Machine Design Handbook For Engineeries

Source: MACHINE DESIGN DATABOOK
CHAPTER
1
PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING
MATERIALS
SYMBOLS5;6
a
Aj
Af
A0
Ar
Bhn
d
D
E
f"
f
F
G
HB
lf
lj
l0
Q
RB
RC

area of cross section, m2 (in2 )

original area of cross section of test specimen, mm2 (in2 )
area of smallest cross section of test specimen under load Fj , m2
(in2 )
minimum area of cross section of test specimen at fracture, m2
(in2 )
original area of cross section of test specimen, m2 (in2 )
percent reduction in area that occurs in standard test
specimen
Brinell hardness number
diameter of indentation, mm
diameter of test specimen at necking, m (in)
diameter of steel ball, mm
modulus of elasticity or Youngs modulus, GPa
[Mpsi (Mlb/in2 )]
strain fringe (fri) value, mm/fri (min/fri)
stress fringe value, kN/m fri (lbf/in fri)
load (also with subscripts), kN (lbf)
modulus of rigidity or torsional or shear modulus, GPa
(Mpsi)
Brinell hardness number
nal length of test specimen at fracture, mm (in)
gauge length of test specimen corresponding to load Fj , mm
(in)
original gauge length of test specimen, mm (in)
gure of merit, fri/m (fri/in)
Rockwell B hardness number
Rockwell C hardness number
Poissons ratio
normal stress, MPa (psi)
The units in parentheses are US Customary units

[e.g., fps (foot-pounds-second)].
1.1
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PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
1.2
CHAPTER ONE
b
c
s
t
sf
0sf
transverse bending stress, MPa (psi)

compressive stress, MPa (psi)
strength, MPa (psi)
tensile stress, MPa (psi)
endurance limit, MPa (psi)
endurance limit of rotating beam specimen or R R Moore
endurance limit, MPa (psi)
endurance limit for reversed axial loading, MPa (psi)
endurance limit for reversed bending, MPa (psi)
compressive strength, MPa (psi)
tensile strength, MPa (psi)
ultimate stress, MPa (psi)
ultimate compressive stress, MPa (psi)
ultimate tensile stress, MPt (psi)
ultimate strength, MPA (psi)
ultimate compressive strength, MPa (psi)
ultimate tensile strength, MPa (psi)
yield stress, MPa (psi)
yield compressive stress, MPa (psi)
yield tensile stress, MPa (psi)
yield compressive strength, MPa (psi)
yield tensile strength, MPa (psi)
torsional (shear) stress, MPa (psi)
shear strength, MPa (psi)
ultimate shear stress, MPa (psi)
ultimate shear strength, MPa (psi)
yield shear stress, MPa (psi)
yield shear strength, MPa (psi)
torsional endurance limit, MPa (psi)
0sfa
0sfb
sc
su
u
uc
ut
su
sb
u
suc
sut
y
yc
yt
syc
syt

s
u
su
y
sy
sf0
SUFFIXES
a
b
c
f
s
t
u
y
axial
bending
compressive
endurance
strength properties of material
tensile
ultimate
yield
ABBREVIATIONS
AISI
ASA
AMS
ASM
ASME
ASTM
BIS
BSS
DIN
ISO
American Iron and Steel Institute

American Standards Association
Aerospace Materials Specications
American Society for Metals
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
American Society for Testing Materials
Bureau of Indian Standards
British Standard Specications
Deutsches Institut fur Normung
International Standards Organization


SAE
UNS
1.3
Society of Automotive Engineers

Unied Numbering system
Note: and with subscript s designates strength properties of material used in the design which will be used and
observed throughout this Machine Design Data Handbook. Other factors in performance or in special aspects are
included from time to time in this chapter and, being applicable only in their immediate context, are not given at
this stage.
Particular
Formula
For engineering stress-strain diagram for ductile steel,

i.e., low carbon steel
Refer to Fig. 1-1
For engineering stress-strain diagram for brittle

material such as cast steel or cast iron
The nominal unit strain or engineering strain
Refer to Fig. 1-2
The numerical value of strength of a material
"
lf l0 l lf
A0 Af
1
l0
l0
l0
A0
1-1
where lf nal gauge length of tension test

specimen,
l0 original gauge length of tension test
specimen.
F
1-2
s
A
where subscript s stands for strength.
Point P is the proportionality

limit. Y is the upper yield limit.
E is the elastic limit. Y 0 is the
lower yield point. U is the
ultimate tensile strength point.
R is the fracture or rupture
strength point. R0 is the true
fracture or rupture strength
point.
FIGURE 1-1 Stress-strain diagram for ductile material.

Subscript s stands for strength.

1.4
CHAPTER ONE
Particular
Formula
The nominal stress or engineering stress
F
A0
1-3
where F applied load.

F
tru 0
Af
The true stress
Bridgemans equation for actual stress (act ) during r

radius necking of a tensile test specimen
where Af actual area of cross section or

instantaneous area of cross-section of
specimen under load F at that instant.

cal

act
1-5
4r
d
ln 1
1
d
4r
"tru "0
The true strain
l1
l2
l0
l0 l1

Integration of Eq. (1-6) yields the expression for true
strain
From Eq. (1-1)
The relation between true strain and engineering
strain after taking natural logarithm of both sides of
Eq. (1-8)
"tru ln
l3

l0 l1 l2
lf
l0
lf
l0
dli
li
lf
1"
l0

lf
ln
ln1 " or "tru ln1 "
l0
" e"tru 1
Eq. (1-9) can be written as
1-4
There is no necking at fracture for

brittle material such as cast iron or low
cast steel.
FIGURE 1-2 Stress-strain curve for a brittle material.

1-6a
1-6b
1-7
1-8
1-9
1-10

Particular
Percent elongation in a standard tension test specimen

Reduction in area that occurs in standard tension test
specimen in case of ductile materials
Percent reduction in area that occurs in standard
tension test specimen in case of ductile materials
For standard tensile test specimen subject to various
loads
1.5
Formula
lf l0
100
l0
A0 Af
Ar
A0
A0 Af
100
Ar100
A0
"100
1-11
1-12
1-13
Refer to Fig. 1-3.
FIGURE 1-3 A standard tensile specimen subject to various

loads.
The standard gauge length of tensile test specimen

The volume of material of tensile test specimen
remains constant during the plastic range which is
veried by experiments and is given by
p
l0 6:56 a
A0 l0 Af lf
A0
Af
1-14
or
d02
df2
1-15
lf
d
2 ln 0
l0
df
1-16
lf A 0
l0 A f

ln
Therefore the true strain from Eqs. (1-7) and (1-15)
"tru ln
The true strain at rupture, which is also known as the

true fracture strain or ductility
where df minimum diameter in the gauge length

lf of specimen under load at that
instant,
Ar minimum area of cross section of
specimen under load at that instant.

1
"ftru ln
1-17
1 Ar
where Af is the area of cross-section of specimen at
fracture.

1.6
CHAPTER ONE
Particular
Formula
Refer to Table 1-1A for values of "ftru of steel and

aluminum.
From Eqs. (1-9) and (1-16)
Substituting Eq. (1-18) in Eq. (1-4) and using Eq. (1-3)
the true stress
From experimental results plotting true-stress versus
true-strain, it was found that the equation for plastic
stress-strain line, which is also called the strainstrengthening equation, the true stress is given by
A0
1"
Af
or Af
A0
1"
1-18
tru 1 " e"tru
1-19
tru 0 "ntrup
1-20
where 0 strength coecient,

n strain hardening or strain
strengthening exponent,
"trup true plastic strain.
Refer to Table 1-1A for 0 and n values for steels and
other materials.
The load at any point along the stress-strain curve

(Fig 1-1)
F s A0
1-21
The load-strain relation from Eqs. (1-20) and (1-2)
F 0 A0 "ntru e"tru
1-22
Dierentiating Eq. (1-22) and equating the results to

zero yields the true strain equals to the strain hardening exponent which is the instability point
"u n
1-23
The stress on the specimen which causes a given

amount of cold work W
w 0 "w n
The approximate yield strength of the previously

cold-worked specimen
The approximate yield strength since A0w Aw
Fw
Aw
1-24
where Aw actual cross-sectional area of the

specimen,
Fw applied load.
F
sy w w0
1-25
Aw
where Aw A0w the increased cross-sectional
area of specimen because of the elastic recovery
that occurs when the load is removed.
F
sy w w0 w
1-26
Aw
By substituting Eq. (1-26) into Eq. (1-24)
sy w 0 "w n
The tensile strength of a cold worked material
su w
Fu
A0w
1-27
1-28
where Aw Au , Fu A0 su 0 ,
su tensile strength of the original
non-cold worked specimen,
A0 original area of the specimen.
The percent cold work associated with the deformation of the specimen from A0 to A0w
A0 A0w
A A0w
100 or w 0
A0
A0
W
where w
100

1-29

Particular
For standard tensile specimen at stages of loading A0w

is given by equation
Formula
A0w A0 1 w
Eq. (1-31) can also be expressed as
su 0
1w
su w su 0 e"tru
The modulus of toughness
Valid for Aw Au or "w "u .

"r
Tm
s d"
Expression for su w after substituting Eq. (1-28)
1.7
su w
1-30
1-31
1-32
1-33a
s su
1-34b
"r
2
where "r "u strain associated with incipient
fracture.

HARDNESS
The Vickers hardness number (HV ) or the diamond
pyramid hardness number (Hp )
The Knoop hardness number
The Meyer hardness number, HM
2F sin=2 1:8544F
1-35
d2
d2
where F load applied, kgf,
face angle of the pyramid, 1368,
d diagonal of the indentation, mm,
HV in kgf/mm2 .
F
1-36
HK
0:07028d 2
where d length of long diagonal of the projected
area of the indentation, mm,
F load applied, kgf,
0:07028 a constant which depends on one of
angles between the intersections of the
four faces of a special rhombic-based
pyramid industrial diamond indenter
172.58 and the other angle is 1308,
HK in kgf/mm2 .
HV
HM
4F
d 2 =4
1-37
where F applied load, kgf,

d diameter of indentation, mm,
HM in kgf/mm2 .
The Brinell hardness number HB
HB
2F
p
DD D2 d 2
1-38
where F in kgf, d and D in mm, HB in kgf/mm2 .

The Meyers strain hardening equation for a given
diameter of ball
F Ad p
1-39
where F applied load on a spherical indenter,

kgf,
d diameter of indentation, mm,
p Meyer strain-hardening exponent.

1.8
CHAPTER ONE
Particular
Formula
The relation between the diameter of indentation d

and the load F according to Datsko1;2
F 18:8d 2:53
1-40
The relation between Meyer strain-hardening exponent p in Eq. (1-39) and the strain-hardening exponent
n in the tensile stress-strain Eq. 0 "n
p2n
1-41
The ratio of the tensile strength (su ) of a material to

its Brinell hardness number (HB ) as per experimental
results conducted by Datsko1;2
For the plot of ratio of (su =HB KB against the
strain-strengthening exponent n (1)
where p 2.25 for both annealed pure aluminum

and annealed 1020 steel,
p 2 for low work hardening materials such
as pH stainless steels and all cold rolled
metals,
p 2.53 experimentally determined value of
70-30 brass.
su
KB
1-42
HB
Refer to Fig. 1-4 for KB vs n for various ratios of
d=D.
FIGURE 1-4 Ratio of su =HB KB vs strain strengthening exponent n.
The relationship between the Brinell hardness number

HB and Rockwell C number RC
RC 88HB0:162 192
The relationship between the Brinell hardness number

HB and Rockwell B number RB
RB
HB 47
0:0074HB 0:154
1-43
1-44
Courtesy: Datsko, J., Materials in Design and Manufacture, J. Datsko Consultants, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1978, and Standard
Handbook of Machine Design, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1996.


Particular
1.9
Formula
The approximate relationship between ultimate tensile

strength and Brinell hardness number of carbon and
alloy steels which can be applied to steels with a Brinell
hardness number between 200HB and 350HB only1;2
sut 3:45HB
The relationship between the minimum ultimate

strength and the Brinell hardness number for steels
as per ASTM
sut 3:10HB

strength and the Brinell hardness number for cast
iron as per ASTM
sut 1:58HB 86:2

strength and the Brinell hardness number as per
SAE minimum strength
sut 2:60HB 110
In case of stochastic results the relation between HB

and sut for steel based on Eqs. (1-45a) and (1-45b)
sut 3:45; 0:152HB
In case of stochastic results the relation between

HB and sut for cast iron based on Eqs. (1-47a) and
(1-47b)
sut 1:58HB 62 0; 10:3 MPa
500HB
450HB
SI
1-45a
USCS
1-45b
SI
1-46a
USCS
1-46b
SI
1-47a
USCS
1-47b
SI
1-48a
USCS
1-48b
SI
1-49a
USCS
1-49b
MPa
psi
MPa
psi
MPa
230HB 12500 psi

MPa
237:5HB 16000 psi
500; 22HB
MPa
psi
SI
1-50a
USCS
1-50b
230HB 9000 0; 1500 psi
Relationships between hardness number and tensile

strength of steel in SI and US Customary units [7]
Refer to Fig. 1.5.
The approximate relationship between ultimate

shear stress and ultimate tensile strength for various
materials
su 0:82sut
for wrought steel
1-51a
su 0:90sut
for malleable iron
1-51b
su 1:30sut
for cast iron
1-51c
su 0:90sut
for copper and copper alloy 1-51d
su 0:65sut
for aluminum and aluminum alloys

1-51e
The tensile yield strength of stress-relieved (not coldworked) steels according to Datsko1;2
sy 0:072sut 205 MPa
The equation for tensile yield strength of stressrelieved (not cold-worked) steels in terms of Brinell
hardness number HB according to Datsko (2)
sy 3:62HB 205 MPa
The approximate relationship between shear yield

strength sy and yield strength (tensile) sy
sy 0:55sy
1:05sut 30
kpi
525HB 30 kpi
SI
1-52a
USCS
1-52b
SI
1-53a
USCS
1-53b
for aluminum and aluminum alloys

1-54a
sy 0:58sy
for wrought steel

1-54b
1.10
CHAPTER ONE
Particular
The approximate relationship between endurance

limit (also called fatigue limit) for reversed bending
polished specimen based on 50 percent survival rate
and ultimate strength for nonferrous and ferrous
materials
Formula
For students use

0sfb 0:50sut
for wrought steel having

sut < 1380 MPa 200 kpsi
1-55
0sfb 690 MPa

sut > 1380 MPa
1-56a
0sfb 100 kpsi

sut > 200 kpsi
USCS
1-56b
For practicing engineers use

0sfb 0:35sut

sut < 1380 MPa 200 kpsi
1-57
0sfb 550 MPa

SI
sut > 1380 MPa
1-58a

USCS
sut > 200 kpsi
1-58b
0sfb 80 kpsi
0sfb 0:45sut
for cast iron and cast steel when

sut 600 MPa 88 kpsi
1-59a
0sfb 275 MPa

sut > 600 MPa
SI 1-60a
0sfb 40 kpsi
FIGURE 1-5 Conversion of hardness number to ultimate

tensile strength of steel sut , MPa (kpsi). (Technical Editor
Speaks, courtesy of International Nickel Co., Inc., 1943.)

USCS 1-60b
sut > 88 kpsi
0sfb 0:45sut
for copper-based alloys

and nickel-based alloys
0sfb 0:36sut
for wrought aluminum alloys up to a

tensile strength of 275 MPa (40 kpsi)
based on 5 108 cycle life
1-62
0sfb 0:16sut
for cast aluminum alloys

up to tensile strength of
300 MPa 50 kpsi based
on 5 108 cycle life
0sfb 0:38sut
1-61
1-63
for magnesium casting alloys

and magnesium wrought alloys
1-64
based on 106 cyclic life


Particular
The relationship between the endurance limit for

reversed axial loading of a polished, unnotched specimen and the reversed bending for steel specimens
The relationship between the torsional endurance
limit and the reversed bending for reversed torsional
tested polished unnotched specimens for various
materials
For additional information or data on properties of
engineering materials
1.11
Formula
0sfa 0:850sfb 0:43sut
1-65
sf0 0:580sfb 0:29sut for steel
1-66a
sf0
1-66b
sf0
0:80sfb
0:480sfb
0:32sut for cast iron

0:22sut for copper
1-66c
Refer to Tables 1-1 to 1-48
WOOD
Specic gravity, Gm , of wood at a given moisture
condition, m, is given by
Gm
W0
Wm
1-67
where W0 weight of the ovendry wood; N lbf;

Wm weight of water displaced by the
sample at the given moisture
condition, N (lbf ).
weight of ovendry wood and the contained water
volume of the piece at the same moisture content
The weight density of wood, D (unit weight) at any

given moisture content
Equation for converting of weight density D1 from

one moisture condition to another moisture condition
D2
D2 D1
For typical properties of wood of clear material as per

ASTM D 143
Refer to Table 1-47.
1-68
100 M2
100 M1 0:0135D1 M2 M1
1-69
where D1 known weight density for same

moisture condition M1 , kN/m2
(lbf/ft2 ),
D2 desired weight density at a moisture
condition M2 , kN/m2 (lbf/ft2 ). M1 and
M2 are expressed in percent.

1.12
CHAPTER ONE
TABLE 1-1
Hardness conversion (approximate)
Brinell
29.42 kN (3000 kgf ) load
10 mm ball
Rockwell hardness number
Diameter
(mm)
Hardness
number
Vickers
or Firth
hardness
number
2.25
2.30
2.35
2.40
2.45
2.50
2.55
2.60
2.65
2.70
2.75
2.80
2.85
2.90
2.95
3.00
3.05
3.10
3.15
3.20
3.25
3.30
3.35
3.40
3.45
3.50
3 55
3.60
3.65
3.70
3.75
3.80
3.85
3.90
3.95
4.00
4.05
4.10
4.15
4.20
4.25
4.30
4.35
4.40
745
712
682
653
627
601
578
555
534
514
495
477
461
444
429
415
401
388
375
363
352
341
331
321
311
302
293
285
277
269
262
255
248
241
235
229
223
217
212
207
201
197
192
187
840
783
737
697
667
640
615
591
569
547
528
508
491
472
455
440
425
410
396
383
372
360
350
339
328
319
309
301
292
284
276
269
261
253
247
241
234
228
222
218
212
207
202
196
A scale
0.588 kN
(60 kgf )
load
84
83
82
81
81
80
79
78
78
77
76
76
75
74
73
73
72
71
71
70
69
69
68
68
67
66
66
65
65
64
64
63
63
62
61
61
B scale
0.98 kN
(100 kgf )
load
C scale
1.47 kN
(150 kgf )
load
15-N scale
0.147 kN
(15 kgf )
load
Shore
Tensile strength, sut
scleroscope
approximate
hardness
number
MPa
kpsi
110
109
109
108
108
107
106
106
105
104
103
102
101
100
99
98
97
96
96
95
94
93
92
91
65
64
62
60
59
58
57
55
54
52
51
50
49
47
46
45
43
42
40
39
38
37
36
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
25
24
23
22
21
19
18
16
15
14
13
12
10
92
92
91
90
90
89
88
88
87
87
86
85
85
84
83
83
82
81
81
80
79
79
78
77
77
76
76
75
74
74
73
73
72
71
70
70
91
87
84
81
79
77
75
73
71
70
68
66
65
63
61
59
58
56
54
52
51
50
48
47
46
45
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
2570
2455
2350
2275
2227
2192
2124
2020
1924
1834
1750
1675
1620
1532
1482
1434
1380
1338
12961255
1214
1172
1145
1103
1069
1042
1010
983
955
928
904
875
855
832
810
790
770
748
730
714
690
680
662
645

373
356
341
330
323
318
309
293
279
266
254
243
235
222
215
208
200
194
188
182
176
170
166
160
155
151
146
142
138
134
131
127
124
120
117
114
111
108
106
103
100
98
96
93

1.13
TABLE 1-1
Hardness conversion (approximate) (Cont.)
Brinell
29.42 kN (3000 kgf ) load
10 mm ball
Rockwell hardness number
Diameter
(mm)
Hardness
number
Vickers
or Firth
hardness
number
4.45
4.50
4.55
4.60
4.65
470
4.80
4.90
5.00
5.10
5.20
5.30
5.40
5.50
5.60
183
179
174
170
167
163
156
149
143
137
131
126
121
116
111
192
188
182
178
175
171
163
156
150
143
137
132
127
122
117
A scale
0.588 kN
(60 kgf )
load
B scale
0.98 kN
(100 kgf )
load
C scale
1.47 kN
(150 kgf )
load
90
89
88
87
86
85
83
81
79
76
74
72
70
68
65
9
8
7
5
4
3
1
15-N scale
0.147 kN
(15 kgf )
load
Shore
Tensile strength, sut
scleroscope
approximate
hardness
number
MPa
kpsi
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
631
617
600
585
576
562
538
514
493
472
451
435
417
400
383

91
89
87
85
83
81
78
74
71
68
65
63
60
58
55
290
125
90
80
108
225
410
430
260
410
150
Material
RQC-100a
1005-1009
1005-1009
1015
1020d
1045e
1045e
5160
9262
9262
950
931
414
345
414
441
724
1448
1669
924
1565
531
469
476
579
ST, SHg
ST and RT ageh
ST and AAi
MPa
HRb Plate
CDc Sheet
HR Sheet
Normalized
HR Plate
Q and Tf
Q and T
Q and T
Annealed
Q and T
HR Plate
Process/
Condition
68
69
84
135
60
50
60
64
105
210
242
134
227
77
kpsi
Ultimate
strength, sut
379
303
469
883
400
262
228
262
634
1365
1531
455
1379
311
MPa
193
122
123
105
103
178
270
280
151
269
145
81
92
108
MPa
1331
841
848
724
710
1227
1862
1931
1041
1855
1000
Steel
128
58
38
33
38
92
198
222
66
200
48
Aluminum:
55
558
44
636
68
745
kpsi
Stress at
fracture, f
kpsi
Yield
strength, sy
25
35
33
67
64
80
68
62
65
51
42
14
32
72
Reduction
in area, Af
0.28
0.43
0.41
1.02
1.02
1.60
1.14
0.96
1.04
0.72
0.87
0.16
0.38
1.24
"f
True strain
at fracture
0.03
0.20
0.11
0.06
0.05
0.16
0.26
0.19
0.13
0.08
0.06
0.22
0.06
0.19
Strain harding exponent
131
903
66
117
120
107
166
302
308
253
738
1145
2082
2124
1744
455
807
827
170
76
77
kpsi
1172
524
531
MPa
Strength
coecient, 0
Tradename, Bethlehem steel Corp. Rolled quenched and tempered carbon steel. Used in structural, heavy applications machinery. b Hot-rolled. c cold-rolled. d low carbon, common machining
steels. e Bar stock, medium carbon high-strength machining steel. f Quenched and tempered. g Solution treated, strain hardened. h Solution treated and RT age. i Solution treated and articially aged.
Source: SAE j1099, Technical Report on Fatigue properties, 1975.
2024-T351
2024-T4
7075-T6
Brinell
hardness
HB
TABLE 1-1A
Mechanical properties of some metallic materials
1.14

25 mm (1 in) bar
25 mm (1 in) bar
4130
4340
Aged 4828C
Aged 4828C
Aged 4828C
876
CD 20% +
s.r.2h (9008F
WQ + (12008F)
OQ + (1000 8F)
OQ + (800 8F)
1540
1760
1980
814
1262
1531
517
621
805
965
634
586
455
620
710
790
448
Annealed
HR
CD 20%
CD 50%
Annealed
(12008F)
CD 0%
CD 30%
CD 60%
CD 80%
HR
Condition/Process MPa
225
256
288
118
183
200
127
75
90
117
140
92
85
66
90
102
115
65
kpsi
1480
1630
1920
703
1172
1379
696
352
414
670
855
365
441
275
585
605
660
331
215
237
279
102
170
200
101
51
60
97
124
53
64
40
85
88
96
48
MPa kpsi
724
1310
1517
MPa
105
190
220
kpsi
876 127
1007 146
MPa kpsi
752
855
241
427
269
296
370
410
365
296
240
315
350
365
241
MPa
690
690
760
490
109 669
124 469
35
MPa kpsi
100
100
110
71
97
68
62d
39
43a
54d
60d
53
43
35d
46d
51d
53d
35d
kpsi
Fatigue
limit, sf
207
204
GPa
30.0
29.6
Mpsi
Youngs
modulus, E
81
79
83
11.7
11.4
12.0
110
75
100
68
55
62
50
64
52
47
31
57
50
44
25
40
70
70
62
54
26
59
Modulus of
Fracture
rigidity, G toughness, K IC Reduction
in area
GPa Mpsi GPa Mpsi A, %
0.80
0.97
0.69
1.02
0.73
0.63
0.37
0.84
0.69
0.58
0.33
0.51
1.20
1.20
0.97
0.78
0.30
0.89
True
strain at
fracture,
"f
A description of the materials and typical uses follows the table.

