UEMKI1I3 INTRODUCTIONTO CHEMICALENGINEERING
AprrendixA - ConversionTableandGasConstant
FACTORSFOR UNIT CONVERSIONS
Quantity
Mass
Length
Volurne
Force
Pressure
Energy
Power
EquivalentValrres
:
lbn, :
kg
10008:0.001metricton:2.204621b,.,, :
16oz :
35.21392o2
5 X 10-aton :
453.593g :
0.453593kg
|
m |
: 100cm : |
1000mm : |
|
: 39.31in. : |
3.2U08fr : |
106microns(pm) :
1910angstroms(A)
1.0936yd :
0.0006214mile
lt :
m3 :
:
:
:
:
N
ft3
:
72in. :
1000L :
llZya:
0.3048m :
106mL
106c*3 :
30.4flcm
|
3-5.3145ft3 : |
219.()7imperialgallons : |
264.11gal |
|
|
1056.68qr |
|||
|
1728in.3 : |
1.4805 pol : |
0.(l2l31l r-,-r3 : |
283\1 L |
|
28,31J crn3 |
|||
|
1kg'mls2 :105 dynes : |
]05g.cm/s2 : |
0.22481lbr |
|
lbr :
arm :
32.114lb,,'.ftls2 :
4.4482N :
1.01325x 10sN/rn2(Pa; :
4.44u2x 105clynes
10L325kpa :
1.01325bar
J
:
:
:
: 1.01325x 106dynes/cm2
: -160 rnm Hg at 0"C (torr) : 10.333m H2O at 4'C
: 14.6()61b1/in.2(pri) :
: 29.921in.Hg at 0'C
1N.m :
33.9ft H2O at 4'C
107ergs :
107clyne.cm
2.'.7'/8x l0-7 kw.h
0.7316ft-ltr, : 9.4tJ6x l0--{F}tu
:
0.23g01cal
W
: .lJ/s :
: 1.341x l0 3 hp
0.23901ca1/s :
0.1376ft.lbr/s :
9.486X 10-4Btu/s
Example:Thefactortoconvertgramsrolbn,tr (,?##F)
THE GASCONSTANT
8.314m3.Pa/(mol.K)
0.08314L'bar/(mol'K)
0.0U206L'atm/(mol'K)
-62.36
L' nrm Hg/(nrol'K )
0.1302ft3'atm/(lb-mole''R)
10.13 ft3'psia/(lb-mole''R)
8.314J/(mol'K)
1.981cal/(mol'K)
1.987Btu/(lb-mole'"R)
UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix B – Physical Property Tables
(Adapted from Felder, R. M., & Rousseau, R. W. (2000). Elementary principles of chemical processes (3rd ed.). John-Wiley & Sons.)
|
Table B.1 |
Selected Physical Property Data |
|
Table B.2 |
Heat Capacities |
|
Table B.3 |
Vapour Pressure of Water |
|
Table B.5 |
Properties of Saturated Steam: Temperature Table |
|
Table B.6 |
Properties of Saturated Steam: Pressure Table |
|
Table B.7 |
Properties of Superheated Steam |
|
Table B.8 |
Specific Enthalpies of Selected Gasses: SI Units |
|
Table B.9 |
Specific Enthalpies of Selected Gasses: American Engineering Units |
'fable lf.l
Selected Physical Property Data,
SG
(20"14")
af?,,,(7',,, ).,/
kJ/nrol
12.0e
5.6e
.5.653
.5.4
A}7"(2u1",;
kJimot
t.i.I
24.39
30.2
11.6
23.351
Compound
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetone
Acetylene
Ammonia
Ammonium
hydroxide
Anrnroniunr
liltrate
Amnoniurn
sulfate
Aniline
Benzaldehyde
Ilenzene
Rcnzoic acid
llenzyl alcohol
Bronrine
1,2-Butadiene
1,3-Buracliene
rr-lJuternc
Isobutane
I -tsulene
(lalciLrrn
carbicle
Calcium
carb<lnate
Calciunt
chloride
(Ltt,'y,t
kJ/urol
166.2(g)
-
-4rJ6. r8(l)
-a38.1.5(g)
-248.2(t)
-
-
-2t6.1(g)
+226.75(g)
-61.20(t)
46.1e(g)
- 366.a8(aq)
-36.5.la(c)
- -199.36(aq )
- 1179.3(c)
- I 173.l(aq)
Formula
ctH3cHo
clH3ctooH
(a,"")i,.,
kJ/mol
-1tez/g)
Mol. Wt.
7-,,,("C)1'
1i("C)'
l().t
118.2
56.0
-tJl.5
33.43
l'.(K)J
4(t1.0
.594.8
50tJ.0
309.-5
405.5
/,.(atm)u
57.1
41.0
61.6
I I 1.3
44.0-5 0.793'n" - 123.1 60.0_5 1.049 16.6
58.08
0.191
- 9-s.0
71.8
l6t).(-t
-513
-26.0
5.53
2:2.2
- l s.4
7.4
136
109.1
5
, l3ti.-l
- 159.6
l8-s.3
2300
192
871.6e(l)
!r1e.73(g)
ct3l{6o
-
-
1785.7(l)
lfi21.4(g)
r2ee.6(9)
- 3X7 5x/o\
_
"-'""\b/
|
C2Il2 |
26.04 |
|
|
NHr |
17.03 |
|
|
NH4OH |
1{ n 1 |
|
|
NH4NOT |
80.0-5 |
1.1252s" |
|
(NH4)2SC)4 |
132.11 |
| .169 |
|
c6H7N |
93.72 |
1.022 |
|
C6I15CHO |
106.l2 |
1.046 |
|
CuHo |
7rJ.l1 |
0.u79 |
|
clTH6or |
122.12 |
1.26615" |
|
ctTft8o |
r0ri.t3 |
1.045 |
|
Brz |
159.U3 3.119 |
|
|
C+Hn |
54.09 |
|
|
CqHo |
54.09 |
- |
|
ClHro |
58.t2 |
|
|
CqHro |
.5rJ.l2 |
|
|
c4l{8 |
.56.10 |
|
|
CaC2 |
64.10 |
2.2218" |
|
CaCOr |
100.09 2.93 |
|
|
CaClr |
I 10.99 2.152t5" |
|
-
-
Decomposes at 210'C
I)ec<,rnrposes at -5l3"Cl
after nrelting
3t3.40
.10.765
31.0
22.305
21.292
2t.916
6.3 t84.2
t79.0
|
o:: |
tt: |
|
|
- rJrJ.83(l) -3.520.0(t) |
||
|
-a0.0a(g) |
||
|
s62.6 |
48.6 |
+ 48.66(t) -3261.6(t) |
|
+82.e3(g) - 33t)1 5(g) |
||
|
-3226.1(g) |
||
|
-3741.8(t) |
||
|
.5t34 |
t02 |
0(t) |
|
446 |
||
|
425 |
.12.1 |
|
|
125.t7 |
31.47 |
r47.0(l) 285.5.6(l) |
|
r2a.1@) - 21378 5(g) |
||
|
40u.1 |
-16.0 |
- -2rJ4e.0(l) 1s8.4(l) |
|
4t9.6 |
134 + I.17(g) 5(g) 2tt68.8(g) -21t8.6(9) |
|
|
-62.16(c) |
||
|
- 1206.9(c) |
||
|
-194.96(c) |
||
|
9f16 5()(c) |
||
|
6.15.6(c) |
||
|
al-18(c) |
||
|
1.s84(c) |
||
|
1432.7(c) |
||
|
- 1a50.a(aq) |
||
|
- 202I(c) |
||
|
0(c) - 3e3.51(c) |
||
|
304.2 |
12.e |
- 4t2.e(t) |
|
- 3e.1.5(g ) |
||
|
.552.1) |
78.0 |
+87.e(l) - 107s.2(l) |
|
+lls.3(g) 1102.6(9) |
||
|
133.0 |
34.s |
-110.s2(g) -282.ee(g) |
|
-556.4 |
45.0 |
- 13e 5(r) -3s2.2(t) |
|
- 106.7(9) -38s.{)(g) |
||
|
411.0 |
16.t |
tt(g) |
|
632.4 |
44.6 |
|
9.837
-
lO.ri
1.661
.1.s40
3.8.180
lfi
17
80.10
l-19.r{
1/ts ?
