NMVARNMEH

PAPERS
IN HONOUR OF

MASSOUD AZARNOUSH

Editors

Hamid Fahimi and Karim Alizadeh

IranNegar Publica on
Tehren, 2012

NMVARNMEH; PAPERS IN HONOUR OF MASSOUD AZARNOUSH

Edited by: Hamid Fahimi and Karim Alizadeh
Persian edi ng: Mehran Gholami, Hamid Fahimi and Elahe Salar
English edi ng: Susan Pollock
Abstracts translated by: Mehrdad Saeedi, Hamid Fahimi and Mozhgan Seyedin
Control and execu ve by: Hamid Fahimi and Mehran Gholami
Design and layout by: Vahid Rouzbahani
Technical supervisor: Mohammad Bagheri Borouj and Mehran Gholami
Published by: IranNegar
ISBN: 978-600-92906-1-1
Iranian na onal bibliography number: 2662439
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Address: No. 7, Apt. 7, Janna Alley, Azadi St., Enghelab Sq., Tehran, Iran. Tel. +98 21 66907428.
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All rights reserved by Ganjine-ye Naghsh-e Jahan Co. Ltd

Contents
5
9
13

Foreword; Hamid Fahimi and Karim Alizadeh

Remembrances; Farhang Azarnoush
A Brief Review of the Life of Massoud Azarnoush; Roya Tajbakhsh and Hamid Fahimi

Papers in English
19
31
43
55
69
79
95
107
113
119
131
139
153
163
167
177
185

The Arsanjan Prehistoric Project and the Significance of Southern Iran in Human
History; Akira Tsuneki
Commensality and Social Life from the Neolithic to the Bakun Period; Susan
Pollock
Discon nui es and Con nui es: Construc ng a Chronology from the Evidence at
Neolithic Tol-e Bashi, Fars; Reinhard Bernbeck
Pa erns of Change during the Transi onal Process from Chalcolithic Cultures to the
Bronze Age in Northeastern Iran, Based on Po ery Studies; Emran Garazhian
The Dead in 5th Millennium BC Darre-ye Bolaghi: First Evidence on Bakun-Period
Burial Rites from Southern Iran; Barbara Helwing, Kirsi O. Lorentz and Mozhgan
Seyedin
Glyp c Art of Konar Sandal South, Observa ons on the Rela ve and Absolute
Chronology in the Third Millennium BCE; Holly Pi man
Stone Vessels from Tepe Hesar: Manufacture, Typology, Distribu on, 4th-2nd Millennia
B.C.; Michle Casanova and Sedigheh Piran
Some Metal Belts from Hasanlu; Karen S. Rubinson
Reconsidering the Chronology of the Iron Age in Gilan by Using Po ery Excavated
from Tappe Jalaliye; Takuro Adachi
Tappeh Hegmataneh and Ancient Ecbatana; Rmy Boucharlat
Most Ancient Fire Temples: Wishful Thinking Versus Reality; Barbara Kaim
Socio-economic Condi on during the Sasanian Period on the Mughan Steppe,
Iranian Azerbaijan; Karim Alizadeh
Some Remarks on the Use of Dressed Stone Masonry in the Architecture of Sasanian
Iran; Pierfrancesco Callieri
A Bulla of the rn-Sphbed of Nmrz; Touraj Daryaee and Keyvan Safdari
Micro-archaeology: A Suitable Tool to Inves gate Prac ce, Process and the Use of
Space; Sepideh Saeedi
Risk Management Strategies among Pastoralists: The Basseri and Lurs of
Southwestern Iran; Masumeh Kimiaie
An Unholy Quartet: Museum Trustees, An quity Dealers, Scien fic Experts, and
Government Agents; Oscar White Muscarella

Papers in Persian
198 Bemerkungen zu den Chahar Taqs (Vierborgenbauen) von Qasr-i Shirin und Izadkhast;
Wolfram Kleiss, translated by Mehrdad Saeedi
214 Assyria in 19th Century French and Bri sh Thought; Kamyar Abdi
226 Taq-e Kasra, Espanbar-Ctesiphon: A Report of a Visit; Hamid Fahimi

