Multiple Choice Answers

D Bulk chemicals can be made from other raw materials like air and water.
Hydrogen is a bulk chemical. It can be obtained from electrolysis of water,
steam-methane reforming process, etc.

A Wool and cotton are natural materials. Polyethene is seldom used to make
clothes, instead, it is usually used to make bags, wrapping film for food, boxes,
buckets, etc.

D Bulk chemicals are chemicals that are sold thousands of tonnes a year and are
used for the production of synthetic products. Water and petroleum are raw materials.
Plastic is a synthetic product.

C Nitrogenous fertilizers can be produced by the reaction between ammonia and

Petroleum is a natural raw material.

sulphuric acid. NH 3 (aq) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (aq)

8

D Disposable foam food box is made of expanded polystyrene. Low-density

polyethene is used to make wrapping film for food. PVC instead of polypropene is
used to produce shower curtain.

A Bulk chemicals are simple and basic chemicals which can be used for production
of synthetic products.

10

11

12

13

C In fact, the majority of petroleum fractions can be used. The light fractions are
used in the automobile industry. The heavy fractions are used to make a lot of
different synthetic products.

14

C Ethene can be obtained by cracking of petroleum. Ethanol is the product obtained

by catalytic hydration of ethene.

15

16

B Chlorine is a useful industrial chemical. However, it is not a petrochemical.

Petrochemical industry produces any chemicals from petroleum or natural gas.

17

18

C Apart from Reichstein process, two-stage fermentation process can be used for
ascorbic acid production. Glucose is used as feedstock for both processes. Reichstein
process is a two-stage process which combines fermentation and chemical synthesis.

19

20

21

D The chemical name for vitamin C is ascorbic acid. The intermediate compounds
formed in Reichstein process and two-stage fermentation process are called DAKS

Night blindness is mainly caused by the deficiency of vitamin A.

and KGA respectively. The overall production cost of vitamin C by two-stage

fermentation process is lower compared with Reichstein process. The overall yields
of vitamin C produced from both processes are about 60%.
22

23

24

C Calcium carbonate is an example of bulk chemical. Calcium carbonate can be

obtained from natural raw materials like rocks and seashells.

25

26

C Some plastics are made from other substances such as biodegradable substances
(e.g. starch).

27

28

D Rate equations can also be written respectively for the forward and backward
reactions of a reversible reaction. Besides, rate equation shows the quantitative
relationship between concentration and reaction rate, but not rate constant.

29

D The order of reaction with respect to a reactant can only be found through
experiments.

30

A Let the rate equation for the reaction be rate = k[A]x[B]y. Since [B] is in largely
excess, [B]y is a constant. The rate equation can then be modified to rate = k[A]x,
where k = k[B]y. When [A] was doubled, the rate of the reaction doubled. Therefore,
the reaction is first order with respect to A. In other words, the rate is directly
proportional to [A].

31
32

A The half-life of A is
B k=

0.693
only if the reaction is a first order reaction.
k

0.693
=3.45104yr1
2010 yr

33

34

D The value of rate constant is equal to the reaction rate only if the reaction is in
zeroth order.

35

36

37
38
39

C k=

0.693
= 4.1 hr
0.169 hr 1

C
C 30 min =

0.0231
0.693
, k = 0.0231 min1, that is
= 3.85 104 s1.
k
60 s

40

C Rate constant of the reaction depends on the temperature, but not the
concentration of any reactants.

41

42

A Number of half-lives that 214Bi has passed after 59.1 min =

59.1 min
= 3. Mass of
19.7 min

1
Bi after 59.1 min = 0.001 ( )3 g = 1.25 104 g.
2

214

43

Number of half-lives that 55Cr has passed after 10.8 hr =

10.8 hr
= 6. Let the mass
1.8 hr

of 55Cr material before shipping is M.

1
1.0 = M ( )6
2
M = 64

44

45

46

A Let the rate of reaction when [C] = 0.60 mol dm3 be r.