-5u.6
10.I
l.o
0.6
- n.73
-6.25
I)ecomposesat tJ25'C
- l6(x)
Calcium
hydroxide
(lalcium oxide
C-'alcium
phosphate
Clalcium
silicatc
Calcium
sulfate
(lalcium
sulfate
(gypsunr)
(larbon
(graphite)
Carbon
dioxide
carbon
disulfide
Calbon
monoxidc
Carbon
tetrachloride
Ca(OFI)2
CaO
Car(POa)2
CaSiO.r
('aSOr
14.10
56.0u
310.19
116.11
2.21
3.32
3.11
2.915
( - lt2o at 5tri0"C)
2850
2510
1670
1530
50
48.62
136.1-5 2.96
2.32
2.26
CaSO+.21-1.:()112.18
C
COz
ctsz
CO
CCl4
Clz
12.010
44.01
16.14
2tl.0l
153.84
70.91
112.56
( -
1
5H2Oat
46.0
1J.33
4.39
0.ti37
2.51
6.406
12i3"C)
3600
4200
(Sublimesat -7U'C)
46.25
- 191.5
16.1
-34.06
132.10
26.g
6.042
30.0
20.4
36.5
-56.6
at 5.2atm
1.26122'/ztt' - n2.1
1.595
1.107
-205.1
22.()
-101.(X)
-45
Chlorine
Chl<rrobenzeneC6H5CI
C2H5Cl
Chloroethane
Seeethylchloride
"AdapGdinpartlromD'M.Himmelblau,aaJ'cPru.iPletan.lc4lcal4|iUnsi4chenicu|ED!iIeern|!,3|dEdilion,gl974,rablesDlan
Prcnlice Hall,lnc., Englewood Clifti, NJ. 'Mellingpoinl al I dtm.
"Heat o{lusion ar ?',,,and I .lm. aBoiling poiDt al I alnl
'Hcal ol vuporizationat I! /Cridcaltempera$re.
aDdI alD.
'Heat of formation at 25'C and I atm.
'Hcrt of combustion at 25'C and 1 atn. Standa sratesof products are COr(d, IIrO(lJ, SO,(g), HC(aq), and N,(g). Ib calcuhte Alr"' wirh H,O{g) a$ a product, add 44.0h* to the tabulaled value,where n" : moles HrO iormed/mole fuel t'urn,.'d.
r1b convert All tokcaumol, divide given value by4.184; to conv€rrto Bru/lt,nrole. multiply by 430.2E.
(uottiruted)
'1J r
.o
o
X
LAJ
H
a
H
t
o
f-.1
n
q
o
t**,
"
'I'able B.l
(('ontinucd)
Compound
Chlorofornr
Copper
Cupric
sulfate
Cyclohexane
Cyclopentane
n-Decane
Diethylether
Ethane
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl alcohol
(trthanol)
Ethyl benzene
Formula
CHCIr
(lu
CuSOa
C6IJ 12
C5FI1o
CloI{22
(C2Hs)2O
(:2HL
CaFI6O2
C2H5OH
Csl11"
Ethyl bromide
Ethylchloride CuH;Cl
3-Ethyl
hexane
Ethylene
Ethylene
C2H5Br
Csllrs
C2I{4
C2H6O2
glycol
Ferric oxide
F-errous oxide
Ferrous
Fe2O1
FeO
FtS
sulfide
Formaldehyde
Formic acid
HzCO
CH2O2
Glycerol
Helium
C:HsOr
He
rr-Heptane
n-Hexane
Hydrogen
l{ydrogen
bromide
Hydrogen
chloride
Hydrogen
cyanide
Hydrogen
fluoride
Hydrogen
sulfide
'Iodine
Irrn
Lead
Leadoxide
Magnesium
Magnesium
chloride
Magnesium
hydroxide
Magnesium
oxide
Mercury
Methane
Methyl
acetate
Methylalcohol
(Methanol)
Methyl
amine
Methyl
chloride
CrH,o
CoHto
H2
HBr
HCI
HCN
HF
HzS
12
Fe
Pb
PbO
Mg
MgCl2
Mg(OH)2
MgO
Hg
CH+
CrHoOz
CHrOH
CHsN
CH3CI
Mol. Wr.
1I9.39
SG
(20'11")
l .4tJ9
63.54 8.92
159.61 3.606r5'.
rJ4.16
10.13
142.28
14.12
30.07
88.10
46.0'7
106.16
0.179
0.145
0.730
0.7082s'
0.901
0.7u9
0.867
108.98 1.460
64.52
1t4.22
0.903 15'
0.1t7
28.0s
62.01
l.l13re"
159.70
5.12
71.U.5 5.1
81.92
4.84
30.03
46.03
0.815 20"
1.220
92.09
4.00
7.26050'
1"('C)'
-63.1
l 083
6.1
-93.4
-29.9
a/i,,,(7n,).,r
kJ/mol
13.01
'[6('C)/
61.0
2595
LH,1ru7".t
kJ/mol
304.6
Decomposes> 600"C
2.611
0.609
ri0.7
49.3
173.8
30.1
21.30
- 116.3
- ItJ3.3
rJ3.8
-174.6
-94.61
-l19.l
-
138.3
1.30
2.859
s.021
9.163
4.452
34.6
-88.6
71.0
78.5
136.2
38.2
t3.1
I lti.5
26.0s
14.12
38.5u
35.98
24.1
34.21
-
t69.2
-l-)
I 193
-92
3.350
t1.23
8.30
18.20
-269.1
12.68
IU.30
0.02
- 103.7
l9l .2
13.54
s6.9
Decomposesatl560"Cl
- r9.3
100.5
290.0
-268.9
24.48
22.25
0.084
T,(K)t
.536.0
553.7
511.8
619.0
461
305.4
523,1
.516.3
619.1
504
460.4
567.0
283.1
P.(atrn)o
54.0
40.4
44.55
20.8
35.6
48.2
31.8
63.t)
31.0
61.5
52.0
26.4
50
5
5.26 2.26
100.20
86.1't
2.016
80.92
36.41
27.03
20.0
3,l.Olt
253.8
55.ri5
207.2r
223.21
24.32
95.23
58.34
40.32
200.61
16.04
14.08
32.04
3L06
50.49
0.684 -90.59
0.659
4.93
1.1
-95.32
-259.79
-86
1t4.2
-14
-83
- 85.5
113.3
153.5
1733720"120' 321.4
9.5
1.74
23252s"
1-+
3.6-5
73.546
0.933
0]t)2
0.699 I'"
886
650
114
2900
- 3U.87
- 182.5
-98.9
-91.9
92.1
14.03
r3.03
0.t2
1.99
2.38
1"5.1
5.10
_
r1.1
9.2
43.1
98.43
68.14
-252.76
-61
-tt5.0
26
20
-60.3
184.2
2800
1750
1412
ll20
1418
Decornposesat 350'C
11.4
o.94
3.161
3600
-356.9
161.5
J
t.l
64.1
_6.9
-L+ a
A
31.69
28.8-5
0.904
16.1
18.67
354.0
1't9.9
213
131.8
136.8
u.rzv
35.21
540.2
501.9
33.3
324.6
.s0-1.2
373.6
826.0
21.0
29.9
12.8
81.5
ti8.9
r.r()J0 4;
506.7
513.20
429.9
4r6.1
46.30
78.50
73.60
65.80
(Lfrr'1l'i
kJ/mol
- 131.8(l)
o(c)
-l6t).9(c)
- t343.1(aq)
- 1s6.2(r)
- t23.r(g)
- r0s.e(r)
-17.2(g)
-24e;7(t)
-212.8(t)
-84.67(g)
-463.2(t)
-a26.8(g)
-211.63(t)
-23s.31(g)
- 12.46(l)
+29.79(g)
-sa.a(g)
- lus.0(g)
-2.50.5(l)
-2I0.e(g)
+52.28(g)
-4s1.s(t)
- 387.1(g)
*822.2(c)
- 266.s(c)
95.I (c)
- I1s.eO(g)
-40e.2(l)
-362.6(9)
-665.e(l)
o(e)
-224.4(t)
- 187.8(g)
- 1e8.8(r)
-167.2(s)
o(e)
-36.23(g)
-e2.31(g)
+ 130.s4(g)
-268.6(9)
-316.e(aq,
200)
1e.e6(g)
o(c)
o(c)
t)(c)
-21e.2(c)
o(c)
-6a1.8(c)
- 601.8(c)
o(c)
-7a.8s(g)
-40e.4(l)
-23U.6(l)
-20t.2(g)
-28.0(g)
-81.e2(g)
(4H.")'''
kJ/mol
-313(t)
"o
CD
X
H
-3er e.e(l)
- 3es3.0(g)
-32e0.e(l)
-3319.s(g)
- 6118.3(t)
682e.1(g)
-2126.1(t)
- 1.5s9.e(g)
-2246.4(t)
- r366.e1(l)
laOe.2-s(g)
-4564.e(l)
-4607.1(g)
- s407.1(t)
-,550e.ti(g)
- lalt).99(g)
- l17e.s(l)
-.563.a6(g)
262.8(t)
-1661.1(l)
-4816.e(r)
-a8s3.s(g)
-4163.r (l)
-a1ea.8(g)
-2t3s.lla(g)
-s62.se(g)
- t3e0.36(g)
- 1.5es(l)
726.6(t)
-76a.0(g)
- 1071.5(l)
(tttrttittttel)
o
ID
H
H
.o
(!
