Benha University

Faculty of Nursing
Nursing administration department
Methods of Research
1st Term 4th Year
Final Exam

Date: 26 /1 /2011

time : 2 hours

degree: 100

All questions to be answered:

i.

Define the following :

( 10 degree)

1- Veracity
Obligation to tell the truth
2- Clinical nursing research:
Is research designed to generate knowledge to guide nursing practice and to
improve the health and quality of life of nurses clients.
3- Sampling
Is the process of selecting a portion of the population to represent the entire
population.
4- Research Design.

i.
ii.

a plan for gathering data for answering specific research questions.

the framework used to conduct the research.

5- Research proposals:
i.
are documents describing what researchers propose to study, prepared

ii.

before a project has commenced.

Are Clear, concise, well-organized document that spells out what it is you
propose to do and why you are proposing to do it.

ii.

Short Answers

( 20 degree)

1- The specific purposes of nursing research include:-

1- identification,
2- description,
3- exploration,
4- explanation,
5- prediction,
6- and control
-:Research reports can take various forms as - 2
1-

papers,

2- dissertations,
3-journal articles,
4-presentations at professional conferences
3-major class of quantitative study are:

1- Experimental designs:
o Experimental
o Quasi-experimental
2- Non-experimental designs:
o Descriptive
o Correlational

4- Types of biophysiologic measures are :-

1-in vivo measures.

2-in vitro measures.

5-List ( 5) Qualitative Research Methods:2

 Observation
In-depth interviews
Focus groups
Discourse/content analysis
Case studies
Oral history
Video
Text and Image analysis (documents, media data)
6- Types of qualitative self-report techniques are:1-

-Completely unstructured interviews

2-

Semi-structured (or focused) interviews

34-

Focus group interviews.

Life histories

5-

The think aloud method

6-

Personal diaries

7-

The critical incidents technique .

iii.

-Identify which of the following research could be Quantitative Research

and which are Qualitative Research.

( 5 degree)

1- Bournes and Mitchell (2002) undertook an in-depth study to describe the

experience of waiting in a critical care waiting room.
The Answer

Qualitative Research .

2- Hupcey (2000) undertook a study that involved the development of a model

explaining the psychosocial needs of patients in the intensive care unit. Feeling
safe was the overwhelming need of patients in the intensive care unit.
The Answer Quantitative Research
3- McDonald, Freeland, Thomas, and Moore (2001) conducted a study to determine
the effectiveness of a preoperative pain management intervention for relieving pain
among elders undergoing surgery.
The Answer Quantitative Research
4- Sadala and Mendes (2000) explored the experiences of 18 nurses who cared for
patients who had been pronounced brain dead but kept alive to serve as organ
donors.
The Answer Qualitative Research .
5-Reynolds and Neidig (2002) studied the incidence and severity of nausea
accompanying combinative antiretroviral therapies among HIV infected patients,
and explored patterns of nausea in relation to patient characteristics.
The Answer Quantitative Research

iv.

matching

( 5 degree)

No
A
1
Person undertaking the study
2
System of organizing concepts
3
Relationship between a single independent
variables and a single dependant variable
4
Information gathered
5
variables that the researcher creates.
6
It is a process by which specifics are
inferred from general principles.
7
Build theories
8
Person contributing information
9
Specifies not only the existence but the
expected direction of the relationship
10
That which is being investigated

No
1
2
3

B
Directional hypothesis
dependent Variable
Study participant

4
5
6

Concepts
Deductive reasoning
Qualitative Research

7
8
9

Theory
active variables
Simple hypothesis

10
11
12
13

Inductive reasoning
Quantitative Research
Data
Investigator

The
answer

v.

10

13

12

- True or false

( 15 degree)

No
Statement
1 Research is not systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to
5

answer questions or solve problems.

