LECTURE 3

MEC 2621- INTRODUCTION TO

AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING
By: Dr. SANISAH SAHARIN

ENGINE TYPE AND

CLASSIFICATION

Engine Types and ClassicaIons

An internal combustion engine is an engine in which the
combustion of a fuel occurs in a combustion chamber inside
and integral to the engine.
In an internal combustion engine it is always the
expansion of the high temperature and pressure gases
that are produced which apply force to the movable
component of the engine, such as the pistons or turbine
blades.

 The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an

engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the
familiar four-stroke and two-stroke engines, along with a
very few more exotic variants, such as the Wankel engine.
These engines almost invariably use reciprocating
pistons, with crankshafts, connecting rods and most of
them now use camshafts with cams.

 A second class of internal combustion engines use

continuous combustion - Jet engines (including
gas turbines) and most rockets, each of which are
internal combustion engines on the same principle as
previously described.
The internal combustion engine (or ICE) contrasts with
the external combustion engine, such as a steam or
Stirling engine in which the energy is delivered within a
working fluid heated in a boiler by fossil fuel, woodburning, nuclear, solar etc.

Engine Types and Classifications

Automobile engine can be classified according to:
Ignition
Reciprocating or rotary
Number of cylinders
Arrangement of cylinders
Arrangement of valve and valve trains
Types of fuel burnt
Number of stroke per cycle
Type of cooling

Three cylinder engines

IGNITION

Spark ignition (SI): high-voltage electrical

discharge between two electrodes ignites air-fuel

mixture in combustion chamber surrounding spark
plug

Compression ignition (CI): air-fuel mixture self-

ignites due to high temperature in combustion

chamber caused by high compression, Diesel engine

DESIGN: RECIPROCATING
AND ROTARY

Reciprocating Reciprocating
Engine engines
Engine has one or more
cylinders in which pistons
reciprocate back and forth

Combustion chamber in
closed end of cylinders
Power delivered to rotating
output crankshaft by
mechanical linkage with
pistons

En
pis

Combustion chambers are built into the non

Rotary Engine

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Classification

Engine made of block

Rotarybuilt
engines
(stator)
around
large non-concentric
Engine made of block (stator) built around large
rotor and crankshaft"
non-concentric rotor and crankshaft

Combustion chambers are built into the nonrotating block
Combustion chambers
are built into the
nonrotating block
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGrD7FTFLJ

NUMBER AND ARRANGEMENT

OF CYLINDERS

 A passenger car engines can have three, four, five,

six, eight or ten (or even 12) cylinders.

Four cylinder engines

Typical four cylinder engine can be arranged:
In a row (in line)
In a line engine has set of cylinders are arranged in
line.
In two rows or banks set at an angle V (V type)
V type engine has set of cylinders in two rows.
The two rows are separated by an angle to each
others.
The angle could be 60 degrees or 90 degrees
In two rows or banks opposing each other (flat type)
The rows of two cylinders oppose to each other. They
are in the same plane, separated by 180 degrees.
Three banks of cylinders on same crankshaft (W type,
not common)

Classification
Classification

In-line
In-line

V
V

Flat
Flat

Radial
Radial
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine

13/ 55
55
13/
13/
55

 The straight-4 engine is much smoother than one, two, and

three cylinder engines, and this has resulted in it becoming the
engine of choice for most economy cars, although it can be
found in some sports cars as well.
However, the straight-4 is not a fully balanced
configuration.
While an even-firing straight-4 engine is in primary balance
because one pair of pistons is always moving up at the same
time as the other pair is moving down, piston speedas with all
internal combustion enginesis higher through the top 180 of
the crankshaft rotation than the bottom 180.

 Therefore, across the 4 cylinders two pistons are always

accelerating faster in one direction while two others are
accelerating slower in the other, which leads to a secondary
dynamic imbalancean up-and-down vibration at twice the
crankshaft's speed.
This imbalance is tolerable in a small, low-displacement, lowpower configuration, but the vibrations get worse with
increasing size and power.