t
F-l
o-
(D
q
L**-
|
Table tl.l |
(Conrinued) |
|
|
Compound |
Formula |
Mol. Wt. |
|
Methylethyl C1IJ8O |
12.10 |
|
|
ketone |
||
|
Naphtlialene CroHs |
l2u.l6 |
|
|
Nickel |
Ni |
-5ti.69 |
|
Nitric acid |
FINO3 |
63.02 |
|
Nitrobenzene CoHsOzN |
123.II |
|
|
Nitrcrgen |
N2 |
28.02 |
|
Nitrogen |
NOz |
46.01 |
|
dioxide |
||
|
Nitricoxide |
NO |
30.()1 |
|
Nitrogen |
N2Os |
108.02 |
|
pcntoxide |
||
|
Nitnrgen |
N2Oq |
92.0 |
|
tetraoxide |
||
|
Nitrous |
NzO |
14.02 |
|
oxide |
||
|
tt-Nonane |
C,,Hz,, |
128.25 |
|
n-Octane |
Cl8Hr8 |
114.22 |
|
C)xalicacid |
C2H2O4 |
90.04 |
|
Oxygen |
02 |
32.00 |
|
n-Pentane |
C5l-112 |
j2.15 |
|
Isopentane |
CsHrz |
12.15 |
|
I -Pentene |
CsH,u |
j0.13 |
|
Phenol |
CoH:OH |
94.1I |
|
Phosphoric |
I{3PO1 |
98.00 |
|
acid |
||
|
Phosphorus |
Ir+ |
123.90 |
|
(red) |
||
|
Phosphorus |
P,r |
123.y) |
|
(white) |
||
|
Pl.rosphorus |
Pzf). |
141.95 |
|
pentoxide |
||
|
Itropane |
C:Hs |
44.09 |
|
Propylene |
C:Hu |
42.08 |
|
n-Propyl |
C3HiOFI |
60.09 |
|
alcohol |
||
|
Isopropyl |
CiHTOI I |
60.09 |
|
alcohol |
||
|
n-Propyl |
CcHrz |
120.19 |
|
benzene |
||
|
Silicon |
SiO2 |
60.09 |
|
dioxide |
||
|
Sodiunr |
NaFlCOr |
84.01 |
|
bicarbonate |
||
|
Sodiurn |
NallSO4 |
120.01 |
|
bisulfate |
||
|
Sodium |
Na2CC)3 |
10.5.99 |
|
carbonate |
||
|
Sodium |
Na(ll |
5r.t.45 |
|
chloride |
||
|
Socliun.r |
NaCN |
49.01 |
|
cyanide |
||
|
Sodium |
NaOH |
40.00 |
|
hydroxide |
||
|
Sodium |
NaNO: |
i15.00 |
|
nitrate |
||
|
Sodiun'r |
NaNO2 |
69.00 |
|
nitrite |
||
|
Sodium |
Na2SC)4 |
t42.05 |
|
sulfate |
||
|
Sodium |
Na2S |
78.05 |
|
sulfide |
||
|
Sodium |
Na2SO3 |
126.05 |
|
sullite |
||
SG
(20"t4")
0.805
1.14-5
8.9t)
l.-502
1.203
7',"("C)'
-81.1
80.0
1452
,4r.6
5.5
-210.0
-e.3
1e"
1.448
1.226-8',)"
0.71rJ
0.103
163.6
30
_e.5
-91.1
-s3.il
,s7.0
1.90
0.63 r8"
0.62tt"
0.641
1.07I2s'
l.g34r8'
-218.15
-129.6
-
-
I60.I
165.2
42.s
12.3
A17,,,(7',,,;,,r
kJ/mol
7'5("614
18.2
Af?u('1',,1",r
kJ/mol
32.0
?.(K)/
10.41
0.12tt
t.33s
2.301
2t1.8
2900
86
2t0.1
-19-5.1t
21.3
- 151.u
41
21.t
88.tJ
1-50.6
12s.5
30.30
5.511
t4.j3
13.78
I)ecornposesat 186'C
0.44{t
8.393
4.g4
I 1.43
10.54
t\2.()i
36.01
27.7
29.s7
181.4
6.g2
25.11
(- +HrO at213"C)
126.20
431.0
1't9.20
431.0
-109.5
.5es
56rJ.rJ
154.4
.169.80
46I.00
414
692.1
2.20
-59043 atnr 8l .17
lgnitesin
air,725"C
p.(atm)s
33.-5
j00.0
65.0
9e.0
j t.jO
23.0
24.s
49j
33.3
32.9
3g.9
60
5
(AH,";t''r
kJ/mol
0(c)
n3.23(t)
_
-206.57(aq)
0(g)
+33.8(9)
+ 90.37(9)
I 9.3(g)
+81.-5(9)
-229.0(I)
-zqitu
-2{)8.a(g)
_ti26.g(c)
u(g)
_ 173.0(t)
-
la6.a(g)
17e.3(l)
- 1s2.0(g)
- 20.9(9)
_ 158.r(l)
-et).8(g)
- 1281.1(c)
-1278.6(aq,
IFI2O)
- 17.6(c)
t)(c)
).82
2.381
0.rJ04
0.78-5
0.1162
2.25
2.20
2.142
2.533
2.163
2.130
2.257
2.16rJ0"
2.698
1.856
2.633t5"
44.2
2.51
280
Sublirlesat250'C
-
-
-
187.69
185.2
141
ILI
-ri9.7
- 99.50
l710
3.52
3.(X)
u.-s4
14.2
--42.01
-41.10
91.04
82.24
159.2
2230
49.11
18.11
18.42
38.24
369.9
365.1
536.1
508.8
638.1
Dccomposes at 270'Cl
r.i08
562
319
3I0
271
890
950
l)ecotnposesat tl-54'C
2ti.5
16.1
ti.34
I5.9
146-5
1497
1390
110.7
l5-5
l)ecomposesat 380"C1
I)ecomposesat 320"C
24.3
6;7
Dccon'rposes
42.0
45.4
49.95
s3.0
3r.3
- l-506.2(c)
- 119.8(l)
103.8(g)
+20.41(9)
-300.70(l)
-2s,s.2(g)
- 310.e(l)
-38.40(l)
+7.82(g)
t3sl.0(c)
- 9a.5.6(c)
- I 126.3(c)
- 1130.9(c)
-411.0(c)
89.79(c)
- a26.6(c)
-469.a(aq)
-a66.1(c')
-3-59.a(c)
- 13t34.5(c)
-373.2(c)
- 1090.3(c)
(Ar?"";i',
kJ/nrol
-2136(r)
*-51s7(g)
*o
'o
o
t'
- 30e2.ri(t)
6124.s(t)
-6171.t)(g)
-s410.1(t)
-sst2.2(g)
- 2s1.e(s)
-350e.-5(l)
_-3s36.I (g)
- 3s07.5(l)
-3s2().2(s)
337s.tt(g)
-3063.5(s)
-2201.tJ(t)
-2220.{)(s)
-20s8.a(g)
-2010.4(l)
2068.6(g)
- 1e86.6(l)
- s2r8.2(l)
- 5264.48(g)
(continued)
/
q
-
-
ai
.o
n
H
cr
(D
@
a
'"1
TahleB.l (Continued)
Compound
Sodium
thiosulfate
Sulfur
(rhombic)
Sull'ur
(monoclinic)
Sulfur
dioxide
Sulfur
trioxide
Sulfuric
acid
J'oluenc
Water
zr-Xylene
o-Xylene
p-Xylene
Ztnc
Fbrmula
NazSzOr
58
56
SOz
SO:
H2SOa
C?Ils
Il2O
CsHr,,
C,rHr"
CoHr
Zt
Mol. Wt.