CD cold drawn (the percentage reduction in area); HR hot rolled; OQ oil quenched; WQ water quenched (temperature following is the tempering temperature); s:r: stress relieved.
c
Smooth-specimen rotating-beam results, unless noted A ( axial).
d
106 cycles.
Source: Extracted from Kenneth S. Edwards, Jr, and Robert B. McKee, Fundamentals of Mechanical Component Design, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1991, which is drawn from the Structural Alloys Handbook, published by the Metals and
Ceramics Information Center, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, 1985.
18% Ni maraging
200
L plate
250
L plate
300
L plate
25 mm (1 in)
bar
25 mm (1 in)
bar or plate
25 mm (1 in)
WQ bar or plate
25 mm (1 in) bar
1050
1040
1030
1020
Steel:
1016
Material Form
Ultimate
Yield strength
Shear (torsional) strength
tensile
strength, sut Tensile, syt Compressive, syc Ultimate, su Yield, sy
TABLE 1-1B
Mechanical properties of some typical metallic materials
1.15

1.16
CHAPTER ONE
TABLE 1-2
Poissons ratio
Material
Material
Aluminium, cast
Aluminium, drawn
Beryllium copper
Brass
Brass, 30 Zn
Cast steel
Chromium
Copper
Douglas r
Ductile iron
Glass
Gray cast iron
Iron, soft
Iron, cast
Inconel x
Lead
Magnesium
Malleable cast iron
0.330
0.348
0.285
0.340
0.350
0.265
0.210
0.343
0.330
0.3400.370
0.245
0.2100.270
0.293
0.270
0.410
0.431
0.291
0.230
Molybdenum
Monel metal
Nickel, soft
Nickel, hard
Rubber
Silver
Steel, mild
Steel, high carbon
Steel, tool
Steel, stainless (18-8)
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Vanadium
Wrought iron
Zinc
0.293
0.3200.370
0.239
0.306
0.4500.490
0.367
0.303
0.295
0.287
0.305
0.342
0.357
0.280
0.365
0.278
0.331

Automotive
ASTMA602, SAE J158
ASTM A197
Perlite and martensite:
ASTM A220
ANSI G48-2
MIL-1-11444B
Malleable cast iron:

Ferrite
ASTM A47-52, A338,
ANSI G 48-1
FED QQ-1-66e
365
35018

517
621
M5503e
M7002e
724
517
M5003d
M8501
448
M4504d
345
414
448
448
448
483
517
552
552
586
655
724
40010
45008
45006
45010
50005
50007
60004
60003
70003
80002
90001
Grade
M3210c
276
345
Class or
grade
32510
431
293
60
121
40
252
362
120
35
50
111
30
214
152
179
Gray cast ironb

ASTM class
20
25
SAE
110
MPa
Material, class, specication
105
90
75
75
65
50
60
65
65
65
70
75
80
80
85
95
105
40
53
50
62.5
52.5
42.5
36.5
31
22
26
kpsi
Tension,
sut
242
242
242
242
1670
1670
1670
220
208
187.5
164
140
124
109
83
97
kpsi
1670
1517
1434
1293
1130
965
855
752
572
669
MPa
Compression,
suc
Ultimate strength
689
552
517
338
352
324
496
448
393
338
303
220
255
MPa
100
80
75
49
51
47
72
65
57
49
44
32
37
kpsi
Shear,
su
610
503
393
334
276
179
220
MPa
88.5
73
57
48.5
40
26
32
kpsi
Torsional/
shear
strength,
s
TABLE 1-3
Mechanical properties of typical cast ferrous materialsa
586
483
379
345
310
224
276
310
310
310
345
345
414
414
483
552
621
207
241
220
MPa
85
70
55
50
45
32
40
45
45
45
50
50
60
60
70
80
90
30
35
32
kpsi
Yield
strength,
sy
276
270
255
220
214
193
169
148
128
110
97
69
79
MPa
40
39
37
32
31
28
24.5
21.5
18.5
16
14
10
11.5
kpsi
Endurance limit
in reversed
bending,
sfb
269302
229269
187241
187241
163217
156 max
149197
156197
156207
185
179229
204
197241
226
217269
241285
269321
156 max
156 max
156 max
302
262
235
212
210
156
174
186
186
183
180
172
172
141162
130157
27
27
26.5
26
25
25
20.423.5
18.822.8
16.020.0
14.517.2
13.016.4
9.614.0
11.514.8
Mpsi
Tension,
E
110138
10119
90113
6697
79102
Brinell
hardness,
HB
GPa
160
160
160
160
172
172
GPa
27
23.2
23.2
23.2
25
25
Mpsi
Compression,
E
Modulation of elasticity
Mpsi
5459 7.88.5
5055 7.28.0
4454 6.47.8
4048 5.86.9
3645 5.26.6
2739 3.95.6
3241 4.66.0
GPa
Shear,
G
10
10
8
6
10
5
7
4
3
3
2
1
18
10
Elongation
in 50 mm
(2 in), %
19
19
19
19
22
22
156
108
95
75
75
14
14
14
14
16.5
16.5
115
80
70
55
55
ft-lbf
Impact strength
(Charpy)
Steering gear housing,

mounting brackets
Compressor crankshafts
and hubs
Parts requiring selective
hardening, as gears
For machinability and
improved induction
hardening
Connecting rods,
universal joint yokes
Gears with high strength
and good wear resistance
General engineering
service at normal and
elevated temperatures
General purpose at
normal and elevated
temperature, good
machinability, excellent
shock resistance.
Pipe anges, valve parts
Soft iron castings

Cylinder blocks and
heads, housing
Flywheels, brake drums
and clutch plates
Heavy-duty brake
drums, clutch plates
Cam shafts, cylinder
liners
Special high-strength
castings
Special high-strength
castings
Typical application
1.17
559
758
F33800
F34800
1.18

2445
3090
2545
2045
3490
60100
5560
5865
16
3555
60
65
80
100
141.3
110
81.1
67.3
90150
100
100160
70100
133.5
220.0
56.0
52.5
52.0
kpsi
12401380 180200
6201040
690
6901100
480690
920
1515
386
362
359
MPa
Compression,
suc
875
504
475
472
126.9
73.1
68.9
68.5
MPa kpsi
Shear,
su
MPa kpsi
Torsional/
shear
strength,
s
40
45
55
70
125.3
72.5
52.5
48.2
47.7
60
40
kpsi
193241 2835
276
310
379
483
864
500
362
332
329
414
276
MPa
Yield
strength,
sy
434
379
345
241
MPa
63
55
50
35
kpsi
Endurance limit
in reversed
bending,
sfb
Source: Compiled from AMS Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
Minimum values of u in MPa (kpsi) are given by class number.
Annealed.
Air-quenched and tempered.
Liquid-quenched and tempered.
Heat-treated and average mechanical properties.
Calculated from tensile modulus and Poissons ratio in tension.
170310
210620
170310
140310
235620
415690
380415
400450
110
241380
414
448
552
689
974
464
F33100
F36200
461
F32800
66.9
80
552
F34100
kpsi
60
MPa
UNS No.
F32800
414
Alloy cast irons

Medium-silicon gray iron
High chromium gray iron
High nickel gray iron
Ni-Cr-Si gray iron
High-aluminum gray iron
Medium-silicon ductile iron
High-nickel ductile iron (20Ni)
High-nickel ductile iron (23Ni)
Durion
Mechanite
SAE j
434C
120-9002h
D4018
D4512
D5506
D7003
8055
06h
100-7003h
Nodular (ductile) cast iron

Grade
60-40-18
ASTM
A395-76
ASME
SA 395
ASTM
80-60-03
A476-70(d)
SAE
AMS5316
ASTM
60-40-18h
A536-72
MIL-I-11466
B(MR)
65-45-12h
Material, class, specication
Tension,
sut
Ultimate strength
TABLE 1-3
Mechanical properties of typical cast ferrous materialsa (Cont.)
170250
250500
130250
110210
180350
140300
140200
130170
520
190
170 max
156217
187255
241302
332
257
192
167
167178
201 min
143187
158
83
164
162
168
168
169
Brinell
hardness,
HB
GPa
23
12
23.8
23.5
24.4
24.4
24.5
Mpsi
Tension,
E
164
165
163
164
GPa
23.8
23.9
23.6
23.8
Mpsi
Compression,
E
Typical application
9.09.3g 11.2
6264g
10
18
12
6
3
63.564g 9.29.3g 1.5
6-10
9.39.4g 15
6465g
1523
2035
60150
80150
5115
12
28
3
2031
2747
80200
110200
7155
16
38
4
Pressurecontaining parts
such as valve and
pump bodies
Machine
components
subjected to shock
and fatigue loads
Crankshafts, gears
and rollers
High-strength
gears and machine
components
Pinions, gears,
rollers and slides
Steering knuckles
Disk brake calipers
Crankshafts
Gears
ft-lbf
Impact strength
(Charpy)
6365.5g 9.19.5g 15
Elongation
in 50 mm
(2 in), % J
Valves and ttings

for steam and
chemical plant
equipment
Paper-mill dryer
rollers
Mpsi
Shear,
G
18
GPa
Modulation of elasticity
37.7
10.6
24.5
43.5
12.2
28.3
50.8
14.2
33.1
58.0
16.2
37.7
FG 260 260
73c
169d
FG 300 300
84c
195d
FG 350 350
98c
228d
FG 400 400
112c
260d

174.1
32.5
75.4
156.6
28.4
66.0
139.2
24.4
56.6
125.3
21.2
49.0
111.4
17.8
41.5
104.4
16.2
37.7
87.0
12.2
15.2
kpsi
460
403
345
299
253
230
173
MPa
66.7
58.5
50.0
43.4
36.7
33.4
25.1
kpsi
Shear
strength, s
kpsi
9.9
9.9
13.1
12.6
14.4
13.6
17.0
15.7
19.6
18.4
21.6
18.7
2.0
18.4
MPa
68e
68f
90e
87f
99e
94f
117e
108f
135e
127f
149e
129f
152e
127f
Fatigue
limit, sf
145
140
135
128
120
114
100
GPa
21.0
20.3
19.6
18.6
17.4
16.5
14.5
Mpsi
Tension
145
140
135
128
120
114
100
GPa
21.0
20.3
19.6
18.6
17.4
16.5
14.5
Mpsi
Compression
58
56
54
51
48
46
40
GPa
8.4
8.1
7.8
7.4
7.0
6.7
5.8
Mpsi
Modulus of
rigidity, G
320a
400b
280a
250b
240a
300b
208a
260b
176a
120b
160a
200b
120a
150b
MPa
46.4
58.0
40.6
50.8
34.8
43.5
30.2
37.7
25.5
32.0
23.2
29.0
17.4
21.8
kpsi
Notched
tensile
strength,
snt
0.28
0.25
0.22
0.20
0.18
0.17
0.15
Elastic
strain
at
failure,
%
Brinell
hardness
HB
0.50g
0.50g
0.50g
0.57g
207270
207241
180230
180230
0.390.63g 180220
0.480.67g 160220
0.60.75g 130180
Total
elastic
strain
at
fracture,
%
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
7300
7300
7250
7200
7150
7100
7050
455.7
455.7
452.6
449.5
446.4
443.3
440.1
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
0.460
0.460
0.460
0.460
0.420
0.375
26.5
0.1089
0.1089
0.1098
0.1098
0.1003
0.0896
0.0640
Specic heat
capacity at 20
to 2008C, c
Poissons
Density,
ratio,

kg/m3 lbm /ft3 mm/mK min/in8F kJ/kg K Btu/lbm 8F
Coecient of
the thermal
expansion, ,
20 to 2008C
44.0
45.7
47.4
48.8
50.1
50.8
52.5
7.75
8.05
8.35
8.59
8.82
8.95
9.25
W/m2 K Btu/ft2 h8F
Thermal
conductivity at
1008C, K
Note: The typical properties given in this table are the properties in a 30 mm (1.2 in) diameter separately cast test bar or in a casting section correctly represented by this size of test bar, where the tensile
strength does not correspond to that given. Other properties may dier slightly from those given.
Source: IS (Indian Standards) 210, 1993.
1200
224
520
1080
196
455
960
168
390
864
146
338
768
123
286
720
112
260
600
84
195
MPa
Compressive
strength, sc
Modulus of elasticity, E
Circumferential 458 notch-root radius 0.25 mm (0.04 in), notch depth 2.5 mm (0.4 in), root diameter 20 mm (0.8 in), notch depth 3.3 mm (0.132 in), notch diameter 7.6 mm (0.36 in).
Circumferential notch radius 9.5 mm (0.38 in), notch depth 2.5 mm (0.4 in), notch diameter 20 mm (0.8 in).
0.01% proof stress.
0.1% proof stress.
Unnotched 8.4 mm (0.336 in) diameter.
V-notched [circumferential 458 V-notch with 0.25 mm (0.04 in) root radius, diameter at notch 8.4 mm (0.336 in), depth of notch 3.4 mm (0.135 in)].
Values depend on the composition of iron.
Poissons ratio 0:26.
32.0
9.0
20.7
FG 220 220
62e
143d
29.0
8.1
18.8
FG 200 200
56c
130d
kpsi
21.8
6.0
14.2
MPa
FG 150 150
42c
98d
Grade
Tensile
strength, st
TABLE 1-4
Typical mechanical properties of gray cast iron
1.19
3060
61200
3060
61200
3060
61200
3060
61200
3060
61200
3060
61200
mm
1.20

550
362
318
286
272
253
216
216
181
SG 900/2
SG 800/2
SG 700/2
SG 600/2
SG 500/7
SG 450/10
SG 400/15
SG 400/18
SG 350/22
79.8
52.5
46.1
41.5
39.5
36.7
31.3
31.3
31.3
kpsi
MPa
810
720
630
540
45
405
360
360
315
7150
7200
7200
7170
7100
7100
7100
7100
7100
kg/m3
117.5
107.4
91.4
78.3
65.3
58.7
52.2
52.2
45.7
kpsi
Shear
strength, sc
1.22.4
2.448.0
1.22.4
2.448.0
1.22.4
2.448.0
1.22.4
2.448.0
1.22.4
2.448.0
1.22.4
2.448.0
in
317
304
280
248
224
210
195
195
180
MPa
46.0
44.1
40.6
35.0
32.5
30.5
28.3
28.3
26.1
kpsi
Fatigue
limit, sc
446.4
449.5
449.5
447.6
443.3
443.3
443.3
443.3
443.3
lbm /ft3
Density
0.275
0.275
0.275
0.275
0.275
0.275
0.275
0.275
0.275
67.1
68.6
86.6
67.9
65.9
65.9
65.9
65.9
65.9
GPa
Poissons
ratio,
kpsi
MPa
kpsi
0.2% Proof stress,

sy min
9.73
9.95
9.95
9.85
9.56
9.56
9.56
9.86
9.56
Mpsi
Modulus of,
Elasticity E
169
169
169
169
169
174
176
176
169
Ten
GPa
169
169
169
169
169
174
176
176
169
Com
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
25.2
25.2
25.2
24.5
Ten
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
25.2
25.2
25.2
24.5
MPsi
Com
Modulus of rigidity, G
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
lm/m K
Measured on test pieces from cast-on test samples

700
101.5
400
58.0
2
650
94.3
380
55.1
1
600
87.0
360
52.2
2
550
79.8
340
49.3
1
450
65.3
300
43.5
7
420
61.0
290
42.0
5
390
56.6
250
36.3
15
370
53.7
240
34.8
12
390
56.6
250
36.4
15
370
53.7
240
34.8
12
330
47.9
2231.9
18
320
46.4
210
30.6
15
150
130180
130180
170240
180270
220320
280360
245335
225305
190270
160240
160210
130180
130180
150
Brinell
hardness,
HB
14
12b
17b
15b
10.3 (8.1)
8.8 (6.6)
12.5 (10.3)
11.1 (8.8)
0.461
0.461
0.461
0.461
0.461
0.461
0.461
0.461
0.461
0.1101
0.1101
0.1101
0.1101
0.1101
0.1101
0.1101
0.1101
0.1101
Btu/lbm 8F
Specic heat, c at
208 to 2008C
kJ/kg K
(11)
(9)c
(14)c
(12)c
33.5
31.40
31.40
32.80
35.50
36.5
36.5
36.5
36.5
W/m2 K
5.90
5.53
5.53
5.72
6.25
6.43
6.43
6.43
6.43
Btu/ft2 h8F
Thermal conductivity,
at 1008C
Ferrite
Ferrite
Ferrite
Ferrite + pearlite
Ferrite + pearlite
Pearlite
Ferrite
Ferrite
Pearlite
Pearlite
Ferrite and pearlite
Ferrite and pearlite
Predominant structural
constituent
Mean value from 3 tests on V-notch test pieces at ambient
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
lin/in 8F
at 208 to 2008C
6.6 (3.2)
12.5 (11.0)
10.3 (8.1)
12.5 (10.3)
ft-lbf
Impact values min

(23 58C)
9.0b (4.3)c
17.0b (15.0)c
14.0b (11.0)c
17.0b (14.0)c
Thermal coecient of
linear expansion,
Elongationa
%, min
Measured on test pieces from separately cast test samples

900
130.5
600
87.0
2
800
116.0
480
69.6
2
700
101.5
420
61.0
2
600
87.0
370
53.7
2
500
72.5
320
46.4
7
450
65.3
310
45.0
10
400
58.0
250
36.3
15
400
58.0
250
36.6
18
350
50.8
220
32.0
22
MPa
Tensile strength,
st min
Elongation is measured on an initial gauge length L 5d where d is the diameter of the gauge length of the test pieces.
c
Individual value.
temperature.
Source: IS 1865, 1991.
MPa
Compression
strength, sc
Grade
SG 350/22A
SG 400/18A
SG 400/15A
SG 500/7A
SG 600/3A
SG 700/2A
SG 900/2
SG 800/2
SG 700/2
SG 600/2
SG 500/7
SG 450/10
SG 400/15
SG 400/18
SG 350/22
Grade
Typical casting
thickness
TABLE 1-5
Mechanical properties of spheroidal or nodular graphite cast iron
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.4
ASG Ni 13 Mn 7
ASG Ni 20 Cr 2
ASG Ni 20 Cr 3
ASG Ni 20 Si 5 Cr 2
ASG Ni 22
ASG Ni 23 Mn 4
ASG Ni 30 Cr 1
ASG Ni 30 Cr 3
ASG Ni 30 Si 5 Cr 5
ASG Ni 35
ASG Ni 35 Cr 3

140150
112130
112133
112133
85112
120140
112130
92105
91
112140
112123
ASG Ni 13 Mn 7
ASG Ni 20 Cr 2
ASG Ni 20 Cr 3
ASG Ni 20 Si 5 Cr 2
ASG Ni 22
ASG Ni 23 Mn 4
ASG Ni 30 Cr 1
ASG Ni 30 Cr 3
ASG Ni 30 Si 5 Cr 5
ASG Ni 35
ASG Ni 35 Cr 3
16.220.3
16.217.8
12.316.2
17.420.3
16.218.9
13.315.2
13.2
16.219.3
16.219.3
20.321.8
16.218.9
Mpsi
12.014.0
18.022.0
18.022.0
18.022.0
21.024.0
22.024.0
28.032.0
28.032.0
28.032.0
34.036.0
34.036.0
Ni
Thermal coecient of
linear expansion,
6.07.0
0.51.5
0.51.5
0.51.5
1.52.5
4.04.5
0.51.5
0.51.5
0.51.5
0.51.5
0.51.5
Mn
5
5
18.4
14.7
12.6
12.6
14.4
18.7
18.0
18.2
18.7
2.8
2.8
10.2
8.2
7.0
7.0
8.0
10.4
10.0
10.1
10.4
lm/m K
lin/in 8F
at 20 to 2008C
2.03.0
1.53.0
1.53.0
4.55.5
1.03.0
1.52.5
1.53.0
1.53.0
5.06.0
1.53.0
1.53.0
Si
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.3
1.02.5
2.53.5
1.02.5
<0.5
<0.2
1.01.5
2.53.5
4.55.5
0.2
2.03.0
W/m2 K
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Cumax
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
Btu/ft2 h8F
Thermal
conductivity, K
Pmax
Cr
455.7
462.0
462.0
462.0
462.0
462.0
462.0
462.0
462.0
474.5
474.5
lbm /ft3
390460
370470
390490
370430
370440
440470
370440
370470
390490
370410
370440
MPa
56.666.7
53.768.2
56.671.1
53.762.4
53.763.8
63.668.2
53.762.4
53.768.2
56.670.5
53.759.5
53.763.8
kpsi
Tensile strength,
st min
30.537.7
30.536.3
30.537.7
30.537.7
24.736.3
30.534.8
30.539.2
30.537.7
34.845.0
30.534.8
30.542.1
kpsi
1525
720
715
1018
2040
2545
1318
718
14
2040
710
Elongation
%, min
Properties and applications
210260
210250
210260
210260
170250
210240
210270
210260
240310
210240
210290
MPa
0.2% proof stress,

sy min
b
130170
140200
150255
180230
130170
150180
130190
140200
110250
130180
140190
15.027.5
13.527.5
12.0
14.9
20.033.0
24.0
17.0
8.5
3.95.9
20.5
7.0
11.120.3
10.020.3
8.9
11.0
14.824.3
17.7
8.1
6.3
2.94.4
15.1
5.2
Brinell
Impact valuesd , min
hardness,
HB
J
ft-lb
Non-magnetic. Hence used as pressure covers for turbine generator sets, housing for insulators, anges and switch gears.
Corrosion and heat resistance. Used in pumps, valves, compressor exhaust gas manifolds, turbo-supercharger housings
and bushings.
Good resistance to corrosion. Used in valves, pump components and components subject to high pressure.
High value of linear expansion and non-magnetic. Used for pumps, valves, compressor and exhaust gas manifold and
turbocharge housings.
High impact properties up to 1968C and non-magnetic. Used in castings for refrigerators, etc.
Good bearing properties. Used in exhaust manifolds and pumps, valves and turbocharger gas housing.
Used in boiler pumps, valves, lter parts and exhaust gas manifolds.
Used in pump components, valves, etc.
Power lower linear coecient of expansion. Used in machine tool parts, scientic instruments, glass molds, and parts
requiring dimensional stability.
Possess lower linear thermal expansion. Used in gas turbine housings and glass molds.
7300
7400
7400
7400
7400
7400
7400
7400
7400
7600
7600
kg/m3
Density
Unless otherwise specied, other elements may be present at the discretion of the manufacturer, provided they do not alter the micro-structure substantially, or aect the property adversely.
Elongation is measured on an initial gauge length L 5d where d is the diameter of the gauge length of the test pieces. c Measured on test pieces machined from separately cast test samples.
d
Mean value from 3 tests on V-notch test pieces at ambient temperature.
Source: IS 2749, 1974.
GPa
Grade
Modulus of
elasticity E
Cmax
Grade
Chemical compositiona , %
TABLE 1-5A
Chemical compositiona and mechanical propertiesc of spheroidal graphite austenitic cast iron
1.21
1.53.0
1.02.8
1.02.8
1.02.8
1.02.8
4.55.5
1.02.0
5.06.0
1.02.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
AFG Ni 13 Mn 7
AFG Ni 15 Cu 6 Cr 2
AFG Ni 15 Cu 6 Cr 3
AFG Ni 20 Cr 2
AFG Ni 20 Cr 3
AFG Ni 20 Si 5 Cr 3
AFG Ni 30 Cr 3
AFG Ni 30 Si 5 Cr 5
AFG Ni 35
12.4
14.6
5.0
AFG Ni 30 Cr 3
AFG Ni 30 Si 5 Cr 5
AFG Ni 35
6.9
8.1
2.8
460500
460500
460500
460500
460500
460500
460500
460500
460500
0.110.12
0.110.12
0.110.12
0.110.12
0.110.12
0.110.12
0.110.12
0.110.12
0.110.12
Btu/lbm 8F
7300
7300
7300
7300
7300
7300
7300
7300
7300
kg/m3
37.741.9
37.741.9
37.741.9
37.741.9
37.741.9
37.741.9
37.741.9
37.741.9
37.741.9
W/m2 K
6.647.38
6.647.38
6.647.38
6.647.38
6.647.38
6.647.38
6.647.38
6.647.38
6.647.38
Btu/ft2 h8F
Thermal
conductivity, K
0.5
5.57.5
5.57.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Cu
140220
170210
190240
170210
190240
190280
190240
170240
120180
MPa
20.332.0
24.730.5
27.634.8
24.730.5
27.634.8
27.640.6
27.634.8
27.434.8
17.426.1
kpsi
Tensile strength,
st min
2
12
23
12
23
13
13
Elongation
%, min
630840
700840
8601100
700840
8601100
8601100
700910
560
560700
MPa
91.4121.8
101.5121.8
124.7159.5
101.5121.8
124.7159.5
124.7159.5
101.5132.0
81.2
81.2101.5
kpsi
Ultimate compressive
strength, sut
Properties and applications
120150
140200
150250
120215
160250
140250
120215
150210
120140
Brinell
hardness,
HB
7090
85105
98113
85105
98113
110
98113
105
74
GPa
10.213.1
12.315.2
14.216.4
12.315.2
14.216.4
16.0
14.215.2
15.2
10.7
Mpsi
Modulus of
elasticity, E
Non-magnetic. Used in pressure covers for turbine generator sets, housing for switch gears and terminals, and ducts.
Resistance to corrosion, erosion, and heat. Good bearing properties. Used for pumps, valves, piston ring covers for
pistons, furnace components, bushings.
Possess high coecient of thermal expansion, resistance to corrosion and erosion. Used for pumps handling alkalis.
Used in soap, food and plastic industries.
Resistance to erosion, corrosion, heat. Used in high temperature application. Not suitable between 500 and 6008C.
Resistance to thermal shock and heat, corrosion at high temperature. Used in pumps, pressure vessels, valves, lters,
exhaust gas manifolds, turbine housings.
Resistance to erosion, corrosion, and heat. Possess average thermal expansion. Used in components for industrial
furnaces, valves, and pump components. Possess low thermal expansion and resistant to thermal shock. Used for
scientic instruments, glass molds and in such other parts where dimensional stability is required
455.7
455.7
455.7
455.7
455.7
455.7
455.7
455.7
455.7
lbm /ft3
Density
1.22

Unless otherwise specied other elements may be present at the discretion of the manufacturer, provided they do not alter the microstructure substantially, or aect the properties adversely.
Measured on test pieces machined from separately cast test pieces/samples.
Source: IS 2749, 1974.
17.7
18.7
18.7
18.7
18.7
18.0
AFG Ni 13 Mn 7
AFG Ni 15 Cu 6 Cr 2
AFG Ni 15 Cu 6 Cr 3
AFG Ni 20 Cr 2
AFG Ni 20 Cr 3
AFG Ni 20 Si 5 Cr 3
9.3
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.0
lm/m K
lin/in 8F
at 20 to 2008C
Grade
0.2
1.02.5
2.53.5
1.02.5
2.53.5
1.54.5
2.53.5
4.55.5
0.2
Cr
Specic hear, c
12.014.0
13.517.5
13.517.5
18.022.0
18.022.0
18.022.0
28.032.0
29.032.0
34.036.0
Ni
J/kg K
6.07.0
0.51.5
0.51.5
0.51.5
0.51.5
0.51.5
0.51.5
0.51.5
0.51.5
Mn
Thermal coecient of
linear expansion,
Si
Grade
Chemical composition, %
TABLE 1-5B
Chemical compositiona and mechanical propertiesb of ake graphite austenitic cast iron
(C 07)
(C 10y)
(C 14y)
(C 15)
(C 15 Mn 75)
(C 20)
(C 25)
(C 25 Mn 75+)
(C 30+)
(C 35)
(C 35 Mn 75+)
(C 40+)
(C 45+)
(C 50+)
(C 50 Mn 1)
(C 55 Mn 75+)
(C 60)
(C 65)
7C4
10 C 4
14 C 6
15 C 4
15 C 8
20 C 8
25 C 4
25 C 8
30 C 8
35 C 4
35 C 8
40 C 8
45 C 8
50 C 4
50 C 12
55 C 8
60 C 4
65 C 6
0.12 max
0.15 max
0.100.18
0.20 max
0.100.20
0.150.25
0.200.30
0.200.30
0.250.35
0.300.40
0.300.40
0.350.45
0.400.50
0.450.55
0.450.55
0.500.60
0.550.65
0.600.70
%C
0.50 max
0.300.60
0.400.70
0.300.60
0.600.90
0.600.90
0.300.60
0.600.90
0.600.90
0.300.60
0.600.90
0.600.90
0.600.90
0.600.90
1.101.40
0.600.90
0.500.80
0.500.80
% Mn
320400
340420
370450
370490
420500
440520
440540
470570
500600
520620
550650
580680
630710
660780
720 min
720 min
750 min
750 min
MPa
46.558.0
49.470.0
53.665.0
53.671.0
61.072.5
63.575.4
63.578.3
68.282.7
72.587.0
75.490.0
79.894.3
84.198.7
91.4103.0
95.7113.1
104.4 min
104.4 min
108.8 min
108.8 min
kpsi
Tensile strength, st
Notes: a , area of cross section; y steel for hardening; + steel for hardening and tempering; Mn 75 average content of Mn is 0.75%.
Source: IS 1570, 1979.
Old
New
Designation
TABLE 1-6
Carbon steels with specied chemical composition and related mechanical properties
27
26
26
25
25
24
23
22
21
20
20
18
15
13
11
13
11
10
Elongation, %
(gauge
length
p
5.56 a round
test piece)
40.6
40.6
40.6
40.6
30.5
30.5
55
55
41.35
41.35
ft-lbf
55
55
Izod impact value, min (if

specied)
1.23

(10 S 11)
(14 Mn 1 S 14)
(25 Mn 1 S 14)
(40 S 18)
(11 S 25)
(40 Mn 2 S 12)
10
14
25
40
11
40
0.15 max
0.100.18
0.200.30
0.350.45
0.080.15
0.350.45
%C
0.050.30
0.050.30
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.10 max
0.25 max
% Si
0.600.90
1.201.50
1.001.50
0.801.20
0.801.20
1.301.70
% Mn
0.080.13
0.100.18
0.100.18
0.140.22
0.200.30
0.080.15
%S
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.060
370490*
440540
500600*
550650*
370490*
600700*
%P
(max) MPa
53.771.0
63.878.3
72.587.0
79.894.0
53.771.0
87.0101.5
kpsi
24*
22*
20*
17*
22*
15*
Minimum
elongation, %
(gauge
length
p
5.65 a )
40.6
30.2
35.4
55
41
48
100 (4.0)
60 (2.4)
30 (1.2)
30 (1.2)
Izod impact value, Limiting

min (if specied) ruling
section,
J
ft-lbf
mm (in)
Notes: a , area of cross section; , steel for case hardening. Minimum values of yield stress may be required in certain specications, and in such case a minimum yield stress of 55 percent of minimum
tensile strength should be satisfactory.
Source: IS 1570, 1979.
C 8 S 10
C 14 S 14
C 12 S 14
C 10 S 18
C 10 S 25
C 15 S 12
Old
New
Designation
TABLE 1-7
Carbon and carbon - manganese free - cutting steels with specied chemical composition and related mechanical properties
1.24

