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CONTROL SYSTEM
NOTES
(ForBachelorofEngineering)
Notesby:
PROF. SHESHADRI G. S
SoftCopymaterialdesignedby:
KARTHIK KUMAR H P
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INDEX
(1) IntroductiontoControlsystem
(2) Mathematicalmodeloflinearsystems
(3) Transferfunctions
(4) Blockdiagram
(5) SignalFlowGraphs
(6) SystemStability
(7) RootLocusPlots
(8) BodePlots
Control Systems
CIT, Gubbi.
Control System means any quantity of interest in a machine or mechanism is maintained or altered in
accordance with desired manner.
OR
A system which controls the output quantity is called a control system.
Definitions:
1.
Controlled Variable:
It is the quantity or condition that is measured & controlled.
2. Controller:
Controller means measuring the value of the controlled variable of the system & applying the
manipulated variable to the system to correct or to limit the deviation of the measured value to the
desired value.
3. Plant:
A plant is a piece of equipment, which is a set of machine parts functioning together. The
purpose of which is to perform a particular operation.
Example: Furnace, Space craft etc.,
4. System:
A system is a combination of components that works together & performs certain objective.
5. Disturbance:
A disturbance is a signal that tends to affect the value of the output of a system. If a disturbance
is created inside the system, it is called internal. While an external disturbance is generated outside the
system.
6. Feedback Control:
It is an operation that, in the presence of disturbance tends to reduce the difference between the
output of a system & some reference input.
7. Servo Mechanism:
A servo mechanism is a feedback controlled system in which the output is some mechanical
position, velocity or acceleration.
8. Open loop System:
In an Open loop System, the control action is independent of the desired output. OR
When the output quantity of the control system is not fed back to the input quantity, the control
system is called an Open loop System.
9. Closed loop System:
In the Closed loop Control System the control action is dependent on the desired output, where
the output quantity is considerably controlled by sending a command signal to input quantity.
By: Sheshadri.G.S.
HPK Kumar
E(S)
R(S)
B(S)
Output signal
&
G(S)
C(S)
&
Hence,
H(S)
=
With this eqn.
(1)
, we can write the effects of feed back as follows.
(a)
Overall Gain:
Eqn.
shows that the gain of the open loop system is reduced by a factor
in
a feed back system. Here the feed back signal is negative. If the feed back gain has positive value, the
overall gain will be reduced. If the feed back gain has negative value, the overall gain may increase.
(b)
Stability:
If a system is able to follow the input command signal, the system is said to be Stable.
A system is said to be Unstable, if its output is out of control. In eqn.
, if
the output of the
system is infinite for any finite input. This shows that a stable system may become unstable for certain
value of a feed back gain. Therefore if the feed back is not properly used, the system can be harmful.
(c)
Sensitivity:
This depends on the system parameters. For a good control system, it is desirable that the system
should be insensitive to its parameter changes.
Sensitivity, SG =
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Control Systems
(d)
Noise:
Examples are brush & commutation noise in electrical machines, Vibrations in moving system
etc.,. The effect of feed back on these noise signals will be greatly influenced by the point at which these
signals are introduced in the system. It is possible to reduce the effect of noise by proper design of feed
back system.
1.
R(s)
E(s)
Compensator
System
C(s)
B(s)
H(S)
6. Optimal Control System:
Optimal Control System is obtained by minimizing and/or maximizing the performance
index. This index depends upon the physical system & skill.
7. Single Variable Control System:
In simple control system there will be One input & One output such systems are called
Single variable System (SISO Single Input & Single Output).
8. Multi Variable Control System:
In Multivariable control system there will be more than one input & correspondingly
more outputs (M IM O - Multiple Inputs & Multiple Outputs).
It is easier to build.
2. It is difficult to build.
4. Even under the presence of nonlin ea ritys th e system o p era tes b etter th a n o p en
loop system.
Note:
Any control system which operates on time basis is an Open Loop System.
By: Sheshadri.G.S.