1-5ti.I1
sci
(20"14') f,,,(.C;b
t.661
256.53
256.53
64.01
80.07
2.01
1.96
gtJ.OtJ 1.83418"
92.13
18.016
106.16
106.16
0.866
1.004"
0.864
0.880
I 13
I 19
75.48
16.84
10.35
-94.99
0.00
-41.81
-2.5.18
106.16
65.3U
0.861
1.740
t3.26
479.5
4r,,,(7;,).,/
kJAnol
7.r,("c),
LH"(ro1",t
kJ/mol
10.04
14.11
1.102
25.48
().8-7
6.6t9
6.0095
I1.569
13.598
t1.11
6.614
444.6
444.6
- 10.02
43.3
83.1
83.1
24.9r
41.8{)
Decomposes at .140"C
110.62
100.00
139.10
144.42
13rJ.3.5
q)7
33.41
40.656
36.40
36.82
36.01
| 14.17
!q|
430.1
491.4
593.9
641.4
619
631.5
618
""99I_
11.8
u3.8
40,3
2t8.3
34.6
35.7
J-1-
y
'Iable 8.2 Heat Capacities'
Fbrm l: C,,[kJ/(mol''U)]or [kJ/(mol'K)] :
Rrrm 2: Cr[kJ/(mol'"C)]or [kJ/(mol'K)] :
u +
u + b'l' *
bT + c'[2
,'T
+ (tl't
2
\LH:)h.j
kJ/mol
- 1I l7.l(c)
t)(c)
+0.30(c)
--2e6.e0(g)
-3es.l8(g)
(ati
),,,
kJ/mol
- 811.32(t)
- 907.51(aq)
+12.00(l)
+.50.00(g)
-285.84(l)
-:oonllr;
-3eaeE)
'o
o
X
H
* 2a1.83(g)
-2s.42(t)
+t].2aG)
-24.44(t)
+18.99(g)
-24.43(t)
17.es(g)
o(c)
-4-5.51.e(l)
-a5ea.5G)
-4s52.e(t)
-ase6.3(g)
-4552.91(t)
-ases.2(g)
|
PhysicalProperty |
Exantple:(q,)o.,t,n"1g):0.07196+(20.10x105)r-02.18x108)r2+Q4.16*111-t217':,where7'isin"cl. |
|
database |
|
0urcklyintegrates
tabulatedheat
capacrtres
Note:The formulasfor gasesarestrictlyapplicableat pressureslow enoughfor the idealgasequationof stateto apply.
Compound
Acetone
Acetylene
Air
Formula
cH3cocHr
C2ll2
Mol.
Wt.
5u.08
'26.04
29.0
State
I
c
C
C
g
D
Ammonia
Ammonium
Benzene
NH:
(NH4)2SO4
coHo
11.03
132.15
78.tl
C
c
I
sulfate
()
a
C
g
Isobutane
n-Butane
lsobutene
Calcium carbide
Calcium carbonate
Calciumhydroxide
Calcium oxide
Carbon
Carbon dioxide
Carborr monoxide
Carbontetrachloride CCl4
Chlorine
CrHe
CaC2
CqHro
C'lHru
5U.12
5u.12
56.10 C
64.10 c
CaCOr
Ca(OFl)2
(laC)
100.09
c
14.10
56.08 c
c
c
C 12.0I
Coz
CO
Clz
153.U4
44.01 g
2ti.01
C
I
10.97 C
63.54 c
Copper
Fbnn
1brnp.
Unit
"C
OC
"(l
OC
K
ofl
K
"cl
OC
"C
"(l
OC
K
K
K
K
K
OC
"C
K
OC
K
cXl03
t23.0
1t.L)6
42.43
28.94
28.09
35.15
2t5.9
12,6.5
14.06
89.46
92.30
82.tJ8
68.62
82.34
89.5
41.84
l1.lrJ
36.11
28.95
93.3r)
33.60
22.16
bx105
18.6
20.10
6.053
0.4t4"1
0.1965
2.954
23.1
32.95
30.l3
21.88
25.64
Ll9
4.915
2.03
1.095
4.233
0.4110
t2.98
1.361
0.6117
cX108
-12.18
-5.033
0.3191
0.4199
0.442r
-25.20
- lu.9l
15.41
-Lt.Lt
-tJ.66 x
*12.81 x
1010
l0r0
-4.52 x
:4.U91 x
-2.881
l0l0
l0r0
0.3548
-1.607
|
Range |
|||
|
(Units |
|||
|
d |
X |
70t2 |
of 7') |
|
-3(f 60 |
|||
|
34.76 |
0-1200 |
||
|
18.20 |
0-1200 |
||
|
-- 1.965 |
0-1500 |
||
|
1.965 |
273 1800 |
||
|
6.686 |
0- I2(X) |
||
|
215-328 |
|||
|
6-61 |
|||
|
11.51 |
0- r200 |
||
|
49.87 |
0- 1200 |
||
|
34.9tJ |
0-12(X) |
||
|
50 |
50 |
0-t 200 |
|
|
298-120 |
|||
|
213-7033 |
|||
|
216-313 |
|||
|
213-t113 |
|||
|
213-t313 |
|||
|
1.464 |
0-1500 |
||
|
-2.220 |
0 1500 |
||
|
213-343 |
|||
|
6.473 |
0-1200 |
||
|
273-1351 |
|||
|
'Adapted in part frorn D. M. Himrnelblau, Bcsic Principles and Calulations in Chemicul EngineerinrT,3rd Edition, A fn4, 'Iable E'.1 permissionof Prentice-Hall,Inc.,F.nglewoodCliffi, NJ. |
Adapted by |
|
(continued ) |
H
H
'o o
CD -
H
C'
o
!*" *
'l'able l|.2 (Continued)
C'onrpound
Cumene.
Forrnula
(_',)l-l lr
(lsopropyl benzene)
Cvclohexane
C)yckrpentane
Ethane
Ethyl alcohol
(Ethanol)
c_'6II r2
c5Hro
(-'2H6
c2l15oFl
Frthylene
Itrric
Irorrnaldehydc
Heliturr
rr-Hexane
oxide
C'zH.r
Fe2()3,
CFI2O
lle
C'61I1a
IJydrogen
llydrogenbronride
Ilydrogen chloricle
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen
Magnesiunrchloride MgCl2
Magnesium oxide
Methane
llz
tltlr
HCI
HCN
I-t2S
MgO
C-'H+
sulfide
Methyl alcohol
(Methanol)
Methylcyclohexane
Me thyl cyclopentane Nitric acid
Nitric oxide
CHrOH
C7FIr4
C6I [12
NHO3
NO
Mol.
Wt.
120.I9
u,1.I6
10.t3
30.07
46.01
2u.05
l-59.70
30.03
4.(X)
u6.l7
2.016
80.92
36.41
21.03
34.08
L)5.23
40.32
16.0-1
32.04
9t3.r8
84.16
63.02
30.01
Sfate
c
I t
I
I
c
g
c
c
It
o
s
It
D
s
s
L:
c
I
'J
I
s
g
I
I
a
Nitrogen
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen tetraoxide
Nitrous oxicle
Oxygen
fl-Pentane
Propane
Propylene
Sodium carbclnate
Sodium carbonate
decahydrate
Sulfur
Sulfuric acid
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur trioxide
'lbluene
Water
N2
Noz
N2Ol
N2O
o2
ClsHrz
CrHo
C:Ho
NazCO.r
Na2ClO3
. l0t I2c)
S
H2SO4
SOz
so:r
czHr
H2O
28.02
46.01
92.(\2
44.02
32.00
12.15
44.09
42.08
I0,5.99
286.15
32.01
s
C
g
g
g
I
I
g
S
c
c
c
(Rhombic)
c
(Monoclinic)
98.08
64.01
u0.07
92.13
ilJ.016
I
S
s
I
g
I
c
Frrrrn
-lbmp.