3

0.020 mol dm 3 s 1
=
r

(1.0 mol dm 3 ) 2
3
3 2
(0.60 mol dm )

r = 0.0093

47

B By putting the numbers into the rate equation, rate = k[X]2[Y]

R 1 = 0.729k mol dm3 s1; R 2 = 2.92k mol dm3 s1; R 3 = 2.92k mol dm3 s1; R 4 =
5.83k mol dm3 s1

48

C
By substituting the given information into the rate equation, we have
12.0 =

1
k[2.25] 2

[2.00]z

(1)

54.0 =

1
k[4.00] 2

[3.00]z

(2)

Dividing (2) by (1),

1

54.0
4.00 2
3.00 z
=(
) (
)
12.0
2.25
2.00

z=3

49

A If [A] is largely greater than [B], the rate of reaction is independent of [A].
[A]x is a constant. The rate equation for the reaction becomes rate = k 2 [B]y, where k 2
= k[A]x = constant. If y = 0, then rate = k 2 . A horizontal straight line is obtained when
the graph of rate against [B] is plotted. Therefore, (2) is correct. (3) is correct only if x
= y.

50

51

C A graph of rate against [B]2 is a straight line passing through the origin.

52

B There is no direct relationship between the order of reaction with respect to a

reactant in the rate equation and the stoichiometric coefficient of that reactant in the
chemical equation. Besides, the reaction may involve other reactants that the orders
of reaction with respect to them are zero. Option C is wrong. Reaction rate should be
quadrupled when [A] was doubled while keeping [B] constant. Option D is also
1
9
wrong. The overall effect on reaction rate = (3)2 ( )3 =
2
8

53

D This is a third order reaction. A plot of [Y] against time should be a curve. The
reaction rate increased by eight times when both [X] and [Y] were doubled. The unit
of rate constant =

54

mol dm 3 s 1
= mol2 dm6 s1
3 3
(mol dm )

C
Let the rate equation be rate = k[A]x[B]y[C]z, where x, y and z are the orders of
reaction with respect to A, B and C respectively.
By substituting the given information into the rate equation, we have
0.48 105 = k(0.10)x(0.05)y(0.04)z
1.92 105 = k(0.20)x(0.05)y(0.08)z
1.44 105 = k(0.10)x(0.15)y(0.04)z
0.24 105 = k(0.20)x(0.10)y(0.02)z
Dividing (3) by (1),

1.44 10 5
k (0.10) x (0.15) y (0.04) z
=
0.48 10 5
k (0.10) x (0.05) y (0.04) z
3 = (3)y
y=1
Dividing (2) by (4),

1.92 10 5
k (0.20) x (0.05) y (0.08) z
=
0.24 10 5
k (0.20) x (0.10) y (0.02) z
8 = (0.5)y(4)z
Since y = 1, so 16 = (4)z
z=2
Dividing (2) by (1),

1.92 10 5
k (0.20) x (0.05) y (0.08) z
=
0.48 10 5
k (0.10) x (0.05) y (0.04) z
4 = (2)x(2)z

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Since z = 2, so, 1 = (2)x

x=0

55

C From Experiments 1 and 2, under the same initial concentration of Y(g), initial
rate quadrupled when the initial concentration of X(g) was doubled. Therefore, the
reaction is second order with respect to X(g).
From Experiments 1 and 3, under the same initial concentration of X(g), initial rate
doubled when the initial concentration of Y(g) was doubled. Therefore, the reaction is
first order with respect to Y(g).
The rate equation for the reaction is rate = k[X(g)]2[Y(g)].
Use the information given from Experiment 1,
6.20 10 3 mol dm 3s 1
k=
= 0.0194 mol2 dm6 s1
3 2
3
(0.400 mol dm ) (2.00 mol dm )

Initial rate of reaction in Experiment 4

= 0.0194 (0.500)2 (1.50) mol dm3 s1
= 7.28 103 mol dm3 s1
56

1
D Overall effect on rate of reaction = (2)2 = 2
2

57

D The order of reaction with respect to a particular reactant can be any real
numbers. However, the order of reaction with respect to a particular reactant can only
be found through experiments.

58

59

60

A For (2), the energy of the products is less than that of the reactants. For (3), the
activation energy is independent of the type of reaction.

61

D The activation energy is the difference in energy between the reactants and the
transition state. Therefore, the activation energy for the reaction, B A = 70 20 kJ
mol1 = 50 kJ mol1

62

A For an exothermic reaction, the energy of the products is less than the energy of
the reactants. Besides, there should be an energy barrier to overcome before the
reaction takes place.