2 A problem statement is an expression of dilemma or disturbing
situation that needs investigation .
3 Closed ended questions allow participants to respond to question in
their own words
4 Interview after the possibility of complete anonymity.
5 When an attribute is extremely varied in the group under
investigation, the group is said to be heterogeneous
6 in non experimental research, researchers make observations of
existing situations and characteristics without intervening.
7 Research questions direct rewording of statements of purpose
interrogatively rather than declaratively.
8 Background of the problem need to provide a brief, focused review of
the literature
9 The proposal is comprehensible to only expert in the field
10 The most common scaling technique is the visual analog scale.
11 Sample in Qualitative Research is large sample.
12 Life histories are narrative self disclosures about individual life
experiences
13 Researcher used standardized instruments in Qualitative Research.

T
F
F
T
T
T
T
F
F

F
T

14 Open ended questions are more difficult to construct

15 Qualitative Research is test theories

vi.
1-

-- Differentiate

( 15 degree)

Basic research and applied research.

6

F
F
F

Basic research
Undertaken to advance

applied research
Undertaken to remedy a

knowledge in a given area, helps the

particular problem or modify a situation,

researcher understand relationships

helps the researcher to make decisions or

among phenomena.

evaluate techniques. (Clinical nursing

Pursuit of knowledge or finding

problems).

truth

Generates, refines or tests theory

influence clinical practice

Often uses laboratory setting

Findings may not be directly useful

conditions

in practice

Knowledge intended to directly

Conducted in actual practice
Solve problems, make decisions,

predict/control outcomes

May be used later in development of

treatment/ drug/ theory

Evaluate interventions

Test/validate theories

Evaluate Basic research knowledge

for usefulness

2- Probability sampling and non Probability sampling

7

Probability sampling
(random sample): It is a sample which is

Non Probability sampling

(non-random sample): This is sample

chosen so that every member of the

chosen according to the person's own

population is equally likely to be a member of judgment so result cannot be generalized

the sample.
A-

to the whole population.

Simple random sample: This a

sample drawn in such way that every
individual in the population has an equal
chance of appearing in the sample.

There are three types of non

probability sampling:

B- Stratified random sample: In this case,

A- convenience sampling: It uses

we start by dividing the population into

participants who are easily accessible to

different strata according to their

the researcher and who meet the criteria

characteristics (e.g. male and female,

of the study.

different age groups, rural and urban). Then

from each of those strata, we choose a
random sample from each stratum, the final
sample is the total of the samples from

Snawball sampling: It is a particular

type of convenience sampling in which
the researcher net works with a small
sample of accessible participants and use

different strata.

them to assist in identifying other

participants with the specific trait.

C- Cluster sampling: In this case the

population first divided in to clusters or
groups as sample units rather than individuals
and all the elements within the chosen cluster
are examined (e.g. house holds, schools) and
the sample is selected from these clusters by
simple random method.

B- Quota sampling: In this case the

population are divided into strata then
the researcher determines which strata
are to be studied, then computers
number of participants needed for each
strata, once quota for each strata is
determined, the subjects are solicited via

D-Multistage sampling: in this case the

8

sample is taken in a series of stages.

a convenience sampling method.

First, start by big clusters (e.g. zones)

C- Purposive/theoretical/judgemental

from this draw a sample, each zone is

sampling: In this type, the researcher

then divided into cities and villages,

based on knowledge and expertise of the

and from each of these you can choose

subject, selects or hand picks the

a sample, from each city choose a

elements of the study. The chosen

district or house by random method,

element are though to best represent the

and then randomly draw a sample of

phenomena being studied.

families or individuals.
E- Systematic sampling: Relies on arranging
the target population according to some
ordering scheme and then selecting elements
at regular interval through the ordered list. In
this case we choose every Nth individual e.g.
every 5th, 10th, etc., the first one to be
included should be randomly selected.
o

vii.

-Write one research proposal, either quantitative or qualitative for

problem you select.

( 25 degree)
9

According to the problem you select, you must present it in this

sequence:-

Title
Introduction
Significance of the problem
Aim of the study
Research question
Subject and methods
Research design
Setting
Subject
Tools of data collection
Methods of data collection
Results
discussion
Conclusion
Recommendation
Reference

Good luck
Dr : Mahboba Sobhy
Dr: Latifa Tawfik

10