beverage industries have used their political and financial clout to force most
U.S. states to pass bottle bills.
True
False
Level: Moderate
Answer: False
13. Plastics are routinely recycled because they are composed of pure resins that can be
extracted and used for other plastic products.
True
False
Level: Moderate
Answer: False
14. The products of composting can be used to slow soil erosion, retain water, and improve
crop yields.
True
False
Level: Easy
Answer: True
21.4 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Burning or Burying Solid Waste?
15. The incineration of hazardous wastes is quick, conserves space, and reduces waste
volume but is not used because of the increased water pollution that results.
True
False
Level: Moderate
Answer: False
16. At sanitary landfills, consideration of leachate is of most importance as far as

environmental preservation is concerned.
True
False
Level: Easy
Answer: True
21.5 How Should We Deal with Hazardous Waste?

17. The National Priorities List identifies hazardous waste sites, with clean up of these sites
based on priority and severity.
True
False
Level: Moderate
Answer: False
151
18. The Basal Action Network says that most businesses that call themselves ewaste
recyclers take your recycling fee and ship the waste to China, India, or Nigeria.
True
False
Level: Moderate
Answer: True
19. Burial or long-term storage of hazardous waste is the first priority for environmental
scientists.
True
False
Level: Easy
Answer: False
21.6 How Can We Make the Transition to a More Sustainable Low-Waste Society?
20. NOPE calls for drastically reducing production of toxic and hazardous wastes by
emphasizing pollution prevention and using the precautionary principle.
True
False
Level: Easy
Answer: True
21. No country has yet to institute a ban on persistent organic pollutants.

True
False
Level: Easy
Answer: False
22. The best and cheapest ways to deal with solid and hazardous wastes are waste reduction
and pollution prevention.
True
False
Level: Easy
Answer: True
Fill-in-the-blank Questions
Core Case Study
1. __________ is the fastest-growing solid waste problem in the United States and in the
world.
Level: Easy
152
Answer: Ewaste
2. __________ __________ __________ is the combined solid waste produced by homes
and workplaces.
Level: Moderate
3.
The worlds largest landfill, called _________ __________, outside of New York City
closed in 2001; it is being turned into a park and nature preserve.
Level: Moderate
4.
Answer: Municipal solid waste
Answer: Fresh Kills
The two largest classes of hazardous wastes are __________ and ___________.
Level: Difficult
Answer: organic compounds; toxic heavy metals

5.
Most analysts call for using __________ __________ __________a variety of

strategies for both waste reduction and waste management.
Level: Easy
6.
Answer: integrated waste management
From an environmental standpoint, the first two Rs, __________ and __________, are
better alternatives because they are input or prevention approaches.
Level: Moderate
Answer: reduce; reuse
7. In the __________ __________ manufacturing processes are being redesigned to mimic

how nature reduces and recycles wastes.
Level: Moderate
8.
Answer: ecoindustrial revolution
__________-_____-__________ laws require companies to take back various consumer

products instead of having them put in landfills or incinerated.
Level: Moderate
Answer: Cradle-to-grave

9.
Tires being shredded and converted into surfacing for public roads is an example of
__________ __________.
Level: Easy
Answer: secondary recycling.
10. __________ are inefficient because they are expensive to build, discharge toxic
emissions, and can produce a toxic ash.
Level: Difficult
Answer: Materials-recovery facilities (MRF)
153
11. __________ occurs when waste is made into new products of the original type.
Level: Easy
Answer: Primary, or closed-loop, recycling
12. Ponds, pits, or lagoons into which liners are placed and liquid hazardous wastes are
stored are called __________ __________.
Level: Easy
Answer: surface impoundments
13. __________ systems charge consumers for the amount of garbage picked up but do not
charge for the amount of materials separated that can be recycled.
Level: Easy
Answer: Pay-as-you-throw
21-4 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Burning or Burying Solid Waste?
14. __________ are sites where waste is isolated from the environment until it is safe.
Level: Easy
Answer: Sanitary landfills
15. __________-_____-__________ incinerators produce 38% less CO2 per unit of energy
than coal-burning power plants.

Level: Easy
Answer: Waste-to-energy
16. Japan embraces resource exchange, and most of the countrys municipal solid waste is
sent to __________-_____-__________ _____________ to produce steam.

Level: Difficult
Answer: waste-to-energy incinerators
21.5 How Should We Deal with Hazardous Waste?

17. __________ involves using natural or genetically engineered plants to absorb, filter,
and remove contaminants.

Level: Moderate
Answer: Phytoremediation
18. The U.S. has passed laws to facilitate the cleanup of abandoned, contaminated
industrial sites, known as __________.

