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Definition of Turbulence
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u`
u`
=
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Energy Cascade
Due to instabilities, the large eddies eventually break up, producing
successively smaller eddies. The kinetic energy of the larger eddies
is divided among the smaller eddies. This process is repeated down
to the small scales. This leads to an energy cascade in which
energy is passed down from the large scales to smaller scales where
eventually the kinetic energy is dissipated as heat.
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Richardson, 1922
This notion that that a turbulent flow is composed of a cascade
of eddies of different sizes is an idea that was orginally introduced
by Lewis Richardson in 1922. He composed the following rhyming
verse that captures this viewpoint:
Big whorls have little whorls,
Which feed on their velocity;
And little whorls have lesser whorls,
And so on to viscosity.
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Large-Scale Eddies
In general, the large-scale eddies contain most of the turbulent
kinetic energy (kinetic energy associated with turbulent motion)
and are mainly responsible for the enhanced diffusivity and
increased apparent stresses.
The large scales, as represented by the integral length scale, are
also generally not statistically isotropic (i.e., having no preferential
spatial direction), since they are determined by the particular
geometrical features of the flow and its boundaries.
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Large-Scale Eddies
For free-shear flows, the size of the largest eddies, `, is of order
` (thickness of shear layer)
and, for wall-bounded flows, the largest scales are of order
` y (distance from the wall)
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Taylor Micro-Scale
The Taylor micro-scale, `T , is an intermediate scale between the
largest and the smallest turbulence scales. It typically lies within
the so-called inertial subrange but well above the Kolmogorov
scale. The Taylor micro-scale can be approximated by
`T
7
(1/3)
`
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1/2
3
1/4
(Kolmogorov length scale)
1/4
()
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2
0.01
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