UNS
no.
G10100
G10150
G10200
G10300
G10400
G10500
G10600
G10950
G11170
G11440
G13400
AISIa
no.
1010
1015
1020
1030
1040
1050
1060
1095
1117
1144
1340

Normalized
Annealed
As-rolled
Normalized
Annealed
As-rolled
Normalized
Annealed
As-rolled
Normalized
Annealed
As-rolled
Normalized
Annealed
As-rolled
Normalized
Annealed
As-rolled
Normalized
Annealed
As-rolled
Normalized
Annealed
As-rolled
Normalized
Annealed
As rolled
Normalized
Annealed
Hot-rolled
Cold-drawn
Treatment
870
800
900
790
900
825
900
790
900
790
900
790
900
790
925
845
870
870
925
870
8C
1600
1475
1650
1450
1650
1575
1650
1450
1650
1450
1650
1450
1650
1450
1700
1550
1600
1600
1700
1600
8F
Austenitizing
temperature
TABLE 1-8
Mechanical properties of selected carbon and alloy steels
836.3
703.3
703.3
667.4
584.7
486.8
467.1
429.5
965.3
1013.5
656.7
813.7
775.7
625.7
723.9
748.1
636.0
620.5
589.5
518.8
551.6
520.0
463.7
448.2
441.3
394.7
420.6
424.0
386.1
320
370
MPa
121.3
102.0
102.0
96.8
84.8
70.6
67.8
62.3
140.0
147.0
95.3
118.0
112.5
90.8
105.0
108.5
92.3
90.0
85.5
75.3
80.0
75.5
67.3
65.0
64.0
57.3
61.0
61.5
56.0
47
53
kpsi
558.5
436.4
420.6
399.9
346.8
305.4
303.4
279.2
572.3
499.9
379.2
482.6
420.6
372.3
413.7
427.5
365.4
413.7
374.0
353.4
344.7
344.7
341.3
330.9
346.5
294.8
313.7
324.1
284.4
180
300
MPa
81.0
63.3
61.0
58.0
50.3
44.3
44.0
40.5
83.0
72.5
55.0
70.0
61.0
54.0
60.0
62.0
53.0
60.0
54.3
51.3
50.0
50.0
49.5
48.0
50.3
42.3
45.5
47.0
41.3
26
44
kpsi
Yield strength, sy
22.0
25.5
21.0
21.0
24.8
33.0
33.5
32.8
9.0
9.5
13.0
17.0
18.0
22.5
20.0
20.0
23.7
25.0
28.0
30.2
32.0
32.0
31.2
36.0
35.8
36.5
39.0
37.0
37.0
28
20
Elongation
in 50 mm
(2 in), %
62.9
57.3
41.0
40.4
41.3
63.0
63.8
58.0
18.0
13.5
20.6
34.0
37.2
38.2
40.0
39.4
39.9
50.0
54.9
57.2
57.0
60.8
57.9
59.0
67.9
66.0
61.0
69.6
69.7
50
40
Reduction
in area, %
248
207
212
197
167
143
137
121
293
293
192
241
229
179
229
217
187
201
170
149
179
149
126
143
131
111
126
121
111
95
105
Brinell
hardness,
HB
92.5
70.5
52.9
43.4
65.1
81.3
85.1
93.6
4.1
5.4
2.7
17.6
13.2
11.3
31.2
27.1
16.9
48.8
65.1
44.3
74.6
93.6
69.4
86.8
117.7
123.4
110.5
115.5
115.0
68.2
52.0
39.0
32.0
48.0
60.0
62.8
69.0
3.0
4.0
2.0
13.0
9.7
8.3
23.0
20.0
12.5
36.0
48.0
32.7
55.0
69.0
51.2
64.0
86.8
91.0
81.5
85.2
84.8
ft-lbf
Izod impact
strength
1.25
1.26

G31400
G41300
G41500
G43200
G43400
G46200
G48200
G51500
G61500
G86300
G87400
G92550
G93100
3140
4130
4150
4320
4340
4620
4820
5150
6150
8630
8740
9255
9310
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
Treatment
890
845
900
845
870
815
870
845
870
815
870
825
860
815
900
855
870
810
895
850
870
815
870
865
870
815
8C
1630
1550
1650
1550
1600
1500
1600
1550
1600
1500
1600
1520
1580
1500
1650
1575
1600
1490
1640
1560
1600
1500
1600
1585
1600
1500
8F
906.7
820.5
932.9
774.3
929.4
695.0
650.2
564.0
939.8
667.4
870.8
675.7
750.0
681.2
574.3
512.3
1279.0
744.6
792.9
579.2
1154.9
729.5
668.8
560.5
891.5
689.5
MPa
131.5
119.0
135.3
112.3
134.8
100.8
94.3
81.8
136.3
96.8
126.3
98.0
109.5
98.8
83.3
74.3
185.5
108.0
115.0
84.0
167.5
105.8
97.0
81.3
129.3
100.0
kpsi
570.9
439.9
579.2
486.1
606.7
415.8
429.5
372.3
615.7
412.3
529.5
357.1
484.7
464.0
366.1
372.3
861.8
472.3
464.0
609.5
734.3
379.2
436.4
360.6
599.8
422.6
MPa
82.8
63.8
84.0
70.5
88.0
60.3
62.3
54.0
89.3
59.8
76.8
51.8
70.3
67.3
53.1
54.0
125.0
68.5
67.1
61.6
106.5
55.0
63.3
52.3
87.0
61.3
kpsi
Yield strength, sy
18.8
17.3
19.7
21.7
16.0
22.2
23.5
29.0
21.8
23.0
20.7
22.0
24.0
22.3
29.0
31.3
12.2
22.0
20.8
29.0
11.7
20.2
25.2
28.2
19.7
24.5
Elongation
in 50 mm
(2 in), %
58.1
42.1
43.4
41.1
47.9
46.4
53.5
58.9
61.0
48.4
58.7
43.7
59.2
58.8
66.7
60.3
36.3
49.9
50.7
58.4
30.8
40.2
59.5
55.6
57.3
50.8
Reduction
in area, %
269
241
269
229
269
201
187
156
269
197
255
197
229
197
174
149
363
217
235
163
321
197
197
156
262
197
Brinell
hardness,
HB
119.3
78.6
13.6
8.8
17.6
40.0
94.6
95.2
35.5
27.4
31.5
25.1
109.8
92.9
132.9
93.6
15.9
51.1
72.9
109.8
11.5
24.7
86.4
61.7
88.0
58.0
10.0
6.5
13.0
29.5
69.8
70.2
26.2
20.2
23.2
18.5
81.0
68.5
98.0
69.0
11.7
37.7
53.8
81.0
8.5
18.2
63.7
45.5
39.5
34.2
ft-lbf
Izod impact
strength
53.6
46.4
All grades are ne-grained except for those 1100 series, which are coarse-grained. Heat-treated specimens were oil-quenched unless otherwise indicated.
Values tabulated were averaged and obtained from specimen 12.75 mm (0.505 in) in diameter which were machined from 25 mm (1 in); rounded gauge lengths were 50 mm (2 in).
Source: ASM Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals. Metals Park, Ohio. 1988
UNS
no.
AISIa
no.
Austenitizing
temperature
TABLE 1-8
Mechanical properties of selected carbon and alloy steels (Cont.)

1.27
TABLE 1-9
Mechanical properties of standard steels
Designation
Yield stress, sy
New
Old
MPa
kpsi
MPa
kpsi
Elongation in
50 mm (gauge
p
length 5.65 a )
Fe 290
Fe E 220
Fe 310
Fe E 230
Fe 330
Fe F 250
Fe 360
Fe F 270
Fe 410
Fe E 310
Fe 490
Fe E 370
Fe 540
Fe E 400
Fe 620
Fe E 460
Fe 690
Fe E 520
Fe 770
Fe E 580
Fe 870
Fe E 650
(St 30)
(St 32)
(St 34)
(St 37)
(St 42)
(St 50)
(St 55)
(St 63)
(St 70)
(St 78)
(St 88)
290
290
310
310
330
330
360
360
410
410
490
490
540
540
620
620
690
690
770
770
870
870
42.0
42.0
45.0
45.0
47.9
47.9
52.2
52.2
59.5
59.5
71.1
71.1
78.3
78.3
90.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
111.7
111.7
126.2
126.2
170
220
180
230
200
250
220
270
250
310
290
370
320
400
380
460
410
520
460
580
520
650
24.7
32.0
26.1
33.4
29.0
36.3
32.0
39.2
36.3
50.0
42.0
53.7
46.4
58.0
55.1
66.7
59.5
75.4
66.7
84.1
75.4
94.3
27
27
26
26
26
26
25
25
23
23
21
21
20
20
15
15
12
12
10
10
8
8
Note: a area of cross-section of test specimen.

Source: IS 1570, 1978.
TABLE 1-10
Chemical composition and mechanical properties of carbon steel castings for surface hardening
Chemical composition (in ladle analysis) max, %
Designation
Si
Mn
Cr
Ni
Mo
Cu
Residual elements
Gr 1
Gr 2
0.4-0.5
0.5-0.6
0.60
0.60
1.0
1.0
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.25
0.25
0.40
0.40
0.15
0.15
0.30
0.30
0.80
0.80
Yield strength, sy

Designation
Mpa
kpsi
Mpa
kpsi
Elongation, % min
(gauge
length
p
5.65 a )
Gr 1
Gr 2
620
700
90.0
101.5
320
370
46.4
53.7
12
8
Brinell
hardness
HB
460
535
Notes: a area of cross section of test specimen. All castings shall be free from distortion and harmful defects. They shall be well-dressed, fettled,
and machinable. Unless agreed upon by the purchaser and the manufacturer, castings shall be supplied in the annealed, or nomalized and tempered
condition.
Source: IS 2707, 1973.

0.060.24
0.120.18
0.140.19
0.180.22
0.26 max
0.12 max
0.15 max
0.100.15
0.120.18
0.120.18
0.120.18
0.120.20
0.330.40
0.320.42
0.300.40
0.350.45
0.350.45
0.300.40
0.350.45
0.360.44
0.200.30
0.500.60
0.450.55
0.180.23
0.330.41
%C
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.150.60
0.50 max
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
1.502.00
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
1.502.00
0.100.35
0.200.35
1.101.40
% Si
1.301.70
0.400.60
1.001.30
1.001.40
0.500.80
0.400.70
0.400.70
0.400.70
0.400.70
0.601.00
0.601.00
0.400.70
0.801.00
1.301.70
1.301.80
1.600.90
0.500.80
0.600.90
0.400.70
0.400.70
0.400.70
0.801.00
0.500.80
0.700.90
1.101.40
% Mn
0.200.35
0.400.70
0.450.65
0.150.25
0.901.20
0.400.60
1.001.50
1.251.75
2.252.75
0.30 max
0.400.70
0.200.35
0.200.35
0.800.15
0.100.20
0.150.25
0.901.70
0.901.20
0.450.75
0.901.30
0.500.80
2.903.40
0.150.30
0.450.65
0.901.10
% Mo
0.30 max
0.30 max
3.003.50
3.804.30
1.001.50
1.502.00
1.802.20
% Cr
0.500.80
0.801.10
1.001.30
0.901.20
0.701.10
2.002.50
0.601.00
1.001.40
0.751.25
0.751.25
1.401.70
% Ni
0.150.30
%V
% Al
Notes: (1) Sulfur and phosphorus can be ordered as per following limits: (i) S and P 0.30 max; (ii) S 0.020.035 and P 0.035 max. (2) When the steel is Al killed, total Al contents shall be between
0.020.05 percent.
Source: IS 4367, 1991.
Mn 2
Cr 65
Mn 1 Cr 95
Mn Cr 1
Cr 1 Mo 28
Cr 90 Mo 55
Cr 2 Mo 1
Ni 3 Cr 80
Ni 4 Cr 1
Ni Cr 1 Mo 12
Ni Cr 1 Mo 15
Ni Cr 2 Mo 20
Si 2 Mn 90
Mn 2
Mn 2 Mo 28
Cr 1
Cr 1 Mo 28
Ni 1 Cr 60
Ni 2 Cr 1 Mo 28
Ni 3 Cr 65 Mo 55
Cr 3 Mo 55
Si 2 Mn 90
Cr 1 V 23
20
15
17
20
21
07
10
13
15
15
15
16
37
37
35
40
40
35
40
40
25
55
50
20
15
16
20
21
07
10
13
15
15
15
16
36
37
35
40
40
35
40
40
25
55
50
20
37
C 15
Cr 3
Mn 5 Cr 4
Mn 5 Cr 5
Cr 4 Mo 2
Cr 4 Mo 6
Cr 9 Mo 10
Ni 13 Cr 3
Ni 16 Cr 5
Ni 5 Cr 4 Mo 1
Ni 7 Cr 4 Mo 2
Ni 8 Cr 6 Mo 2
S 17
C 15
Mn 6 Mo 3
Cr 4
Cr 4 Mo 3
Ni 5 Cr 2
Ni 6 Cr 4 Mo 3
Ni 10 Cr 3 Mo 6
Cr 13 Mo 6
Si 7
Cr 4 V 2
Ni Cr MO 2
Mn 5 Si 5
Old
New
Designation
TABLE 1-11
Chemical composition of alloy steel forgings for general industrial use
1.28

H and T
H and T
R, Q and S.R
R, Q and S.R
R, Q and S.R
H and T
20 C 15
30 C 15
15
16
20
21
R, Q and S.R
R, Q and S.R
R, Q and S.R
R, Q and S.R
R, Q and S.R
R, Q and S.R
H and T
H and T
H and T
H and T
13
15
15
15
16
20
36
37
55
35
H and T
H and T
H and T
40 Cr 4
40 Cr 4 Mo 3
35 Ni 5 Cr 2
Ni 13 Cr 3
Ni 16 Cr 5
Ni 5 Cr 4 Mo 1
Ni 7 Cr 4 Mo 2
Ni 8 Cr 6 Mo 2
Ni Cr Mo 2
Si 7
Mn 5 Si 5
Si 7
Mn 6 Mo 3
N and T
N and T
7 Cr 4 Mo 6
10 Cr 9 Mo 10
Cr 3
Mn 5 Cr 4
Mn 5 Cr 5
Cr 4 Mo 2
Condition
Designation
600750
700850
600750
700850
800950
600 min
800 min
1000 min
650800
700850
800950
380550
410590
520680
850 min
1350 min
1000 min
1100 min
1350 min
900 min
800950
780930
13001500
700850
9001050
10001150
700850
9001050
700850
9001050
10001150
700850
9001050
MPa
87.0108.8
101.5123.3
87.0108.8
101.5123.3
116.0137.8
87.0 min
116.0 min
145.0 min
94.3116.0
101.5123.3
116.0137.8
55.179.8
59.585.6
75.498.6
123.3 min
195.8 min
145.0 min
159.5 min
195.8 min
130.5 min
116.0137.8
113.1134.9
188.6217.6
101.5123.3
130.5152.3
145.0166.8
101.5123.3
130.5152.3
101.5123.3
130.5152.3
145.0166.8
101.5123.3
130.5152.3
kpsi
Tensile strength,b
st
85.6
78.3
101.5
116.0
78.3
101.5
78.3
101.5
116.0
78.3
101.5
540
700
800
540
700
540
700
800
540
700
61.0
66.7
84.1
32.6
35.5
45.0
58.0
66.7
63.8
78.3
87.0
kpsi
590
420
460
580
225
245
310
400
460
440
540
600
MPa
Yield strength,b
sy
TABLE 1-12
Mechanical properties of alloy steel forgings for general industrial use

220
220
220
229
241
217
217
229
213
217
217
245
220
170
187
170
207
217
210
220
200
Brinell hardness
in soft annealed
condition, max,
HB
18
15
13
18
15
18
15
13
18
15
14
18
16
18
18
16
13
10
8
16
15
14
19
18
18
12
9
9
9
9
11
Elongation,b
%, min
(gauge
length
p
5.65 a )a
55
50
45
55
50
55
50
45
55
50
50
50
50
48
48
48
35
38
60
55
50
60
55
50
48
35
41
35
35
41
40.6
36.9
33.2
40.6
36.9
40.6
36.9
33.2
40.6
36.9
36.9
36.9
36.9
35.4
35.4
35.4
25.8
28.0
44.3
40.6
36.9
44.3
40.6
36.9
35.4
25.8
30.2
25.8
25.8
30.2
ft-Ibf
Izod impactb
value
100
150
63
30
100
30
150
63
30
150
63
4.00
6.00
2.52
1.20
4.00
1.20
6.00
2.52
1.20
6.00
2.52
4.00
235280 100
380440
208252
268311
295341
208252
266311
208252
266311
295341
208252
266311
2.4
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
2.52
1.20
6.00
4.00
2.52
1.20
1.20
1.20
6.00
4.00
1.60
1.60
2.00
60
30
30
30
30
178221 63
208252 63
178221 150
208252 100
235280 63
30
30
30
190235 150
208252 100
235280 40
40
50
Brinellb
Limiting
hardness ruling section
number
HB
mm
in
1.29
H and T
H and T
40 Ni 10 Cr 3 Mo 6
50 Cr 4 V 2
9001050
11001250
9001050
11001250
12001350
10001150
12001350
1550 min
9001100
10001200
MPa
130.5152.3
159.5181.3
130.5152.3
159.5181.3
174.0195.8
145.0166.8
174.0195.8
224.8 min
130.5159.5
145.0174.0
kpsi
700
880
700
880
1000
800
1000
1300
700
800
MPa
101.5
127.6
101.5
127.6
145.0
116.0
145.0
188.5
101.5
116.0
kpsi
Yield strength,b
sy
240
250
230
230
Brinell hardness
in soft annealed
condition, max,
HB
15
12
55
11
10
12
10
8
12
10
Elongation,b
%, min
(gauge
length
p
5.65 a a
55
41
55
41
30
48
35
15
45
45
40.6
30.2
40.6
30.2
22.1
35.4
25.8
11.1
33.2
33.2
ftIbf
Izod impactb
value
266311
325370
266311
325370
355399
295341
355399
450 min
266325
295355
150
100
150
63
30
150
150
100
100
40
6.00
4.00
6.00
2.52
1.20
6.00
6.00
4.00
4.00
1.60
Brinellb
Limiting
hardness ruling section
number
HB
mm
in
a , area of cross section.

Mechanical properties in heat-treated conditions.
Notes: H and T hardened and tempered; N and T normalized and tempered; R,Q and S.R rened quenched and stress-relieved. All properties for guidance only. Other values may be mutually
agreed on between the consumers and suppliers.
Source: IS 4367, 1991.
H and T
Condition
40 Ni 6 Cr 4 Mo 3
25 Cr 13 Mo 6
Designation
Tensile strength,b
st
TABLE 112
Mechanical properties of alloy steel forgings for general industrial use (Cont.)
1.30

0.22 0.10 1.30

0.32 0.35 1.70
0.32 0.10 1.30

0.42 0.35 1.70
0.30 0.10 1.30

0.40 0.35 1.80
0.30 0.10 1.30

0.40 0.35 1.80
0.35 0.10 0.60

0.45 0.35 0.90
0.35 0.10 0.50

0.45 0.35 0.80
0.10 0.10 0.40 0.30

0.20 0.35 0.70 max
0.20 0.10 0.40 0.30

0.30 0.35 0.70 max
27 C 15 (27 Mn 2)
37 C 15 (37 Mn 2)
35 Mn 6 Mo 3
(35 Mn 2 Mo 28)
35 Mn 6 Mo 4
(35 Mn 2 Mo 45)
40 Cr 4 (40 Cr 1)
40 Cr 4 Mo 2
(40 Cr 1 Mo 28)
15 Cr 13 Mo 6
(15 Cr 3 Mo 55)
25 Cr 13 Mo 6
(25 Cr 3 Mo 55)
Ni
0.16 0.10 1.30

0.24 0.35 1.70
Mn
20 C 15 (20 Mn 2)##
Si
Designation
0.35
0.55
0.20
0.35
Mo
2.90 0.45
3.40 0.65
2.90 0.45
3.40 0.65
0.90 0.20
1.20 0.35
0.90
1.20
Cr
Percent
V/Al
TABLE 113
Chemical composition and mechanical properties of alloy steels
8901040
9901140
10901240
1540 min
690840
790940
700850
800950
9001050
10001150
690840
790940
8901040
790940
8901040
9901140
690840
790940
8901040
9901140
590740
690840
790940
8901040
590740
690840
590740
690840
MPa
129.0150.8
143.6165.3
158.1179.8
223.4 min
100.0121.8
114.6136.3
101.5123.3
116.0137.8
130.5152.3
145.0166.8
100.0121.8
114.6136.3
129.0150.8
114.6136.3
129.0150.8
143.6165.3
100.0121.8
114.6136.3
129.0150.8
143.6165.3
85.5107.3
100.0121.8
114.6136.3
129.0150.8
85.5107.3
100.0121.8
85.6107.3
100.0121.8
kpsi
56.6
71.1
79.9
94.3
71.1 14
79.9 12
650 94.3. 11
750 108.8 10
830 120.4 9
1240 179.8 8
490
550
13
12
11
10
71.1 14
79.8 12
94.3 11
490 71.1
550 79.8
650 94.3
750 108.8
490
550
650
550 79.8 16
650 94.3 15
750 108.9 13
14
12
12
10
18
18
16
15
56.6 18
65.3 16
56.6 18
65.3 16
490 71.1
550 79.8
650 94.3
750 108.8
390
490
550
650
390
450
390
450
40.6
36.8
36.8
35.4
35.4
35.4
35.4
30.2
40.6
36.8
36.8
35.4
50
48
41
14
36.8
35.4
30.2
10.3
55 40.6
50 36.8
55
50
50
48
55 40.6
50 36.8
50 36.8
55 40.6
55 40.6
48 35.4
55
50
50
48
48
48
48
41
48 35.4
48 35.4
48 35.4
48 35.4
255311
285341
311363
444 min
201248
229277
201248
229277
255311
285341
201248
229277
255311
229277
255311
285341
201248
229277
255311
285341
170217
201248
229277
255311
170217
201248
170217
201248
0.2%
Minimum
Minimum
proof stress, elongation
Izod impact
min, sy
(gauge length
value
Brinell#
p
hardness
5.65 a )a ,
MPa kpsi %
J ft-lbf
HB
150 (6.0)
150 (6.0)
100 (4.0)
63 (2.5)
150 (6.0)
150 (6.0)
150 (6.0)
100 (4.0)
63 (2.5)
30 (1.2)
100 (4.0)
63 (2.5)
30 (1.2)
150 (6.0)
100 (4.0)
63 (2.5)
150 (6.0)
100 (4.0)
63 (2.5)
30 (1.2)
150 (6.0)
100 (4.0)
30 (1.2)
15 (0.6)
100 (4.0)
63 (2.5)
63 (2.5)
30 (1.2)
Limiting
ruling
section,
mm (in)
1.31

790940
8901040
9901140
10901240
11901340
1540 min
8901040
9901140
10901240
11901340
1540 min
0.35 0.10 0. 50 3.20 0.30

0.45 0.35 0.80 3.6
max
0.30 0.10 6090 1.00 0.45

0.40 0.35
1.50 0.75
0.26 0.10 0.40 3.90 1.10

0.34 0.35 0.70 4.30 1.40
0.35 0.10 0.40 1.20 0.90 0.10

0.45 0.35 0.70 1.60 1.30 0.20
0.35 0.10 0.40 1.25 0.90 0.20

0.45 0.35 0.70 1.75 1.30 0.35
35 Ni 5 Cr 2
(35 Ni 1 Cr 60)
30 Ni 16 Cr 5
(30 Ni 4 Cr 1)
40 Ni 6 Cr 4 Mo 2
(40 Ni Cr 1 Mo 15)
40 Ni 6 Cr 4 Mo 3
(40 Ni 2 Cr 1 Mo 28)
31 Ni 10 Cr 3 Mo 6
0.27 0.10 0.40 2.25 0.50 0.40
(31 Ni 3 Cr 65 Mo 55) 0.35 0.35 0.70 2.75 0.80 0.70
1.50 0.10 Al: 0.90

1.80. 0.25 1.30
790940
8901040
9901140
10901240
1540 min
690840
790940
8901040
790940
8901040
690840
790940
8901040
1340 min
1540 min
MPa
40 Ni 14 (40 Ni 31)
V/Al
0.35 0.10 0.40 0.30

0.45 0.45 0.70 max
Mo
3.00 0.90 V: 0.15

3.50 1.10 0.25
Cr
40 Cr 7 Al 10 Mo 2
(40 Cr 2 Al 1 Mo 18)
Ni
0.35 0.10 0.40 0.30

0.45 0.35 0.70 max
Mn
40 Cr 13 Mo 10 V 2
(40 Cr 3 Mo 1 V 20)
Si
129.0150.8
143.6165.3
158.1179.8
172.6194.4
223.4 min
114.6136.3
129.0150.8
143.6165.3
158.1179.8
172.6194.4
223.4 min
114.6136.3
129.0150.8
143.6165.3
158.1179.8
223.4 min
100.0121.8
114.6136.3
129.0150.8
114.6136.3
129.0150.8
100.0121.8
114.6136.3
129.0150.8
194.4 min
223.4 min
kpsi
Designation
Percent
TABLE 113
Chemical composition and mechanical properties of alloy steels (Cont.)
8
8
179.9
71.1 14
79.8 12
94.3 10
79.8 16
94.3 15
71.1 18
79.8 16
94.3 15
152.2
179.8
650
750
830
930
1240
550
650
750
830
930
1240
94.3
108.8
120.4
134.9
179.8
79.8
94.3
108.8
120.4
134.9
179.8
15
12
11
10
8
16
15
11
11
10
6
550 79.8 16
650 94.3 15
750 108.8 13
830 120.4 13
1240
490
550
650
550
650
490
550
650
1050
1240
55
48
41
35
14
55
55
48
41
30
11
55
55
48
41
40.6
35.4
30.3
25.8
10.3
40.6
40.6
36.8
30.3
22.1
8.1
40.6
40.6
35.4
30.3
14 10.3
55 40.6
50 36.8
50 36.8
55 40.6
55 40.6
55 40.6
55 40.6
48 35.4
21 15.5
14 10.3
255311
285341
311363
341401
444 min
229277
255311
285341
311363
341401
444 min
229277
255311
285341
311363
444 min
201248
229277
255311
229277
255311
201248
229277
255311
363 min
444 min
0.2%
Minimum
Minimum
Izod impact
min, sy
(gauge length
value
Brinell#
p a
5.65 a ) ,
hardness
MPa kpsi %
J ft-lbf
HB
150 (6.0)
150 (6.0)
100 (4.0)
63 (2.5)
63 (2.5)
150 (6.0)
150 (6.0)
100 (4.0)
63 (2.5)
30 (1.2)
30 (1.2)
150 (6.0)
100 (4.0)
63 (2.5)
30 (1.2)
(air-hardened)
150 (6.0)
(air-hardened)
150 (6.0)
100 (4.0)
63 (2.5)
100 (4.0)
63 (2.5)
150 (6.0)
100 (4.0)
63 (2.5)
63 (2.5)
30 (1.2)
Limiting
ruling
section,
mm (in)
1.32

Si
Mn
Ni
Cr
Mo
V/Al
9901140
10901240
11901240
1540 min
MPa
143.6165.3
158.1179.8
172.6194.4
223.4 min
kpsi
750
830
930
1240
108.8 12
120.4 11
134.9 10
179.8 8
48
41
35
14
35.4
30.3
25.8
10.3
285341
311363
341401
444 min
0.2%
Minimum
Minimum
Izod impact
min, sy
(gauge length
value
Brinell#
p a
5.65 a ) ,
hardness
MPa kpsi %
J ft-lbf
HB
150 (6.0)
150 (6.0)
150 (6.0)
100 (4.0)
Limiting
ruling
section,
mm (in)
Note: a , area of cross section; hardened and tempered condition oil-hardened unless otherwise stated; # hardness given in this table is for guidance only; x steel designations in parentheses are old
designations; numerals in parentheses are in inches.
Source: IS 1750, 1988.
40 Ni 10 Cr 3 Mo 6
0.36 0.10 0.40 2.25 0.50 0.40
(40 Ni 3 Cr 65 Mo 55) (0.44 0.35 0.70 2.75 0.80 0.70
Designation
Percent
TABLE 113
Chemical composition and mechanical properties of alloy steels (Cont.)
1.33

1.34
CHAPTER ONE
TABLE 1-14
Mechanical properties of case hardening steels in the rened and quenched condition (core properties)

Steel designation
MPa
kpsi
Minimum
elongation, %
(gauge length
p
= 5.65 a ) a
Izod impact value,

min (if specied)
J
ft-lbf
Limiting ruling
section, mm (in)
Brinell hardness
number, max, HB
130
143
10 C 4 (C 10)
14 C 4 (C 14)
490
490
71.1
71.1
17
17
54
54
39.8
39.9
10 C 8 S 11 (10 S 11)
14 C 14 S 14
(14 Mn 1 S 14)
11 C 15
(11 Mn 2)
15 Cr 65
17 Mn 1 Cr 95
20 Mn Cr 1
16 Ni 3 Cr 2
(16 Ni 80 Cr 60)
16 Ni 4 Cr 3
(16 Ni 1 Cr 80)
490
588
71.1
85.4
17
17
54
40
39.8
29.7
15 (0.6)
>15 (0.6)
<30 (1.2)
30 (1.2)
30 (1.2)
588
85.4
17
54
39.8
30 (1.2)
154
588
784
981
686
85.4
113.8
142.3
99.6
13
10
8
15
47
34
37
40
34.7
25.3
27.5
29.7
30 (1.2)
30 (1.2)
30 (1.2)
90 (3.6)
170
207
217
184
834
784
735
834
784
1324
1177
1128
834
686
882
784
735
981
932
1079
932
932
1324
1177
1128
121.0
113.8
106.7
121.0
113.8
192.0
170.7
163.2
121.0
99.6
128.0
113.8
106.7
142.3
135.1
156.5
142.3
135.1
193.0
170.7
163.6
12
40
29.7
217
12
47
34.7
34
25.3
12
61
44.8
11
40
29.7
40
29.7
34
25.3
34
25.3
30 (1.2)
60 (2.4)
90 (3.6)
60 (2.4)
100 (4.0)
30 (1.2)
60 (2.4)
90 (3.6)
30 (1.2)
60 (2.4)
30 (1.2)
60 (2.4)
90 (3.6)
30 (1.2)
90 (3.6)
30 (1.2)
60 (2.4)
90 (3.6)
30 (1.2)
60 (2.4)
90 (3.6)
13 Ni 13 Cr 3
(13 Ni 3 Cr 80)
15 Ni 4 Cr 1
20 Ni 2 Mo 25
20 Ni 7 Cr 2 Mo 2
(20 Ni 55 Cr 50 Mo
20)
15 Ni 13 Cr 4
(15 Ni Cr 1 Mo 12)
15 Ni 5 Cr 4 Mo 2
(15 Ni 2 Cr 1 Mo.15)
16 Ni 8 Cr 6 Mo 2
(16 Ni Cr 2 Mo 20)
143
154
229
241
207
213
217
217
229
a area of cross section.