Level: Easy
Answer: brownfields
19. In the United States, the __________ __________ _____ __________ __________
regulates only a small percentage of all hazardous waste.
Level: Moderate
Answer: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
20. __________ utilizes bacteria and enzymes instead of plants to filter or destroy
154
hazardous substances.
Level: Moderate
Answer: Bioremediation.
21-6 How Can We Make the Transition to a More Sustainable Low-Waste Society?
21. The call to drastically reduce toxic and hazardous waste, at least by 75%, is part of a
concept called NOPE, which stands for __________ __________ __________

__________.
Level: Easy
Answer: Not On Planet Earth
22. We should mimic nature by reusing, recycling, or composting at least _____% of the
solid wastes we produce.
Level: Moderate
Answer: 75
155
Labeling Questions
Use the Figure above to answer the following questions.

1.
Choose the letter that represents photostabilization.
Level: Easy
2.
Choose the letter that represents phytoextraction.
Level: Easy
3.
Answer: A
Choose the letter that represents phytodegredation.

Level: Easy
156
Answer: D
Choose the letter that represents rhizofiltration.

Level: Easy
4.
Answer: B
Answer: C
Critical Thinking Questions
Use the Figure above to answer the following questions.

1. Why is recycling an output approach for environmental concerns?
Level: Moderate
Answer: Recycling deals with wastes already produced and harmful to the environment. The
wastes are the outputs. Prevention of waste production or reduction of wastes is the best
approach. Recycling usually reduces pollution and waste production.
2. Explain how recycling reduces energy demand and makes fuel supplies last longer.
Level: Moderate
Answer: Recycling uses oil products like tires for other applications. Waste generated in
manufacturing a product, for example heat, can be used to warm the manufacturers water, etc.
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Chapter 21

SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE

Which of the following is not a type of ewaste?

Test Bank: Chapter 21

Solid and Hazardous Waste

21-2 How Should We Deal with Solid Waste?

Test Bank: Chapter 21

Solid and Hazardous Waste

18. All of the following reflect a low-waste approach, except

extending the useful lifetime for a product

19. Which is the most advanced approach?

Test Bank: Chapter 21

decreases the use of matter resources

21-3 Why Is Reusing and Recycling Materials So Important?

23. How many U.S. states have bottle laws?

Solid and Hazardous Waste

25. The most energy-efficient beverage container on the market is

26. At the checkout counter, an environmentalist is most likely to

27. Compost is most accurately described as

Test Bank: Chapter 21

31. Partially biodegradable plastics need _____ to be broken down.

32. Which of the following is not true of plastic materials?

33. Critics of recycling are most likely to claim

34. Of the following materials, the most difficult to recycle is

Solid and Hazardous Waste

must be done, except

38. Sanitary landfills typically have problems with

21-5 How Should We Deal with Hazardous Waste?

Test Bank: Chapter 21

41. Since 1995, Superfund has been primarily funded by

filter, and remove contaminants from soil and water?

Solid and Hazardous Waste

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act?

Test Bank: Chapter 21

2. The European Union has an approach to ewaste, known as the cradle-to-grave

Solid and Hazardous Waste

21-2 How Should We Deal with Solid Waste?

8. Integrated Waste Management involves combining several different waste management

how nature reduces and recycles wastes.

21-3 Why Is Reusing and Recycling Materials So Important?

Test Bank: Chapter 21

Solid and Hazardous Waste

16. At sanitary landfills, consideration of leachate is of most importance as far as

21.5 How Should We Deal with Hazardous Waste?

Test Bank: Chapter 21

21. No country has yet to institute a ban on persistent organic pollutants.

Solid and Hazardous Waste

Answer: Municipal solid waste

Answer: Fresh Kills

Answer: organic compounds; toxic heavy metals

21-2 How Should We Deal with Solid Waste?

Most analysts call for using __________ __________ __________a variety of

Answer: integrated waste management

Answer: reduce; reuse

7. In the __________ __________ manufacturing processes are being redesigned to mimic

Answer: ecoindustrial revolution

__________-_____-__________ laws require companies to take back various consumer

21-3 Why Is Reusing and Recycling Materials So Important?

Answer: secondary recycling.

Test Bank: Chapter 21

Answer: Materials-recovery facilities (MRF)

Answer: Primary, or closed-loop, recycling

Answer: surface impoundments

Most analysts call for using __a variety of

7. In the manufacturing processes are being redesigned to mimic

________-_-________ laws require companies to take back various consumer

sent to ________-_- _____ to produce steam.

concept called NOPE, which stands for __