63

B Activation energy is the minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to

occur.

64

C The species that exists at the point of maximum energy is called the activated
complex, which contains partially broken and partially formed bonds.

65

A Apart from overcoming the energy barrier, the reactant particles must be
correctly oriented to one another. The forward reaction and the backward reaction of

a reversible reaction generally have different activation energies. Activation energy is

the minimum energy required to break bonds for a reaction to occur.
66

C For multi-step reactions, there are more than one transition state.

67

B For C, a change in temperature affects the equilibrium position of the reaction but
not the activation energy. For D, since the E a of the backward reaction is greater than
that of the forward reaction, the rate constant of backward reaction is smaller than
that of the forward reaction.

68

B For A, x-axis is the reaction coordinate, y-axis is the energy. For C, the activated
complex contains partially broken and partially formed bonds. For D, H is the
difference in energy between the reactants and the products.

69

B For an endothermic reaction, the enthalpy change, H is positive. Therefore, the

energy of the products is greater than that of the reactants.

70

71

72

73

D For A, the area under the curve remains the same because the number of particles
in the system does not change at any temperatures. D is incorrect because there is no
maximum energy for a particle.

74

Energy

2NO 2 (g)
Ea

N 2 O 4 (g
)

Reaction coordinate
Referring to the diagram,
the activation energy for the backward reaction
= 57.2 kJ mol1 (+54.0 kJ mol1) = 3.2 kJ mol1
75

B (1) is incorrect because the number of particles in the system does not change
when temperature rises. (3) is incorrect because the maximum point of the curve is
shifted to the right and gets lower when temperature rises. The number of particles
with the most probable kinetic energy decreases.

76

D The most probable kinetic energy is on the left of the average kinetic energy. The
curve is asymmetric. The area under the curve represents the total number of particles
in the system.

77

C The change in temperature does not affect activation energy. The area under the

Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve is a constant as the number of particles is the

same. An increase in reaction rate with a rise in temperature is mainly due to the
increased number of particles possessing energy equal to or greater than the
activation energy.
78

79

B The change in temperature does not affect the activation energy.

80

A The area under the curve remains the same because the number of particles in the
system does not change when the temperature rises.

81

C The change in temperature does not affect the activation energy of a reaction.

82

B The average kinetic energy is on the right of the maximum point.

83

B
By substituting values of k 1 , k 2 , T 1 and T 2 into the Arrhenius equation and then
solving for E a ,
k 1 = 0.5 1010

T 1 = 30 + 273 K = 303 K

k 2 = 22 1010

T 2 = 100 + 273 K = 373 K

log k1 log k 2

Ea
1 1
( )
2.3 R T2 T1

log 0.5 10 10 log 22 10 10

Ea
1
1
(

)
2.3 8.314 373 303

Solving for E a = 50.7 kJ mol1

84

A
By applying k Ae
10

0.5 10

= Ae

Ea
RT

50 800
8.314 ( 303)

Solving for A = 0.0286

85

D
By substituting values of k 1 , k 2 , T 1 and T 2 into the Arrhenius equation and then
solving for E a ,
k 1 = 5.49 106

T 1 = 5000 K

k 2 = 9.86 108

T 2 = 10 000 K

log k1 log k 2

Ea
1 1
( )
2.3 R T2 T1

log 5.49 106 log 9.86 108

Solving for E a = 431.1 kJ mol1

Ea
1
1
(

)
2.3 8.314 10000 5000

86

D
By substituting values of k 1 , k 2 , T 1 and T 2 into the Arrhenius equation and then
solving for E a ,
k1 = k

T 1 = 25 + 273 K= 298 K

k 2 = 2k

T 2 = 35 + 273 K = 308 K

log k1 log k 2

Ea
1 1
( )
2.3 R T2 T1

log k log 2k

Ea
1
1
(

)
2.3 8.314 308 298

Solving for E a = 52.8 kJ mol1

87

C At a low temperature, the reaction rate decreases because the number of particles
with energy equal to or greater than E a decreases. In addition, for a reaction with high
E a , the number of particles with energy equal to or greater than E a decreases.