Source: IS 4432. 1967.


1.35
TABLE 1-15
Typical mechanical properties of some carburizing steelsa
Hardness
Ultimate
tensile
strength,
sut
Tensile
yield
strength,
sy
Case
Elongation
Core
in 50 mm Reduction Brinell,
AISI No. MPa kpsi MPa kpsi (2 in), %
of area, % H B
Izod impact
energy
Thickness
Rockwell,
RC
mm
in
ft-lbf
Machinability
Poor
Poor
Good
Very good
Excellent
C1015
C1020
C1022
C1117
C1118
503
517
572
669
779
73
75
83
97
113
317
331
324
407
531
46
48
47
59
77
31
31
27
23
17
71
71
66
53
45
Plain carbon
149
156
163
192
229
62
62
62
65
61
1.22
1.17
1.17
1.14
1.65
0.048
0.046
0.046
0.045
0.065
123
126
110
45
22
91
93
81
33
16
4320b
4620b
8620b
100
793
897
146
115
130
648
531
531
94
77
77
22
22
22
56
62
52
Alloy steels
293
235
262
59
59
61
1.91
1.52
1.78
0.075 65
0.060 106
0.070 89
48
78
66
Average properties for 15 mm (1 in) round section treated, 12.625 mm (0.505 in) round section tested. Water-quenched and tempered at 1778C
(3508F), except where indicated.
b
Core properties for 14.125 mm (0.565 in) round section treated, 12.625 mm (0.505 in) round section tested. Oil-quenched twice, tempered at 2328C
(4508F).
Source: Modern Steels and Their Properties, Bethlehem Steel Corp., 4th ed., 1958 and 7th ed., 1972.

1.36
CHAPTER ONE
TABLE 1-16
Minimum mechanical properties of some stainless steels
Tensile
strength, st
UNS No. AISI No. MPa
kpsi
Yield
strengtha , sy
MPa
kpsi
Brinell
Elongation,
hardness, H B %
Reduction
in area, %
Weldability Machinability Application
Annealed (room temperatures)

Austenitic
S30200
S30300
S30400
S30500
S30800
S30900
S31000
S31008
S34800
S38400
302
303b
304
305
308
309
310
310 S
348
384
515
585b
515
480
515
515
515
515
515
415550
75
85b
75
70
75
75
75
75
75
6080
205
240b
205
170
205
205
205
205
205
30
35b
30
25
30
30
30
30
30
88
88
88
88
95
95
95
88
40
50b
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
55b
Good
Poor
Good
Good
Poor
Good
Poor
General purpose, springs

Bolts, rivets, and nuts
Welded structures
General purpose
Good
Good
Poor
Poor
Heat-exchange parts
Turbine and furnace
Jet engine parts
Fasteners and cold-worked parts
Excellent
Fair
Fair
Fair to good
Fair
Screw machine parts, muer

Machine parts subjected to hightemperature corrosion
Annealed high-nitrogen
Austenitic
S20200
202
S21600
216
S30452
304 HN
655
690
620
95
100
90
310
415
345
4560
50
Ferrite
S40500
S43000
S44600
405
430
446
415
450
515
60
65
75
170
205
275
25
30
40
88 max
88 max
95 max
22e
20
Martensite
S40300
403
S41000
410
485
450
70
65
205
205
30
30
88 max
95 max
25c
22c
100
100
40
40
30
S41400
S41800d
S42000e
S43100d
414
418d
420e
431d
795
1450b
1720
1370b
115
210b
250
198b
620
1210b
1480b
1030b
90
175b
215b
149b
S44002
440 A
725b
105b
415b
60b
95b
20b
S44003
S44004
S50200
440 B
440 C
502b
740
760b
485b
107b
110b
70b
425b
450b
205b
62b
65b
30b
96b
97b
18b
14b
30b
52RC b
15
18b
8b
16b
Bolts, shafts, and machine parts

Bolts, springs, cutlery, and
machine parts
45
52b
25b
55b
High-strength parts used in

aircraft and bolts
Cutlery, bearing parts, nozzles
and ball bearings
70b
At 0.2% oset.
Typical values.
c
20% elongation for thickness of 1.3 mm (0.050 in) or less.
d
Tempered at 2608C (5008F).
e
Tempered at 2058C (4008F).
Source: ASM Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
b

11.5/13.5
Cr
0.20 max 1.0 max 1.5 max
0.03 max 1.0 max 2.0 max 8.0/12.0 17.5/20.0
0.08 max 1.0 max 2.0 max 8.0/10.5 17.5/20.0
0.15 max 1.0 max 2.0 max 8.0/10.0 17.0/19.0
0.08 max 1.0 max 2.0 max 9.0/12.0 17.0/19.0
0.08 max 1.0 max 2.0 max 9.0/12.0 17.0/19.0
0.08 max 1.0 max 2.0 max 10.0/14.0 16.0/18.0 2.0/3.0
0.08 max 1.0 max 2.0 max 10.0/14.0 16.0/18.0 2.0/3.0
0.08 max 1.0 max 2.0 max 10.0/14.0 16.0/18.0 2.0/3.0
0.03 max 1.0 max 2.0 max 11.0/15.0 18.0/20.0 3.0/4.0
0.25 max 2.5 max 2.0 max 18.0/21.0 24.0/26.0
0.12 max 1.0 max 10.0/14.0 3.5/5.5
0.35/0.50 2.5 max 1.0 max 12.0/15.0 12.0/15.0
X 15 Cr 25 N
X 02 Cr 19 Ni 10
X 04 Cr 19 Ni 9
X 07 Cr 18 Ni 9
X 04 Cr 18 Ni 10 Nb
X 04 Cr 18 Ni 10 Ti
X 04 Cr 17 Ni 12 Mo 2
X 02 Cr 17 Ni 12 Mo 2
X 04 Cr 17 Ni Mo 2 Ti 2
X 04 Cr 19 Ni 13 Mo 3
X 20 Cr 25 Ni 20
X 07 Cr 17 Mn 12 Ni 4
X 40 Ni 14 Cr 14 W 3 Si 2

5XC0.80
5XC0.80
Ti
and
P max
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.030
0.045
and
N 0:25
max
0.030
0.030
0.030
Chromium steels
0.030
0.040
S max
0.035
W
2.0/3.0
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
Chromiumnickel steels
0.030
0.045
10XC1.0
Nb
(785)
515
(517)
515
(517)
515
(517)
485
(483)
515
(517)
515
(517)
515
(490)
550
485
(483)
515
(517)
515
415
(445}#
450
(483)
450
(483)
(600
700)
515
(490)
MPa
(113.9)
74.7
(75.0)
74.7
(75.0)
74.7
(75.0)
70.3
(70.0)
74.7
(75.0)
74.7
{75.0)
74.7
(71.1)
79.8
70.3
(70.0)
74.7
(75.0)
74.7
60.2
(64.5)
65.3
(70.0)
65.3
(70.0)
(87.0
101.5)
74.7
(71.1)
kpsi
Tensile strength,
min, st
(345)
205
(207)
205
(207)
205
(207)
170
(172)
205
(207)
205
(207)
210
(210)
250
170
(172)
205
(207)
205
275
(280)
205
(276)#
205
(276)
205
(276)
MPa
(50.0)
29.7
(30.0)
29.7
(30.0)
29.7
(30.0)
24.7
(25.0)
29.7
(30.0)
29.7
(30.0)
30.5
(30.5)
36.3
24.7
(25.0)
29.7
(30.0)
29.7
39.9
(40.6)
29.7
(40.0)
29.7
(40.0)
29.7
(40.0)
kpsi
0.2% proof stress,

min, sy
(269)
217
217
217
217
217
217
183
183
183
183
183
217
(212)
(225)
183
217
183
88
95
95
95
95
95
88
88
88
88
88
88
95
88
Brinell HB Rockwell RB
Hardness number
(35)
40
(40)
40
(40)
40
(40)
40
(40)
40
(40)
35
(40)
40
(40)
45
40
(40)
40
(40)
40
20
(16)
22
(20)#
20
(20)
22
(20)
(40)
(50)
(50)
(50)
(50)
(50)
(50)
(50)
(50)
(50)
(50)
(45)
(45)
(45)
(45)#
Elongation Reduction
in 50 mm
of area,
(2 in),
min,
min, %
%
Notes: Annealed quenched or solution-treated condition; for free-cutting varieties sulfur and selenium content shall be as agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturer; for electrode steel
Nb 10C to 1.0 in place of Ti; # the mechanical properties in parentheses are for bars and ats and the properties without parentheses for plates, sheets, and strips.
Source: Compiled from IS 1570 (part 5), 1985.
16.0/18.0
23.0/27.0
0.35/0.45 1.0 max 1.0 max 1.0 max 12.0/14.0
X 40 Cr 13
Mo
0.12 max 1.0 max 1.0 max 1.25/2.50 15.0/17.0
0.80/0.15 1.0 max 1.0 max 1.0 max 11.5/13.5
Ni
X 07 Cr 17
X 12 Cr 12
0.08 max 1.0 max 1.0 max
Mn
X 04 Cr 12
Si
Designation of steel
TABLE 1-17
Chemical composition and mechanical properties of some stainless, heat resisting and high alloy steels
1.37
1.38

415
485
550
620
Grade 60
Grade 70
Grade 80
485
Grade 50
K12249
K02601
K12609
K12700
70
80
90
60
70
65
75
85
70
70
65
95115
kpsi
415
485
550
345
345
345
415
485
345
345
345
552
310
310
310
345
415
450
345
290
60
70
80
50
50
50
60
70
50
50
50
80
45
45
45
50
60
65
50
42
275345 4250
290345 4250
290345 4250
MPa
Minimum yielda
strength,a sy
May vary with product size and mill form.

Source: ASM Metal Handbook, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
A715
A690
A656
A618
450
520
590
483
483
448
655793
65
60
450
410
A607
Grade 50
Grade 60
Grade 70
Grade I
Grade II
Grade III
Grade 1
and 2
65
450
Hot-rolled
and annealed
or normalized
Cold-rolled
Grade 45
A606
65
75
80
70
450
520
550
480
Grade 50
Grade 60
Grade 65
Hot-rolled
60
415
Grade 42
415485 6070
435485 6370
435480 6370
kpsi
A572
K12211
A441
K11510
K12810
Type 1
A242
UNS
designation MPa
A440
Type, grade,
or condition
ASTM
specication
Minimum tensilea
strength,a st
TABLE 1-18
Mechanical properties of high-strength low-alloy steels
18
19
18
18
12
18
16
15
20
18
18
18
In 200 mm (8 in)
2022
1820
1618
2224
2022
1618
14
22
22
20
22
2225
22
21
18
17
22
24
21
21
21
In 50 mm (2 ln)
Minimum
elongation,a %
Truck frames, brackets, crane booms, railcars. and

other applications where weight saving is important
Dock walls, sea walls, bulkheads, excavations, and
similar structures exposed to sea water
Structural and miscellaneous applications where high
strength, weight savings, improved formability, and
good weldability are important
General structural purposes including

welded, bolted, or riveted bridges and buildings
Structural and miscellaneous purposes where greater

strength or weight saving is important
Structural and miscellaneous purposes where weight

saving or added durability is important
Structural members in welded, bolted, or riveted

construction
Structural members, primarily in bolted or riveted
construction
Welded, bolted, or riveted structures but primarily
welded bridges
Welded, bolted, or riveted structures, but used
mainly in bolted or riveted bridges and buildings
Intended uses
CB-30d
C-50d
CE-30d
CF-8d
CH-20d
ACId
ASTM
A607
A606
Types 2, 4h
A607
715 (sheet)i
A656 (plate)
A607
A607
138
20
159
23
172
25
214
31
244
34
303
44
255
37
331
48
Cast Stainless Steels
Cast Alloy Steels

24
20
22
20
17
9
14
6
200
172
193
193
29
25
28
28
3
61
14
95
20
81
75
65
54
79
41
61
32
2
45
10
70
15
60
55
48
40
58
30
45
24
255
448
414
483
586
J410Cg
J410Cg

70
85
65
60
414
60
448483 6570
1758
379
483
345
345
55
70
50
50
20
14
22
24
25
22
245
8
High-Strength Low-Alloy (HSLA) Steels
310
45
310345 4550
1689
6.612
31
23
17
2030 1522
35
40
50
60
85
125
95
145
kpsi
To 2144 To 311 To 1703 To 247
414
448
448
241276
345
241
276
345
414
586
862
655
1000
MPa
23
95
7097
8797
7585
8088
65
70
80
90
105
150
120
175
kpsi
Yield strength,
sy
60
15
65
18
65
18
3540
55
50
38
Ultra-High-Strength Steels
To 2068 To 300 To 1724 To 250
10
J410CRg
SAE
J410Cg
Medium carbon low alloys

4 140 M, 433OV, D 6AC, 4340
Mod. 5 Cr-Mo-V tool steels:
H-11 (Mod). H-13 (Mod)
Maraging steels (high nickel):
18 Ni (350) Almar 302
448
483
552
620
724
1034
827
1207
Grade
LC1a
WC4a
80-50a
90-60a
105-85b
150-125b
120-95b
175-145b
ASTM
A352-68a
A219-6
A148-65
A148-1
A148-65
A148-65
A148-65
A148-65
655
483669
600669
517586
552607
MPa
Materials classication
Tensile strength,
st
Fatiguec
Impact
endurance limit, Elongation Modulus of
elasticity E
Charpy
sj
in 50 mm
(2 in)
MPa
kpsi
%
GPa
Mpsi J
ft-lbf
TABLE 1-19
Mechanical properties of some cast alloy, cast stainless, high-strength and iron-based super alloy steels
Cb and/or V
Composition
Cb and/or V
(Proprietary) Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni,
P, and other additions
Cb and or V
(Proprietary) Cb, Ti, Zr, Si,
N, V, and others
217
311
262
352
Rupture strength,
Brinell
100 h at 5388C
hardness,
(10008F)
temperature,
Mpsi
8C (8F), HB GPa
1.39
H-11
422
AM 350
Stainless W
16-25-G
17-24 Cu Mo
A-286
610
616
Austenitic
633
635
650
653
660
1031413
1130
15171551
517552
758965
621
593772
448
1007903
827
531
682896
758
9312137
1241
10341655
1172
MPa
160205
160
220225
7580
110140
90
86112
65
146
131
120
77
125138
110
135310
180
150240
170
kpsi
4141207
745
14822000
255345
345689
228
276620
200
655
607
689
372
655745
586
6891655
965
6821207
869
MPa
kpsi
60175 482689 70100

108
215290 372662 5496
3750
50100
33
4090
29
95
88
1238
9
1.5
58
2045
58
3045
37
25
19
317
10
1619
16
30
20
7
20
19.3
19.5
20.9
20.3
20
21
22
21
2.88
2.80
2.85
3.02
2.94
2.90
3.05
3.17
3.08
Brinell
hardness,
temperature,
8C (8F), HB
14
21
538
5144 4106 21
538
20
15
21
538
1135 826
21
538
5681 41-60 21
538
19
70
1000
70
1000
70
1000
70
1000
70
1000
Temperature
8C
8F
21
70
538
1000
21
70
538
1000
1443 1032 21
70
538
1000
1452 1038 21
70
538
1000
Elongation Modulus of
Impact
in 50 mm
elasticity E
Charpy
(2 in)
%
GPa
Mpsi J
ft-lbf
Iron-Based Superalloys
MPa
100
54
95108
85
100240 896
130
140
125175 621758 90100
126
kpsi
Yield strength,
sy
Normalized and tempered.

Quenched and tempered.
c
Polished specimen.
d
Corrosion resistance.
e
Heat resistance.
f
Heat and corrosion resistance.
g
Semikilled or killed.
h
Semikilled or killed-improved corrosion resistance.
i
Inclusion control-improved formability, killed.
Source: Machine Design, 1981 Materials Reference Issue, Penton/IPC, Cleveland, Ohio, Vol. 53, No. 6 (March 19, 1981).
Chromalloy
604
Martensitic
AISI
601
17-22A
Materials classication
Tensile strength,
st
Fatiguec
endurance limit,
sj
TABLE 1-19
Mechanical properties of some cast alloy, cast stainless, high-strength and iron-based super alloy steels (Cont.)
75
49
Mpsi
689
330
538
220
710
400
100
48
78
32
103
58
655793 95115
517
338
GPa
Rupture strength,
100 h at 5388C
(10008F)
1.40

CS
CS
CS
CS
CS
1
2
3
4
5
a
a , area of cross section.
Source: IS 2644, 1979.
640
700
840
1030
1230
Designation
Grade
640
700
840
1030
1230
MPa
92.8
101.5
121.8
149.4
178.3
kpsi
Tensile strength, min, st
TABLE 1-20
Mechanical properties of high tensile cast steel
390
560
700
850
1000
MPa
56.7
81.2
101.5
123.3
145.1
kpsi
Yield strength (or 0.5%

proof stress), min, sy
35
30
28
20
12
Reduction in
area, min, %
15
14
12
8
5
Elongation,
min, %
(gauge
length
p
5.65 a ) a
190
207
248
305
355
Brinell
hardness,
min,
HB
30
30
29
20
22.1
21.1
20.6
14.5
ft-lbf
Izod impact strength, min
1.41

1.301.50
1.251.40
1.101.25
0.650.75
0.800.90
0.700.80
0.600.70
2.002.30
1501.70
1.001.20
0.901.20
0.850.95
0.901.20
0.901.20
0.500.60
0.500.60
0.450.55
0.550.65
0.260.34
0.500.60
0.250.40
0.300.40
0.300.40
0.700.80
0.750.90
0.500.60
0.120.20
0.15 max
T 140 W 4 Cr 50
T 133
T 118
T 70
T 85
T 75
T 65
T 215 Cr 12
T 160 Cr 12
T 110 W 2 Cr 1
T 105 W 2 Cr 60 V 25
T 90 Mn 2 W 50 Cr 45
T 105 Cr 1
T 105 Cr 1 Mn 60
T 55 Cr 70
T 55 Si 2 Mn 90 Mo 33
T 50 Cr 2 V 23
T 60 Ni 1
T 30 Ni 4 Cr 1
T 55 Ni 2 Cr 65 Mo 30
T 33 W 9 Cr 3 V 38
T 35 Cr 5 Mo V 1
T 35 Cr 5 Mo W 1 V 30
T 75 W 18 Co 6 Cr 4 V 1 Mo 75
T 83 Mo W 6 Cr 4 V 2
T 55 W 14 Cr 3 V 45
T 16 Ni 85 Cr 60
T 10 Cr 5 Mo 75 V 23
Optional
Source: IS 1871, 1965.
%C
Steel designation
TABLE 1-21
Chemical composition of tool steels
0.100.35
0.100.30
0.100.30
0.100.30
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
1.502.00
0.100.35
0.100.65
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.801.20
0.801.20
0.100.35
0.100.35
0.200.35
0.100.35
0.100.35
% Si
0.250.50
0.200.35
0.200.35
0.200.35
0.500.80
0.500.80
0.500.80
0.250.50
0.250.50
0.901.30
0.250.50
1.251.75
0.200.40
0.400.80
0.600.80
0.801.00
0.500.80
0.500.80
0.400.70
0.500.80
0.200.40
0.250.50
0.250.50
0.200.40
0.200.40
0.200.40
0.601.00
0.250.50
% Mn
0.901.20
0.30 max
1.101.40
0.500.80
2.803.30
4.755.25
4.755.25
4.004.50
3.754.50
2.803.30
0.400.80
4.755.25
11.013.0
11.013.0
0.901.30
0.400.80
0.300.60
1.001.60
1.001.60
0.600.80
0.300.70
% Cr
0.200.30
0.25 max
0.120.20a
0.150.30
0.25 maxa
0.250.40
0.250.50
1.001.20
0.200.40
1.501.50
1.752.00
0.300.60
0.150.30
1.201.60
1.201.60
0.501.00
5.506.50
0.501.00
0.250.35
0.80 maxa
0.80 maxa
%V
0.80 maxa
0.80 maxa
%Mo
1.201.60
17.5019.00
5.506.50
13.0015.00
8.010.0
1.251.75
1.251.75
0.400.60
3.504.20
%W
0.601.00
1.001.50
3.904.30
1.251.75
% Ni
5.006.00
% Co
1.42

640
2170
710
1827
Annealed 7758C (14258F)

Tempered 2058C (4008F)



Annealed 8458C (15508F)b

P-20
S-1
S-5
S-7
A-8
724
2344
690
2068
103
265
93
315
105
340
100
300
100
270
95
290
103
290
100
295
kpsi
448
1550
380
1448
440
1930
414
1896
517
1413
380
1793
510
1793
365
1724
MPa
65
225
55
210
64
280
60
275
75
205
55
260
74
260
53
250
kpsi
Yield strength,
sy
25
9
25
7
25
5
24
4
17
10
25
4
25
5
25
9
97 RB
52 RC
95 RR
58 RC
96 RB
59 RC
96 RB
57.5 RC
97 RB
52 RC
93 RB
54 RC
96 RB
54 RC
96 RB
55 RC
Elongation,
%
Hardness
1010
940
1850
1725
1600
1700
925
870
1575
855
1550
1575
855
845
1850
8F
1010
8C
Hardening
temperature
air
air
oil
oil
oil
oil
oil
air
244
206
250
20
12
28
14
Quenched
media
J
Medium to
high
152c
Medium
Medium
Medium
184c
180
Medium to
high
Medium
High
Medium to
high
Machinability
15
21
10
ft-lbf
Impact strength
Charpy V-notch
Single temper, oil-quenched unless otherwise indicated.

Double temper, air-quenched.
c
Charpy impact unnotched tests made on longitudinal specimens of small cross-sectional bar stock. The heat treatments listed were to develop nominal mechanical properties for hardened and
tempered materials for test purposes only and may not be suitable for some applications.
Source: Machine Design, 1981 Materials Reference Issue, Penton/IPC, Cleveland, Ohio, Vol. 53, No. 6 (March 19, 1981).
665
2000
Annealed 7758C (14258F)a

L-6
690
1860
710
2000

L-2
690
2034
Annealed 8708C (16008F)b

MPa
H-11
AISI steel
designation Conditiona
Tensile strength,
st
TABLE 1-22
Mechanical properties of some tool steels
1.43

90.791.5
94.595.2
Fine
Coarse
Medium
84WC-16Co
72WC-8TiC11.5TaC-8.5Co
Medium
64TiC-28WC2TaC-2Cr3 C2 -4.0Co
6.6
12.6
13.9
13.9
14.6
14.5
15.0
15.0
15.0
0.24
0.45
0.50
0.50
0.53
0.52
0.54
0.54
0.54
Mg/m3 lb/in3
Density
690
1720
3380
2900
3100
2760
1790
2000
2210
MPa
100
250
490
420
450
400
260
290
320
kpsi
4340
5170
4070
3860
5170
4000
5930
5450
5170
MPa
630
750
590
560
750
580
860
790
750
kpsi
Compressive
strength,
sc
1720
970
700
1590
1170
2550
1930
1450
MPa
250
140
100
230
170
370
280
210
kpsi
Proportional
limit
compressive
strength, sp
558
524
524
620
552
614
648
641
GPa
81
76
76
90
80
89
94
93
Mpsi
Modulus of
elasticity, E
1860
1340
1450
1520
MPa
270
195
210
220
kpsi
Tensile
strength,
st
0.90
3.05
2.83
1.69
2.03
1.02
1.36
1.36
27
25
15
18
9
12
12
in-lbf
Impact
strength
50
88
112
100
121
W/m K
Thermal
conductivity
5.8
5.8
5.2
4.3
4.3
4.3
2008C
7.0
7.0
5.9
5.4
5.6
3.2
3.2
2.9
2.4
2.4
2.4
10008C 4008F
3.8
3.8
3.3
3.0
3.0
18008F
Coecient of linear expansion,

lm/m8C at
lin/in8F at
Source: Metals Handbook Desk Edition, ASM International 1985, Materials Park, OH 44073-0002 (formerly the American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH 44073, 1985).
89
86.087.5
90.791.3
87.488.2
Fine
Coarse
90WC-10Co
92.593.1
91.792.2
90.591.5
Fine
Medium
Coarse
Grain size
94WC-6Co
Nominal
composition
Brinell
Hardness
HB
Transverse
strength,
sb
TABLE 1-23
Properties of representative cobalt-bonded cemented carbides
1.44


1.45
TABLE 1-24
Typical uses of tool steel
Steel designation
Type
T 140 W 4 Cr 50
T 133
T 118
T 70
Cold-Work Water-Hardening Steels

Fast nishing tool steel
Finishing tools with light feeds, marking tools, etc.
Carbon tool steels
Engraving tools, les, razors, shaping and wood-working
tools, heading and press tools, drills, punches, chisels,shear
blades, vice jaws, etc.
T 215 Cr 12
T 160 Cr 12
T 110 W 2 Cr 1
T 105 W 2 Cr 60 V 25
T 90 Mn 2 W 50 Cr 45
T 105 Cr 1
T 105 Cr 1 M 60
T 85
T 75
T 65
T 55 Cr 70
T 55 Si 2 Mn 90 Mo 33
T 50 Cr 1 V 23
T 60 Ni 1
T 30 Ni 4 Cr 1
T 55 Ni 2 Cr 65 Mo 3
T 33, W 9 Cr 3 V 38
T 35 Cr 5 Mo V 1
T 35 Cr 5 Mo W 1 V 30
T 75 W 18 Co 6 Cr 4 V 1 Mo 75
T 83 Mo W 6 Cr 4 V 2
T 55 W 14 Cr 3 V 45a
T 16 Ni 80 Cr 60
T 10 Cr 5 bee 75 V 23
Typical uses
Cold-Work Oil and Air-Hardening Steels

High-carbon highPress tools, drawing and cutter dies, shear blade thread
chromium tool steels
rollers. etc.
Nondeforming tool steels
Engraving tools, press tools, gauge, tape, dies, drills, hard
reamers, milling cutters, broaches, cold punches, knives. etc.
Carbon-chromium tool
steels
Lathe centers, knurling tools, press tools

Die blocks, garden and agricultural tools, etc.
Carbon tool steels

Shock-resisting tool steels
Pneumatic chisels, rivet shape, shear blades, heavy-duty

punches, scarng tools, and other tools under high shock
Nickel-chromemolybdenum tool steels
Cold and heavy duty punches, trimming dies, scarng tools,

pneumatic chisels, etc.
Hot-Work and High-Speed Steel

Hot-work tool steels
Castings dies for light alloys, dies for extrusion, stamping,
and forging
High-speed tool steels
Drills, reamers, broaches, form cutters, milling cutters,

deep-hole drills, slitting saws, high-speed and heavy-cut
tools
Low-Carbon Mold Steel

Carburizing steels
After case hardening for molds for plastic materials
a
May also be used as hot-work steel.
Source: IS 1871, 1965.