HPK Kumar
Control Systems
E(S)
Ref. i/p
Control Elements
Plant
Controlled
o/p
Actuator
A/D Converter
Interface
Electric Furnace
Heater
Relay
Amplifier
Interface
Programmed i/p
Sensor
Radiation Heat Sensor
Desired
Temperature
i/p
Controller
Air Conditioner
Ambient
Temperature
Passenger Car
O/p
Sensor
************************************************************************
****************
By: Sheshadri.G.S.
HPK Kumar
Control Systems 1
CIT, Gubbi.
A physical system is a collection of physical objects connected together to serve an objective. An idealized
physical system is called a Physical model. Once a physical model is obtained, the next step is to obtain Mathematical
model. When a mathematical model is solved for various i/p conditions, the result represents the dynamic behavior of the
system.
AnalogousSystem:
The concept of analogous system is very useful in practice. Since one type of system may be easier to
handle experimentally than another. A given electrical system consisting of resistance, inductance &
capacitances may be analogous to the mechanical system consisting of suitable combination of Dash pot,
Mass & Spring. The advantages of electrical systems are,
1.
2.
F(t)
Fm t
M. a
2
2
Where,
.
.
2. Damping Force [Viscous Damping]: Due to viscous damping, it is proportional to velocity & is given by,
D
.
.
Fk
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Rotationalsystem:
1. Inertial Torque:
2. Damping Torque:
3. Spring Torque
Analogousquantitiesintranslational&Rotationalsystem:
Sl.
No.
Mechanical Translational
System
Mechanical Rotational
System
F.V
Analogy
F.I
Analogy
1.
Force (F)
Torque (T)
Voltage (V)
Current (I)
2.
Mass (M)
Inductance (L)
Capacitance (C)
3.
Viscous friction (D or B or F)
Viscous friction (D or B or F)
Resistance (R)
Conductance (G)
4.
5.
Linear displacement ( )
Reciprocal
of Inductance (1/L)
Flux ( )
6.
Linear velocity ( )
Voltage (v)
Current (i)
DAlembertsPrinciple:
The static equilibrium of a dynamic system subjected to an external driving force obeys the following principle,
Foranybody,thealgebraicsumofexternallyappliedforcesresistingmotioninanygivendirectioniszero.
ExampleProblems:
(1) Obtain the electrical analog (FV & FI analog circuits) for the Machine system shown & also write the equations.
2
2
D1
1
1
M1
F t
M1
F t
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Control Systems 1
Transfer Functions
By: Sheshadri.G.S.
CIT, Gubbi.
The input- output relationship in a linear time invariant system is defined by the transfer function.
The features of the transfer functions are,
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
by S &
by 1/S.
(2)
(3)
R(S)
G(S)
C(S)
G(S) =
.1
i.e., the Laplace Transform of the system o/p will be simply the Transfer function of the system.
Taking L-1
Here G(t) will be impulse response of the Linear System. This is called Weighing Function. Hence LT of the impulse
response is the Transfer function of the system itself.
PROBLEMS:
(1) ObtaintheTransferFunction(TF)ofthecircuitshownincircuit1.0
Solution:
i(S)
Circuit 1.0
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Contd
Transfer Functions
. .,
&
1
1
Where,
= RC
(2) ObtaintheTFofthemechanicalsystemshownincircuit2.
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Control Systems 3
(3) TransferFunctionofanArmatureControlledDCMotorincircuit3.0:
La
Ra
If = Constant
ia
V i
Ra Resistance of armature in s.
ia
Eb
Vf
circuit 3.0
Let,
Tm
J,
J Equivalent moment of inertia of motor & load referred to the motor shaft.
F Equivalent Viscous friction co-efficient of motor & load referred to the motor shaft.
The air gap flux is proportional to the field current.
i.e.,
Where, Kf is a constant.
The torque developed by the motor Tm is proportional to the product of the arm current & the air gap flux.