88

C
By substituting values of k 1 , k 2 , T 1 and T 2 into the Arrhenius equation.
k 1 = k 37C

T 1 = 37 + 273 K= 310 K

k 2 = k 15C

T 2 = 15 + 273 K = 288 K

log k37C log k15C

log

Ea
1
1
(

)
2.3 R 288 310

k37C
87 000
1
1

)
k 15C 2.3 8.314 288 310

k37C
13.2
k 15C
89

D
By substituting values of k 1 , k 2 , T 1 and T 2 into the Arrhenius equation and then
solving for E a ,
k 1 = 1.3 1011

T 1 = 270 + 273 K= 543 K

k 2 = 4.5 1010

T 2 = 350 + 273 K = 623 K

log k1 log k 2

Ea
1 1
( )
2.3 R T2 T1

log 1.3 10 11 log 4.5 10 10

Ea
1
1
(

)
2.3 8.314 623 543

Solving for E a = 124.5 kJ mol1

90

D (1) is incorrect because the activation energy of a reaction remains unchanged at

any temperatures. However, in the presence of a catalyst, the reaction will proceed in
an alternative pathway with lower activation energy.

91

D Taking logarithm of the Arrhenius equation gives log k = log A

By plotting a graph of log k against

Ea
2.3 R

1
E
, its slope is equal to a and the
T
2.3 R

y-intercept is equal to log A.

92

D By substituting values of k 1 , k 2 , T 1 and T 2 into the Arrhenius equation and

then solving for E a ,

k 1 = 0.096

T 1 = 350 + 273 K = 623 K

k 2 = 0.400

T 2 = 400 + 273 K = 673 K

log k1 log k 2

Ea
1 1
( )
2.3 R T2 T1

log 0.096 log 0.400

Ea
1
1
(

)
2.3 8.314 673 623

Solving for E a = 99.38 kJ mol1

93

D
By substituting values of k 1 , k 2 , T 1 and T 2 into the Arrhenius equation and then
solving for E a ,

k1 = k

T 1 = 80 + 273 K = 353 K

k 2 = 5k

T 2 = 120 + 273 K = 393 K

log k1 log k 2

Ea
1 1
( )
2.3 R T2 T1

log k log 5k

Ea
1
1
(

)
2.3 8.314 393 353

Solving for E a = 46.4 kJ mol1

94

D
By substituting values of k 1 , k 2 , T 1 and T 2 into the Arrhenius equation and then
solving for E a ,

k1 = k

T 1 = 500 K

k 2 = 4k

T 2 = 520 K

log k1 log k 2

Ea
1 1
( )
2.3 R T2 T1

log k log 4k

Ea
1
1
(

)
2.3 8.314 520 500

Solving for E a = 149.7 kJ mol1

95

D
By substituting values of k 1 , k 2 , T 1 and T 2 into the Arrhenius equation and then

solving for E a ,

k 1 = 0.0503

T 1 = 25 + 273 K = 298 K

k 2 = 6.71

T 2 = 60 + 273 K = 333 K

log k1 log k 2

Ea
1 1
( )
2.3 R T2 T1

log 0.0503 log 6.71

1
1
Ea
(

)
2.3 8.314 333 298

Solving for E a = 115.2 kJ mol1

96

97

98

99

100

C Catalysts do not affect the yield of products because they do not affect the
equilibrium position. Catalysts can be classified into positive catalysts and negative
catalysts. Positive catalysts speed up reactions while negative catalysts slow down
reactions.

101

B For (1), the catalyst usually reacts with one of the reactants to form an
intermediate. The intermediate then reacts with another reactant to give the product
and the catalyst is regenerated at the same time. For (2), as the catalyst is regenerated
at the end of the reaction, its amount is not changed. For (3), there is a limit where the
amount of catalyst used increases, the reaction rate will not increase.

102

B Referring to the energy profile of the endothermic reaction, the activated complex
has the highest energy while the reactants have the lowest energy.

Energy

activated complex

Ea
reactants

products
H = +ve
Reaction coordinate

103

D I and II represent the activation energy and the enthalpy change of the reaction in
the absence of a catalyst respectively. III is equal to I + II. The catalyst does not affect
the activation energy and the enthalpy change of the original reaction. In fact, it
provides an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy.