1.46
CHAPTER ONE
TABLE 1-25
Mechanical properties of carbon and alloy steel bars for the production of machine parts
Ultimate tensile strength, sut
Steel designation
MPa##
kpsi
MPa
kpsi
14 C 4 (C 14)
20 C 8 (C 20)
30 C 8 (C 30)
40 C 8 (C 40)
45 C 8 (C 45)
55 C 8 (C 55 Mn 75)
65 C 6 (C 65)
14 C 14 S 14 (14 Mn 1 S 14)
11 C 10 S 25 (13 S 25)
363
432
490
569
618
706
736
432
363
52.6
62.6
71.1
82.5
89.6
102.4
106.7
62.6
52.6
441
510
588
667
696
64.0
74.0
85.3
96.7
101.0
530
481
76.8
69.7
Notes: a , area of cross section;

Source: IS 2073, 1970.
##
Minimum
(gauge length
pelongation
= 5.65 a ), %
26
24
21
18
15
13
10
22
23
minimum; maximum; steel designations in parentheses are old designations


14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
14731123
13731123
13731123
30 C 8 (C 30)
35 C 8 (C 25 Mn 74)
40 C 8 (C 40)
50 C 8 (C 50)
55 C 8 (C 55 Ma 75)
40 C 10 Si 8 (40 S 18)
40 C 15 Si 2 (40 Mn 2 S 12)
220 C 15 (20 Mn 2)
27 C 15 (27 Mn 2)
37 C 15 (37 Mn 2)
40 Cr 4 (40 Cr 1)
35 Mn 6 Mo 3 (35 Mn 2 Mo 28)
35 Mn 6 Mo 4 (35 Mn 2 Mo 45)
40 Cr 4 Mo 3 (40 Cr 1 Mo 28)
40 Ni 14 (40 Ni 3)
35 Ni Cr 2 Mo (35 Ni Cr Mo 60)
40 Ni 6 Cr 4 Mo 2 (40 Ni Cr Mo 15)
40 Ni 6 Cr 4 Mo 3 (40 Ni 2 Cr 1 Mo 28)
15 Ni Cr 1 Mo 12 (31 Ni 3 Cr 65 Mo 55)
30 Ni 13 Cr 5 (30 Ni 4 Cr 1)
15 Cr 13 Mo 6 (15 Cr 3 Mo 55)
25 Cr 13 Mo 6 (25 Cr 3 Mo 55)
40 Cr 13 Mo 10 V 2 (40 Cr 3 Mo 1 V 20)
40 Cr 7 Al 10 Mo 2 (40 Cr 2 Al 1 Mo 18)
55 Cr 70)
105 Cr 4 (105 Cr 1)
105 Cr 1 Mn 60
Stabilization 823 K (5508C).

Source: IS 1871, 1965.
Designation
1200850
1200850
1200850
1200850
1200850
1200850
1200850
1100850
1100850
1200850
1200850
1200850
1200850
1200850
1200850
1200850
1200850
1200850
1200850
1200850
1200850
1200850
1200850
1200850
1200850
1200850
1200850
8C
Hot-working
temperature
800850
850880
830860
11231153
11031133
10731123
860890
850880
830860
810840
810840
830860
840870
860900
840880
850870
850880
8C
11331163
11231153
11031133
10831113
10831113
11031113
11131143
11331173
11331153
11231143
11231153
Normalizing
TABLE 1-26
Recommended hardening and tempering treatment for carbon and alloy steels
11031123
10831103
11631183
11631183
11731213
11231173
10731123
10931133
10731113
11331163
11131153
11031133
10831113
10831113
11031133
11131143
11331173
11331153
11231143
11231153
11131133
11131133
11231153
11031133
10931123
11031123
11031123
830850
810820
890910
890910
900940
850900
800850
820860
800840
860890
840880
830860
810840
810840
830860
840870
860900
840880
850870
850880
840860
840860
850880
830860
820850
820850
830850
8C
Hardening
8C
Oil
Air or oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Water or oil
Water or oil
Water or oil
Water or oil
Water or oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Water or oil
Water or oil
Water or oil
Oil
Water or oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Water or oil
Oil
Oil
Quenching
823923
8031033
823933
823933
823933
823933
823933
823933
823933
823933
823933
823933
823933
823933
823933
823933
823933
823933
or
423473
(depending
on hardness
required)
933
523
823973a
823973a
843923
823973
773973
>423
403453
Tempering
660
250
550700a
550700a
570650
550700
500700
>150 in oil
130180
550660
530760
550660
550660
550660
550660
550660
550660
550660
550660
550660
550660
550660
550660
550660
550660
550660
550660
or
150200
8C
1.47
11.2
12.7
12.5
11.6
13.6
13.6
12.6
14.3
14.1
14.1
13.0
5.8
6.3
0.85
1.11
1.28
0.83
1.16
0.93
0.98
0.52
0.75
1.24
0.75
0.90
0.89
0.37
0.6
0.95
1.47
0.99
0.64
0.38
0.60
0.67
0.6
0.57
0.54
0.94
Si
Mo
Mo
Mo
Mo
1.46 Mo
1.20 Mo
3.65 Ni
2.4 Mo
2.0 Mo
3.0 Mo
0.96
1.10
0.96
0.87
Other
Mill liner
Plate
Round
Round
Round
Round
Round
Round
Plate
Plate
Round
Round
Keel block
Form
100
100
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
50
25
25
100
mm
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
in
Section
340
330a
655
600
745
600
695
560
510
435a
440
450
330a
MPa
49
48a
181
150
3.5 Ni manganese steel

295
43
95
6 Mn-1 Mo alloys
325
47
220
183
235
2 Mo manganese steels
370
54
365
53
440
64
87
108
87
163
185
188
1 Mo manganese steels
101
345
50
81
400
58
74
365
53
63a
kpsi
Brinell
hardness,
HB
245
MPa
Yield strength, sy

(0.2% oset)
Plain manganese steels

64
65
360
52
48a
kpsi
Tensile strength,
st
2
1a
36
15.5
34.5
7.5
30
13
11
4a
14.5
4
1a
Elongation
in
50 mm, %
26
13
27
10
29
15
16
Reduction
in area, %
Properties converted from transverse bend tests on 6 13 mm (14 12 in) bars cut from castings and broken by center loading across 25 mm (1 in) span.
Charpy V-notch.
Source: Metals Handbook Desk Edition, ASM International, 1985, Materials Park, OH 44073-0002 (formerly the American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH 44073, 1985).
Mn
Composition, %
TABLE 1-27
Mechanical properties of some as-cast austenitic manganese steels
ft-lbf
72
53
3.4 2.5
Impact strength
Charpy b
1.48

179
278
331
250
290
303
283
186
-T 43
-T 6
240.0 -F
295.0 -T 4
-T 6
319.0 -F
-T 6
C 355.0 -T6
356.0 -T 6
A 390.0 -F
-T 6
520.0 -T4
A 535.0 -F
-T 6
C 355.0 -T61
A 356.0 -T 61
-F
-O
-H 14
-H 18
-T 3
-T 6
-O
-T 451
-T 651
-O
-T 451
-O
-T 351
-T 3
-T 86
355.0
513.0
1100
2014
-T 4.
-T 6.
2017
-T 4.
2024
-T 4.
2011
414
448
235
221
250
186
250
269
228
201.0
90
125
165
380
395
185
425
482
180
425
185
470
485
515
MPa
Alloy no.
13
18
24
55
57
27
62
70
26
62
27
68
70
75
27
44
41
42
26
40
48
36
60
65
34
32
36
27
26
39
33
kpsi
Ultimate
tensile
strength, sut
35
115
150
295
270
95
290
415
70
275
75
325
345
490
110
234
207
185
179
278
179
124
255
379
200
110
165
124
164
200
164
MPa
5
17
22
43
39
14
42
60
10
40
11
47
50
71
16
34
30
27
26
40
26
18
37
55
29
16
24
18
24
29
24
kpsi
Tensile yield
strengthd ,
syt
117
248
221
185
17
36
32
27
27
25
172
186
56
30
17
25
19
25
kpsi
386
207
117
172
131
172
MPa
Compressive
yield
strength,d
syc
60
75
90
220
235
125
260
290
125
260
125
285
280
310
152
221
193
235
234
9
11
13
32
34
18
38
42
18
38
18
41
40
45
22
32
28
34
34
26
26
31
22
29
179
217
152
200
179
42
kpsi
290
MPa
Shear
strength,
s
35
50
60
125
125
90
140
125
90
125
90
140
140
125
69
97
90
69
90
55
59
48
52
69
76
MPa
5
7
9
18
18
13
20
18
13
18
13
20
20
18
10
14
13
10
13
8
8.5
7
7.5
10
11
kpsi
Endurance
limit in
reversed
bending,
sfb
23
32
44
95
97
45
105
135
45
105
47
120
120
135
60
90
90
90
100
140
75
65
130
90
60
75
70
80
85
70
9.5
11.9
10.5
10.0
10.0
10.7
10.7
10.5
Wrought alloys
72
Permanent mold casting
65
82
72
69
69
74
74
Sand casting alloys
Brinell
hardness
Modulus of
4.9 kN
e
(500 kgf) load elasticity, E
on 10-mm
ball, HB
GPa
Mpsi
35
9
5
15
17
18
20
13
22
22
20
20
18
6
7.0
3.0
10.0
D
B
B
D
B
B
B
C
D
D
E
D
D
A
3
3
4
4
1
1
1
1
3
2
2
3
3
3
3

D
C
C
D
D
D
D
A
A
A
D
Machiability Gas
C
C
A
A
A
D
3
2
2
2
1
1
<1.0
<1.0
16
9.0
4.0
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
Corrosion
resistance
17
8
1.0
8.5
5.0
2.0
2.0
5.0
3.5
(2 in), %
Elongation
in 50 mm
TABLE 1-28
Mechanical properties, fabrication characteristics,a and typical uses of some aluminum alloysb
D
B
B
C
D
B
B
A
A
A
D
2
2
2
2
5
4
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
Arc
Welding
D
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
A
D
Resistance
Truck wheels, screw-machine products, aircraft

structure
Truck frames, aircraft structures
Screw machine products
Sheet metal work, spun holloware, n stock
Machine-tool parts, aircraft wheels, pump parts, marine

hardware, valve bodies
Ornamental hardware and architectural ttings
Timing gears, impellers, compressor and aircraft and

missile components requiring high strength
Aircraft ttings and components, levers, brackets
Air compressor tting, crankcase, gear housing

Cylinder heads, impellers, timing gears, water jackets,
meter parts
Automotive engine blocks, pulleys, brake shoes, pumps
Crankcases, spring hangers, housing, wheels
Aircraft structural components
Uses
1.49
110
150
200
180
240
285
195
260
290
125
310
90
240
230
570
-O
-H 14
-H 18
-O
-H 34
-H 38
-O
-H 34
-H 38
-O
-T 6
-O
-T 6
-O
-T 6
3003
45
13
35
38
83
38
42
18
22
29
26
35
41
28
16
kpsi
275
50
215
105
505
215
255
55
145
185
70
200
250
90
40
MPa
40
7
31
15
73
31
37
8
21
27
10
29
36
13
kpsi
Tensile yield
strengthd ,
syt
MPa
kpsi
205
70
150
150
330
145
165
80
95
110
110
125
145
125
75
MPa
30
10
22
22
48
21
24
12
14
16
16
18
21
18
11
kpsi
Shear
strength,
s
95
55
70
115
160
125
140
60
60
70
95
105
110
110
50
MPa
14
8
10
17
23
18
20
9
9
10
14
15
16
16
kpsi
Endurance
limit in
reversed
bending,
sfb
95
25
73
60
150
68
77
30
40
55
45
63
77
47
28
ball, HB
Brinell
hardness
4.9 kN
(500 kgf) load
on 10-mm
GPa
Mpsi
Modulus of
elasticity,e E
12
17
11
12
10
7
25
8
4
20
9
5
25
30
(2 in), %
Elongation
in 50 mm
B
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
Corrosion
resistance
C
D
B
C
C
D
D
D
D
C
C
D
A
A
A
D
D
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
A
Machiability Gas
A
A
A
C
C
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Arc
Welding
A
A
A
B
B
A
A
B
A
A
B
A
A
B
Resistance
Fin stock, cladding alloy

Aircraft and other structures
Pipe, railing, furniture, architectural extrusions
Heavy-duty structures requiring good corrosion

resistance, truck and marine, railroad car, furniture,
pipeline applications
Hydraulic tube, appliances, bus body sheet, sheet metal

work, welded structures, boat sheet
Trailer panel sheet, storage tanks, sheet metal works
Pressure vessels, storage tanks, heat-exchanger tubes,

chemical equipments, cooking utensils
Uses
For ratings of characteristics, 1 is the best and 5 is the poorest of the alloys listed. Ratings A through D are relative ratings in decreasing order of merit.
Average of tensile and hardness values determined by tests on standard 12.5-mm (12-in) diameter test specimens.
c
Endurance limits on 500 million cycles of completely reversed stresses using rotating beam-type machine and specimen.
d
At 0.2% oset.
e
Average of tension and compression moduli.
Key: Temper designations: F, as cast; O, annealed; Hxx, strain hardened; T1, cooled from an elevated temperature shaping process and naturally aged; T2, cooled from an elevated temperature
shaping process, cold-worked and naturally aged; T3, solution heat-treated and cold worked and naturally aged; T4, solution heat-treated and naturally aged; T5, cooled from an elevated temperature
shaping process and articially aged; T6, solution heat-treated and articially aged; T7, solution heat-treated and stabilized; T8, solution heat-treated, cold-worked and articially aged; TX 51, stressrelieved by stretching.
7075
6063
6061
5052
3004
MPa
Alloy no.
Ultimate
tensile
strength, sut
Compressive
yield
strength,d
syc
TABLE 1-28
Mechanical properties, fabrication characteristics,a and typical uses of some aluminum alloysb Cont:
1.50

0.150.35
0.20.4
A-4
A-5
A-6
A-8
A-9
A-10 LM10 0.1
A-11 LM11 4.05.0
A-12 LM12 9.010.5
BS 1490
9.011.5
(LM12)
A-13 LM 13 0.51.3
4223
5230
4600
4250
4635
5500
2280
2585
4685

A13 (special)
LM9
LM8
LM6
LM5
LM4
LM2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
2.04.0
0.72.5
0.81.5
0.1
9.511.0
0.20.6
0.30.8
0.1
3.06.0
0.15
0.3
0.15
A-2
6.08.0
4520
LM1
A-1
Mg
2447
Cu
IS
old
IS
new
BS
Designation
11.013.0
2.5
2.0
0.25
0.25
10.013.0
3.5 6.0
10.013.0
0.3
4.06.0
9.011.15
2.04.0
Si
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.5
Ni
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.6
Ti
0.8
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.5
1.2
0.2
0.2
0.050.3 0.05
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.05
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
Pb
0.1
0.2
Ti +
Nb
0.2
2.04.0 0.2
Zn
2.03.0 0.1
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.30.7 0.1
0.5
0.5
0.30.7 0.1
0.30.7 0.3
0.5
0.6
Mn
0.51.5 0.6
0.25
0.35
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.0
Fe
Chemical composition, percent
TABLE 1-29
Chemical composition and mechanical properties of cast aluminum alloy5;6;7
0.10
0.1
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.20
0.20
Sn
Al
MPa
WP
Fullly heattreated
WP
170
247
170
278
139
201
124
154
As cast
124
147
As cast
139
154
As cast
139
170
As cast
162
185
As cast
124
162
162
232
147
185
232
278
Precipitation- 170
treated
231
Solution278
treated
307
Solution216
treated
263
WP
278
309
Fully heattreated
WP
278
As cast
Condition
24.6
35.9
24.6
40.3
20.2
29.2
40.3
18.0
22.3
18.0
21.3
20.2
22.3
20.2
24.6
23.5
26.9
18.0
23.5
23.5
33.6
21.3
26.9
33.6
40.3
24.6
36.4
40.3
44.8
31.3
38.1
40.3
44.8
kpsi
2
1.5
2
8
12
7
13
4
9
2
2
3
5
5
7
2
3
2.5
5
1
2
65
65
100
100
100
Sand-cast
Chill-cast
Sand-cast
Chill-cast
Sand-cast
Chill-cast
Sand-cast
Chill-cast
Sand-cast
Chill-cast
Sand-cast
Chill-cast
Sand-cast
Chill-cast
Sand-cast
Chill-cast
Sand-cast
Chill-cast
Sand-cast
Chill-cast
Sand-cast
Chill-cast
Sand-cast
Chill-cast
Brinell
Elongation hardness,
Test piece
%
HB
Mechanical properties
1.51
A-18 LM18 0.1
A-22 LM22 2.83.8
A-24 LM24 3.04.0
4300
4223
4420
0.1
0.05
0.1
0.40.6
1.21.7
Mg
7.59.5
4.06.0
4.56.0
4.55.5
0.6
Si
1.3
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
Fe
0.5
Zn
0.1
0.25
0.5
1.0
3.0
0.15
0.1
0.1
1.82.3 0.1
Ni
0.30.6 0.15
0.5
0.5
0.6
Mn
Chemical composition, percent
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Ti
Ti +
Nb
0.3
0.05
0.1
0.05
0.1
0.05
Pb
Notes: IS: Sp-1-1967 Specication of Aluminum Alloy Castings and BS 1490 (from LM 1 to LM 24) are same.

Refer to both Indian Standards and British Standards; ** refer to British Standards, BS 1490 only.
Source IS Sp-1, 1967.
A-16 LM16 1.01.5
4225
A-14 (special)
A-14 LM 14 3.54.5
Cu
2285
BS
IS
old
IS
new
Designation
TABLE 1-29
Chemical composition and mechanical properties of cast aluminum alloy (Cont.)
0.1
0.20
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
Sn
Al
216
278
185
232
MPa
As cast
177
170
201
232
263
232
278
116
139
Solution (W)- 247
treated
WP
WP
WP
WP
As cast
Fully heattreated
WP
Solutiontreated
Condition
25.7
24.6
29.2
33.6
38.1
33.8
40.3
16.8
20.2
35.9
31.3
40.3
26.9
33.6
kpsi
1.5
3
4
8
2
3
100
100
75
75
Chill-cast
Sand-cast
Chill-cast
Sand-cast
Chill-cast
Sand-cast
Chill-cast
Sand-cast
Chill-cast
Chill-cast
Sand-cast
Chill-cast
Sand-cast
Chill-cast
Brinell
Elongation hardness,
Test piece
%
HB
Mechanical properties
1.52

99 min
99.5 min
19000
19500
Remainder
Remainder
Remainder
Remainder
Remainder
Remainder
Remainder
Remainder
24345
24534
43000
46000
52000
53000
54300
63400
19600
Al
Designation

0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
3.54.7
3.85.0
0.05
0.1
Cu
0.40.9
4.04.9
2.84.0
1.72.6
0.2
0.2
0.41.2
0.20.8
0.2
Mg
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.7
Fe
0.30.7
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.5
10.013.0 0.6
4.5 6.00 0.6
0.20.7
0.51.2
0.3
0.5
Si
0.3
0.51.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.41.2
0.31.2
0.05
0.1
Mn
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
Zn
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3*
Ti
or
others
0.1
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.3*
Cr
O
Ma
O
Ma
O
W
Ma
O
Ma
O
Ma
O
Ma
Ma
O
WP
Ma
O
Ma
O
Ma
Ma
O
W
Condition
10 (0.4)
10 (0.4)
75 (3.0)
150 (6.0)
10 (0.4)
25 (1.0)
75 (3.0)
150 (6.0)
10 (0.4)
75 (3.0)
150 (6.0)
50 (2.0)
All sizes
150 (6.0)
Over
mm
(in)
Size
10 (0.4)
75 (3.0)
150 (6.0)
200 (8.0)
10 (0.4)
25 (1.0)
75 (3.0)
150 (6.0)
200 (8.0)
10 (0.4)
75 (3.0)
150 (6.0)
200 (8.0)
15 (0.6)
15 (0.6)
15 (0.6)
15 (0.6)
150 (6.0)
50 (2.0)
150 (6.0)
150 (6.0)
150 (6.0)
150 (6.0)
150 (6.0)
150 (6.0)
200 (8.0)
Up to and
including
mm (in)
2.5
13
25.4
32.6
34.1
34.1
32.6
54.4
58.0
60.9
58.7
55.1
13.0
25.0
31.9
34.1
34.1
32.6
10.2
14.5
14.5
18.9
18.1
11.6
11.6
100
100
130
125
80
80
2.6
18
17
90
175
225
235
235
225
375
400
420
405
380
90
175#
220
235
235
225
70
2.9
kpsi
20
MPa
0.2% proof stress,

min, sp
TABLE 1-30
Chemical composition and mechanical properties of wrought aluminum and aluminum alloys for general engineering purposes6
65
110#
65
100#
65
150
240#
375
385
385
375
430
460
480
460
430
150
240
375
385
385
375
90
130#
100
150#
160
240#
215
200
260#
275
350
110
130#
140
125
MPa
9.4
16.0
9.4
14.5
9.4
21.6
34.8
54.4
55.8
55.8
54.4
62.4
66.7
69.6
66.7
62.4
21.0
34.8
54.4
55.8
55.8
54.4
13.0
18.9
14.5
21.8
23.2
34.8
31.2
29.0
37.7
40.0
50.8
16.0
18.8
20.3
18.1
kpsi
Tensile strength,
min, st
18
25
23
25
23
12
12
10
10
8
8
6
6
6
6
6
12
12
10
10
8
8
18
18
10
12
14
18
14
14
10
11
13
13
18
14
13
Elongation,
% (min)
1.53
Remainder
Remainder
Remainder
Remainder
64423
64430
65032
74530
1.54

0.41.2
0.51.3
Mg
0.2
0.40.8
0.61.3
0.71.3
Si
1.0 1. 5 0.40.8
0.150.4 0.71.2
0.1
0.51.0
Cu
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.8
Fe
0.20.7
0.20.8
0.41.0
1.0
Mn
45
0.2
1.0
Zn
0.2
0.2
0.2
Ti
or
others
0.2
0.150.35
0.25
Cr
WP
WP
W
(Naturally
aged for 30
days)
WP
WP
Ma
O
W
All sizes
6 (0.24)
15 (0.6)
6 (0.24)
150 (6.0)
All sizes
150 (6.0)
5 (0.2)
75 (3.0)
150 (6.0)
All sizes
150 (6.0)
150 (6.0)
6 (0.24)
75 (3.0)
Condition
Ma
O
W
WP
Ma
O
W
WP
Over
mm
(in)
Size
6 (0.24)
75 (3.0)
150 (6.0)
6 (0.24)
75 (3.0)
150 (6.0)
15 (0.6)
150 (6.0)
200 (8.0)
150 (6.0)
200 (8.0)
6 (0.24)
75 (3.0)
150 (6.0)
23 (0.12)
12 (0.5)
150 (6.0)
200 (8.0)
150 (6.0)
200 (8.0)
5 (0.2)
75 (3.0)
150 (6.0)
200 (8.0)
Up to and
including
mm (in)
245
26245
430
455
430
140
110
150
130
125#
155
265
80
120
100
255
270
270
240
50
115#
115
100
235
200
220
230
220
MPa
35.5
37.7
35.5
62.4
66.6
62.4
20.3
16.0
21.8
18.9
18.1
22.5
38.4
11.6
18.1
14.5
37.0
39.2
39.2
34.8
7.3
16.7
22.5
14.5
34.0
29.0
31.4
33.6
31.4
kpsi
0.2% proof stress,

min, sp
285
310
290
290#
500
530
500
170
150
185
150
120
215#
265
330
110
150#
185
170
295
310
295
280
110
150#
185
170
280
245
255
275
265
MPa
41.3
45.0
42.1
42.1
72.5
78.9
72.5
24.7
21.8
26.8
21.8
17.4
31.2
38.4
47.9
16.0
21.8
26.8
24.7
42.8
45.0
42.8
40.6
16
21.8
26.8
24.7
40.6
35.5
37.0
40.0
38.4
kpsi
Tensile strength,
min, st
7
7
7
10
6
6
6
7
7
7
6
10
15
13
7
12
16
14
12
7
7
7
6
12
16
14
12
7
6
9
9
9
Elongation,
% (min)
Properties in M (as-cast) temper are only typical values and are given for information only.
Key: # Maximum, M as-cast condition; R stress-relieved only; P precipitation-treated; W solution-treated, WP solution-treated and precipitation treated; WPS fully heat treated plus
stabilization.
Source: IS 733, 1983.
76528
Al
Designation
TABLE 1-30
Chemical composition and mechanical properties of wrought aluminum and aluminum alloys for general engineering purposes (Cont.)