IN
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HONOUR OF M. AZARNOUSH

661

246 Revision of the Hegmataneh Rela ve Chronology Based on Cultural Materials; Ali
Hozhabri
254 Inves ga ng Bird Design on the Po eries Discovered in Stra graphic Excava ons at
Tepe Hegmataneh; Roya Tajbakhsh
266 The Descrip on of Mud-Bricks Used in the Architectural Structures of Tepe
Hegmataneh; Sepideh Maziar
282 Istakhr Fort and a Newly Discovered Sasanian Inscrip on; Ahmad Ali Asadi
296 Architecture of the Great Wall of Gorgan; Jebrael Nokandeh, Hamid Omrani Rekavandi
and Ghorban Ali Abbasi
318 Archaeological Inves ga ons in the Region of Kriyn-Larestan, the Supposed Seat
of the Adur Farnbagh; Alireza Askari Chaverdi and Barbara Kaim
328 Sasanid Architecture of Kohandezh, Nishapur; Rajab Ali Labaf khaniki and Meysam
Labaf Khaniki
350 Imarat-e Khosrow in View of the First Season of the Archaeological Excava ons;
Yusef Moradi
376 An Underground Elimaean Tomb at Saaleh Davood; Mehdi Rahbar
394 History of the Produc on of Incense Materials in Rela on to Perfume, Cosme c,
Medical and Food Spices in Ancient Iran; Arman Shishegar
406 Motalla Kooh; First Known Iron Age Se lement in Amlash Area; Vali Jahani
424 Shamshirgah; The First Archaeological Inves ga on; Hamid Fahimi
438 Results from Archaeological Survey in Dam Kharsan II Area; Parsa Ghasemi
458 Zur Bedeutung Irans fr die Erforschung prhistorischer Kupfermetallurgie; Vincent
C. Pigo , translated by Keyvan Sharifi
476 Archaeological Landscape of Eastern Coast of Gavkhuni Marsh; Mohammad Esmail
Esmaili Jolodar
496 Se lement Pa ern of the Farsan Plain from the Prehistoric to the Islamic Period;
Alireza Khosrowzadeh
508 Report on the Archaeological Survey of Mehran and Anaran District in Dehluran,
Ilam Province; Mohsen Zeidi
514 Applica on of Geographical Informa on Systems: Analyzing Spa al Data from the
Karaj and Qazvin Plains; Lili Niakian
524 Mortuary Prac ces in the Late Bronze Age at Dinkhah Tepe; Mozhgan Seyedin
540 Khanileh: New Evidence of Chalcolithic and Early Historic Occupa ons from
Northwest of the Kermanshah Plain, Central Zagros; Yousf Hassanzadeh, M. Karami,
F. Bahrololoomi, K. Taheri, A. Tahmasbi, A. Moradi Bisetouni and F. Biglari
556 Excava ons in Square O at Shahr-e Sokhteh; Hossein Moradi and Seyed Mansour
Seyed Sajjadi
566 Shahdad, Then and Now; Mir Abedin Kaboli
580 Evidence of the Neolithic to Early Bronze Age Se lement in the Ferim Plain;
Excava on at Tepe Sad; Ali Mahfrouzi
586 A Study and Analysis of Late Neolithic Obsidian at Qousha Tepe, Meshkin Shahr;
Hassan Derakhshi and Alireza Hozhabri Nowbari
606 The Upper Paleolithic Period in Iran and its Place in Southwestern Asia; Elham
Ghasidiyan
626 The Corridor of Iran; Early Modern Human Dispersal into the Iranian Plateau: A
Geographical Perspec ve; Saman Heydari-Guran

An Unholy Quartet: Museum Trustees, An quity

Dealers, Scien fic Experts, and Government Agents
Oscar White Muscarella

:



.
. .
( )
.

.
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"I first met Massoud in 1986-87, when he came to the Metropolitan Museum of Art on
an Andrew M. Mellon fellowship in the Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. We came
into immediate contact and quickly became colleagues and friends; we also travelled to
Washington D.C. together to visit the Sackler and Smithsonian museums. Massoud was a
quiet man, always serious, and some mes intense. He was also sad, a result of his marriage
dicul es, but none of these introverted issues interfered with our wonderful friendship.
When he returned to Iran I missed him. Communica on between us became rare, but did not
cease. I too had a heart a ack at Massouds age, but survived; he died too young. I loved
and respected Massoud very much; I never ceased to think of him. I know that this Festschri
will carry on his memory to others.
Massoud was always concerned with preven ng and stopping the plunder and destrucon of sites from the ancient world, of course especially from Iran, where he eventually became Director of the Iranian Center for Archaeological Research. One of his last and most difficult tasks in this endeavor involved a emp ng to stop the plundering of several culturally
important cemeteries south of Jiro , in south-central Iran. For a review of the ancient and
modern Jiro cultures, i.e. a large number of plundered ar facts along with many forgeries recently manufactured within Iran, see Muscarella 2003 and 2008b (ignoring evidence
uncovered in Iran and elsewhere, the forgery reality was disputed by Majidzadeh 2008: 80).
Massoud and his colleagues fought the good fight, but failed; they were on the losing side;
their opponents are quite powerful.

