Geologic process (The formation of the

Pyrenees)
During the collision of the Eurasian plate to the Catalan-Balearic
massif, Mesozoic strata (of the Eurasian plate) rode on the strata of
the 2nd Era or Cenozoic Era (Catalano-Balearic massif)
This thrust was produced by the sliding of the already mentioned
layers on the Triassic gypsum also known as keuper or gypskeuper

South Pyrenean frontal thrust

Thrust
sheet
2

Segre Basins marginal Thrust Sheets

Monter, mainly made up of

red gypsums from the Upper
Triassic, Trias (Mesozoic era ).

Dolomites from the Jurassic,

Lyas (Mesozoic era ) .

Serres Marginals of Segre Basin (Mont Roig)

Limestones

Thrust
sheet

Marl

Secondary Era

Dolomites

Gypsums
Tertiary Era
4

Limestones and Dolomites formation

In the Cenozoic era, there was an

inland sea. At the bottom of the sea
there were many sea creatures and
corals which formed a calcareous
skeleton that after thousands of years
became Limestones and Dolomites
that we can observe now at the
surface of the MontRoig and the
Monter.
5

6.Vegetation
Manuel Muoz Carriazo
Miguel ngel Olmos Alonso
6

Freshwater Vegetation - Reeds

Reeds

Freshwater Vegetation Myriophyllum - Watermilfoil

Submerged
Macrophytes

Myriophyllum is not an algae but a plant

Eurasian watermilfoil is an extremely adaptable
plant, able to tolerate and even thrive in a variety
of environmental conditions. It grows in still to
flowing waters, can tolerate salinities of up to 15
parts per thousand (half the salinity of Puget
Sound), and is able to tolerate pHs from 5.4-11. It
grows rooted in water depths from 1 to 10
meters and requires high light as it has a high
photosynthetic rate. It grows best on finetextured, inorganic sediments and relatively
poorly on highly organic sediments.
Dense watermilfoil mats alter water quality by
raising pH, decreasing oxygen under the mats,
and increasing temperature.

Riparian Vegetation - Cattails

Typha latifolia (cattail) are

resistant annual herbs that
reach 1-3 meters in height.
Their leaves are linear and
alternate on the base of a
single and naked flower stalk.
It spreads through rhizomes
and stolons and as one plant
is starting to decline, a new
plant will be established to
take the original plants place.

Reeds

Typha latipholia Cattails - Boga

They live in lake areas, swamps
and humidity, being one of the
first species to colonize them. The
dense rhizome system favors fixing
to the soil, preventing erosion.
Many insects stay inside and it
provides shelter for frogs and birds.
Grown in clean water, theyre
edible. They are resistant to anoxic
water (oxygen-poor) and to high
degrees of pollution.

www.tcpermaculture.com

Rhizomes
and
stolons

It is used in the field of

phytoremediation, particularly in
systems sewage treatment. The are
also used as biofuel (alcohol)
producers and as fabric materials.

Roots

Female
inflorescence

10

Typha latipholia Cattails - Boga

Seeds carried
by the wind

The flowers are unisexual but

both sexes coexist on the same
stem. The male flower appears
exactly on the tip and is
reduced to bare stamens 2-5,
below this, at some distance
the dense female inflorescence,
between 10 to 40 cm in length,
cigar shaped.
11

Riparian Vegetation

Ulmus Minor Field Elm - Om

It is a large and robust deciduous

tree, which can reach a height of 40
m. Broad crown, dense foliage,
rounded, which casts a dark shadow.
Thin, hairless, with smooth bark,
brownish, sometimes with cork
twigs. Leaves: Simple, alternate,
ovate, pointed, with doubly serrated
edge or simply leaves, rounded or
cordate, with basal asymmetry.
The Field Elm lives in humid and
deep soils, although it is the least
demanding in soil moisture between
riparian trees. It tolerates some
shade, perfectly withstand low
temperatures and is indifferent to
the nature of the soil chemistry.
12