84 Cu, 10 Sn, 2.5 Pb, 3.5 Ni 324
80 Cu, 10 Sn, 10 Pb
241
81 Cu, 4 Ni, 4 Fe, 11 AI
C 86300
C 87200
C 87500
C 90500
C 92200
C 96300
C 97800
C 99400
C 16200
C 17000
Silicon bronze
Silicon brass
Tin bronze
Leaded tin bronze
Leaded tin nickel bronze C 92900

High-leaded tin bronze
C 93700
C 95500
Manganese bronze
Aluminum bronze
Copper-nickel
Nickel-silver
Special alloy
Cadmium copper
Beryllium copper
Leaded beryllium copper C 17300
88 Cu, 6 Sn, 1.5 Pb, 4.5 Zn 276
C 85400
99.5 Cu, 1.9 Be, 0.4 Pb
99.5 Cu, 1.7 Be, 0.20 Co
99.0 Cu, 1.0 Cd
90.4 Cu, 2.2 Ni, 2.0 Fe,

1.2 Al, 1.2 Si, 3.0 Zn
47
35
40
45
67
55
115
34
37
kpsi
179
124
138
152
207
172
572
83
117
MPa
26
18
20
22
30
25
83
12
17
kpsi
517
30
55
25
15
10
1210
20
20
30
25
21
30
15
25
469-1479 68-200 172-1255 25-182 48-3
483-1310 70-190 221-1172 32-170 45-3
Wrought Alloys
769
571
234372 3454
207
379
241689 35100 48476
455545 6679
55
75
Elongation
in 50 mm
(2 in),
%
Cast Alloys
30
Tensile yieldb
strength, syt
689827 100120 303469 4468
310
462
379
793
234
66 Cu, 5 Sn, 2 Pb, 25 Ni, 2 Zn379
79.3 Cu, 20 Ni, 0.7 Fe
88 Cu, 10 Sn, 2 Zn
82 Cu, 14 Zn, 4 Si
89 Cu min, 4 Si
63 Cu, 25 Zn, 3 Fe, 6 Al,

3 Mn
67 Cu, 1 Sn, 3 Pb, 29 Zn
255
Leaded yellow brass
85 Cu, 5 Sn, 5 Pb, 5 Zn
C 83600
Leaded red brass
MPa
UNS no. Composition,a
Alloy name
Ultimate tensile
strength, sut
TABLE 1-31
Typical mechanical properties and uses of some copper alloys4
RB 98
50
125170d
RB 77
60
130d
50
20
20
15
50
192230d
150
40
80
42
30
50
80
60
65
115
134d
75
40
225d
85
80
84
50
60
Brinell,
4.9 kN
Machin(500-kgf Rockwell,a ability
load) HB R
ratingc
Hardness
Trolley wire, spring contacts, railbands, high-strength

transmission lines, switch gear components, and ware-guide
Bellows, diaphragms, fuse clips, fasteners, lock washers,
springs, valves, welding equipment, bourdon tubing
Bellows, diaphragms, fuse clips, fasteners, lock washers,
springs, valves, welding equipment, switch parts, roll pins
Valves, anges, pipe ttings, pump castings, water pump

impellers and housings, small gears, ornamental ttings
General-purpose yellow casting alloy, furniture hardware,
radiator ttings, ship trimmings, clocks, battery clamps,
valves, and ttings
Extra-heavy-duty, high-strength alloy, large valve stems,
gears, cams, slow heavy-load bearings, screw-down nuts,
hydraulic cylinder parts
Bearings, bells, impellers, pump and valve components,
marine ttings, corrosion-resistant castings
Bearings, gears, impeller, rocker arms, valve stems, small
boat propellers
Bearings, bushings, piston rings, valve components, steam
ttings, gears
Valves, ttings and pressure-containing parts for use up to
2888C (5508F), bolts, nuts, gears, pump piston, expansion
joints
Gears, wear plates, cams, guides
Bearings for high-speed and heavy-pressure pumps,
impellers, pressure-tight castings
Valve guides and seats in aircraft engines, bushings, rolling
mill bearings, washers, chemical plant equipment, chains,
hooks, marine propellers, gears, worms
Marine ttings, sleeves and seawater corrosion resistance
parts
Valves and valve seats, musical instrument components,
sanitary and ornamental hardware
Valve stems, marine uses, propeller wheels, mining
equipment gears
Typical uses
1.55
85.0 Cu, 15.0 Zn
C 22000
C 23000
C 26000
C 26800
C 28000
C 34000
C 36000
C 37700
C 44300
C 44400
C 44500
C 46400
to
C 46700
C 51000
Commercial bronze
(90%)
Red brass (85%)
Cartridge brass (70%)
Yellow brass
Muntz metal
Medium leaded brass

Free-cutting brass
Forging brass
Admiralty brass
C 71500
C 77000
Copper-nickel (30%)
Nickel-silver 55-18
1.56

kpsi
69427 1062
69400 1058
MPa
1560
1845
20
1822
172455 2566
103414
124310
138
124152
145379 2155
138483 2070
207414 3060
60145 186621 2790
5475
6584
56145 145483 2170
47140 131552 1980
5588
4788
4968
52
4855
5474
46128 97427 1462
44130 76448 1165
39105 69434 1063
3772
3464
kpsi
Tensile yieldb
strength, syt
402
4515
3319
633
642
5017
607
5318
45
6560
5210
653
663
553
503
454
Elongation
in 50 mm
(2 in),
%
90-82RB
30
20
30
30
20
30
70
100
80
30
85RF 80RB 40
80RB 64RF 30
82RB 64RF 30
77RB 55RF 30
70RB 53RF 20
64RB 46RF 20
Brinell,
Machin4.9 kN
(500-kgf Rockwell,a ability
load) HB R
ratingc
Hardness
Aircraft turn buckle barrels, balls, bolts, nuts, marine

hardware, propeller, rivets, shafts, valve stems, welding
rods, condenser plate
Bellows, bourdon tubing, clutch disks, cotter pins,
diaphragms, fasteners, lock washers, chemical hardware,
textile machinery
Hydraulic pressure liners, anchor screws, bolts, cap screws,
machine screws, nuts, rivets, U-bolts, electrical conduits,
welding rod
Clutch disks, pump rods, shafting, balls, valve stems and
bodies
Condensers, condenser plates, distiller tubing, evaporator
and heat-exchanger tubing, ferrules, salt water piping
Optical goods, springs, and resistance wires
Coins, medals, bullet jackets, fuse caps, primers, jewellery

base for gold plate
Etching bronze, grillwork, screen cloth, lipstick cases,
marine hardware, screws, rivets
Conduit, sockets, fasteners, re extinguishers, condenser
and heat-exchanger tubing, radiator cores
Radiator cores and tanks, ashlight shells, lamp xtures,
fasteners, locks, hinges, ammunition components, rivets
Radiator cores and tanks, ashlight shells, lamp xtures,
fasteners, locks, hinges, rivets
Architectural, large nuts and bolts, brazing rods, condenser
plates, heat-exchanger and condenser tubing, hot forgings
Butts, gears, nuts, rivets, screws, dials, engravings
Gears, pinions, automatic high-speed screws, machine parts
Forgings and pressings of all kinds
Ferrules, condenser, evaporator and heat-exchanger tubing,
distiller tubing
Typical uses
a
b
c
Nominal composition. unless otherwise noted.
All yield strengths are calculated by 0.5 percent oset method.
Machinability rating expressed as a percentage of the machinability of
d
e
29.4 kN (3000 kgf) load.
RA , RB , RF , Rockwell numbers in A, B, F scales.
C 36000, free-cutting brass, based on 100 percent for C 36000.
Note: Values tabulated are average values of test specimens.
Source: ASM Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, Metals Park., Ohio, 1988.
55.0 Cu, 27.0 Zn, 18.0 Ni 4141000
58.5 Cu, 1.4 Fe, 39.0 Zn, 448 579

1.0 Sn, 0. 1 Mn
70.0 Cu, 30.0 Ni
372517
C 67500
Manganese bronzeA
386 1000
324 965
379607
324607
338469
359
331379
372 510
317883
303896
97.0 Cu, 3.0 Si
95.0 Cu. 5.0 Sn, trace P
60.0 Cu, 39.25 Zn,

0.75 Sn
65.0 Cu. 1.0 Pb, 34.0 Zn

61.5 Cu, 3.0 Pb, 35.5 Zn
59.0 Cu, 2.0 Pb, 39.0 Zn
71.0 Cu, 28.0 Zn, 1.0 Sn
60.0 Cu, 41.0 Zn
65.0 Cu, 35.0 Zn
70.0 Cu, 30.0 Zn
269724
255496
234441
MPa
High-silicon bronze -A C 65500
Phosphor bronze
(5% A)
Naval brass
90.0 Cu, 10.0 Zn
C 21000
Guilding brass (95%)
95.0 Cu, 5.0 Zn
UNS no. Composition,a
Alloy name
Ultimate tensile
strength, sut
TABLE 1-31
Typical mechanical properties and uses of some copper alloys (Cont.)
6.0
7.6
9.0
6.0
4.3
9.0
3.0
8.5
3.0
AZ63AT6
AZ81AT4
AZ92AT6
HK3IAT6
HZ32AT5
ZE41AT5
ZH62AT5
ZK61AT6
AM60AF
AS41AFc
AZ91A and BFc
AZ31B and CFd

AZ80AT5
HM31AF
ZK60AT5
AZ3IBH24
HK31AH24
HM21AT8
0.6
1.2
0.13
0.35
0.13
0.15
0.13
0.10
3.0
2.0
3.0
0.7
1.8
3.3
3.3
Mn(a) Th
1.0
5.5
1.0
0.5
2.1
4.2
5.7
6.0
3.0
0.7
2.0
Zn
0.6
0.45a
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
Zr
kpsi
MPa kpsi
1.0 Si
290
255
235
260
380
290
365
205
220
230
180
160
130
26
23
19
14
35
27
36
Extruded Bars and Shapes

38
200
29
97
55
275
40
240
42
230
33
185
53
305
44
250
Sheets and Plates
42
220
32
33
200
39
34
170
25
17
22
24
115
150
165
Die Castings
30
115
17
32
150
22
33
150
22
19
12
22
15
13
20
25
28
MPa kpsi
Compressive
Bearing
325
285
270
345
405
230
360
305
450
275
255
350
340
47
41
39
50
59
33
52
44
65
40
37
51
49
MPa kpsi
Yield strength, sy
Sand and Permanent Mold Castings

275
40
130
19
130
275
40
83
12
83
275
40
150
22
150
220
32
105
15
105
185
27
90
13
90
1.2 RE 205
30
140
20
140
240
35
170
25
170
310
45
195
28
195
Others MPa
Tensile
Minimum.
4.9-kN (500-kgf) load, 10-mm ball.
c
A and B are identical except that 0.30% max residual Cu is allowable in AZ91B.
d
Properties of B and C are identical, but AZ31C contains 0. 15 min Mn, 0.1 max Cu, and 0.03 max Ni.
Al
Alloy
Composition
Tensile strength,
st
TABLE 1-32
Nominal compositions and typical room-temperature mechanical properties of some magnesium alloys
15
9
11
15
7
10
11
6
4
3
5
15
3
8
4
3.5
4
10
160
140
125
130
165
150
180
140
145
125
150
145
140
160
165
180
23
20
18
19
24
22
26
20
21
18
22
21
20
23
24
26
73
68
88
49
82
63
73
55
84
55
57
62
70
70
Shear strength,
Elongation
s
Brinellb
in 50 mm
hardness,
(2 in), % MPa
kpsi
HB
1.57

1.58

1290
830
1620
1460
1280
525
187
120
235
212
185
76
134
204
100
52
107
352
740
924
1410
690
65110
5575
95
50
90120
185
7590
7095
145180
140170
91
98
185
19.6
162
70
75100
80120
140175
105
kpsi
448758
379517
655
345
620825
1275
517621
483655
10001240
9651172
624
672
1276
135
1120
485
512690
552827
9651207
725
MPa
1050
715
1310
1220
795
515
462
965
635
220
365
276690
103207
621
110
205415
910
172345
205380
8621172
7241034
210
307
910
117
635
455
207414
241621
8961172
260
152
104
190
177
115
75
67
140
92
32
53
40100
1530
90
16
3060
132
2550
3050
125170
105150
30.4
45
132
17.0
92
66
3060
3590
130170
38
10
8
15
14
25
35
52
17
27
14.5
56
3510
3540
4
50
5535
28
6035
4525
52
3020
49
46
28
102
24
9
6030
5025
52
56.0
Tensile yield
strength, syt (0.2%
oset)
Elongation
in 50 mm
MPa
kpsi
(2 in), %
Values shown represent usual ranges for common sections.

Values tabulated are approximate average ones.
Waspaloy
Unitemp
AF2IDA
Rene 95
Hastelloy B
Udimet 700
Hastelloy G-3
Hastelloy W
Incoloy 800
Inconel X-750
Inconel 825
Monel K-500
Inconel 600
Monel 400
Durnickel 301
Bar, 218C (708F)

8708C (16008F)
Bar, forging 218C (708F)
6508C (12008F)
Bar, 218C (708F)
8708C (16008F)
Bar, cold-drawn
Annealed
Strip, cold-drawn
Annealed
Bar, cold-drawn, annealed
Age-hardened
Bar, annealed, 218C (708F)
Wire. annealed
Spring temper
Bar, drawn, age-hardened
Rod, annealed
As rolled
Bar, annealed, 218C (708F)
8718C (16008F)
Bar, 218C (708F)
7608C (14008F)
Bar, annealed
Hot-nished
Wire, spring temper
Bar, solution-treated
4258C (8008 F)
9008C (16508F)
Sheet, 6.419 mm
(0.250.75 in) thick
Bar, cast
Bar, 218C (708F)
8708C (16008F)
Nickel 200
Nickel 270
Condition
Name of alloy
Ultimate tensile
strength, sut
TABLE 1-33
Mechanical propertiesa of some nickel alloys4
87RB
24RC
75RB
86RB
95RB
35BB
35RC
53
Hardness
number
J
39
ft-lbf
Impact strength
notched Charpy
Jet engines, missiles, turbines where hightemperature strength and corrosion

resistance are important
Superalloy, jet engine, turbine, furnace
Springs
Corrosion-resistant parts
Jet engines, missiles, etc. where corrosion
resistance and high strength are required
High strength and hardness, corrosion

resistance
Typical uses
365
255
434
317
207
214
53
37
63
46
30
31
Zinc Foundry Alloys
Die-Casting Alloys
110120
90100
110125
110125
105120
105125
82
91
Tensile yield strength,

Brinell
syt
hardness,
MPa
kpsi
HB
36
811
1
13
13
10
7
14
Elongation
in 50 mm
(2 in), %
58
65
54
43
48
40
ft-lbf
Impact strength
Charpy
Die-cast.
Note: Values given are average values.
Source: Machine Design, 1981 Materials Reference Issue, Penton/IPC, Cleveland, Ohio, Vol. 53, No. 6 (March 19, 1981); SAE Handbook, pp. 11123, 1981.
5864
4547
65
400440
310324
448
ZA-27
Sand-cast
Sand-cast
Die-cast
41
47
47
57
283
324
283
kpsi
393
Z 33520
Z 35531
MPa
4045
4550
903
925a
903
UNS
276310
310345
AG 40 A
AC 41 A
Alloy 3
Alloy 5
Alloy 7
SAE
Ultimate tensile
strength, sut
ZA-12
Sand-cast
Permanent
Mold
Die-cast
ASTM
Grade
Designation of alloy
TABLE 1-34
Mechanical properties of some zinc casting alloys8
47
56
MPa
6.8
8.2
kpsi
Fatigue endurance
limit, sf , 108 cycles
1.59

550
R 58010
900
1030
1170
1170
Ti-6AI-4Vb
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn
Ti-10V-2Fe-3Ala;c
Ti-6A1-2Sn-4Zr6Moe
Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr4Mo-4Zrb;c
900
790
690
1000
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn-ELI
Ti-2.25Al-11Sn5Zr-IMo
130
130
150
170
170
115
100
145
50
830
830
970
1100
1100
760
620
900
480
380
280
170
120
120
140
160
160
110
90
130
70
55
40
25
10
19
20
22
24
13.5
24.5
35
10
18e
26a
34RC
30RC
40b
22b
30b
40b
MachiHardness nability
Gas turbine engine casting and rings, aerospace

structural members, excellent weldability,
pressure vessels, excellent corrosive resistance,
jet engine blades and wheels, large bulkhead
forgings
Most widely used alloy, aircraft gas turbine
disks and blades, turbine disks and blades,
air frame structural components, gas turbine
engines, disks and fan blade, components of
compressors
Missile applications such as solid rocket motor
cases, advanced manned and unmanned
airborne systems, springs for airframe
applications
Resistance to temperature eect of structures,

easy to fabricate, excellent corrosive resistance,
cyrogenic applications
Uses
At 0.2% oset.
Mechanical and other properties given for annealed conditions.
c
Mechanical and other properties given for solution-treated and aged condition.
d
Based on a rating of 100 for B1112 resulfurized steel.
e
Approximate values of annealed bars at room temperature.
Source: Metals Handbook, Desk Edition, ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio 44073-0002, 1985 (formerly the American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1985).
Beta alloy
Beta alloy
R 56260
R 56400
80
450
ASTM Grade 3
(Ti-65A)
ASTM Grade 4
Alpha-beta
alloy
65
340
ASTM Grade 2
Commercially
pure titanium
Commercially
pure titanium
Commercially
pure titanium
Alpha alloy
R 54520
Alpha alloy
R 54521
Alpha alloy
R 54790
35
ASTM Grade 1
Commercially R 50520
pure titanium
240
Designation
Name of alloy UNS no.
Strength
Ultimate
impact
tensile
Tensile yield
Charpy
strength, sut strength, syt Elongation
in 50 mm
MPa kpsi MPa kpsi (2 in), % J
ft-lbf
TABLE 1-35
Mechanical properties of some wrought titanium alloy4
1.60

951
827
920
100
94
100
Forged
100
345
95.5
414
94
427
100
455
100
896
95.5
876
99 min 937
99
1103
Density
, %
MPa
Blended elemental alloy, cold

Blended elemental alloy, forged,
preforms or vacuum hot pressed
Solution treated and aged
Hot isostatically pressed
Forged
Processing
120
133.5
138
50
60
62
66
130
127
136
160
kpsi
738
841
910
344
324
338
365
827
786
862
1013
MPa
107
122
132
50
47
49
53
120
114
125
147
kpsi
62
28
60
60d
414d
kpsi
427
193
414
MPa
Fatigue limit
notched, sf
83f
55e
45e
61e
76f
50e
40e
56e
p
p
MPA m kpsi in
Fracture
toughness, KIC
114
117
116
103
103
GPa
16.5
17
16.8
15
15
Mpsi
Elastic
modulus, E
5
11.5
15
23
10
8
1218
4.9
5
15
8
25
39
30
20
14
15-40
7.6
35
14
ReducElonga- tion in
tion,
area,
%
%
0.12% oxygen.
0.2% oxygen.
c
Consolidated at 811 MPa (58.8 tpsi), 0.5 s dwell in low-carbon steel uid dies. Preheat temperature was 9408C (17258F) held at temperature 0.75 h. Powder was vacuum lled into uid dies following
cold static outgassing for 24 h.
d
Kt 3.
e
Ke .
f
Ktc .
Plasma rotating electrode

processed Ti-6Al-4V
Powder metallurgy Ti-6Al-4Va
Wrought commercial purity

titanium Grade II
Sponge commercial puritya
Powder metallurgy titanium
Wrought Ti-6Al-4V (AMS 4298)
Powder metallurgy Ti-6Al-4V
Name of alloy
Ultimate tensile
Yield
strength, sut strength, sy
TABLE 1-35A
Mechanical properties of powder metallurgy and wrought titanium and titanium-base alloys
1.61

4350
4930
5367
54520 30
8 MPa at 1008C
54820 34
54915 37
1.62

7610
2756
55111 52.5
19 MPa at 1008C
33
4790
1450
37
36
32
28
5380
5200
4640
4060
12.5 1810
MPa psi
Shear
strength, s
1495
624
464
8.1
16
14
12
10
30% at
1008C
12
3060
135200
at 1008C
(2128F)
60
130
25
18
10
55
48
28
10
13
46
30
3.24.5
30 MPa 4358
20
at
at
2 107 2 107
10.30
4.3
3.2
Fatigue strength
at 107 cycles, sf Hardness Elongation
number, in 50 mm
(2 in), %
MPa
psi
HB
2.9 MPa for 1000 h

0.45 MPa for 1000 h at
1008C (2128F)
2.1 MPa for 1000 h
3.5 MPa for 1000 h

1.1 MPa for 1000 h at
1008C (2128F)
0.790 MPa for 0.01%
per day
19.5 MPa-1000 h
7.5 MPa-1000 h at 1008C
28 MPa for 100 h
3% per year at 2.07 MPa
Creep
For general purpose; most popular of all

lead alloys
Wiping solder for joining lead pipes and

cable sheaths; for automobile radiator
cores and heating units
Low melting-point chemical process

applications, used as solder for the jobs
lead alloyed with tin, bismuth cadmium,
indium forms alloys with low melting
point. Some of these are fusible alloys,
used in automotive devices, re
extinguishers, sprinkler heads.
Uses
Note: Values tabulated are average values obtained from standard test specimens.
4700
55030 32.4
870
4060
54321 28
6 MPa at 1008C
10297
53620 71
10
4002
9570
8701160
7978
MPa psi
52901 27.6
psi
17401885 55
5076
261 at 2128F
10152
66
23202755 68
MPa
Yield
strength, sy
50042 12-13
50132 35
1.8 MPa at 1008C
50750 70
51120 16-19
UNS
No.
Ultimate tensile
strength, sut
TABLE 1-36
Mechanical properties of some lead alloys
Sand-cast
(cast-on)
Sand-cast
(separately cast)
Chill-cast
Elongation percent,
min
8.0
12.0
5.0
196
(28.4)
216
(31.3)
Class II
gun
metalc
3.0
186
(27.0)f
206
(29.9)f
Class I
phosphora
bronze b
4.0
2.0
137
(19.9)
157
(22.8)
Class III
leaded
4.0
2.0
157
(22.8)
176
(25.5)
Class IV
bronzed
Railway, bronze
12.0
8.0
186
(27.0)
206
(29.9)
Class V
leadede
gun metal
20.0
20.0
12.0
490
(71.0)
539
(78.2)
Grade II
15.0
647
(93.8)
647
(93.8)
Grade I
20.0
446
(64.7)
196
(28.4)
Grade III
Aluminum bronze
Brinell hardness, HB for phosphor bronzes: 60 for sand cast (cast-on) test pieces and 65 for sand-cast (separately cast) test pieces.
Used for locomotive side valves, oil-lubricated side rod, pony pivot bushes, steel axle box, oil-lubricated connecting rod.
c
Used for fusible plugs, relief valves, whistle valve body, stung box, nonferrous boxes, oil-lubricated connecting rod, large end bearings.
d
Used for locomotive grease lubricated non-ferrous axle boxes, side rod and motion bushes.
e
Used for castings for carriage and wagon bearings shells.
f
sut given in parentheses are the units in US Customary Units (kpsi).
Sand-cast
(cast-on)
Sand-cast
(separately cast)
Chill-cast
Ultimate strength,
min sut , MPa (kpsi)
Property
Mode of casting
test pieces
TABLE 1-37
Mechanical properties of bronzes
12.0
216
(31.3)
226
(32.8)
245
(35.5)
8.0
Tin
bronze
20.0
309
(44.8)
Silicon
bronze
1.63

1.273.00
1.301.40
1.201.30
1.06
1.122.00
0.971.25
0.981.35
Material
Duprene
Koroseal (hard)
Koroseal (soft)
Plioform (plastic)
Rubberb (hard)
Rubberc (soft)
Rubber (linings)
88
758
14
103
MPa
12.8
110.0
2.0
15.1
kpsi
1.428
1462
3.417
2834
769
3.5
MPa
0.24.0
2.09.0
0.62.6
4.05.0
1.010.0
0.6
kpsi
Tensile
strength, st
Sclerscope.
Coecient of linear expansion from 0 to 333 K (608C 1408F) is 35 106 .
c
Coecient of linear expansion from 0 to 333 K (608C 1408F) is 36 106 .
Specic
gravity
Compressive
strength, sc
TABLE 1-38
Mechanical properties of rubber and rubber-like materials
48
62
62
103
MPa
7.0
9.0
9.0
15.1
kpsi
Transverse
strength, sb
50a /80
1595
80100
3080
Hardness
shore
durometer
422
373
361
344393
328367
339367
361
149
100
88
71120
5571
6594
88
8C
300
212
190
160250
130160
150200
190
8F
Maximum temperature
Softens
Softens
Softens
Stiens slightly
Softens
Softens
Eect of heat
1.64

0.52.8
21.0
15.247.5 2.26.9
812
6.57.0
5569
69138
348
5583
4548
Cellulosic
(cellulose
acetate)
Epoxy resin
(glass-ber
ller)
Fluoroplastic
group
Nylon
Phenolic
(general
purpose)
0.57.0
1020
810
60200
100300
4.0
4060
7.69.0
1.22.9
2.83.6
1.53.1
Acetal
5.410.5 550
2.3
3772
520
Acrylics
kpsi
41
MPa
0.51.6
8.8
1.11.3
0.180.42
3.04
0.40.5
1.44.5
4.1
2.741
Excellent
Good
Available
Available
Heat
Good
Excellent
High
Fair
Fair
0.04-0.13
0.05
With
steel
Coecient of
friction,
Chemical With
plastic
Resistance to
114120 R Poor
50-80 D
100110 M
122 R
8094 M
92100 M
103
Hardness,
Rockwell
0.300.35 7095 E
1.03.3
230
1.07.3
0.41.2
6.5
ft-lbf
Izod impact
strength
0.0650.40 1.49.9
0.40.52
0.220.45
0.33
Modulus of
Elongation
elasticity, E
in 50 mm
(2 in), %
GPa
Mpsi
ABS (general
purpose
Name of
plastic
Tensile strength,
sut
TABLE 1-39
Properties of some thermoplastics
Wall plates, industrial switch gears, handles

for appliances, housing for vacuum cleaners,
automatic transparent rings, housing for
thermostats, small motors, small tools,
communication instruments, components
for aircraft and computers, used as synthetic
rubber for tires
Structural, mechanical components such as

gears, fan blades, washing-machine agitator,
valve, pump, impeller, pistons, and cams
Gears, bearings, tracks, bushings, rollerskate wheels, chute liners
Filament wound structures, aircraft pressure

bottles, oil storage tanks and highperformance tubing, reinforced glass-ber
composites
Decorative knobs, handles, camera cases,

pipes, pipe ttings, eyeglass frames, phone
and ashlight cases, helmets, pumps and
power tool housings, transparent parts for
safety glasses, lens signs, refrigerator shelves
and snowmobile windshields, extruded and
cast lm, and sheet for packaging
Mechanical gears, cams, pistons, rollers,

valves, fan blades, washing-machine
agitators, bushings, bearings, chute liners,
wear strips, and structural components
Light-duty mechanical knobs, pipe ttings,

automobile-steering wheels, eyeglass frames,
tool handles, camera cases, optical and
transparent parts for safety glasses,
snowmobile windshields, refrigerator shelves
Light-duty mechanical and decorative

eyeglass frames, automobile-steering wheels,
knobs, handles, camera cases, battery cases,
phone and ashlight cases, helmets, housing
for power tools, pumps
Application
1.65