IN
NMVARNMEH; PAPERS
HONOUR OF M. AZARNOUSH 186

1. The word plundered is of course nev-

er used in sales transac ons, rather

comes from, said to come from,
or derived from are the poli cally
correct verbs employed by dealers,
their customers, and supporters at
large.
2. WCBS, November 11, 2006.
3. Muscarella 2008a: 14-15, Fig. 9; here
Fig. 1.
4. Lu in claimed that the informa on
given her derived from the US A orneys Oce for the Southern District
of New York. Whether this claim was
the evalua on given by the vendor,
the purchaser, or was an assump on
bestowed by the US A orney was not
provided. (see Lu in 2004: 8)
5. It is a gross forgery, a $3 bill forgery:
Muscarella 2008a: 10, Fig. 1. And the
cynical forger could not resist mocking his an cipated customers, boldly
sugges ng a locus where they could
exhibit his crea on.
6. Lu in 2004: 9.
7. Lu in 2004: 8; Flescher and Ba ers
2004: 11; Lu in and Adam 2004: 5.
8. Silver 2006: 6-7.
9. I suggest that because of her powerful connec ons for future purchases
by her Museum Trustee colleagues
and their curators she also received
a ca. $50,000 discount from the
Aboutaams.
10. Lu in 2004: 9. On the reality of
scien fic examina ons of said-to-beancient ar facts, see Muscarella
2008a.
11. He was publicly iden fied by Portell 2005: 8, and obliquely by Lu in
2004: 9.
12. One brilliant scholar (who did not
men on if he had seen the grin or
a photograph) referred to it (in a rare
solecism for him) as magnificent,
and claimed that it almost certainly
comes from the Kalmakarra Cave: J.
M. Muhly in Bryn Mawr Classical review, on line, 2004.11.11: 5-6.

479

As homage to Massoud I focus on the history of an ar fact said by an qui es dealers

(its vendors) to have derived from Iran.1 Reviewing its ten-year existence reveals a paradigm of the ac vi es of Plunder and Forgery Culture ci zens, ar cula ng their intertwining,
crossover ac vi es. The ar fact is a hollow silver vessel, formed from several joined units to
create a winged, open-mouthed grin, walking on both clawed and perhaps hoofed feet.
Its body is furnished with three large upright funnels, two a ached at the sides, the third
inserted into the raised (surely uncomfortable) enlarged aperture of the creatures anus. I
have no informa on about the manufacturing method except for the presence of binding
rivets in its legs. From a photograph showing a scale, it appears to be small, with a width of 8
inches/20 cm and a full height of 7 inches/17.5 cm. The vessel has been consistently labeled
a rhyton in print, but this would be correct only if the creatures open mouth served as a
pouring spout for liquids poured into the funnels (wine, water, body wastes?).
The vessels present owners, the United States Bureau of Immigra on and Customs Enforcement, now a unit of the Department of Homeland Security, never released a photograph of the grin to the public. Nevertheless, it was shown casually together with other
objects on a television program dealing with plunder.2
A photograph was made available publicly for the first me in a brief discussion of mine
in an ar cle on forgeries.3 Notwithstanding a reveren al characteriza on of it as the most
important representa on of a grin in an quity,4 it is a modern Iranian ar fact. For stylis c
and technical reasons-- the grins head is frozen mute, its eyes stare, the head, wing and
leg pa erns are awkward and meaningless, and the leg rivets are modern: all a ributes unlike any ancient concep on-- I condemned it as a forgery.5
Fortunately, while in this instance the ar fact indeed probably derived from Iran, it was
made in one of their (appren ce) forgery shops; it was not plundered from an ancient, now
destroyed site (informa on which will upset those with their passions and lust for an quies).
The grin first surfaced in Geneva, Switzerland in 1999, when it was shown to a prominent New York art collector who was accurately informed that it derived from Iran.6 In February 2000 the grin was imported into the United States by its Geneva vendors, Hicham
and Ali Aboutaam, brothers and proprietors of Phoenix Ancient [sic] Art, a prominent family
of an quity dealers. On a fraudulent commercial invoice to United States Customs, they
declared that the grin (in almost pris ne condi on--an accurate descrip on) derived
from Syria and dated to ca. 700 BCE.7
More than two years later, in 2002, Paula Cussi purchased the grin in her apartment (on
Fi h Avenue in New York City) for $950,000.00. Cussi is a prominent Mexican billionaire,
who, among other ac vi es, was (and con nues to be) a member of the Board of Trustees
of the Metropolitan Museum of Art,8 i.e. one of its de facto owners (Museum Directors
are hired by the Trustees). Here she underwent an appren ceship with the best teachers
on how to acquire an qui es.9 Prior to purchasing this pris ne grin Cussi had requested
assurances as to the objects authen city. No fool this Museum Trustee: she wanted her
prominent colleagues and friends to know that she purchased a genuine plundered-lootedsmuggled ar fact, thereby exhibi ng The Power to destroy this worlds cultures. Purchasing
a forgery would have diminished that power and automa cally embarrassed her (thus the F
word dare not speak its name).
The Aboutaams assured her that of course the grin was ancient, but agreed to employ
three experts (another clich word to convey final and objec ve authority) to examine it.
They did, and unhesita ngly authen cated in wri ng that it was ancient.10
One was Tom Chase, a re red museum conservator, now a free-lance conservator and
authen cator;11 another was unnamed, described solely as an expert from Germany (he
was the Englishman Jack Ogden who lives in Germany); the third was described as a Los
Angeles metallurgist (who several individuals believe is the free-lance, highly paid authen cator, known to every an quity dealer and collector in the world). Two of the experts cited
as cultural parallels the ar facts plundered years earlier (apparently between 1989 and the
early 1990s) from the Kalmakarra/Western Cave in western Iran, thereby da ng the grin
to ca. the 7th century BCE. All three experts authen cated the grin as ancient.12 An inde-