The motor back e.m.f is proportional to the speed & is given by,
2
2
------------------------------- (1)
(A)
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Transfer Functions
------------------------------ (2)
-------------------------- (B)
------------------------------- (C)
Substituting the values of Ia (S) & Eb (S) from equation (C) & (2) in equation (1), we get
TheblockdiagramrepresentationofarmaturecontrolledDCMotorcanbeobtainedasfollows,
From equation (A),
Ia(S)
Vi(S)
Eb(S)
From equation (B),
Ia(S)
(S)
(S)
Eb(S)
Vi(S)
Ia(S)
(S)
Eb(S)
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Control Systems 5
(4) TransferfunctionofFieldControlledDCMotorincircuit4.0:
Let,
Lf
Rf
Ia = Constant
Vf
if
Tm
If Field current.
circuit 4.0
J,
F
On Laplace Transform,
---------------------------------- (1)
--------------------------------- (A)
On Laplace Transform,
--------------------------- (2)
------------------------- (B)
from equation (2) in equation (1), we get
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Transfer Functions
TheblockdiagramrepresentationoffieldcontrolledDCMotorcanbeobtainedasfollows,
From equation (A),
1
Vf (S)
If (S)
If (S)
(S)
Vf (S)
(5) ObtaintheTF
If (S)
forthenetworkshownincircuit5.0:
Solution:
(S)
Vi
circuit 5.0
I(S)
Vi (S)
I1(S)
R
I2(S)
1
Vo (S)
----------------
------------------ (1)
Let,
2
1
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Vo
Control Systems 7
1M
100 k
(6) FindtheTF
forthenetworkshownincircuit6.0:
Solution:
10 F
Vi
Circuit 6.0
10
Vi (S)
Loop 1
10
V0 (S)
Loop 2
10
105
.
105
10
------------------------------------------- (1)
101
-------------------------------------------- (2)
11
10
106
.
10
--------------------------------- (3)
. 10
10
11
10
.
5
10
11
1
1
10
.
10
10
21
10
10
10
21
Vi(S)
10
10
I2(S)
I1(S)
10
11
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1
HPK Kumar
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106
V0(S)
Transfer Functions
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Control Systems
Block Diagrams
By:
Sheshadri.G.S.
CIT, Gubbi.
It is a representation of the control system giving the inter-relation between the transfer function of
various components. The block diagram is obtained after obtaining the differential equation & Transfer
function of all components of a control system. The arrow head pointing towards the block indicates the i/p
& pointing away from the block indicates the o/p.
If
is the TF,
After obtaining the block diagram for each & every component, all blocks are combined to obtain a
complete representation. It is then reduced to a simple form with the help of block diagram algebra.
The following block diagram reduction algebra is used,
(1) Blocks in Cascade [Series] :
G2(S)
(2) Combining blocks in Parallel:
(2)
(3)
(6)
(2)
(2)
(5) Moving a Take-off point ahead of a block:
(3)
(2)
G(S)
(3)
(6)
(2)
(6)
(6)
(2)
(6)
Block Diagrams
P ROBLEMS :
Reduce the Block Diagrams shown below:
(1)
+
-
+
-
C(S)
Control Systems
(2)
R(S)
Solution:
C(S)
R(S)
Combining
R(S)
and eliminating
C(S)
R(S)
C(S)
, we get
C(S)
C(S)
Block Diagrams
R(S)
Solution:
C(S)
(3)
Eliminating
C(S)
R(S)
C(S)
, we get
C(S)
Control Systems
Sheshadri.G.S.
CIT, Gubbi.
For complicated systems, Block diagram reduction method becomes tedious & time consuming. An
alternate method is that signal flow graphs developed by S.J. Mason. In these graphs, each node represents
a system variable & each branch connected between two nodes acts as Signal Multiplier. The direction of
signal flow is indicated by an arrow.
Definitions:
Node: A node is a point representing a variable.
Transmittance: A transmittance is a gain between two nodes.
Branch: A branch is a line joining two nodes. The signal travels along a branch.
Input node [Source]: It is a node which has only out going signals.
Output node [Sink]: It is a node which is having only incoming signals.
Mixed node: It is a node which has both incoming & outgoing branches (signals).
Path: It is the traversal of connected branches in the direction of branch arrows. Such that no node
is traversed more than once.