55159
438
Polyester
Polyethylene
10.2
Polysulfone
1.66

50100
10500
201000
1300
<1
25
0.76.2
0.11.2
1.911.7
2.3-5.9
2-5
0.72.6
0.323
0.51.9
0.2517
2.7-21.7 2-16
2.7-6.8
ft-lbf
0.36
0.10.9
1.8
0.73.0
1.3
0.52.2
0.0140.18 0.727.1 0.520
0.281.7
0.34-0.86
0.35-0.93
Izod impact
strength
120 R
50110 R
1065 R
65100 M
88120 M
62- 91 M
115-119 R
106-108 L
Hardness,
Rockwell
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Good
Heat
Excellent
Poor
Excellent
Fair
Fair
0.12
0.22
0.52
0.12
0.13
0.39
With
steel
Coecient of
friction,
Chemical With
plastic
Resistance to
Source: Machine Design, 1981 Materials Reference Issue, Penton/IPC, Cleveland, Ohio. Vol. 53, No. 6 (March 19, 1981).
70
514.5
Polypropylene 34100
0.65.5
823
3.650
25345
Polyimide
10-125
2.46.4
Modulus of
Elongation
elasticity, E
in 50 mm
(2 in), %
GPa
Mpsi
7.0-17.3 460
kpsi
8-16
48-123
MPa
Polycarborate 55-110
Phenylene
oxide
Name of
plastic
Tensile
strength, sut
TABLE 1-39
Properties of some thermoplastics (Cont.)
Mechanical cams, pistons, washing machine

agitators, fan blades, valves, pump
impellers, gears, bushings, chute liners,
bearings, tracks, wear strips and other wearresisting parts
Pipe ttings, battery cases, knobs, camera
and handle cases, trim moldings, eyeglass
frames, tool handles, housings for pumps,
power tools, phone cases, transparent parts,
safety glasses, lenses, snowmobile
windshields, signs, refrigerator shelves, and
vandal-resistant glazing
Decorative knobs, automobile steering

wheels, eyeglass frames, tool handles,
camera cases, phone and ashlight cases,
housings for pump and power tools
Flashlight and phone cases, housing for

pumps, power tools and other appliances,
gears, bushings, bearings, tracks, rollerskate wheels and chute liners
Molded polyimides are used in jet-engine

vane bushings, high load bearings for
business machines and computer printout
terminals, gear pump gaskets, hydraulic
valve seals, multilayer printed-circuit
boards, tubes for oil-well exploration
Mechanical gears, pistons, rollers, pump

impellers, fan blades, rotor housing for
pumps, power tools, phone cases, transparent
parts for safety glasses, lenses and
snowmobile windshields, refrigerator shelves,
and ashlight cases
Small housing for power tools, pumps, small

appliances, hollow shapes for telephones,
ashlight cases, helmets, TV cabinets, cable
protective cover, bush-bar sleeves, scrubbervane mist eliminators
Application

2166
2869
3469
28138
3462
345
Alkyd
Allylic
Amino
Epoxy
Phenolics
Silicone
0.46.5
59
420
51 0
410
39.5
kpsi
717
2.521
916
221
GPa
1.02.5
0.353.04
1.32.4
0.33.0
Mpsi
Modulus of
elasticity, E
8090 M
7095 E
80120 M
110120 M
103120 M
98E99 M
Hardness,
Rockwell
15
110
0.30.9
Elongation
in 50 mm
(2 in), %
0.514
0.41.5
0.341
0.424
0.316
0.514
0.310
0.261.05
0.230
0.2718
0.212
0.310
ft-lbf
Impact strength Izod
Fair
Chemical
Excellent Excellent
Excellent Good
Excellent Excellent
Excellent Excellent
Excellent Excellent
Good
Heat
Resistance
Source: Machine Design, 1981 Materials Reference Issue, Penton/IPC, Cleveland, Ohio. Vol. 53, No. 6 (March 19, 1981).
MPa
Name
Tensile
strength, st
TABLE 1-40
Properties of some thermosets8
Refrigerator equipment, used as a washing, sealant,

laminating parts, injection mold silicon rubber
Handles for appliances, automotive power-brake systems and

industrial terminal strips, industrial switch gear, housing for
vacuum cleaners, handles for pots and pans, automotive
transmission rings, and electrical components, thermostat
housings, housing for small motors and heavy-duty electrical
components, small power tools, electrical components for
aircraft and computers, pump housings, synthetic rubber for
tires and other mechanical rubber goods, dry ingredients for
brake linings, clutch facings and other friction products
Filament wound structures, aircraft pressure bottles, oil

storage tank, used with various reinforcements, glass bers,
asbestos, cotton, synthetic bers, and metallic foils, imprinted
circuits, graphite and carbon-ber-reinforced laminates used
for radomes, pressure vessels, and aircraft components
requiring high modulus and light weight, potting and
encapsulating electrical and electronic components ranging
from miniature coils and switches to large motors and
generators
Electrical wiring devices and switch housings, toaster and

other appliance bases, push buttons, knobs, piano keys and
camera parts, dinnerware, utensil handles, food-service trays,
housings for electric shavers and mixers, metal blocks,
connector plugs, automotive and aircraft ignition parts, coil
forms, used as baking enamel coatings, particle-board
binders, paper and textile treatment materials
Switch gear and TV components, insulators, circuit boards,

and housings, tubing and aircraft parts, copper-clad laminate
for high-performance printed-circuit boards
Military switch gear, electrical terminal strips, and relay

housings and bases, automotive ignition parts, radio and TV
components, switch gear, and small-appliance housings
Application
1.67
Polycarbonate
Marblette [annealed
72 h at 356 K
(1818F)]
Bakelite ERL 2774

(50 phthalic
anhydride)
Hysole 4290:
at 296.9 K (758F)
at 405.2 K (2708F)
Armstrong C-6
Araldite 6020
at 299.7 K (808F)
Araldite 6020
at 277.4 K (408F)
Araldite B
Methyl methacrylate
(unplasticized)
Polystyrene
Cellulose nitrate
Castolite
Kriston
CR-39 (Columbia
resin)
Epoxy Resin:
Araldite CN-501
38.062.0 5.559.0 88.2117.2
3.0
20.6
7.0
48.3
22.4
3.25
at 296.3 K at 748F
34.5
5.0
8.0
55.2
28.3
4.12
at 299 K at 778F
4.0
27.6
82.7
1.38
12.0
0.20
10.0
8.25
7.06.0
56.5
48.041.4
68.9
7.55
7.0
12.517.0
10.0
kpsi
51.7
48.2
69.0
Cataline (61-893)
8.68
60.0
MPa
Glass
kpsi
MPa
Tensile
strength, st
Material
Elastic
limit, se
3.45
0.014
3.3
at 294 K
2.55
3.79 4.13
3.2
at 294 K
3.30
0.036
at 433 K
3.10
at 298 K
3.10
2.4
4.3
3.7
1.72.6
2.8
4.24.3
69.0
GPa
0.20
Poissons
ratio,
0.38
500.0
2.0
475
at 708F
370.0
550.0
600.0
460
at 708F
478.5
5.2
at 3208F
452.0
at 778F
445.0
0.38
0.41
0.34
0.50
0.38
0.362
0.35
350.0
0.33
623.0
0.35
540.0
250.0380.0 0.42
400.0
615.0628.0 0.365
10,000
kpsi
Youngs
modulus, E
TABLE 1-41
Optical and mechanical properties of photoelastic material6
10.508
0.245
13.222
at 293.6 K
7.355
14.535
10.30
0.435
at 433 K
60.0
1.4
75.5
at 708F
42.0
83.0
58.75
2.5
at 3208F
59.0
60,5
10.595
10.332
61.5
at 778F
58.0
310
245
182
80
83.599
54.290
42.907
31.873
14.010
14.62317.338
10.770
at 298 K
10.157
880
87
17402420
5.59
at 293.6 K
4.00
5.33
4.3
4.83
4.57
at 298 K
4.57
25.40
1.00
4.83
11.9012.50
91.00
4.83
4.83
220
at 708F
157
210
170
191
180
at 778F
180
1000
39
191
468492
3582
191
191
lin/fri
Strain fringe
value, fs
lbf/in fri lm/fri
154,113
304.724
423.812
15.236
kN/m fri
Stress fringe
value, f
347,000
261,000
328,000
57,000
290,000
320,000
83,000
310,000
305,000
290,000
56,000
135,000
264,000
116,000
150,000
18,200
226,000
163,000
27,600
280,000
fri/m
8810
6626
8333
1428
6291
8145
2080
7796
7672
7350
1428
3423
6750
29943838
455
70697218
57474132
fri/in
Figure of merit,
Q E=f
4690
1694
4596
5360
2628
14081188
643
25004070
19701415
fri/m
119
43
16
136
67
36.030.0
16.3
63.8100
53.5
fri/in
S e =f
Little optical and mechanical creep

Good stress-optical relationship;
susceptible for time edge eect
Used for 2-D and 3-D models
Used most commonly for 2-D and

3-D models
Used most commonly for 2-D and

3-D models
Used for 2-D models; free from time

edge eect
Low optical sensitivity

Free from time edge eect; used
for photoplasticity
Used for 2-dimensional (2-D) and 3dimensional (3-D) models;

Low optical sensitivity; rarely used
Remarks
1.68

2.85
102
46.2
31.0
MPa
6.70
4.50
kpsi
Tensile
strength, st
0.003
0.004
75.8
106
0.003
1.72
1.65
GPa
0.425
0.625
11
103
0.425
250.0
240.0
kpsi
Youngs
modulus, E
0.50
0.46
0.467
0.38
0.40
Poissons
ratio,
0.025
0.158
0.14
0.9
0.5
10.0
1.7
1.752
0.289
0.084
57.6
57.0
483.00
82.00
40.60
431.80
5.84
7.87
19016
3228
1598
17000
230
310
lin/fri
Strain fringe
value, fs
lbf/in fri lm/fri
10.087
9.982
kN/m fri
Stress fringe
value, f
19,000
25,000
3032
35,700
170,000
165,000
fri/m
78
4722694
850
4340
4210
fri/in
Figure of merit,
Q E=f
1076
684
893
fri/m
31.6
17.4
47.4
fri/in
S e =f
Great optical sensitivity; used for

model study of body forces
Used for preparation of models in

stress wave propagation and models
of dam
Good stress-optical relationship;

Remarks
Sources: K. Lingaiah, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. II (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1986, and K. Lingaiah and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine
Design Data Handbook, Vol. I (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1986.
Gelatin
(15% gelatin,
25% glycerine,
60%water)
Hysole 4485
0.17
1.0
6.9
Urethane rubber
Hysole 8705
at 26.9 K (758F)
2.70
18.9
Marblette
(phenofomaldehyde)
Catalin 800
Natural rubber
Hard
Soft
kpsi
MPa
Material
Elastic
limit, se
TABLE 1-41
Optical and mechanical properties of photoelastic material (Cont.)
1.69

W-Ni-Fe alloy 17.0

W-Ni Fe alloy 18.0
W-Ni-Fe alloy 18.5
2
3
4
0.614 895
0.650 925
0.667 795
0.614 785
130
134
115
114
kpsi
615
655
690
605
MPa
89
95
100
88
kpsi
Yielda
strength, spl
260
350
450
205
MPa
38
51
65
30
kpsi
Proportional
limit, spl
275
310
345
275
GPa
40
45
50
40
Mpsi
Modulus of
elasticity, E
16
6
3
4
27 RC
29 RC
32 RC
27 RC
Elongation
in 50 mm
(2 in), %
Hardness
lin/in8F
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.6
lm/m8C
5.4
5.4
5.3
5.0
Coecient of thermal
expansion,
Virtually
nonmagnetic
Slightly magnetic
Slightly magnetic
Slightly magnetic
Magnetic
properties
1.70

0.4
0.4
0.4
4
0.20.4
5
4
0.5
0.0010.01
0.2
0.20.5
0.8
13
0.0250.25
5
513
20.5
103 in
10.2
10.2
10.2
102.0
510
127
102
103 mm
7.64
2.43
2.62
1.11
1.49
2.48
2.43
2.46
2.56
1.431.75
1.78
3.40
g/cm3
0.283
0.090
0.097
0.041
0.052
0.092
0.090
0.091
0.095
0.0530.066
0.066
0.126
lb/in3
Density,
28524184
6892067
13782067
827
690
3100
4498
5510
2756
17233445
1240
2480
MPa
385600
100300
200300
120
100
450
650
800
400
250500
180
360
kpsi
200
172
138413
2.8
4
72.5
85
100
415
241689
310
414
GPa
29
25
2060
0.4
0.6
10.5
12.3
14.5
60
35100
45
60
Mpsi
Modulus of
elasticity, E
30
3.7
4550
4550
6.5
8190
8190
2.8
1.5
6.4
2.2
5.0
2.7
11.5
4.0
54
2.8
lin/in8F
5.0
lm/mK
Coecient of thermal
expansion,
60
87
29
7.5
Btu/(ft2 h8F)/in
381
381
1.7
1.7
2240038080 100170
13440
19488
6496
1680
W/(m2 K/m)
Thermal conductivity, K
Class 2, 9194
Class 3, 9496
Class 4, 9698
Class 1, 8991
Tungsten, %
by weight
Courtesy: J. E. Ashton, J. C. Halpin, and P. H. Petit, Primer on Composite MaterialsAnalysis, Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 750 Summer Street, Stanford, Conn. 06901, 1969.
E glass
S glass
970 S glass
Boron on tungsten
Graphite
Beryllium
Silicon carbide on
tungsten
Stainless steel
Asbestos
Aluminum
Polyamide
Polyester
Fiber
Typical ber
diameter
TABLE 1-43
Representative properties for ber reinforcement
a
0.2% oset; RC , Rockwell hardness scale C.
Source: Metals Handbook Desk Edition, ASM International, Materials Park, OH 44073-0002 (formerly The American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH 44073), 1985.
W-Ni-Cu alloy 17.0
Mg/m3 lb/in3 MPa
Classication
Class of alloy
Density,
Ultimate tensile
strength, sut
TABLE 1-42
Typical mechanical properties of commercial machinable tungsten alloys
Fe
97.7100
97.7100
97.7100
97.499.7
97.499.7
97.499.7
97.099.1
97.099.1
97.099.1
97.099.1
97.099.1
97.099.1
93.898.5
93.898.5
93.598.2
93.598.2
93.598.2
93.598.2
93.197.9
93.197.9
93.197.9
93.197.9
93.197.0
93.197.9
91.495.7
91.095.4
91.095.4
86.093.4
MPIF
material
designationa
F-0000
F-0000
F-0000
F-0005
F-0005
F-0005
F-0008
F-0008
F-0008
F-0008
F-0008
F-0008
FC-0200
FC-0200
FC-0205
FC-0205
FC-0205
FC-0205
FC-0208
PC-0208
FC-0208
FC-0208
FC-0208
FC-0208
FC-0505
FC-0508

FC-0508
FC-0808
0.61.0
0.61.0
0.61.0
0.30.6
0.61.0
0.61.0
0.61.0
0.610
0.61.0
0.61.0
0.30.6
0.30.6
0.30.6
0.30.6
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.61.0
0.61.0
0.61.0
0.61.0
0.61.0
0.61.0
0.30.6
0.30.6
0.30.6
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.3 max
6.011.0
4.06.0
4.06.0
4.06.0
1.53.9
1.53.9
1.53.9
1.53.9
1.53.9
1.53.9
1.53.9
1.53.9
1.53.9
1.53.9
1.53.9
1.53.9
Cu
Ni
MPIF chemical composition

limits and rangesb , %
HT
<6.0
AS
AS
6.46.8
<6.0
HT
6.06.4
AS
AS
6.46.8
6.06.4
AS
HT
AS
HT
6.06.4
6.87.2
6.87.2
6.46.8
AS
AS
6.46.8
HT
<6.0
AS
HT
AS
6.87.2
6.87.2
6.46.8
6.46.8
AS
AS
<6.0
6.87.2
HT
AS
HT
AS
HT
AS
HT
AS
AS
AS
6.87.2
6.87.2
6.46.8
6.46.8
6.06.4
6.06.4
6.46.8
6.46.8
6.06.4
7.27.6
AS
AS
<6.0
6.87.2
Conditionc
MPIF
density,
,
g/cm3
250
515
480
425
455
345
690
550
550
415
295
225
690
425
585
345
255
160
650
395
510
290
400
240
415
220
170
275
205
110
MPa
MPa
kpsi
Yield
strength, sy
MPa
36
75
70
62
66
50
100
80
80
60
43
33
100
62
85
50
37
23
94
57
74
42
58
35
60
32
25
40
30
26
22
480
480
395
380
290
655
395
330
205
655
310
560
260
70
70
57
55
42
95
57
48
30
95
45
81
38
Copper Steel
23
195
185
160
170
130
260
210
210
155
110
85
260
160
220
130
95
110
130
130
90
116
90
90
116
30d
30d
38d
19d
25d
24d
27d
29d
110
23d
70
70
16d
130
14d
160
13d
90
130
9d
Iron Copper Steel

115
17
60
91
150
38d
130
36d
245
625
40
130
130
22d
275
195
100
24d
110
28d
36
150
110
110
14d
250
110
90
22d
31d
90
90
19d
110
30
155
85
13d
205
57
23
20
23d
395
160
140
90
160
15d
110
70
130
6
11d
12d
65
105
80
GPa
16
13
13
16
13
19
19
16
16
10.5
10.5
19
19
16
16
19
13
19
19
16
16
13
13
16
16
13
23
19
10.5
7.5
9.5
4.7
4.1
7.5
6.8
3.4
6.1
4.7
6.8
6.1
11
13
23
6.8
4.7
34
20
4.1
Mpsi J
Modulus of
elasticity, E
10d
Steel
180
150
kpsi
Fatigue
strength, sf
Iron and Carbon Steel

10
75
11
40
kpsi
Tensile
strength, st
TABLE 1-44
Designation, composition and mechanical properties of ferrous powder metallurgy structural steels
5.5
7.0
3.5
3.0
4.5
3.5
5.0
4.5
8.0
5.0
2.5
9.5
5.5
17
5.0
3.5
25
15
ft-lbf
Impact
energy
<0.5
1.0
55RB
85RB
30RC
<0.5
75RB
65RB
1.0
1.5
60RB
40RC
1.0
<0.5
35RC
80RB
1.5
<0.5
70RB
95RB
1.0
45RB
<0.5
35RC
<0.5
<0.5
30RC
75RB
3.0
60RB
1.5
30RB
<0.5
80RH
30RC
2.5
75RB
<0.5
25RC
2.5
65RB
1.5
100RB
50RB
100RB
45RB
20RB
30RB
15RB
10RH
Apparent
hardness
<0.5
<0.5
1.0
0.5
2.5
1.5
15
Elongation
in 25 mm
(1 in), %
B 426, Grade 3
B 426, Grade 2
B 426. Grade 1
B 310, Class C
B 310, Class B
B 310, Class A
ASTM designation
1.71
91.698.7
90.297.0
FN-0208
FN-0400
1.72

0.60.9
2.0 max
6.08.0
87.193.4
AS
AS
6.87.2
7.27.6
655
550
HT
FN-0708(e)
620
1160
AS
FN-0705
7.27.6
705
6.46.8
HT
6.08.0
370
2.0 max
AS
0.30.6
87.493.7
585
490
FN-0705
AS
AS
6.87.2
640
395
1240
510
770
310
400
FN-0700
6.08.0
87.794.0
FN-0700
2.0 max
AS
0.3 max
AS
3.05.5
7.27.6
2.0 max
6.46.8
0.60.9
89.696.4
FN-0408
HT
AS
HT
7.27.6
6.46.8
AS
AS
340
545
1105
HT
690
HT
AS
330
AS
760
HT
6.87.2. AS
7.27.6
6.46.8
345
SS
565
HT
7.27.6
3.05.5
3.05.5
3.05.5
1.03.0
1.03.0
6.87.2
255
310
195
205
MPa
95
80
168
90
102
54
85
71
93
57
80
74
112
45
58
49
160
79
100
48
110
50
82
37
45
28
30
kpsi
Tensile
strength, st
AS
FN-0405
2.0 max
2.0 max
2.0 max
2.5 max
2.5 max
1.03.0
6.46.8
AS
AS
FN-0405
0.30.6
0.30.6
0.3 max
0.60.9
0.30.6
2.5 max
1.03.0
7.27.6
6.46.8
89.996.7
91.998.7
FN-0208
0.306
2.5 max
1.03.0
1.03.0
FN-0405
91.998.7
FN-0205
0.30.6
2.5 max
2.5 max
AS
<60
6.46.8
91.998.7
FN-0205
0.3 max
0.3 max
Conditionc
89.996.7
92.299.0
FN-0200
9.510.5
Ni
FN-0405
92.299.0
FN-0200
0.3 max
Cu
MPIF
density,
,
g/cm3
7.27.6
87.290.5
FC-1000

FN-0400
Fe
MPIF
material
designationa
kpsi
30
455
380
895
390
57
60
55
130
260
220
500
250
280
150
80
Nickel Steel
240
35
550
240
195
48
330
Iron Nickel
275
40
160
450
205
310
125
255
42
154
43
94
26
160
68
470
290
1060
295
650
180
Nickel Steel
36
140
250
Iron Nickel
205
30
220
275
130
305
140
225
105
415
50
94
30
88
31
65
23
75
125
MPa
38
32
65
36
41
22
34
28
37
23
65
30
45
18
23
20
60
32
40
19
44
20
33
15
18
11
kpsi
Fatigue
strength, sf
155
1070
345
650
205
605
215
450
160
Nickel Steel
205
Iron Nickel
125
18
Iron Copper
MPa
Yield
strength, sy
160
145
160
160
115
115
160
145
160
115
160
160
115
115
160
145
160
160
115
115
145
145
115
115
160
115
GPa
23
21
23
23
17
17
23
21
23
17
23
23
17
17
23
21
23
23
17
17
21
21
17
17
23
17
22
16
27
33
11
12
35
28
22
81
19
41
8.1
14
68
47
24
30
8.1
11
22
24
8.1
14
36
19
Mpsi J
Modulus of
elasticity, E
TABLE 1-44
Designation, composition and mechanical properties of ferrous powder metallurgy structural steels (Cont.)
16
12
20
24
26
21
16
14
30
10
50
35
18
22
16
18
10
50
14
ft-lbf
Impact
energy
3.0
2.5
1.5
5.0
0.5
2.0
4.5
1.5
1.5
6.0
0.5
3.0
6.5
0.5
3.5
0.5
2.0
1.0
3.5
0.5
3.0
11
0.5
Elongation
in 25 mm
(1 in), %
96RB
88RB
40RC
90RB
24RC
69RB
83RB
72RB
95RB
72RB
44RC
80RB
27RC
63RB
67RB
60RB
47RC
87RB
34RC
62RB
42RC
70RB
32RC
50RB
51RB
38RB
70RF
Apparent
hardness
B 484, Grade 3, Class C
B 484, Grade 3, Class B
B 484, Grade 3, Class A
B 222, B439, Grade 3
ASTM designation
80.591.7
80.191.4
70.785.0
70.484.7
70.084.4
FX-1005 (e)
FX-1008 (e)
FX-2000 (e)
FX-2005 (e)
FX-2008 (e)
0.61.0
0.30.7
0.3 max
0.61.0
0.30.6
15.025.0
15.025.0
15.025.0
8.014.9
8.014.9
Cu
Ni

7.27.6
7.27.6
7.27.6
7.27.6
MPIF
density,
,
g/cm3
895
585
860
HT
790
HT
AS
515
AS
450
HT
AS
620
830
HT
AS
570
MPa
AS
Conditionc
125
85
115
75
65
130
90
120
83
kpsi
Tensile
strength, st
kpsi
740
515
655
345
775
515
740
107
75
95
50
105
75
107
Inltered Steel
440
64
MPa
Yield
strength, sy
MPa
kpsi
Fatigue
strength, sf
125
125
125
125
135
135
135
135
GPa
18
18
18
18
20
20
20
20
6.8
14
8.1
12.9
20
9.5
16.0
9.5
19
Mpsi J
Modulus of
elasticity, E
5.0
10
6.0
9.5
15
7.0
12
7.0
14
ft-lbf
Impact
energy
80RB
92RC
1.0
30RC
<0.5
<0.5
75RB
60RB
40RC
80RB
35RC
75RB
Apparent
hardness
1.5
1.0
60.5
2.6
1.0
4.0
Elongation
in 25 mm
(1 in), %
B 303, Class C
B 303, Class B
B 303, Class A
ASTM designation
Designation listed are nearest comparable designations, ranges and limits may vary slightly between comparable designations.
Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF) standards require that the total amount of all other elements be less then 2.0%, except that the total amount of other elements must be less than 4.0%
inltered steel.
c
AS, as sintered; SS, sintered and sized; HT, heat treated, typically austenized at 8708C (16008F), oil quenched and tempered at 2008C (4008F).
d
Estimated as 38% of tensile strength.
e
x indicates inltered steel;
f
Unnotched Charpy test; RB hardness Rockwell B scale; RC hardness Rockwell scale C; RF hardness Rockwell F scale.
Source: Metals Handbook Desk Edition, ASM International, 1985, Materials Park, OH 44073-0002 (formerly The American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH 44073, 1985).
Fe
MPIF
material
designationa
TABLE 1-44
Designation, composition and mechanical properties of ferrous powder metallurgy structural steels (Cont.)
1.73

1.74

Ti-5Al-3.5Sn
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (EL1)
Ti-6Al-4V (EL1)
A 286
Pyromet 538
Nitromic 70
Kromare 5S
347
310S
0.05
1.4
9.5
8.0
9.3
2.0 max
2.0 max
2.0 max
S 30400
0.03
(AISI 304)
S 31008
0.03
(AISI 310)
S34700
0.03
(AISI 347)
0.5
0.10
304
0.1
0.7
0.5
0.1
15
Ni
2.0
0.4
0.15
3.5
0.05
1.0
1.5
2.6
7.0
8.5
23
913
1922
Austenitic Stainless Steel

1.0
812
High Nickel Alloys

Rem
1.7
3944
0.9
Rem
2.5
Rem
Copper and Copper Alloys
0.05
5.5
Rem
18.5
6.8
0.2
Fe
0.07
0.04
0.04
0.04
16
Mo
0.35 max
0.4
0.8
Al
0.2
0.1
0.17
0.05
0.02
0.07
0.03
0.08 max
0.08 max
0.08 max
1.25
2.2
3.1.
0.20
0.02
2.0
Titanium and Titanium Alloys
Omax
Sn
Hmax
0.20
2.03.0
0.02
0.5 max 0.15 max
4.06.0 0.07 max
0.12
23
0.018
0.2 max 0.08 max 4.75.6 0.05 max
3.54.5 0.13
0.015 max 0.15 max 0.15 max 0.08 max 5.56.5 0.05 max
0.3
20
17
15.5 0.16
1719
2426
1820
15.5
16
18.6
15.0
Smax
Aluminum Alloys
0.06
Ti
0.045
3.0 Zn
5.6 Zn
0.18 Zr
Pmax Other
0.30Mmax
0.005 0.008Zr,
0.016B
0.005B
0.045 (10C)(Nb+Tb)
0.045
1.5Co, 4.0W
3.0 (Nb+Ta)
5.0 Nb
0.85 Nb
30 Zn
0.1
70.0
0.15
0.20
0.20
0.23
Cr
1.9 Be
4.4
1.0
2.8
2.5
0.5
Mg
98.1
0.28
0.05 0.25
1.6
0.6
0.1
0.8
0.3
0.7
Mn
4.4
6.3
Cu
0.8
Si
No 5500
No 9706
No 7718
UNS No.
Hastelloy C
Inconel 706
Inconel 718
Inconel X 750
C 17200
Beryllium copper
C 26000
Cartridge brass,
70%
2014
2219
5083
6061
7039
7075
Alloy designation
Nominal composition, %
TABLE 1-45
Nominal composition of some of structural alloys at subzero temperatures (i.e., at cryogenic temperatures)
320
423
452
75
320
423
452
253
269
24
196
253
269
24
196
253
6061, T651 temper, L.O.
24
196
269
7039, T6 temper, L.O.
24
196
253
7075, T 651 temper, L.O.
24
196
269
7075, T 7351 temper, L.O.
24
196
269
6061-T6 temper, L.O.
5083-H113, L.O.
75
320
423
75
320
452
75
320
423
75
320
452
75
320
452

Plate
Plate
Sheet
Plate
Sheet
Plate
Plate
Sheet
97.6
48.5
67.1
90.0
85.8
97.6
84.5
320 46.3
425 61.8
495 72.0
310 44.9
400 58.3
485 70.1
455 66.0
575 83.2
665 96.2
580 84.2
705 102
825 120
525 76.2
675 98.2
760 110
675
335
465
620
590
675
585
44.9
58.3
70.1
60.2
66.5
78.8
94.5
67.8
196
310
400
485
415
460
545
650
465
75
320
452
75
320
423
452
75
24
196
269
24
196
253
269
24
Plate
MPa kpsi
Form
8C
Alloy and condition
8F
Tensile
strength, st
Temperature
290
340
365
290
335
380
410
495
535
530
650
770
455
570
605
510
235
27.5
305
280
490
460
290
335
380
290
345
370
390
380
42.2
49.6
52.6
42.2
48.9
55.0
59.8
72.0
77.4
77.1
94.4
112
66.2
82.5
88.1
74.2
34.2
39.6
43.9
40.5
71.0
66.6
42.2
48.9
55.0
41.9
50.2
53.6
55.2
56.3
12
18
26
16
23
26
11
15
14
10
7
6
10
11
11
15
15
31
30
29
14
13
16
23
26
10
11
14
23
11
Yield
strength, sy Elongation,
MPa kpsi %
MPa
kpsi
Room temperature
yield strength, syr
14
10
9
22
14
12
50
48
42
23
23
31
24
28
21
25
26
403
536
381
289
142*
382
58.5
77.7
55.3
41.9
20.6*
55.4
Aluminum Alloys
50
432
62.7
48
42
382
55.4
Reduction in
area,
%
35.9
32.1
22.5
27.6
32.3
33.5
32.7
29.2
20.5
25.1
29.4
30.5
26.5
37.9
43.7*
48.0*
29.1
41.6
24.6*
39.5b
36.3
(26.2)
42.4
(31.4)
48.0
(34.0)
21.2
26.1
p
kpsi m
27.0*
43.4b
39.9
(28.8)
46.5
(34.5)
52.5
(37.2)
23.2
28.7
p
MPa m
Fracture toughness
KIC (J)
T.S.
T.L.
Bend
Bend
Bend
C.T.
T.L.
T.L.
T.L.
T.L.
Bend, CT T.S.
Bend
Bend
Specimen Orientdesign
ation
TABLE 1-46
Typical tensile properties and fracture toughness of structural alloys at sub-zero temperature (i.e. cryogenic temperature)
7039 has good combination of strength

and fracture toughness at room and at
196 8C
Used for plate of 7075-T6 for the inner
tank skirt between the liquid oxygen
and liquid hydrogen sections of the
external tank of the space shuttle.
Improves ductility and notch toughness
of 7075 alloy at cryogenic temperature
processing it to the T7351 temper.