Unit
OC\
"c
"C
"c
'C
uc
"ct
"c
K
oc
oc
'ct
"(,'
"c
"c
o(
oc
oc
K
K
"c
K
"ci
"c
"C
'C
"ct
"c
'
aXl0r
t39.2
91.140
13.39
49.31
103.1
158.u
61.34
+40.7.5
103.4
34.28
20.8
216.3
t31.44
2ti.ti4
29.10
29.13
35.3
33.51
12.4
45.44
34.31
19.81
15.86
42.93
121.3
98.83
I10.0
29.50
l) X
105
53.16
4t).62
39.2ti
t3.92
t5.12
| L41
6.1||
4.268
40.8.5
0.00765
-0.0221
-0. l34l
2.90u
1.541
1.-5o
0.5(X)tt
5.469
5.021
t6.ti3
rJ.301
56.53
45.tJ.57
0.81u8
c X 108
39.19
-31.90
-25.54
.5.816
-8.149
-
6.u91
-11 .12x I0r{r
0.(x)(x)
-
2',3.92
0.32tiu
0.9iJu7
0.9715
-
1.092
0.3012
-9.132 x 1010
0
t.268
1661
-
1.87
-31.12
-
30.44
-0.2925
oc
"c
oc
"c]
'C
"c
"c
oc
o('
K
K
K
K
oc
'c
oc
"c
'C
"c
"ct
29.00
36.01
15.1
37.66
29.10
r55.4
I t4.8
68.032
59.5u0
I2T
53.5.6
15.2
18.3
139.1
38.91
4it.50
148.u
94.18
15.4
33.46
0.2199
3.9,1
12.5
4.1-51
l.l5rJ
43.68
34.09
22.59
l1.11
2.68
1.84
15.59
3.904
9.l8rl
32.4
38.00
0.6tt80
0.5123
2.titJ
I
t.-1
-2.694
0.6076
- tti.9e
-
l3.ll
't0.t]
* 3.104
-
rJ.54i)
-21.86
o.1604
r/ X l0r2
t20
5
80.63
68.66
1.280
19.83
\1.66
--rJ.69.1
57.66
0.u698
4.8.5tJ
-4.335
-3.292
- 11.(x)
I 1.00
-rJ.03
100.8
83.u1
0.3652
-2.8't1
1.81
10.57
I .3I I
42.26
3t.11
24.60
tJ.606
'32.40
80.33
3.593
|
'o |
||
|
.o |
||
|
7, |
||
|
H |
||
|
Range |
||
|
(Llnirs |
||
|
of 7') |
||
|
0 |
t2(x) |
|
|
0- 1200 |
||
|
0 |
l2(x) |
|
|
0 |
t200 |
|
|
(l |
||
|
I (X) |
||
|
0- I200 |
||
|
0,120() |
||
|
213-t091 |
||
|
0- 1200 |
||
|
0 |
t2(x) |
|
|
20 l(x) |
||
|
0 |
l2(x) |
|
|
0-1500 |
||
|
0- l2(x) |
||
|
0-1200 |
||
|
0- I200 |
||
|
0- t5(x) |
||
|
213 |
991 |
|
|
213 |
-2073 |
|
|
0 |
t200 |
|
|
213-t5(X\ |
||
|
0-6-5 |
||
|
0 -700 |
||
|
0-1200 |
||
|
0-1200 |
||
|
25 |
||
|
0-3.s00 |
||
|
0-150t) |
||
|
0 l2(X) |
||
|
0-300 |
||
|
0-1200 |
||
|
0- 1.5(X) |
||
|
0--16 |
||
|
0-12(X) |
||
|
0-12(X) |
||
|
0-1200 |
||
|
288 -37 I |
||
|
298 |
||
|
273,368 |
||
|
368,392 |
||
|
10-45 |
||
|
0-l-5u) |
||
|
0- 1000 |
||
|
0-1l0 |
||
|
0-1200 |
||
|
0-1(x) |
||
|
0- 1500 |
Fn |
|
|
E |
||
|
n |
||
'o
CD
I
.l
o'
CD
t*-_-
?20
UJo
i€
6
O:-
"r'
x o
@
:.'
6b'
+
Z
s
S
arR
€r|l
F,:
w
-
a
s
:.
/
x
\^{
6\O
F
arl
;'
5
7
a)
{
;E
F
z
t
vi
NJNUtJN
AUJUFTC)
NN+
Pi:c90).r
u?OOoO\(.,r -J
-]
Or
@
lJ
-]
Ur
O
(^.-t Ul
TJIJtsPP
N)P\Oco!
tureio!b\
-.\O5O\J-
NO\OCUr
j-
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I'J
Pi990:r
g\UJO@-.1
{-u{Co(^
@+.OC)U)
tJIJtJpF
fJ
!L;iooc
@UrrO.OO
f,.
(,
ts
UJ
C)
U)
Ca
-]
UJ
\oCo-JO\Lrl
9\:^JrP|.J
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Ur
A
c.'
@
t s
O\UTAUJtJ
irtyro,
@{(vt!!
-.Urlv-O
lbo
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OC
OJ
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t!l.JtJtsP
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l.JOo+F!
t'J(J)O\UJJ:
9y,f
P P
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OO@\O\Ots
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UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Table B.5 and Table B.6: Saturated Steam Tables
Compilations of physical properties of liquid water, saturated steam, and superheated steam issued in steam tables have been standard references for engineers dealing with steam. The following properties of saturated liquid water and steam can be determined for each tabulated T (and for intermediate temperatures by interpolation).
|
Column 2: |
The pressure corresponding to the given temperature on the vapour- liquid equilibrium curve, the vapour pressure of water at the given temperature. |
|
Column 3 and 4: |
The specific volume of liquid water and saturated steam at the given temperature. The inverses are the densities. |
|
Column 5 and 6 |
The specific internal energy of saturated liquid and saturated steam at the given temperature relative to a reference state of liquid water at the triple point. |
|
Column 7 to 9: |
The specific enthalpies of saturated liquid (C7) and saturated steam (C9) and the difference between these quantities, known as the heat of vaporisation (C8). The reference point for the values is liquid water at triple point. |
Table B.7: Superheated Steam Tables
ˆ
List V , U
ˆ
ˆ
and H of water at any temperature and pressure, not just at points on the
vapour-liquid equilibrium curve.
The T below the P in Column 1 is the boiling point.
If the properties fall within the closed region, the water is a liquid; outside it is a superheated vapour.
If you are at a point in the superheated steam region, you can move all the way to the left to determine the saturation T at the same P, or the dew point of the superheated steam.
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l'able 8.6 Propertiesof SaturatcclSteam: pressure lhble,
P(bar)
0.00611
0.(x)8
0.0I0
0.0l2
0.0l4
0.016
0.0lti
0.020
0.022
tJ.024
0.026
0.02ti
0.030
0.03.5
0.040
0.045
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.0ri0
0.090
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.l3
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.l8
0.r9
0.2t)
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.2ti
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.-5.5
0.6t)
0.65
0.70
0.15
0.iiO
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.01325
(1 atm)
V(m3/kg)
|
7'("C) |
Water |
Steam |
|
|
0.0r |
0.00l0(x) |
206.2 |
|
|
-1.8 |
0.00100() |
l5().1 |
|
|
1.0 |
0.(x)I (xx) |
129.2 |
|
|
9.1 |
0.001(u) |
lOfJ.7 |
|
|
12.0 |
0.(x)1000 |
L)3.r) |
|
|
1.1.0 |
0.(x)I00I |
82.rJ |
|
|
15.9 |
0.001001 |
14.0 |
|
|
r7.5 |
0.001001 |
61.0 |
|
|
19.0 |
,0.001002 |
6t.2 |
|
|
20.4 |
0.001002 |
-56.4 |
|
|
21.1 |
0.001(x)2 |
52.3 |
|
|
23.0 |
0.(n1002 |
48.7 |
|
|
24.1 |
0.001(n3 |
45.1 |
|
|
26.7 |
0.001003 |
39.-5 |
|
|
29.0 |
0.001004 |
34.u |
|
|
3f.i) |
0.00100-5 |
3r.l |
|
|
32.9 |
0.(x)100.5 |
28.2 |
|
|
36.2 |
0.001(x)6 |
23.74 |
|
|
39.0 |
0.(x)1007 |