VALVE AND VALVE TRAIN

ARRANGEMENT AND LOCATION

Valves arrangement
Arrangement of valves and valve trains
Engine valve allows the engine to breath.
The intake valve open to admit the A/F mixture to the engine
cylinders.
The exhaust valves open to allow burned gases to exit or exhaust
from the engine cylinders.
Cam on rota2ng camsha5 operate the valve train, which open the
valves.
LocaIon of the camshaW
Either on the cylinder head or in the cylinder block.
Types of camshaW drive
CamshaW are driven by 2ming gears, sprockets and 2ming chain or
sprockets and toothed 2ming belt

 Types of valve train

Two basic types of valve train
Overhead camshaft
Camshaft in block with pushrod

 Number of valves per cylinder

Normally each cylinder of the engine has two valves
Some have multi-valve cylinder of the engine
PURPOSE of these added valves is to allow the
engine to breathe more freely.

TYPE OF FUEL BURNT

Diesel Engine
A diesel engine is known as a
"compression ignition" engine.
Since the air is compressed to very
high pressure raising its
temperature and then diesel is
injected in a very fine spray which
causes the diesel to ignite and
explode.
Whereas a gasoline engine is known as
a "spark ignition" engine.
Since a spark plug is required to
ignite the mixture of gasoline and
air in the combustion chamber.

Operational Principle
Diesel engine operation completes like gasoline engine
with four stroke
Intake stroke
The intake valve opens and exhaust valve closes
completely.
The position of the piston into the cylinder is in
bottom dead center (BDC).
Draw the air in to the cylinder.
Compression Stroke
Both of the valves close
The piston moves up, compresses the air into a
confined space is called combustion chamber until
reach to the TDC.
Pressure and temperature increase to its maximum
level.

 Combustion Stroke
Both of the valves close
Injector injects the right amount of fuel to the high
temperature air into the combustion chamber.
Fuel burn instantly due to the high temperature of air.
Develop the high pressure and explosive force to
push the piston down
Create the torque at the crankshaft to propel the
car.
Exhaust Stroke
Intake valve remain closed and exhaust valve opens
Leave the emission from the combustion chamber.
Make vacuum the cylinder

 Fuel delivery continues as long as the valve open.

The fuel flow time and amount is controlled by ECM
When the proper amount of fuel has sprayed out, the ECM
turns off the injector.
The carburetor which is called the air-fuel mixing device is
replaced now by ECM control fuel-injection system

Operational Principle

Injector (Electromagnetic)

Diesel Engine operation:

Gasoline Engine and Diesel Engine comparison

o Major types of engines are gasoline and diesel.

o The engines required to run with burning gasoline and
diesel are different because gasoline and diesel are
different types of fuel.

o gasoline is a highly volatile fuel and gets ignited very
easily whereas diesel is comparatively heavier and
dirtier fuel. "

Gasoline Engine and Diesel Engine

Comparison

"

Inlet stroke"

In gasoline engines the mixture of air and gasoline is
drawn in by the falling piston.
In diesel engines only air is drawn in by the falling piston."

Compression stroke"

In gasoline engine, the mixture is compressed.
In diesel engine, only air is compressed.
"

 Combustion stroke"

In gasoline engine, the air and fuel mixture is ignited using
a spark plug and burns expanding and forcing the piston
down.
In diesel engine, fuel is injected at a high pressure into the
hot, compressed air in the cylinder, causing it to burn and
force the piston down. No spark is required."

Exhaust stroke"

In both gasoline and diesel engines, the burned mixture of
air and fuel is pushed out of the cylinder by the rising
piston.

 Gasoline engines are lighter than diesel engines (heavier and

oiler).
Gasoline engine is called spark ignition (SI) engine while the
diesel engine is called compression ignition (CI) engine.
Diesel engines have higher torque than gasoline engines.
a diesel engine would pull heavy loads easily than a
gasoline engine.
the diesel engine would be steady and carry heavier loads
to longer distances.

 Diesel engines have better fuel efficiency as compared to

gasoline due to the fact that they have higher compression
ratio.
The most important part of diesel engine, fuel economy.
Diesel engines give better mileage than gasoline engines.
So running on diesel would make you go farther at a lower
cost than running on gasoline.

Why gasoline, not diesel?