Fracture toughness values are for 5083O, i.e., KIC (J). 5083-O is not heat
treatable and used in annealed (O)
condition. Used to build liqueed
natural gas (LNG) spherical tanks in
ships.
Aluminum alloys 6061 in the T6 temper
have the same strength and ductility at
both room and sub-zero temperatures.
High toughness at room and sub-zero

temperatures, used for liquid oxygen
and liquid hydrogen tanks for space
shuttle.
Fracture toughness values in
parentheses refer to specimen design
C.T.
Possess high strength at room

temperature and sub-zero temperature.
Uses and remarks
1.75
1.76

452
75
320
423
452
75
260
320
452
269
GTA weld in Inconel
24
X-750 sheet, X-750 ller 196
metal, aged 20 h at 7008C 253
269
24
162
196
269
24
196
269
24
196
A645 (5Ni Steel), L.O.

quenched, tempered,
reversion annealed.
304 annealed, L.O.
310 S annealed, T.O.
75
320
24
196
Inconel 718, L.O.

[Aged 34 h at 9828C
(18008F)]
75
320
452
75
320
75
320
423
75
320
452
24
196
253
Inconel 706 (VIM-VAR)
24
STDA
196
269
Hastelloy C, cold rolled

20%, L.O.
C17200 TD02 temper

(Solution treated, cold
worked to 12 hard)
75
320
423
75
320
423
Forging
Sheet
Plate
Weldment
Sheet
Bar
Forged
billets
Sheet
Sheet
Bar
165
220
252
183
228
243
263
187
224
241
660 95.5
1650 236
1700 247
330
48
670 97
715 104
930 135
1130 164
1810
1290
1540
1660
1410 204
1650 239
1140
1520
1740
1260
1570
1680
95.2
117
132
90
117
137
24
196
253
24
196
253
C26000 03 temper (34 hard)

655
805
910
620
805
945
MPa kpsi
Form
8C
Alloy and condition
8F
Tensile
strength, st
Temperature
295
425
570
580
1070
530
570
765
1410
860
945
1020
1170
1340
1000
1280
1380
1050
1200
1250
420
475
505
550
690
750
21
22
50
28
15
21
13
32
33
24
29
30
14
28
32
15
37
45
42.5
55.0
82.5
84
155
75
42
30
40
46
76.8 32
82.9 2.8
111 30
204
125
137
148
170
197
145
186
200
152
174
181
61.0
68.5
73.5
80
100
109
Reduction in
area,
%
MPa
kpsi
Room temperature
yield strength, syr
825
1170*
1065
120
170*
154
Austenitic Stainless Steels
76
260
37.9
67
Ferritic Nickel Steels

72
68
535
77.5
62
20
18
20
33
33
33
High-Nickel Alloys
58
63
58
Copper and Copper Alloys (L.O.)
Yield
MPa kpsi %
196
87.1
58.4
112
178
79.3
53.2
134#
176
102
87.8*
94
143
157
96.4*
103
121
p
kpsi m
133
p
MPa m
Fracture toughness
KIC (J)
122#
160
C.T.
C.T.
C.T.
T.L.
C.R.
ation
Uses and remarks
Austenitic stainless steels are used

extensively for subzero temperature
applications to 2698C.
Welding process, SMA, Filler, 310S.

b
In weld fusion zone, as welded.
(VEB). Used in construction of storage

tanks for liqueed hydrocarbon gases,
structures and machineries in cold
regions.
Fracture toughness values refer to KIC

(J). These high nickel alloys exhibit
excellent combinations of strength,
toughness, and ductility over the entire
range of subzero temperatures. Used in
energy related equipments such as
superconducting motors and
generators.
* Refer to STDA alloy.
The fatigue strengths of high-nickel
alloys are higher at cryogenic
temperature than at room temperature.
#
KIJ (J), fusion zone, gas tungsten arc
weld (GTA).
KIC (J), vacuum electron beam weld
Tensile and fatigue properties of copper

alloys increase as the testing
temperature decreased. Used in
stabilizers, components of the windings
in superconducting magnets, solenoids
and power cables at super
temperatures.
TABLE 1-46
Typical tensile properties and fracture toughness of structural alloys at sub-zero temperature (i.e. cryogenic temperature) (Cont.)
75
320
423
75
320
452
75
452
452
A-286 annealed sheet, welded 24

and age hardened, L.O. 196
A-286 STA
253
24
196
269
24
269
269
452
75
320
452
75
320
452
269
452
452
75
320
423
75
320
423
75
320
423
75
320
Nitronic 60, annealed, L.O. 24

196
253
Kromarc 58 annealed
24
plate, tested as welded*, L.O. 196
Kromarc 58 STQ
269
310 S annealed, T.O.
109
218
204
72
124
154
11
16
15
66
60
24
36
46
33
79
66
27
61
41
40
24
74
61
24
370
340

Weldamentc
820
125
166
186
58.1
101
125
133
192
209
31
52
47
35
3
29
2
3
10
10
51
48
26
MPa
119
88.2
53.8
49
kpsi
Room temperature
yield strength, syr
Plate
860
1145
1280
400
695
860
915
1325
1440
239
57
61
63
173
208
226
160
223
259
105
211
160
Reduction in
area,
%
610
600 87
745 108
870 126
750
1500
1410
495
855
1060
1240 180
1650
255
420
435
1190
1430
1560
1100
1540
1790
725
1455
650
1365
1610
1320
1900
2010
1180
1720
2000
415
1005
94
198
234
191
276
292
171
249
290
60
146
1105
825 120
Yield
MPa kpsi %
Bar
Plate
Weldamentc
Sheet
Plate
Plate
Weldmentc
Weldmenta
Bar
Plate
Sheet
Sheet
Plate,
Weldment ;a
Sheet
Form
MPa kpsi
8F
8C
269
269
347 annealed, L.O.
24
196
253
304 hard cold rolled, L.O. 24
196
253
310, 75% cold reduced,
24
L.O.
196
253
Pyromet 538 annealed
24
Pyromet 538 STQ
196
Alloy and condition
Tensile
strength, st
Temperature
125
123
118
161
179
247b
214
155b
181
82b
175b
275a
259
116b
p
MPa m
T.L.
ation
114
112
107
146
163
225b
195
141b
L.T.
T.S.
T.L.
165 at 2698C (4528F)

74b at 2698C (4528F)
159b at 2698C (4528F)
250a
236
106b
p
kpsi m
Fracture toughness
KIC (J)
Uses and remarks
A-286 alloy develops good strength,

with good ductility and notch
toughness in the cryogenic
temperature range.
Welding process: GTA.

Filler: Kromrc 58.
Kromrc is used for structural
appliances.
Prototype super-conducting
generators
Strength of these steels is increased by

rolling or cold drawing at 1968C.
Used in liquid hydrogen and liquid
oxygen tank construction in Atlas and
Centaur rockets. Type 304 stainless
steels used in piping, tubing, and valves.
Used in transfer of oxygen for storage
tanks. Cast steels are used for Bubble
Chambers, and for cylindrical magnet
tubes for superconducting magnets.
Welding process: GTA.

Filler: Pyromet 538.
Fracture toughness values refer to
Pyromet 538 STQ.
a
Shielded metal arc weld.
b
In weld fusion zone, as welded.
c
Gas tungsten arc weld.
TABLE 1-46
1.77
Forging
Sheet/
Plate
Sheet/
Plate
850
1370
1700
800
1300
1570
970
1570
1650
123
199
246
116
188
228
141
227
239
795
1300
1590
740
1210
1450
915
1480
1570
115
188
231
107
175
210
133
214
227
16
14
7
16
16
10
14
11
11
Reduction in
area,
%
MPa
kpsi
Room temperature
yield strength, syr
40
31
24
830
120
Titanium and Titanium Alloys

875
127
875
127
875
127
705
102
705
102
Yield
MPa kpsi %
55.5
49.2
54.1
101
81.5
65.4
48.6
p
kpsi m
610
111
89.6
71.8
53.4
p
MPa m
Fracture toughness
KIC (J)
C.T.
Bend
Bend
C.T.
C.T.
Bend
C.T.
L.T.
L.T.
L.T.
L.T.
L.T.
L.T.
L.T.
ation
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn and Ti-6Al-4V, titanium

alloys have high strength to weight
ratio at cryogenic temperatures and
preferred alloys at temperatures of
alloys at temperatures of 1968C to
2698C (3208F to 4528F). Used in
spherical pressure vessels in Atlas and
Centaur Rockets, the Apollo and
Saturn launch Boosters and Lunar
Modules. Should not be used at
cryogenic temperatures for storage or
transfer of liquid oxygen, since the
condensed oxygen will cause ignition
during abrasion.
Uses and remarks
AAM, air arc melted. C.T., compact toughness. GMA, gas metal arc welding process. GTA, gas tungsten arc weld. L.O., longitudinal orientation. S.T., solution treated. STDA, solution treated and
double aged. VAR, vacuum arc remelted. VEB, vacuum electron beam weld. VIM, vacuum induction melted. W, weld.
Source: Metals Handbook Desk Edition, ASM International, 1985, Materials Park, OH 44073-0002 (formerly The American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH 44073, 1985).
75
320
423
75
320
423
75
320
423
452
Form
MPa kpsi
8F
8C
Ti-5 Al-2.5 Sn, nominal

24
interstitial annealed, L.O. 196
253
Ti-5 Al-2.5 Sn (EL1)
24
annealed, L.O.
196
253
Ti-6 Al-4 V (EL1) as
24
forged
196
253
269
Alloy and condition
Tensile
strength, st
Temperature
TABLE 1-46
1.78


0.64
0.67
0.66
0.53
0.43
0.55
0.66
0.55
0.77
0.51
0.68
0.66
0.71
0.55
0.45
0.56
Cedar, western red

Cypress
Douglas r, coast region
Hemlock, eastern
Hemlock, western
Larch, western
Pine, red
Pine, ponderosa
Pine, eastern white
Pine, western white
Redwood
Spruce, sitka
Spruce, white
Ash, white
Beech
Birch, yellow
Cherry, black
Cottonwood, eastern
Elm, American
Elm, rock
Sweetgum
Hickory. shagbark
Mahogany (swietenia spp)
Maple, sugar
Oak, red, northern
Oak, white
Tupelo, black
Yellow poplar
Walnut, black
6.64
7.11
6.80
5.53
4.42
5.53
7.00
5.69
7.90
5.37
6.95
6.95
7.58
5.53
4.58
6.00
3.62
5.06
5.37
4.42
4.6
6.00
4.90
4.42
3.62
4.27
4.42
4.42
4.42
42
45
43
35
28
35
44
36
50
34
44
44
48
35
29
38
23
32
34
28
29
38
31
28
24
27
28
28
28
kN/m3 lbf/ft3
Density , D
4.9
5.1
7.2
3.7
3.9
4.2
4.8
5.4
7.0
3.5
4.9
4.0
5.3
4.4
4.2
5.2
2.4
3.8
4.8
3.0
4.3
4.5
3.8
3.9
2.1
2.6
2.6
4.3
4.7
Rad
7.9
11.0
9.2
7.1
9.2
9.5
8.1
10.2
10.5
4.8
9.5
8.2
9.0
7.7
7.6
7.1
5.0
6.2
7.6
6.8
7.0
9.1
7.2
6.3
6.1
5.3
4.4
7.5
8.2
Tan
Shrinkage
106.18
102.74
114.46
84.80
58.60
81.36
102.05
86.19
139.28
79.02
108.94
98.60
104.80
66.20
69.64
100.67
51.71
73.09
85.50
61.37
77.11
90.33
75.85
64.81
59.30
66.88
69.00
70.33
67.57
MPa
15.4
14.9
16.6
12.3
8.5
11.8
14.8
12.5
20.2
11.46
15.80
14.30
15.20
9.60
10.10
14.6
7.5
10.6
12.4
8.9
11.3
13.10
11.00
9.4
8.6
9.7
10.0
10.2
9.8
kpsi
Modulus
of rupture
12.20
11.86
14.55
10.27
9.45
9.24
10.62
11.31
14.89
10.34
12.62
12.55
12.27
8.27
10.89
11.58
7.65
9.93
13.45
8.28
11.31
12.90
11.24
8.90
8.55
10.10
9.24
10.83
9.24
GPa
kpsi
4.56
6.36
7.24
5.41
7.71
7.64
6.07
5.32
4.80
5.04
6.15
5.61
5.47
7.41
7.30
8.17
7.11
4.91
5.52
7.05
6.32
9.21
6.80
7.83
6.76
7.44
5.52
5.54
7.58
Softwoods
1.11
31.44
1.44
43.85
1.95
49.92
1.20
37.30
1.64
49.02
1.87
52.68
1.63
41.85
1.29
36.68
1.24
33.10
1.46
34.75
1.34
42.40
1.57
38.68
1.34
37.72
Hardwoods
1.77
51.10
1.72
50.33
2.11
56.33
1.49
48.95
1.37
33.85
1.34
38.06
1.54
48.60
1.64
43.58
2.16
63.50
1.50
46.88
1.83
53.98
1.82
46.61
1.78
51.30
1.20
38.06
1.58
38.20
1.68
52.26
Maximumd
crushing
strength, scr
MPa
Mpsi
Modulus of
elasticity, E
Static bending
8.00
6.96
6.69
4.76
2.55
4.76
8.48
4.28
12.14
7.58
10.14
7.00
7.38
6.41
3.45
7.00
3.17
5.38
5.52
4.48
3.79
6.76
4.14
4.00
3.03
3.24
4.83
4.00
3.17
MPa
1.16
1.01
0.97
0.69
0.37
0.69
1.23
0.62
1.76
1.10
1.47
1.01
1.07
0.93
0.50
1.01
0.46
0.78
0.80
0.65
0.55
0.98
0.60
0.58
0.44
0.47
0.70
0.58
0.46
kpsi
Compressiona
proportionality
limit, scp
6.48
7.00
6.34
3.86
4.00
4.55
5.24
5.17
5.52
5.52
3.44
3.72
4.76
1.52
1.86
2.34
2.34
3.00
3.17
2.90
2.18
1.66
2.55
2.48
MPa
0.94
1.01
0.92
0.56
0.58
0.66
0.76
0.75
0.80
0.80
0.50
0.54
0.69
0.22
0.27
0.34
0.34
0.43
0.46
0.42
0.31
0.24
0.37
0.36
kpsi
Tensile
strengthe;f , st
1092
1041
1397
737
508
990
1422
813
1702
483
1092
940
559
610
864
430
864
787
533
660
889
660
483
457
584
483
635
508
mm
43
41
55
29
20
39
56
32
67
19
43
37
22
24
34
17
34
31
21
26
35
26
19
18
23
19
25
20
in
Impact bending in
a drop of 222 N
(50 lbf) hammer
13.45
13.86
13.00
11.72
6.41
10.41
13.24
11.03
16.75
8.48
16.06
12.27
13.80
9.24
8.21
9.45
5.93
6.89
8.00
7.31
6.62
9.38
8.76
7.79
6.21
7.17
6.48
7.93
7.45
MPa
1.95
2.01
1.88
1.70
0.93
1.51
1.92
1.6
2.43
1.23
2.33
1.78
2.00
1.34
1.19
1.37
0.86
1.00
1.16
1.06
1.25
1.36
1.21
1.13
0.90
1.04
0.94
1.15
1.08
kpsi
Sheard
strength, s
1320
1300
1260
950
430
830
1320
850
800
1450
1290
1360
810
540
1010
350
510
710
500
540
830
560
460
380
420
480
510
480
Hardness
average of
R and T
Seasoned wood at 12% moisture. b Seasoned wood at 12% moisture content. c Percent from green to ovendry condition based on dimensions when green. d Parallel to grain. e Perpendicular to grain.
Height of drop of 222 N (50 lbf) hammer for failure, mm (in). Rad, radially. Tan, tangentially. g Tensile strength parallel to grain may be taken as equal to modulus of rupture in bending.
Source: Extracted from Wood Handbook and the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory.
0.34
0.48
0.51
0.43
0.44
0.59
0.47
0.42
0.37
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.45
Kind of wood
Specic
gravity
Gm
ovendry
volume
TABLE 1-47
Typical properties of wooda of clear material of section 50 mm 50 mm (2 in 2 in), as per ASTM D143
1.79
24
40
1
40
166
276
7
276
28
60
10
12
7
15
kpsi
414
69
83
48
103
MPa
14
365
310
214
145
152
172
469
290
83
345
GPa
9828C 18008F 218C
53
45
31
21
22
25
68
42
12
50
4.0
9.0
8.8
13.5
9.0
9.9
10.1
4.0
4.5
4.7
9.2
2.2
5.0
4.9
7.5
5.0
5.5
5.6
2.2
2.5
2.6
5.1
12320
29120
10528
4480
29120
4480
32480
32480
29120
22400
194880 64960
47040
324800
53760
13888
33600
12992
87360
44800
33600
49280
Specic
heat, c
870
210
1450
240
62
15
58
390
200
150
220
290
55
130
47
20
15
20
145
145
130
100
1.42
1.09
2.09
1.05
0.25
0.59
0.25
0.84
1.51
1.63
0.46
0.34
0.26
0.50
0.25
0.06
0.14
0.06
0.20
0.36
0.39
0.11
2128F 18008F
Btu/(ft2 h8F/in) kJ/kg8C Btu/lbm 8F
Thermal
conductivity, K at
1008C 9828C
lin/in8F W/(m2 8C/m)
Linear
coecientb
of expansion,
Mpsi lm/
m8C
708F
Modulus of
elasticity, E
3871
2032
2571
2799
3049
2538
2799
2760
2449
2760
2143
8C
7000
3690
4660
5070
5520
4600
5070
5000d
4440
5000
3890
8F
Fusion point
Good
Good
Very good
Poor
Fair
Fair
Fair
Excellent
Good
Good
Good
103
10
0.5
1010
106
>1014
>1014
>1014
>1014
108
Thermal
stress
708C
resistance (218C)
102
104
107
108
107
105
500
18008F
(9828C)
Electrical
resistivity, cmc
Porosity: 0 to 5%.
Between 208C (658F) and 9828C (18008F).
c
Multiply the values by 0.393 in to obtain electrical resistivity in units of -in.
d
Stabilized.
Courtesy: Extracted from Marks Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 8th edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1978, and Norton Refractories, 3rd edition, Green and
Stewart, ASTM Standards on Refractory Materials Handbook (Committee, C-8), 1.
2.22 0.0802 21
0.143
0.110
0.129
0.361
0.202
0.396
0.116
0.097
0.0813
0.224
100
20
14
12
20
12
24
50
7
100
3.97
3.03
3.58
10.00
5.60
10.96
3.22
2.52
2.25
6.20
Alumina (Al2 O3 )
Beryllium oxide (BeO)
Magnesium oxide (MgO)
Thoria (ThO2 )
Zirconia (ZrO2 )
Uranium oxide (UO2 )
Silicon carbide (SiC)
Boron carbide (BC)
Boron nitride (BN)
Molybdenum silicide
(MoSi2 )
Carbon (C)
lb/in3 MPa kpsi
218C 708F
689
138
97
83
138
83
166
345
48
689
g/m3
Material
Density
Modulus of rupture, sr
TABLE 1-48
Mechanical and physical properties of typical densea pure refractories
1.80


1.81
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
Datsko, J., Material Properties and Manufacturing Process, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1966.
Datsko, J. Material in Design and Manufacturing, Malloy, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1977.
ASM Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988.
Machine Design, 1981 Materials Reference Issue, Penton/IPC, Cleveland, Ohio, Vol. 53, No. 6, March 19,
1981.
Lingaiah, K., Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. II (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers,
Bangalore, India, 1986.
Lingaiah, K., and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. I (SI and Customary Metric
Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1986.
Technical Editor Speaks, the International Nickel Company, New York, 1943.
Shigley, J. E., Mechanical Engineering Design, Metric Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York,
1986.
Deutschman, A. D., W. J. Michels, and C. E. Wilson, Machine DesignTheory and Practice, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1975.
Juvinall, R. C., Fundaments of Machine Components Design, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1983.
Lingaiah, K., and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Engineering College Co-operative Society, Bangalore, India, 1962.
Lingaiah, K., Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. II (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers,
Bangalore, India, 1981 and 1984.
Lingaiah, K., and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. I (SI and Customary Metric
Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1983.
SAE Handbook, 1981.
Lessels, J. M., Strength and Resistance of Metals, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1954.
Siegel, M. J., V. L. Maleev, and J. B. Hartman, Mechanical Design of Machines, 4th edition, International
Textbook Company, Scranton, Pennsylvania, 1965.
Black, P. H., and O. Eugene Adams, Jr., Machine Design, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1963.
Niemann, G., Maschinenelemente, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Erster Band, 1963.
Faires, V. M., Design of Machine Elements, 4th edition, Macmillan Company, New York, 1965.
Nortman, C. A., E. S. Ault, and I. F. Zarobsky, Fundamentals of Machine Design, Macmillan Company, New
York, 1951.
Spotts, M. F., Design of Machine Elements, 5th edition, Prentice-Hall of India Private Ltd., New Delhi, 1978.
Vallance, A., and V. L. Doughtie, Design of Machine Members, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York,
1951.
Decker, K.-H., Maschinenelemente, Gestalting und Bereching, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, Germany, 1971.
Decker, K.-H., and Kabus, B. K., Maschinenelemente-Aufgaben, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, Germany,
1970.
ISO and BIS standards.
Metals Handbook, Desk Edition, ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, 1985 (formerly the American
Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1985).
Edwards, Jr., K. S., and R. B. McKee, Fundamentals of Mechanical Components Design, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York, 1991.
Shigley, J. E., and C. R. Mischke, Standard Handbook of Machine Design, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York, 1996.
Structural Alloys Handbook, Metals and Ceramics Information Center, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, 1985.
Wood Handbook and U. S. Forest Products Laboratory.
SAE J1099, Technical Report of Fatigue Properties.
Ashton, J. C., I. Halpin, and P. H. Petit, Primer on Composite Materials-Analysis, Technomic Publishing Co.,
Inc., 750 Summer Street, Stanford, Conn 06901, 1969.
Baumeister, T., E. A. Avallone, and T. Baumeister III, Marks Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers,
8th edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1978.
Norton, Refractories, 3rd edition, Green and Stewart, ASTM Standards on Refractory Materials Handbook
(Committee C-8).

1.82
CHAPTER ONE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Black, P. H., and O. Eugene Adams, Jr., Machine Design, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1983.
Decker, K.-H., Maschinenelemente, Gestalting und Bereching, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, Germany, 1971.
Decker, K.-H., and Kabus, B. K., Maschinenelemente-Aufgaben, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, Germany, 1970.
Deutschman, A. D., W. J. Michels, and C. E. Wilson, Machine DesignTheory and Practice, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1975.
Faires, V. M., Design of Machine Elements, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1965.
Honger, O. S. (ed.), (ASME) Handbook for Metals Properties, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1954.
ISO standards.
Juvinall, R. C., Fundaments of Machine Components Design, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1983.
Lessels, J. M., Strength and Resistance of Metals, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1954.
Lingaiah, K., and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Engineering College Co-operative
Society, Bangalore, India, 1962.
Marks Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 8th edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York,
1978.
Niemann, G., Maschinenelemente, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Erster Band, 1963.
Norman, C. A., E. S. Ault, and I. E. Zarobsky, Fundamentals of Machine Design, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York, 1951.
SAE Handbook, 1981.
Shigley, J. E., Mechanical Engineering Design, Metric Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1986.
Siegel, M. J., V. L. Maleev, and J. B. Hartman, Mechanical Design of Machines, 4th edition, International Textbook Company, Scranton, Pennsylvania, 1965.
Spotts, M. F., Design of Machine Elements, 5th edition, Prentice-Hall of India Private Ltd., New Delhi, 1978.
Vallance, A., and V. L. Doughtie, Design of Machine Members, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1951.


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Source: MACHINE DESIGN DATABOOK

area of cross section, m2 (in2 )

The units in parentheses are US Customary units

PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

transverse bending stress, MPa (psi)

American Iron and Steel Institute

Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)

PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Society of Automotive Engineers

For engineering stress-strain diagram for ductile steel,

Refer to Fig. 1-1

For engineering stress-strain diagram for brittle

Refer to Fig. 1-2

The numerical value of strength of a material

where lf nal gauge length of tension test

Point P is the proportionality

FIGURE 1-1 Stress-strain diagram for ductile material.

Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)

PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

The nominal stress or engineering stress

where F applied load.

The true stress

Bridgemans equation for actual stress (act ) during r

where Af actual area of cross section or

The true strain

Eq. (1-9) can be written as

There is no necking at fracture for

FIGURE 1-2 Stress-strain curve for a brittle material.

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PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Percent elongation in a standard tension test specimen

Refer to Fig. 1-3.

FIGURE 1-3 A standard tensile specimen subject to various

The standard gauge length of tensile test specimen

Therefore the true strain from Eqs. (1-7) and (1-15)

The true strain at rupture, which is also known as the

where df minimum diameter in the gauge length

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PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Refer to Table 1-1A for values of "ftru of steel and

tru 1 " e"tru

where 0 strength coecient,

The load at any point along the stress-strain curve

The load-strain relation from Eqs. (1-20) and (1-2)

Dierentiating Eq. (1-22) and equating the results to

The stress on the specimen which causes a given

The approximate yield strength of the previously

The approximate yield strength since A0w Aw

where Aw actual cross-sectional area of the

By substituting Eq. (1-26) into Eq. (1-24)

The tensile strength of a cold worked material

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PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

For standard tensile specimen at stages of loading A0w

Eq. (1-31) can also be expressed as

The modulus of toughness

Valid for Aw  Au or "w  "u .

Expression for su w after substituting Eq. (1-28)

The Knoop hardness number

The Meyer hardness number, HM

where F applied load, kgf,

where F in kgf, d and D in mm, HB in kgf/mm2 .

where F applied load on a spherical indenter,

Valid for Aw Au or "w "u .

0:32sut for cast iron