20.53 |
|
|
41.-5 |
0.(x)1(x)8 |
Iu.l0 |
|
|
43.ti |
0.001(x)9 |
16,20 |
|
|
4.s.8 |
0.(x)1010 |
14.61 |
|
|
41.1 |
0.(x)t0il |
13.42 |
|
|
49.4 |
0.00I0l2 |
12.36 |
|
|
51.1 |
0.(x)1013 |
|.41 |
|
|
52.6 |
0.00t0l3 |
I0.69 |
|
|
-54.0 |
0.001014 |
I0.02 |
|
|
55.3 |
0.0010l -5 |
9.13 |
|
|
56.6 |
0.0010r5 |
u.9I |
|
|
57.8 |
0.0010r6 |
8.45 |
|
|
59.0 |
0.001017 |
8.03 |
|
|
60.1 |
0.(n1017 |
1.65 |
|
|
oz.z |
0.0010L8 |
7.00 |
|
|
64.1 |
0.001019 |
6.4-5 |
|
|
65.9 |
0.001020 |
5.grJ |
|
|
61.5 |
0.001021 |
5.5t1 |
|
|
69.l |
0.00t022 |
5.2-\ |
|
|
12.1 |
0.00102.5 |
4.53 |
|
|
15.9 |
0.001027 |
3.99 |
|
|
18.1 |
0.(x)l02u |
3.58 |
|
|
81.3 |
0.(n1030 |
3.24 |
|
|
83.1 |
0.001032 |
2.96 |
|
|
86.0 |
0.(n1033 |
L. |
I.) |
|
tJtJ.0 |
0.001035 |
2.53 |
|
|
90.0 |
0.001036 |
2.36 |
|
|
91.8 |
0.001037 |
2.22 |
|
|
93.5 |
0.001039 |
2.081 |
|
|
95.2 |
0.001040 |
r.972 |
|
|
96.7 |
0.0010,11 |
l.rJ69 |
|
|
98.2 |
0.001042 |
r.171 |
|
|
99.6 |
0.00r043 |
1.694 |
|
|
100.0 |
0.001044 |
t.613 |
|
u(kJ/kg)
|
Water |
Steanr |
Water |
|
7.ero |
2315.6 |
+0.t) |
|
l5.ri |
2380.1 |
l5.u |
|
29.3 |
2385.2 |
29.3 |
|
40.6 |
23ri8.9 |
40.6 |
|
-50.3 |
231)2.0 |
50.3 |
|
s8.9 |
2394.8 |
-5u.9 |
|
66.5 |
2391.4 |
66.-5 |
|
13.5 |
2399.6 |
13.5 |
|
19.8 |
2401.1 |
79.8 |
|
1J5.7 |
2403.6 |
85.1 |
|
91.1 |
2105.4 |
91.1 |
|
96.2 |
2401.1 |
96.2 |
|
101.0 |
2408.6 |
101.0 |
|
l t l.tJ |
2412.2 |
IIl.u |
|
12t.4 |
2415.3 |
t21.4 |
|
130.0 |
2118.1 |
130.0 |
|
137.8 |
2420.6 |
137.8 |
|
15t.5 |
2425.1 |
151.5 |
|
163.4 |
2428.1) |
t63.4 |
|
173.9 |
2432.3 |
1'73.9 |
|
1u3.3 |
2435.3 |
Iu3.3 |
|
l91.fJ |
2438.0 |
i9l .tJ |
|
199.1 |
2440.5 |
l()(.).7 |
|
206.9 |
2442.8 |
206.9 |
|
213.1 |
2445.0 |
213.1 |
|
220.0 |
2441.0 |
220.0 |
|
226.0 |
2448.9 |
226.0 |
|
23r.6 |
2450.6 |
231.6 |
|
236.9 |
2452.3 |
236.9 |
|
242.0 |
2453.9 |
242.0 |
|
246.8 |
2455.4 |
216.8 |
|
251.5 |
2456.9 |
25r.5 |
|
260.1 |
2459.6 |
260.1 |
|
268.2 |
2462.1 |
268.2 |
|
215.6 |
2464.4 |
215.1 |
|
282.1 |
2466.5 |
282.1 |
|
289.3 |
2468.6 |
289.3 |
|
304.3 |
2413.1 |
304.3 |
|
311.6 |
2411.1 |
311.1 |
|
329.6 |
2480.7 |
329.6 |
|
340.-5 |
2484.0 |
340.6 |
|
350.6 |
2486.9 |
350.6 |
|
359.9 |
2489.7 |
359.9 |
|
36U 5 |
2492.2 |
36ri.6 |
|
316.1 |
2494.5 |
316.8 |
|
384.4 |
2496.1 |
3rJ4.5 |
|
391.6 |
2498.8 |
39r.7 |
|
398.5 |
2500.8 |
39ti.6 |
|
40-5.1 |
2502.6 |
405.2 |
|
4It.4 |
2504.4 |
4 t 1.-5 |
|
4r1.4 |
2506.1 |
477.5 |
|
419.0 |
2506.5 |
419.1 |
r?(kJ/ks)
|
Evaporation |
Stearn |
|
|
2s01.6 |
2501.6 |
|
|
2492.6 |
2,50U.5 |
|
|
248s.0 |
2514.4 |
|
|
2418.1 |
2s19.3 |
|
|
2413.2 |
2523.s |
|
|
2168.4 |
2527.3 |
|
|
2464.1 |
2530.6 |
|
|
2460.2 |
2533.6 |
|
|
2156.6 |
2536.( |
|
|
2453.3 |
?539.0 |
|
|
2150.2 |
z\+t.t |
|
|
2441.3 |
2543.6 |
|
|
2444.6 |
2545.6 |
|
|
2438.5 |
2550.1 |
|
|
2433.1 |
2554.5 |
|
|
2428.2 |
2s58.2 |
|
|
2423.8 |
2561.6 |
|
|
2416.0 |
2567.5 |
|
|
2409.2 |
2512.6 |
|
|
2103.2 |
2517.1 |
|
|
239't.9 |
2.58t.1 |
|
|
2392.9 |
2584.u |
|
|
23lJti.4 |
2588.r |
|
|
2384.3 |
2591.2 |
|
|
2380.4 |
2594.0 |
|
|
2376.1 |
2596.7 |
|
|
zJ |
| ).-1- |
2599.2 |
|
2370.0 |
2601.6 |
|
|
2366.9 |
2603.fJ |
|
|
2363.9 |
2605.r) |
|
|
zJol.l |
2607.9 |
|
|
2358.1 |
2609.9 |
|
|
2353.3 |
26t3.5 |
|
|
2348.6 |
2616.8 |
|
|
L)4+.L |
2619.9 |
|
|
2310.0 |
2622.1 |
|
|
2336.1 |
2625.4 |
|
|
2321.2 |
263r.5 |
|
|
23t9.2 |
2636.9 |
|
|
23t2.0 |
2641.1 |
|
|
2305.1 |
2646.0 |
|
|
2299.3 |
2649.9 |
|
|
2293.6 |
2653.6 |
|
|
2288.3 |
2656.9 |
|
|
2283.3 |
2660.1 |
|
|
2218.6 |
2663.t| |
|
|
2274.1 |
2665.8 |
|
|
2269.8 |
2668.4 |
|
|
2265.6 |
2610.9 |
|
|
2261.7 |
2673.2 |
|
|
2251.9 |
2675.4 |
|
|
2256.9 |
2676.0 |
|
'Frorn R. W. Haywood, ThentutdynarnicThblesin SI (Metrit') Uriirr;CambridgeUniversityPress,London, 196u. y = spccilicvolume,0
intcrrralenergy,and f? :
spccilicenthalpy.Note;kJlkgx 0 4303 :
Btu/Ib,,,.
:
specific
(continued )
H
H
-
! o
Fl
n
o-
o
@
A
.o
X
FN
Table 8.6
((lontinued)
P(bar)
7'('C)
t(m3/ks)
_
Water
Stearn
t.1
1 t - a L
1.J
t.4
1.-5
t.6
t.1
1.8
1.9
2.0
'2.2
2.4
z.o
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.1
3.6
102.3 (.).001046
0.001048
0.(n1049
(.).00105l
0.()(n053
0.0010-55
0.001()56
0.00105u
0.001059
0.00106r
0.(n1064
0.001066
0.00l069
l04.tt
107.1
109.3
llt.4
113.3
115.2
I
I
120.2
123.3
126.1
t28.1
131.2
133.5
135.8
131.9
139.9
IrJ.6
t6.9
0.001071
0.001074
0.()()l076
0.()()107ri
0.001080
0.001082
0.001081
0.()()1086
0.00l0ntt
0.001(xl9
0.001091
0.001093
0.001097
0.001l0l
0.001105
0.00110u
3.8 r41.8
4.0
A 1
4.4
4.6
,1. lJ
-5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
1.0
t43.6
t45.4
141.1
148.1
1-50.3
151.8
15-5
1-58.u
162.0
16.5.0
5
1.,519
t.428
t.325
1.216
I.159
I.09I
1.031
0.91'7
0.92e
0.88-5
u.ril0
0.7.16
0.693
0.646
0.606
0.570
0.538
0.-510
0.4u.5
0.462
0.442
0.423
0.405
0.389
0.375
0.342
0.315
0.292
0.213
1.5
8.0
t3.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.-s
11.0
11.5
12.0
t2.5
13.0
t
1-5
t
4
6
l'7
1
19
8
20
167.u
110.4
172.9
n5.4
171.1
119.1)
182.0
184.1
186.0
188.0
Iu9.tJ
t91.6
195.0
r9u.3
201.4
204.3
201.1
209.u
ata
L]L.+
r
|
2 |
I |
2r1.9 |
|
22 |
211.2 |
|
|
z-) |
219.6 |
|
|
1,1 |
22t.8 |
|
|
25 |
223.9 |
|
|
26 |
226.0 |
|
|
21 |
228.1 |
|
|
28 |
230.0 |
|
|
29 |
232.0 |
|
|
30 |
233.8 |
|
|
J L |
231.4 |
|
|
-14 |
240.9 |
|
|
36 |
244.2 |
|
|
38 |
241.3 |
|
0.001112
0.001115
0.001118
0.001121
0.00t124
0.001127
0.(n1130
0.001133
0.001136
0.001139
0.001141
(.).00 L144
0.001149
0.001154
0.001159
0.001r63
0.001168
0.007112
0.00t777
0.001llJl
0.0011tJ-5
0.001189
0.001193
(.).001197
0.(n1201
0.00120.5
0.00r209
0.001213
0.001216
0.001224
0.001231
(.).00123ri
0.001245
0.2-5-54
0.2403
0.2268
0.2t4ti
0.2040
0.1943
0.1u5-5
fJ.1774
0.17(X)
0.1632
0.1569
0.l5l I
0.t401
0.1317
0.1237
0.1166
0.1103
0.to1l
0.099.5