Basal
Asymmetry

13

Celtis Australis Hackberry - Lledoner

European Hackberry is a deciduous

tree which often suffers from
witches broom. It supports
different types of lands, but prefers
not too compact sands; it resists
quite well the drought, shade and
heat, but not too much cold.
Fire Adaptations: Hackberry seedlings
and saplings are generally only top-killed
by fire. Sprouting potential decreases as
hackberry trees increase in size but thick
hackberry bark may protect trees from
lethal temperatures

A witches' broom is a disease or deformity in a tree, where the natural structure of the plant is changed. A
dense mass of shoots grows from a single point, with the resulting structure resembling a broom or a bird's nest.

14

Alnus Glutinosa Black Alder - Vern

This deciduous tree ranges in size

from a large shrub to a large tree. It
grows naturally on low-lying lands.
Characteristics: rapid growth,
tolerance for acid soils,
and nitrogen-fixing role (association
with the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Frankia
alni). It is valuable to wildlife for
providing good cover and a source of
seeds.
Its natural habitat is in moist ground
near rivers, ponds and lakes but it can
also grow in drier locations and
sometimes occurs in mixed woodland
and on forest edges.
15

Male
Inflorescence

Buds or
Shoots

Female
Inflorescence

Buds or
Shoots
16

Salix Alba Willow Salze/Sarga

The Willow is a deciduous tree which is

fast-growing, but relatively short-lived.
Salix alba can be found along rivers,
lakes, or other natural water sources.
This is because they need a large amount
of water to sustain themselves. Also, they
need a large amount of sunlight. The
banks of water sources provide a perfect
combination of these factors for willow
trees. They also have strong capability to
adapt to different PH levels in soil. This
gives them the ability to survive many
different soil types.
FIRE ADAPTATIONS : The willow is a fire-adapted species. Most plants sprout from the root crown following top-kill by fire. Even old, decadent willows sprout prolifically immediately
after fire.
17
Estrategies: Survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex. Off-site colonizer; seed carried by wind, animals or water; postfire years 1 and 2.

Fraxinus Excelsior European Ash - Freixe

Fraxinus excelsior is a deciduous tree growing to 30 m

at a fast rate. The ash develops its impressive crown
when it grows in damp soil rich in minerals. Main
habitats include riverbanks, meadow and valley
woodlands, and deciduous woodlands. Ash grows best
on fertile, pH-neutral, deep, freely drained soils and
such sites should be favoured as the tree supplies with
high quality timber.
Ash plays an important role in both primary and
secondary succession, and it occupies large areas of all
age classes of primary and secondary woodland. It
often occurs in mixed broadleaved forest or as a
component of forests dominated by European beech,
sessile oak, pedunculate oak, sycamore, black alder or
grey alder
FIRE ADAPTATIONS : Most ash species sprout from the root crown after top-kill by fire or logging.

18

Compound
Leaves

Female
Inflorescence

Buds or
Shoots
19

Populus Alba Silver Poplar - Alber

It is a fast-growing, deciduous tree although it is

considered short-lived. The dark green, lobed
leaves (simple) have a fuzzy, white underside
which gives the tree a sparkling effect. These
leaves are totally covered with this white fuzz
when they are young and first open. The flowers
appear before the leaves in spring but are not
showy, and are followed by tiny, fuzzy seedpods
which contain numerous seeds.
It occurs in natural forests, grasslands and
riparian zones. Populus alba can grow in a
variety of soils but seems to grow best in full sun
habitats, such as fields, forest edges, and
wetland fringes
P. alba can also tolerate dry, saline and
calcareous soils, but prefers neutral, welltextured soil and good water availability. It can
grow on flat or sloping areas, preferably southfacing.

FIRE ADAPTATIONS : it is a tree with adventitious buds, a sprouting root crown, sobols, and/or root suckers so
that even the most severe fires probably result only in top-kill of the silver poplar.

20

Holm Oak Forest

Manuel Muoz Carriazo
Miguel ngel Olmos Alonso
21