An Unholy Quartet: Museum Trustees, ... 187

478 ... :

pendent inves gator of plundering ma ers informed me that the third expert informed him
that he had examined and authen cated the grin, but later telephoned to claim he had
not. Following three experts posi ve authen ca ons,13 the sale was consummated in a
frisson of pleasure by those Who Own Art-the Art word is a museum/collector euphemism
for plundered ar facts.
In December 2003 The Department of Customs/Homeland Security arrested Hicham
Aboutaam in New York City and confiscated the grin, on the charge that he had filed a
false claim by sta ng that the vessel derived from Syriawhen they knew it came from Iran.
Aboutaam pleaded guilty in June 2004, and for his lie to the United States Government, was
sentenced (sic) in July to one years proba on and a criminal fine of $5000.0014 : not even
a slap on the wrist, but a pat on his pinky. Such is the price one pays for being a prominent
an qui es dealer. And yes, Cussi got her money back from Aboutaam.
A closely related ma er in all details is that the Aboutaams may also have oered Cussi
another silver ar fact in their possession, a sculpture in the round depic ng a bull a acking a lion. (Figure 2)15 This lion/bull sculpture is another manifest forgery, another modern,
said to have been plundered, ar fact. Its model was an example published years ago by its
then owner Houshang Mahboubian, the prominent London an qui es dealer, in his sales
catalogue16 as deriving from Iran.17 It, too, was confiscated (because customs agents thought
it also derived from an ancient Iranian locus? A locus also told to Cussi?). Together with the
grin it is being secretly held by the United States Customs/Homeland Security. Under Senator Moynihans Protect Plunder law, plundered (or said to have been plundered) ar facts
are allowed to enter the United States legally-provided the said-to-be provenance label was
not altered, or, as recently decided, that they came from Iran.
I and another inves gator (independently) made telephone calls and sent emails to the
government agent involved with the grins confisca on, asking his permission to see it or a
photograph. No response ever came. But the agent sent photographs of both the grin and
lion-bull to a prominent European scholar of ancient Iranian languages (not an archaeologist
or ar fact specialist, since he knew of no such authority in the whole United States) asking
for informa on regarding their cultural backgrounds. The scholar informed them that both
objects were manifest forgeries, modern ar facts. Is Customs/Homeland Security keeping
them a secret from the public and scholars because they became aware that they had uninten onally confiscated forgeries, now de facto the property of the United States? Note also
that a United States agent asked the Metropolitan Museum of Art (whether a Department
Curator, the Administra on, or a Trustee, I do not know) to accept the Aboutaam/Cussi griffin on loan (whether from the United States, Aboutaam, or from the Iranian forger, I also
do not know).
Reviewing both the circumstances and individuals discussed above reveals but a mere
sampling of the network of social and criminal ac vi es that have existed for many decades and thrives vigorously. Dealers in an qui es, the middlemen in the system, receive
from their many agents ar facts from all over the world, all said to be ancient produc ons.
An quity dealers exist (muta s mutandis, like drug dealers) only because both sellers and
customers exist, albeit the customer word is never used by dealers or museum stas: only
the upper-class Collector (or passionate Collector) term is allowed for purchasers of looted
(or said-to-be looted) ar facts. The customers take pleasure in knowing and sharing in the
background of the plunder/loo ng scenario, the consequent destruc on of this planets
history. Collec ng allows them to display their wealth, power, and social posi ons, to be described as prominent. Collectors are the beginning, as with drug purchasers, of the plunder
and the forgery processes; they commence them.18 Consequently, the tombaroli all over the
world have steady work year a er year, because collectors want more and more an qui es,
because the collec ng popula on grows steadily.
Those who also have steady work, indeed life me jobs, are the forgers of an qui es.
Some dealers employ forgers, commissioning them to produce specific ar facts. Other forgers have independent factories; they seek out (innocent or not) dealers, or sell directly to
smugglers in the same manner and packaging strategies as accomplished with plundered
material. Plundered and forged ar facts surface together in dealers shops or auc on gal-