0.0949
0.0907
0.Ori6rl
0.0832
0.0799
0.0769
0.0140
0.0114
0.0689
0.0666
tJ.0624
0.05tJ7
0.0-554
0.0521
U(kJ/kg)
Water
Steam
428.7
439.2
449.1
458.3
461.0
415.2
4tJ3.0
490.5
491.6
504.5
5t1.4
529.4
540.6
-5.51.I
561.1
570.6
519.6
-588.1
596.4
604.2
6l 1.8
619.I
626.2
633.0
639.6
655.2
669.8
683.4
696.3
2509.2
2512.1
2511.1
25t1.2
25t9.5
2521.1
2523.1
2525.6
2527.5
2529.2
2532.4
2535.4
2.53rJ.1
2540.6
2543.0
2545.2
2547.2
2549.2
2.551.0
2552.1
t<<,t
/
'2555.9
2551.4
25.58.8
2560.2
2563.3
2566.2
2s68.1
251t.l
708.5
120.0
131.1
741.6
7.51.ti
761.5
770.8
779.9
788.6
191.1
80-5.3
ri13.2
828.5
842.9
856.1
869.9
882.5
894.6
906.2
977.5
928.3
938.9
949.1
959.0
968.6
978.0
987.r
996.0
t004.1
102t.5
t031.6
1053.1
1068.{)
2513.3
2515.5
2511.1
2578.8
2580.4
2581.9
2583.3
2584.5
25tt5.rJ
2s86.9
25llri.0
25U9.0
2590.8
2592.4
2593.8
2595.r
2596.3
2591.3
2598.2
2598.9
2599.6
2600.2
2600.1
260t.2
2601.5
2601.8
2602.1
2602.3
2602.4
2602.5
2602.5
2602.2
2601.9
t(kJ/kg)
|
Water |
Evaporation |
|
42tJ.8 |
2250.8 |
|
139.4 |
2244.1 |
|
449.2 |
2237.8 |
|
458.4 |
223t.9 |
|
461.) |
2226.2 |
|
115.4 |
2220.9 |
|
483.2 |
22t5.1 |
|
49tJ.1 |
2210.8 |
|
497.8 |
2206.1 |
|
504.1 |
220t.6 |
|
517.6 |
2193.0 |
|
529.6 |
2t84.9 |
|
.540.9 |
2n1.3 |
|
551.4 |
2110.1 |
|
-561.4 |
2163.2 |
|
5'ttJ.9 |
2t56.1 |
|
57().9 |
2150.4 |
|
588.5 |
2t44.4 |
|
.596.8 |
2138.6 |
|
604.7 |
2133.0 |
|
6t2.3 |
2121.5 |
|
619.6 |
2122.3 |
|
626.1 |
2tr1.2 |
|
633.-5 |
2112.2 |
|
640.I |
2t01.4 |
|
6-55.u |
209s.9 |
|
670.4 |
208.5.0 |
|
684.1 |
2011.1 |
|
691.1 |
2064.9 |
|
709.3 |
2055.5 |
|
720.9 |
2046.5 |
|
132.0 |
2031.9 |
|
142.6 |
2029.5 |
|
152.t1 |
202r.4 |
|
162.6 |
2013.6 |
|
172.0 |
2005.9 |
|
78t.1 |
1998.5 |
|
189.9 |
1991.3 |
|
798.4 |
1984.3 |
|
tt06.7 |
191't.4 |
|
8t4.1 |
1910.1 |
|
830.1 |
1951.1 |
|
844.7 |
1945.2 |
|
858.6 |
1933.2 |
|
871.u |
1921.5 |
|
884.6 |
1910.3 |
|
896.8 |
1899.3 |
|
9Oti.6 |
188rJ.6 |
|
920.0 |
t878.2 |
|
931.t) |
I868.1 |
|
94r.6 |
1tJ-58.2 |
|
95L9 |
1848.5 |
|
962.0 |
1839.0 |
|
911.1 |
1829.6 |
|
981.2 |
1820.5 |
|
990.5 |
ttil 1.5 |
|
999.5 |
1802.6 |
|
1008.4 |
n93.9 |
|
t025.4 |
1116.9 |
|
1041.8 |
7160.3 |
|
1057.6 |
1744.2 |
|
1012.7 |
1128.4 |
|
(D |
|
|
x |
|
|
f-rl |
|
|
Steam |
|
|
2619.6 |
|
|
2683.4 |
|
|
2681.0 |
|
|
2690.3 |
|
|
2693.4 |
|
|
2696.2 |
|
|
2699.1) |
|
|
270t.5 |
|
|
2104.0 |
|
|
2706.3 |
|
|
2110.6 |
|
|
27t4.5 |
|
|
2118.2 |
|
|
212t.5 |
|
|
2124.7 |
|
|
2121.6 |
|
|
2730.3 |
|
|
2132.9 |
|
|
'2135.3 |
|
|
2131.6 |
|
|
2739.8 |
|
|
2141.9 |
|
|
2143.9 |
|
|
2145.1 |
|
|
2741.5 |
|
|
2151.1 |
|
|
2155.5 |
|
|
2758.9 |
|
|
2162.0 |
|
|
2164.8 |
|
|
2161.5 |
|
|
2769.9 |
|
|
2112.1 |
|
|
)'7'74) |
|
|
2116.2 |
|
|
2118.0 |
|
|
2119.7 |
|
|
218t.3 |
|
|
2782.1 |
|
|
2184.1 |
|
|
2185.4 |
|
|
2181.8 |
|
|
2189.9 |
|
|
2191.7 |
|
|
2193.4 |
|
|
2194.8 |
|
|
2196.1 |
|
|
2197.2 |
|
|
2198.2 |
|
|
2799.1 |
|
|
2199.8 |
|
|
2ri00.4 |
|
|
2800.9 |
|
|
2801.4 |
|
|
280r.1 |
|
|
2802.{) |
|
|
28tJ2.2 |
d |
|
+ |
|
|
2802.3 |
o |
|
2802.3 |
|
|
2802.1 |
H |
|
2801.1 |
|
|
2801.1 |
! o |
|
- |
|
|
(continued ) |
FJ |
|
(D |
|
|
a |
|
'lablc I|.6 (Continued)
P(bar)
40
i
)
44
46
4ti
-50
52
<.1
-56
.su
60
62
64
66
6u
70
l2
1 ^
16
78
u()
82
84
rJ6
ti8
90
92
94
L)6
98
100
t0.s
Il0
1l-5
120
125
130
135
140
1,15
t-50
155
160
165
170
t75
IttO
l8-5
190
195
2(X)
20-s
2t0
21s
220
221.2
(Criticalpoint)
v1rn3ttg;
|
7'("C) |
Water |
Steanr |
|
250.3 |
0.001252 |
0,0491 |
|
253.2 |
0.001259 |
0.0473 |
|
256.0 |
0.001266 |
0.0451 |
|
2-5u.fJ |
o.o0t212 |
0.0.130 |
|
261.1 |
0.001279 |
0.0412 |
|
263.r) |
0.(x)l2u6 |
0.0394 |
|
266.4 |
0.}tJ1292 |
0.037r3 |
|
26U.ri |
0.001299 |
0.0363 |
|
211.\ |
0.001306 |
0.034e |
|
lt-t.) |
0.(x)1312 |
0.0337 |
|
215.6 |
0.001319 |
0.0324 |
|
211.1 |
0.00132-5 |
0.0313 |
|
219.8 |
0.(x)1332 |
0.0302 |
|
2til.ti |
0.00133ri |
0.0292 |
|
283.rJ |
0.001345 |
0.02IJ3 |
|
2rJ.5.8 |
0.(nr.l5l |
0.0274 |
|
281.7 |
0.00135rJ |
0.0265 |
|
289.6 |
0.001364 |
0.0251 |
|
2t)1.4 |
0.00137r |
0.0249 |
|
293.2 |
0.00l37iJ |
0.0242 |
|
29.5.0 |
0.(n1384 |
0.0235 |
|
296.t |
0.00I39I |
0.0229 |
|
298.4 |
0.0013911 |
0.t)222 |
|
3(X).1 |
0.(.)01404 |
0.02l6 |
|
30t.1 |
0.001.11I |
0.0210 |
|
303.3 |
0.00l4l8 |
0.02050 |
|
304.9 |
0.001125 |
0.01996 |
|
306.4 |
0.001432 |
0.0t945 |
|
3OtJ.0 |
0.(x)1439 |
0.01897 |
|
309.5 |
0.u)t446 |
0.01849 |
|
311.0 |
0.(n1453 |
0.01804 |
|
3t4.6 |
0.(x)1470 |
0.0r698 |
|
318.0 |
0.001489 |
0.01601 |
|
321.4 |
0.001507 |
0.015r1 |
|
324.6 |
0.001521 |
0.014211 |
|
321.8 |
0.001547 |
0.01351 |
|
330.8 |
0.(n1.567 |
0.01280 |
|
333.u |
0.001.588 |
0.01213 |
|
336.6 |
0.00161r |
0.01l5(.) |
|
339.4 |
0.001634 |
0.qr090 |
|
342.1 |
0.0016.58 |
0.01034 |
|
34,1.rJ |
0.(n168:l |
0.009rJ1 |
|
341.3 |
0.(x)1710 |
0.00931 |
|
349.ri |
0.001739 |
0.00883 |
|
352.3 |
0.(u1770 |
0.00fi37 |
|
354.6 |
0.(x)ttJ03 |
0.(x)793 |
|
351.0 |
0.001tt40 |
0.00750 |
|
359.2 |
0.001881 |
0.0070u |
|
361.4 |
0.001926 |
0.0066ri |
|
363.6 |
0.001977 |
0.00628 |
|
365.7 |
0.00204 |
0.005tJrl |
|
367.8 |
0.0021I |
0.005,16 |
|
369.13 |
0.00220 |
0.00.502 |
|
371.ri |
0.(x)234 |
0.004-51 |
|
313.7 |
0.00261 |
0.00373 |
|
314.15 |
0.(x)317 |
0.003r7 |
ulttttg;
|
Water |
Steanr |
|||
|
1082.4 |
260r.3 |
|||
|
I096.3 |
2600.1 |
|||
|
I |
109.u |
2599.9 |
||
|
1.122.9 |
259().1 |
|||
|
113.5.6 |
259ti.l |
|||
|
1148.0 |
2591.0 |
|||
|
I |
l |
60.1 |
2595.9 |
|
|
INI.9 |
2594.6 |
|||
|
I183.-5 |
2593.3 |
|||
|
u91.7 |
259t.9 |
|||
|
t |
205.rJ |
2590.4 |
||
|
12t6.6 |
25rJrJ.8 |
|||
|
1221.2 |
2581.2 |
|||
|
1231.6 |
25ri5.5 |
|||
|
124'7.9 |
2-58.r.7 |
|||
|
t258.0 |
25n1.8 |
|||
|
1267.9 |
2579.9 |
|||
|
t211.6 |
2518.0 |
|||
|
1281.2 |
2515.9 |
|||
|
t296.1 |
2573.8 |
|||
|
1306.t) |
2511.1 |
|||
|
1315.2 |
2569.5 |