104

C Catalysts do not lower the E a of the original reaction. They allow reaction to
proceed in a different way with lower E a .

105

106

D A catalyst increases the rate of reaction by providing an alternative pathway with

lower activation energy for the reaction to proceed. It does not change the activation
energy and the yield of the reaction.

107

B The catalysts do not affect the yield of a reaction because they do not affect the
equilibrium position of a reaction. The catalysts can be in solid, liquid or gaseous
phase.

108

B Positive catalyst increases the rate of reaction without changing the equilibrium
position. The yield of product is not changed. Therefore, A and D are incorrect. C
shows the effect of negative catalyst on the reaction.

109

A The positive catalyst can speed up the reaction while the negative catalyst can
slow down the reaction. Since the catalyst increases the rates of both forward and
backward reactions to the same extent, it does not affect the equilibrium position and
then the yield of products.

110

D The catalyst increases the rates of both forward and backward reactions to the
same extent in an equilibrium. It does not affect the equilibrium position, so the
equilibrium concentrations of the products remain unchanged.

111

C The catalyst increase the rates of both forward and backward reactions to the
same extent in an equilibrium. It does not affect the equilibrium position. Besides,
they have no effect on the enthalpy change of the reaction.

112

D The catalyst does not affect the activation energy of the original reaction. Instead,
it provides an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy.

113

D They change chemically during a reaction. During a reaction, a catalyst forms an

intermediate with one of the reactants. Then the intermediate reacts with another
reactant to give the product and the catalyst is regenerated. In fact, the catalyst
remains chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction.

114

C (1) is incorrect because the homogeneous catalysts are in the same phase with the
reactants and the products.

115

A Platinum acts as a heterogeneous catalyst as it is in solid phase while the

reactants and the products are in gaseous phase. The catalyst provides a surface for
the adsorption of the reactants, not absorption.

116

D The heated catalyst is an aluminium oxide which is a heterogeneous catalyst

because it is in solid phase while the reactants and the products are in gaseous phase.

117

D Fe2+(aq) is a homogeneous catalyst. It is oxidized by S 2 O 8 2(aq) to Fe3+(aq).

118

119

C The reaction between peroxodisulphate ions and iodide ions can be catalysed by
either iron(II) ions or iron(III) ions.

120

D X is a catalyst because it is regenerated at the end of the reaction. Z is an

intermediate because it is formed in the first step and then is consumed in the next
step.

121

122

A
If Cu+(aq) is used as the catalyst, the reaction is:
Cu+(aq) + Fe3+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + Fe2+(aq)
Cu2+(aq) + V3+(aq) Cu+(aq) + V4+(aq)
If Cu2+(aq) is used as the catalyst, the reaction is:
Cu2+(aq) + V3+(aq) Cu+(aq) + V4+(aq)
Cu+(aq) + Fe3+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + Fe2+(aq)

123

124

A During the hydrogenation of ethene in the presence of nickel, the C=C bonds
within the ethene molecules are weakened only after adsorbing on the surface of
nickel. Besides, CH bonds are formed between a hydrogen atom and one of the
carbon atoms of ethene.

125

126

127

A Finely divided iron is used as a heterogeneous catalyst.

128

C Nickel is used as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of unsaturated oils to make

margarine.

129

C The catalyst used is finely divided iron. The kinetic energy of molecules is not
affected by a catalyst. A catalyst has no effect on the equilibrium position.

130

A Rhodium or platinum catalyses the reaction between carbon monoxide and

nitrogen monoxide to form carbon dioxide and nitrogen.

131

132

133

134

D Finely divided iron is used as a heterogeneous catalyst in the Haber process. It is

in solid phase while the reactants and the product are in gaseous phases.

135

136

C In fact, the catalysts change chemically during a reaction.

137

C The hydrogen and alkene molecules are adsorbed on the surface of the catalyst.

138

A A high pressure can shift the equilibrium position to the side with less number of
molecules and increase the yield. (1) is correct. A high pressure means same number
of particles in a smaller volume. It can increase the chance of effective collisions. (2)
is correct. Liquefying the ammonia in the condenser facilitates storage of ammonia.