Diesel engines;
Higher compression ratios (20:1); tend to be heavier than
equivalent gasoline engine
tend to be more expansive
lower maximum RPM, i.e. higher torque than high
horsepower, slow in acceleration
produce more smoke and smell funny
harder to start in cold weather
Noisier and tend to vibrate
Diesel fuel less available

NUMBER OF STROKE PER

CYCLE

Four-stroke vs Two-stroke
Piston engines operate on either
Two-stroke cycle or
Four-stroke cycle
Four-stroke-cycle engine
Power stroke is in every fourth stroke
A power stroke during two crankshaft revolution

Two-stroke-cycle engine
Every other stroke has a power stroke
A power stroke during each crankshaft revolution
Two stroke-cycle engine produces twice as
many power stroke at the same crankshaft
speed (rpm) as the four-stroke-cycle engine.
Piston opens the transfer (inlet) and exhaust
port.
Therefore, always mixing some A/F mixture
with the exhaust gases and leave the engine.
Only part of the downward strokes produces
power.

Mode of Operation of Two- Stroke Engine"

 FIRST STROKE
The piston is at the upward of the cylinder.
A pipe at the left side is opened and air-fuel mixture enter
into the cylinder
A/F mixture is already compressed a bit when the A/F
mixture flows from lower to the upper part of the cylinder.
The fresh gases leaves the cylinder with the exhaust
through an ejection pipe.

 SECOND STROKE
After being hurried upward, the piston now covers the pipe on
the left side and the ejection pipe.
Because there is no way out any more, the upper, fresh gas
mixture gets compressed now.
At the same time in the part below fresh gas is taken in by
the piston driving upward through the open suction pipe.
At the top dead-center, the compressed fuel mixture is
ignited by the sparking plug, the piston is pressed
downward while it compresses at the same time the fresh
gas below.
The process begins again as soon as the piston arrives at its
lowest point.

FIRST STROKE
Intake
The A/F mixture is first drawn into the
crankcase by the vacuum created during
the upward stroke of the piston.
Transfer/Exhaust
Toward the end of the 1st stroke, piston
exposes the intake por t allowing the
compressed fuel/air mixture in the crankcase
to escape around the piston into the main
cylinder.
This expels the exhaust gasses out the
exhaust port, usually located on the
opposite side of the cylinder.

Unfortunately, some of the fresh fuel
mixture is usually expelled as well.

SECOND STROKE
Compression
The piston then rises, driven by flywheel
momentum, and compresses the fuel
mixture. (At the same time, another intake
stroke is happening beneath the piston).
Combustion Stroke
At the top of the stroke the spark plug
ignites the fuel mixture. The burning fuel
expands, driving the piston downward, to
complete the cycle.

The Two-stroke cycle"

1=TDC"
2=BDC
"
A: intake/scavenging"
B: Exhaust"
C: Compression"
D: Expansion(power

Two-stroke engine loses fresh fuel because of the "overlap" of

the valve times (both valves are open for an instant).

 Differences between two-stroke engine and four-stroke engine

The two-stroke internal combustion engine differs from
the more common four-stroke engine by completing the
same four processes (intake, compression, combustion,
exhaust) in only two strokes of the piston rather than four.
This allows a power stroke for every revolution of the
crank, instead of every two revolutions as in a four-stroke
engine.
Two-stroke engines provide high specific power (Specific
power = power/weight), so they are valued for use in
portable, lightweight applications.

o Two - stroke engine is always worse than in the four-stroke

engine, which loses fresh fuel only because of the "overlap"
of the valve times (both valves are open for an instant).
o Two stroke engine pollutes the environment with high
emission. So it is not for friendly environment.
o The fuel mixture of the two-stroke engine often gets
shifted with a certain quantity of oil because of the
necessary lubrication.
o Unfortunately the oil gets burnt partly, too, and harmful
gases are expulsed by the engine.

FUEL INPUT METHOD

Classification

Fuel input method

Carbureted: Air and fuel
mixed at throat

Carbureted: air-fuel mixed at

throat

17/ 55

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Classification

Fuelinjection
input method
Fuel

Multipoint port fuel injection:
one or more injectors at each
cylinder intake
Throttle body fuel injection:
injectors upstream of intake
manifold

Fuel injection
Multipoint port fuel injection: one or more
injectors at each cylinder intake
Throttle body fuel injection: injectors
upstream of intake manifold

18/ 55

TYPE OF COOLING

 Air cooled : Air-cooled engines rely on the

circulaIon of air directly over hot parts of the
engine to cool them

 Liquid cooled : The cooling system on

liquid-cooled cars circulates a uid through
pipes and passageways in the engine.

Il faut tre matelot avant dtre

capitaine