13. Flescher and Ba ers 2004: 12; Lu in

2004: 9. See also Jus ce Department

press release: h p://usdoj.gov/usao/
nys/press04/aboutaampleapr.pdf.
14. Lu in and Adam 2004.
15. I received this informa on and the
photograph from private sources.
16. Mahboubian, n.d.: No. 14.
17. At least No 16 in this catalogue is a
forgery.
18. Muscarella 2007: 616-17.

IN
NMVARNMEH; PAPERS
HONOUR OF M. AZARNOUSH 188

19. see Silver 2006 for men on of some

Metropolitan Museum Trustees and

their friends.
20. Archaeologists who are his apartment guests are exposed to them;
some (but not enough) are upset. I
was informed that he has stopped
collec ng but to my knowledge has
never stated this publicly (surely so as
not to oend his fellow Trustees).

477

leries, labeled ancient by arma ve ac on of their vendors. They are also labeled with a
said-to-be provenance or specific site provenance, many of the former supplied with forged
le ers a es ng that a German or Italian noble family owned the ar fact since some me
around 1932.
The great majority of customers for plundered/forged ar facts are wealthy individuals,
in prominent social posi ons, such as Museum Trustees. In this role Cussi the (wanabe)
would-be-plunder-sponsor, is but one example; she is not isolated and does not func on
alone.19 Cussis Trustee plundering partners, who buy for themselves as well as for the Museum, include Shelby White (whose plunder has been on prominent display for years in
many galleries in the Museum; others have been returned to Greece, and to Italy, now displayed in Italian museums), the David-Weill and Houghton families, Jan Mitchell, Eugene
Thaw, and Malcolm Weiner, who is of special interest. He has collected plundered Aegean
ar facts for years and displays them prominently in his New York City apartment and family
home.20 At least one ar fact that I know of has been displayed at his (sic) Museum: labeled
with his Museum-speak name Anonymous. Weiner also considers himself to be an archaeologist: but nota bene, an archaeologist who for years has consistently voted for his
Museums purchase of plundered ar facts. In his many years as a Trustee, he never voted
against the purchase of a single plundered ar fact, whether it is Greek or Roman, Ancient
Near Eastern Art, Asian Art, Arms & Armor, Art of Africa, Oceania, or the Americas; nor has
he ever reproached a fellow Trustee for personally purchasing plundered ar facts. For his
dona ons of many millions of dollars (used to purchase plundered an qui es), a gallery
filled with plundered ar facts is named a er his family.

Fig. 1. A silver grin vessel, purchased by a wealthy Museum Trustee.

