CHEMISTRY
Unit 1
Revision Booklet
Atomic Structure:
The atom is composed of the following subatomic particles. Complete the table with their
following properties.
Name
Relative Mass
Relative Charge
Proton
-1
Neutron
Atomic Mass:
-3-
14
16
Symbol
15
10
35
36
16
79
30
27Al
-4-
3+
11.0 (81.3%)
10.8
-5-
Mass Spectrometer:
The mass spectrometer measures the relative
abundance and relative mass of a sample.
1)A ________ sample is first bombarded with
_______, from a heated _______, to form positive
ions. The very fast ________ strike the sample
removing an electron.
X(g)
X+(g) + eNa(g)
Na+(g) + e-
Br2(g)
Br2+(g) + e-
-7-
Electron Configuration:
Successive ___________ Energies provide
evidence for the existence of quantum shells. i.e.
that ________ exist in energy levels with distinct
energy.
The variation in 1st Ionisation Energies provide
evidence for the existence of characteristic energy
levels consisting of s, p and d orbitals.
An orbital is an area in which there is a high
probability of locating an electron. Each orbital can
hold a maximum of _____ electrons.
Below draw diagrams to represent the shapes of:
a) an s orbital
b) a p orbital
-8-
Energy Level
1
2
3
4
s
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
Total electrons
2
8
18
8
2s
2p
3s
3p
4s
3d
-9-
4p
1s
2s
2px
2py
2pz
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Atomic Mass:
- 12 -
The Mole:
This is the number of particles in 12g of Carbon-12.
(Avogadros number)
The number of particles is _________ and is called
_________ Number.
The number of particles in any given substance can
be calculated by:
No of Particles = No. of Moles x _________ Number
Calculate the number of particles in the following:
1) 0.5 moles of magnesium
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- 14 -
Mass of element
24
64
Mass Relative
Atomic Mass
12
16
Divide by the
smaller number
Ratio
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1.
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Molecular Formulae:
Once you have found the Empirical Forumla e.g CH2 then
you can find the Molecular Formula using the Mr of the
compound.
Er is like Mr but for the Empirical Formula
Mr / Er this should be a whole number
Molecular Formula = Mr / Er x Empirical Formula
e.g. 42/14 x CH2 = C3H6
1. a) Calculate the empirical formula of the compound
found to contain 40.0% carbon, 6.7% hydrogen and
53.3% oxygen.
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- 19 -
Mr = 56
Writing equations:
It is important when writing equations to do it
methodically:
1. Write a word equation
2. Write the formulas for each of the species.
3. Balance the equation.
A full equation shows the full formulae of the species
involved.
An ionic equation shows only those ions/molecules that
change in the reaction.
Write full equations for the following reactions:
a)
b)
- 20 -
calcium chloride +
hydrogen
b)
c)
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- 22 -
- 23 -
Percentage Yield:
% yield =
x 100
______________________________________________________________
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x100
_____________________________________________
3) Calculate the atom economy to make iron from iron oxide in the
Blast Furnace. Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2
- 25 -
Types of Bond:
1) Ionic
This is the _________ attraction
between oppositely charged ions.
Cation:- ________ ion due to the
loss of electrons
Anion:- _______ ion due to the gain
of electrons
2) Covalent
This is the _______ of a pair of
electrons in which both species
donate ____ electron.
3) Dative Covalent
This is the ______ of a pair of
electrons in which _____ electrons
come from the same species
4) Metallic Bond
The attraction between _______
ions and the sea of _________
electrons.
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Ions:
i)
ii)
iii)
- 27 -
Electronegativity:
i)
The electronegativity of an element is a
measure of the attraction its atoms has for a pair of
________ in a covalent bond.
Metals usually have _____ electronegativities.
Non-metals have _____ electronegativities.
If there is a very ______ difference in
electronegativity then the bond will be more _____
than covalent but all ionic bonds show some _______
character.
If a covalent bond is formed between two
different elements then there will be an _______
sharing of the electrons. Therefore a _____ bond is
formed.
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- 29 -
Properties:
The properties of a substance depend upon the
structure and bonding of a substance.
a) Ionic:
1. Have
a
very
regular
threedimensional arrangement of ions
(ionic _______). The crystals are
very _______.
2. Have very high _______ points due
to the strong attraction.
3. Conduct electricity when ______ or
in aqueous solution because they have
free moving _____.
4. Most ionic solids are water-soluble
because the ______ required to
separate the ______ is compensated
for by the exothermic nature of
hydration. The strong ionic bonds are
replaced by _________ to the polar
water molecules.