|||
|
t324.3 |
2567.2 |
|||
|
I -)-r-).-) |
2561.9 |
|||
|
1342.2 |
2562.6 |
|||
|
13.51.0 |
2560.1 |
|||
|
| |
351).1 |
25s1.1 |
||
|
1368.2 |
2555.2 |
|||
|
1316.1 |
25s2.6 |
|||
|
1385.2 |
2,5.50.0 |
|||
|
1393.5 |
2541.3 |
|||
|
t4l4.l |
2540.4 |
|||
|
r434.2 |
2533.2 |
|||
|
1454.0 |
2525.1 |
|||
|
t413.4 |
2st].8 |
|||
|
1492.1 |
2509.4 |
|||
|
r5I1.6 |
2500.6 |
|||
|
1-530.4 |
249t.3 |
|||
|
t549.1 |
2481.4 |
|||
|
1.567.-5 |
2111.0 |
|||
|
l |
5u6.l |
2459.9 |
||
|
1604.6 |
2448.2 |
|||
|
1623.2 |
2436.0 |
|||
|
r641.ri |
2423.1 |
|||
|
I661.6 |
2409.3 |
|||
|
1681.8 |
2391.6 |
|||
|
t10r.1 |
2378.() |
|||
|
t72t.1 |
2362.r |
|||
|
7142.1 |
2343.8 |
|||
|
1163.2 |
2323.6 |
|||
|
1185.1 |
2300.tJ |
|||
|
1810.7 |
))1J 4 |
|||
|
1840.0 |
1aA1 |
1 |
||
|
IrJ7u.6 |
2198.1 |
|||
|
1952 |
2114 |
|||
|
2038 |
2038 |
|||
r{1t:ltg;
|
Watcr |
Evaporation |
|||||
|
1081.4 |
t]12.9 |
|||||
|
I |
101.6 |
1697.8 |
||||
|
I I l-5.4 |
1682.9 |
|||||
|
I lzti.u |
1668.3 |
|||||
|
l |
l4l.tJ |
l6-53.9 |
||||
|
I |
154 |
5 |
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UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix C – Formula Sheet 1/10
UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix C – Formula Sheet 2/10
|
Temperature conversion, |
T (K) = T (°C) + 273.15 |
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|
T (°F) = 1.8T (°C) + 32 |
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|
T (°R) = T (°F) + 459.67 |
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|
T (°R) = 1.8T (K) |
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|
Temperature interval conversion, |
° 1.8 F |
° 1.8 R |
1 |
° |
F |
° 1 C |
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|
° 1 C |
, |
1K |
, |
1 |
° R |
, |
1K |
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|
General balance equation: Input + generation - output - consumption = accumulation |
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|
Degree-of-freedom, n df = (number of unknowns) – (number of independent equations) |
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|
The stoichiometric equation of a chemical reaction states the relative number of moles of reactants and products that participate in the reaction. |
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|
The numbers that precede each species in a stoichiometric equation are the stoichiometric coefficients of the components, v i . It is negative for reactants and positive for products. |
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|
The stoichiometric ratio of two molecular species in a reaction is the ratio of their stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced reaction equation. |
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|
Two reactants, A and B, are said to be present in stoichiometric proportion if |
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|
moles A present |
= stoichiometric ratio |
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|
moles B present |
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|
Limiting reactant is the reactant that would run out if a reaction proceeded to completion. Excess reactant is the reactant present in excess (more than its stoichiometric proportion). |
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|
Fractional excess of A |
= |
( |
n |
A |
) feed |
− ( n A |
) |
stoich |
||||||||||||
|
( |
n |
A |
) stoich |
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|
Fractional conversion, |
f = |
moles reacted |
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|
moles fed |
||||||||||||||||||||
UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix C – Formula Sheet 3/10
UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix C – Formula Sheet 4/10
UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix C – Formula Sheet 5/10
UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix C – Formula Sheet 6/10
UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix C – Formula Sheet 7/10
UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix C – Formula Sheet 8/10
UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix C – Formula Sheet 9/10
|
Standard heat of reaction (based on heat of formation), |
|||||||||||||
|
∆ |
ˆ H |
o r |
= = |
H ˆ o v i ∆ f i i o v i ∆ H o f i − f v i ∆ H i ˆ ˆ |
|||||||||
|
products |
reactants |
||||||||||||
|
ˆ |
|||||||||||||
|
where |
∆H |
o |
i = standard heat of formation of species i |
||||||||||
|
f |
|||||||||||||
|
v i |
= stoichiometric coefficient of species i |
||||||||||||
|
Standard heat of reaction (based on heat of combustion), |
|||||||||||||
|
∆ ˆ H |
o r |
= − = H ˆ o v i ∆ c i i ˆ o v i ∆ H c i |
− ˆ o v i ∆ H c i |
||||||||||
|
reactants |
products |
||||||||||||
|
ˆ |
|||||||||||||
|
where |
∆H |
o |
i = standard heat of combustion of species i |
||||||||||
|
c |
|||||||||||||
|
v i |
= stoichiometric coefficient of species i |
||||||||||||
|
ˆ |
|||||||||||||
|
If any of the reactants or products are combustion products [CO 2 , H 2 O(l), SO 2 ,…], their terms in above equation should be set to zero. |
∆H |
o |
|||||||||||
|
c |
i |
||||||||||||
|
Heat of Reaction Method: preferable when there is a single reaction for which the standard heat of reaction is known. |
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|
Process Path: |
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|
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UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Appendix C – Formula Sheet 10/10
Heat of Formation Method: preferable when there is a single/multiple reactions for which the standard heat of reaction is not readily available.
Process Path:
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