139

B Molar mass of CON 2 H 4 = 12.0 + 16.0 + 14.0 2 + 1.0 4 g mol1 = 60.0 g

A is not a cracking. B is an addition polymerization.

mol1

mass of urea used = 25.0

60.0
kg = 53.6 kg
14.0 2

140

A Haber process is exothermic, so a lower temperature favours a higher yield of

product. B and C are incorrect. For the reaction, N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g)
2NH 3 (g),
increasing pressure will shift the equilibrium position to the side with less moles of
gaseous materials (i.e. NH 3 ). Therefore, A is correct.

141

C The significance of the Haber process is the conversion of nitrogen (sufficient

supply from air) into ammonia which is useful in fertilizers. Meanwhile, the cost of
nitrogen is very low.

142

A Aqueous barium nitrate should be added in excess so that all the sulphate ions in
the fertilizer would be precipitated. It is almost an immediate reaction. Hence, B and
D are incorrect. Option C only affects the precision of the data but it will not lead to
large error in measurement.

143

D As the steam-methane reforming is a reversible reaction, both reactants and

products exist in equilibrium. The equation for the reaction is:
CH 4 (g) + H 2 O(l)
3H 2 (g) + CO(g)

144

C Fertilizers are usually inorganic salts that contain one or more of the elements
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

145

C A mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide is called synthesis gas or syngas.

146

D The optimum conditions for producing ammonia are 200 atm, 450C and with
the use of finely divided iron as the catalyst.

147

B According to Le Chteliers Principle, a low temperature favours a high yield of

NH 3 at equilibrium. But at low temperatures, the reaction proceeds slowly. So a
moderately high temperature (500C) is used.

148

A From the catalytic chamber, the NH 3 is liquefied and both N 2 and H 2 remain,
which are being recycled.

149

D
Let the volume of NH 3 synthesized be V L.
1 mole of CH 4 produces
1 L of CH 4 produces

V = 5.6 107

8
moles of NH 3 .
3

8
L of NH 3 .
3

8
75% = 1.1 108
3

150

A Volatile means the ammonia cannot be handled easily. Ammonia is so alkaline

that it will change the soil pH. Unpleasant odour may be a problem, but this is not a
consideration of using ammonium nitrate instead of ammonia.

151

C NH 3 is generated from the reaction between N 2 and H 2 in the HNO 3 plant. Then
HNO 3 produced further reacts with aqueous NH 3 to form NH 4 NO 3 .

152

A The product of the nitrogen fixation is ammonia NH 3 , which is not suitable for
use as fertilizer. It must go through further treatment to produce nitrate.

153

A In a flowing mercury cell, sodium ions are reduced to sodium metal and then
sodium metal dissolves to form sodium amalgam at the cathode.

154

B It has a potential hazard of mercury leakage. Algal bloom is caused by sewage

with excess amount of nutrient. Acid rain and smog are caused by exhaust gas
(includes particulates and some acidic gases, such as SO 2 ).

155

C Hydrogen and oxygen (a by-product) produced are collected at different outlets

and they do not react explosively under room conditions.

156

A Since the amount of Na+(aq) ions does not change and there is no increase in
volume of solution, the concentration of Na+(aq) ions would not decrease.

157

B Chlorine is poisonous to most micro-organisms.

158

C The design actually aims at allowing the anode and cathode reactions to proceed
at the same time.

159

160

B In the diaphragm cell, titanium is used as the anode and steel is used as the
cathode.

161

B
2NaCl(aq) + 2H 2 O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H 2 (g) + Cl 2 (g)
No. of moles of HCl manufactured =

1000 000 36.5%

mol = 10 000 mol
35.5 1.0

Since 1 mole NaCl produces 1 mole of HCl,

mass of NaCl needed = 10 000 (23.0 + 35.5) g = 585 000 g = 585 kg

162

163

164

D Methanol is a colourless liquid with molecular formula CH 3 OH. It is too toxic to

drink!

165

D Ethene is used to produce polyethylene.

166

D NiO is used in steam-methane reforming. ZnO/Cr 2 O 3 or Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 is used

in the conversion of syngas to methanol.

167

168

169

D (1) and (3) affect the ease of production and retail while (2) affects the running of
the plant.