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b) Covalent:
Covalent compounds vary and can be separated into
four distinct groups:
i)
giant atomic e.g. diamond, graphite, quartz
(SiO2)
a. Have very high _______ points
because they have a ______
number of covalent bonds and
this requires a lot of ______
to break them.
b. Diamond
and
quartz
are
______ structures due to the
________ of the covalent bond.
c. Graphite can _____ electricity
due to the presence of
delocalised _______.
d. Graphite is a good _______
because the layers can easily
slide over each other.
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ii)
- 32 -
iii)
- 33 -
iv)
non-crystalline
e.g.
polymers
like
polyethene.
a. Are generally ________ with
high melting points because of
the strong Van der Waals
forces between the molecules.
b. Some polymers form crosslinks between the strands and
therefore
cannot
be
_________.
- 34 -
Melting Point:
When a solid is heated from room temperature
until ______.
The particles
_______ more.
(ions,
molecules
or
atoms)
- 35 -
Noble Gases:
ii)
- 36 -
Molecular Shapes:
These are explained by the Valence Shell
Electron Pair Repulsion Theory:
i)
ii)
iv)
3 bond pairs
Triangular
Planar
Bond Angle
120
4 Bond Pairs
Tetrahedral
Bond Angle
109.5
- 38 -
5 Bond Pairs
Trigonal
Bipyramidal
Bond Angle
90 and 120
6 Bond Pairs
Octahedral
Bond Angle
90
- 39 -
Pyramidal
Water
(Bond Angle 104.5)
Non-linear
- 40 -
HCl (Linear)
ii)
CO2 (Linear)
iii)
- 41 -
iv)
SO32- (pyramidal)
v)
vi)
vii)
NH4+ (tetrahedral)
- 42 -
Metallic Bonding:
The metallic bond is the _________ between
the regularly arranged positive _______ and the sea
of _________ electrons.
- 43 -
Periodicity:
Elements are classified as s, p or d depending upon their
position in the Periodic table.
Atomic Radius:
Across the Period from Na Ar the atomic radius
________. This is because as the _________ charge
increases the electrons are all in the same ________ level.
Therefore the electrons have the same _____________
and so the attraction to the outer electrons is stronger.
This means the radius of the atom will be
_____________.
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Melting Point:
As we go across the period the melting point initially
________. This is because the metal ions have greater
__________ and therefore the attraction to the sea of
delocalised electrons is __________.
In group 4 Silicon is _______________ and therefore
has a very high melting point.
In groups 5,6, and 7 the elements are ___________ with
small ______________ (P4, S8 and Cl2). They have _____
intermolecular forces and therefore _____ melting points.
Argon is a ___________ element and therefore has very
weak ______________ forces between its atoms.
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Ionisation Energies:
First Ionisation Energy: The _______ change
when 1 m____ of electrons is removed from 1
m_____ of atoms in the ________state.
X(g)
X+(g) + e-
X2+(g) + e-
b) 2nd I.E. of Mg
- 46 -
Trends:
1) Across a Period the Ionisation Energy
________ as the nuclear charge ________. The
electrons are in the same energy _____ and
therefore the _________ to the outer electron is
_______ and more energy is required to remove it.
2) Down a group the Ionisation Energy _______
as the outer electron is _______ from the nucleus.
Although there is a greater nuclear ______ the
inner electron shells _______ the valency electron
and therefore the attraction is _______ and less
_______ is required to remove it.
3) Successive Ionisation Energies are always
greater than the previous as there are fewer
________ and therefore greater ________. A very
large jump in the value indicates the electron is
being removed from an ______ shell.
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- 48 -
Molecular Formula:
e.g.
- 49 -
Structural Isomerism:
- 50 -
d) Give an example
chloropropane.
of
two
positional
isomers
of
- 51 -
Naming compounds:
The main part of the name is defined by the number of
carbon atoms in the longest possible chain
Generally functional groups are given suffixes (-ane, -ene,
-ol) except the haloalkanes which are given prefixes
(chloro, bromo, iodo).
Branches are also given prefixes e.g. methyl, ethyl.
Name the following molecules:
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Alkanes:
Alkanes are s____________ hydrocarbons
Petroleum is a m_________ consisting mainly of alkane
hydrocarbons
Different components (fractions) of this m__________
can be drawn off at different levels in a f____________
column because of the t_____________ gradient
C____________ involves the breaking of CC bonds in
alkanes
T_________
c_________
takes
place
at
high
- 53 -
a)
c)
d)
e)
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