An Unholy Quartet: Museum Trustees, ... 189

476 ... :

Another Museum Trustee/an qui es collector, a major sponsor of plunder who also displays his plundered possessions in his museums, is Michael Steinhardt, for whom collec ng
plundered ar facts and financing the destruc on of sites is like an addic on to me.21 He
serves on Metropolitan Museum of Art Visi ng Commi ees,22 which sta, aside from exhibiting his plunder also authen cates his purchases23 and honors him (following his dona on
of millions of dollars) with a gallery of plundered ar facts bearing his name. Another of his
museums is the Museum of Jewish Heritage in New York City, which alleges to be dedicated
to documen ng the destruc on and plunder of Jewish people and their property across
me. Notwithstanding this museums purported raison dtre, for years it has displayed
a selec on of Steinhardts purchased plundered ar facts from Eretz Israel. Moreover, the
Museums Director of Collec ons, Louis Levine, who accepted and curated Steinhardts collec on, was once an archaeologist, thereby both betraying his one me profession and compromising his museums proclama on about protec ng heritage.24
There is a significant bonus for those having the power and legal right to sell and purchase an qui es, a no-loss situa on. Dealers convicted of smuggling or lying about a provenance are given suspended sentences, proba on, and a small monetary fine. Collectors
are not convicted and get their money back. For example, in addi on to Aboutaam, two
an quity dealers (Robert Haber and William Veres) were sentenced to one year and ten
months imprisonment for lying about the provenance involved in the sale of a gold phiale to
Michael Steinhardt. The sentence was immediately suspended, and I need not add that the
billionaire purchaser Steinhardt was acqui ed of any crime, and his money was promptly
returned.25

Fig. 2.

21. Silver 2006: 4.

22. see Muscarella 2007: 612, 617.
23. Silver 2006: 3.
24. But among archaeologists he, too,

is not a rarity: see above, also Muscarella 2007; 610-13, 616-17. For
further discussions on these ma ers
see my forthcoming The Fi h Column in the Archaeological Realm: The
Great Divide, in Festschri for Altan
ilingirolu. (also wri en for another
good and honest archaeologist)
25. Muscarella 2007: 605.

IN
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HONOUR OF M. AZARNOUSH 190

475

The moral of this essay is that archaeologists like Massoud are on the losing side, because archaeologys enemies are powerful, and, if truth be told, because few archaeologists
are interested in stopping plunder. Inshallah, it will be students who change the environment. There is, however, some irony here, and forgeries sold on the an qui es market can
make us smile, albeit bi erly: they were not plundered from ancient sites.
Khoda Hafez Massoud Khan
Bibliography
Flescher, Sh. and Ba ers, M.
2004 An qui es Dealer Hicham Aboutaam Receives Proba on and Fine for Customs Viola on, In:
IFAR, vol. 7, 1, 11-12.
Lu in, M.
2004 An qui es dealer arrested for smuggling Iranian object, In: The Art Newspaper, March, No
145, 8-9.
Lu in, M. and Adam, G.
2004 Lebanese dealers prosecuted in US and Egypt, In: The Art Newspaper, September, No. 150: 5.
Madjidzadeh, Y.
2008 Excava ons at Konar Sandal in the Region of Jiro in the Halil Basin: First preliminary Report
(2002-2008), In: Iran, vol. XLVI, 69-103.
Mahboubian, H.
(no date) Treasures of the Mountains, The Art of the Medes.
Muscarella, O. W.
2003 Jiro and Jiro , In: Bulle n of the Asia Ins tute, vol. 15, 2001 [2005], 173-198.
2007 [2008] Archaeology and the Plunder Culture, In: Interna onal Journal of the Classical Tradi on
14, 602-618.
2008a The Veracity of Scien fic Tes ng by Conservators, In: Original-Copy-Fake?, Bochum, 9-18.
2008b Jiro : General Survey of Excava ons, In: Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. XIV. Fascicle 6, 653-656.
Portell, J. D.
2005 Art Crimes and Conserva on, Obliga ons and Ethics, In: American Ins tute of Conserva on of
Historic and Ar s c Works, vol. 30, No. 6, 6-9.
Silver, V.
2006 Mets An qui es Case Shows Donor, Trustee Ties to Looted Art, Bloomberg.Com, February 23,
2006.

Oscar White Muscarella

Ph.D. The University of Pennsylvania,
Fulbright Scholar, Athens.
Excava ons: U.S.A.: Mesa Verde, Colorado; Swan Creek , South Dakota.
Turkey: Gordion, Alishar, Ayanis, Cadir
Hyk.
Iran: Hasanlu, Agrab Tepe, Dinkha Tepe,
Nush-i Jan, S Girdan.
Academic Posi on: Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Professional Organiza ons: Corresponding Member, The German Archaeological Ins tute.
Books: Phrygian Fibulae from Gordion,
The Catalogue of Ivories from Hasanlu,
Bronze and Iron, The Lie Became Great.
Also edited two books (with entries).
Ar cles: 165 ar cles and book reviews.
Lectures: 160 lectures given in the USA,
Europe, and Turkey.
oscar.Muscarella@metmuseum.org

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