170

D The oil field nearby can supply methane (main component of natural gas) to the
site. As the production of methanol needs steam for steam-methane reforming to give
synthesis gas, the lake nearby is a convenient supply of water. There should not be a
residential area with several thousands of people nearby since any leakage from the

plant may pose a serious threat to the people.

171

B Relative molecular mass of the polymer = (12.0 6 + 1.0 12 + 16.0 6) 5

(16.0 + 1.0 2) 4 = 828

172

B ZnO cannot be used as a catalyst in the Haber process.

173

D The set-up has to be free from impurities because this will poison the catalyst and
the reaction might be quenched.

174

175

D Methanol is toxic.

176

##A (1) is correct because glucose which is obtained from corn is a renewable raw
material. (3) is incorrect because biosynthesis of adipic acid does not involve the use
of cobalt catalyst. Instead, E.coil is used to catalyse the reaction.##

177

##D##

178

##A (3) is incorrect because natural gas is a non-renewable raw material.##

179

##B (2) is incorrect because solar energy is a renewable energy source.##

180

##A (3) is incorrect. It is possible to achieve 100% yield but the reaction may
generate waste that is far greater in mass and volume than that of the desired product.
Thus, the atom economy is lower than 100%.##

181

##C Some of the biodegradable plastics may release greenhouse gases such as
carbon dioxide and methane to the environment during decomposition.##

182

##D##

183

##D We should reduce the production of the derivatives of the desired product by
minimizing the synthetic steps. Otherwise, more reagents are needed and more waste
will be generated.##

184

##B The production of by-products should be minimized in order to reduce

reagents used and generate less wastes.##

185

##C
Mass of atoms in C 6 H 12 O 6 = (12.0 6 + 1.0 12 + 16.0 6) g = 180 g
Mass of atoms in C 2 H 5 OH = (12.0 2 + 1.0 6 + 16.0) g = 46.0 g
From the equation, 1 mole of C 6 H 12 O 6 reacts to form 2 moles of C 2 H 5 OH.
atom economy of the reaction
=

46.0 2
100% = 51.1%
180

##
186

##B
Mass of atoms in C 7 H 6 O 3 = (12.0 7 + 1.0 6 + 16.0 3) g = 138 g
Mass of atoms in CH 3 COOH = (12.0 2 + 1.0 4 + 16.0 2) g = 60.0 g
Mass of atoms in aspirin = (12.0 9 + 1.0 8 + 16.0 4) g = 180 g
atom economy

180
100% = 90.9%
138 60.0

##
187

##B (2) is the fact only.##

188

##C They are completely degradable and can be converted into harmless
substances.##

189

##D The synthesis involves the use of cobalt catalysts which cannot be recovered
completely, so they would be disposed to the environment. The synthesis produces
dinitrogen oxide or nitrous oxide (N 2 O) gas which is a greenhouse gas.##

190

##D The aim of applying the heat exchanger is to minimize the use of energy, so it
is a green chemistry practice.##

191

##B The correct one is using less hazardous chemical syntheses.##

192

##D##

193

##D##

194

##C##

195

##D Butane, naphtha and methanol are the starting materials for manufacturing
ethanoic acid in butane oxidation, naphtha oxidation and Monsanto process or
CATIVA process respectively.##

196

##D Carbonlyation is the reaction that introduces a carbonyl group into a

compound. It is the way to manufacture ethanoic acid.##

197

##B Ethene is used as the feedstock. Ethanal is produced during the reaction.##

198

##C Iridium metal used in the CATIVA process is cheaper than rhodium metal used
in the Monsanto process.##

199

##C Two-stage fermentation process is used to produce vitamin C. Ester is

produced in esterification. Reduction of ethanal gives ethanol instead of ethanoic
acid.##

200

##D (2) is correct because methanol obtained from biomass, wastes and sewages
from the community is a renewable raw material. (3) indicates that the atom economy
is 100%.##

201

##B##

202

##D##

203

##C Even though the yield of the reaction is 100%, the reaction may generate waste
that is far greater in mass and volume than that of the desired product. Therefore, the
atom economy is lower than 100%.##

204

##B##

205

##C Monsanto process uses rhodium metal and hydrogen iodide as the catalyst.
Iridium metal is five times cheaper than rhodium metal.##