8. Loop: It is a closed path.
9. Loop Gain: It is the product of the branch transmittances of a loop.
10. Non-Touching Loops: Loops are Non-Touching, if they do not possess any common node.
11. Forward Path: It is a path from i/p node to the o/p node w hich doesnt cross any node m ore than
once.
12. Forward Path Gain: It is the product of branch transmittances of a forward path.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Path gain of
forward path.
forward path.
C(S)
R(S)
Solution:
M asons gain form ula is,
No. of forward paths:
C(S)
R(S)
Solution:
M asons gain form ula is,
Forward Paths:
Contd......
Control Systems
No. of individual loops:
(3) Construct a signal flow graph from the following equations. Obtain overallTF using M asons gain form ula.
Where
is o/p variable.
Solution:
Individual loops:
(4) Obtain
by Block Diagram Reduction method & verify the result by signal flow graph.
+
R(S)
C(S)
+
+
Contd......
R(S)
C(S)
C(S)
R(S)
C(S)
+
R(S)
C(S)
+
R(S)
Contd......
C(S)
Control Systems
R(S)
C(S)
R(S)
C(S)
C(S)
R(S)
R(S)
C(S)
R(S)
Solution:
Shifting
C(S)
beyond
, we get
R(S)
C(S)
, we get
R(S)
C(S)
, we get
R(S)
C(S)
R(S)
C(S)
, we get
R(S)
C(S)
R(S)
C(S)
R(S)
C(S)
Contd......
Control Systems
No. of forward paths:
R(S)
C(S)
Solution:
No. of forward paths:
(8) Obtain the TF of the closed loop control system represented by the Block Diagram shown below using
block diagram reduction method.
Solution:
Shifting the take off point of
beyond block
, we get
loop, we get
(9) U sing M asons gain rule, obtain the overall TF of a control system represented by the signal flow graph
shown below.
Solution:
No. of forward paths:
Individual loops:
(10)
Construct signal flow graph from the following equations & obtain the overall TF.
Contd......
Control Systems
Solution:
(11)
Contd......
10
(12)
Solution:
No. of forward paths:
(13)
Contd......
Control Systems
Solution:
No. of forward paths:
(14)
Draw the signal flow graph for the Block Diagram shown in fig. Hence obtain
M asons gain form ula.
, Using
Solution:
Contd......
11
12
(15)
Obtain TF,
using block diagram algebra & also by using Masons Gain Formula. Hence Verify
Solution:
Same block diagram can be re-arranged as shown below.
we get
Control Systems
(16)
Obtain TF,
using block diagram algebra & also by using Masons Gain Formula. Hence Verify
13
14
Solution:
Same Block Diagram can be written as,
Control Systems
No. of forward paths:
(17)
Solution:
(i)
Let
15
16
Let
Determine
(iii)
Let
Determine
(iv)
Let
Determine
(i.e., R esponse at 2 w hen source 2 is acting).
(figure is in next page)
No. of forward paths:
rem ains sam e.
Control Systems
Hence,
17
Control Systems
System Stability
By:
Sheshadri.G.S.
CIT, Gubbi.
While considering the performance specification in the control system design, the essential &
desirable requirement will be the system stability. This means that the system must be stable at all times
during operation. Stability may be used to define the usefulness of the system. Stability studies include
absolute & relative stability. Absolute stability is the quality of stable or unstable performance. Relative
Stability is the quantitative study of stability.
The stability study is based on the properties of the TF. In the analysis, the characteristic equation is
of importance to describe the transient response of the system. From the roots of the characteristic equation,
some of the conclusions drawn will be as follows,
(1)
When all the roots of the characteristic equation lie in the left half of the S-plane, the system
response due to initial condition will decrease to zero at time
Thus the system will be termed as
stable.
(2)
When one or more roots lie on the imaginary axis & there are no roots on the RHS of Splane, the response will be oscillatory without damping. Such a system will be termed as critically stable.
(3)
When one or more roots lie on the RHS of S-plane, the response will exponentially increase
in magnitude; there by the system will be Unstable.
Some of the Definitions of stability are,
(1)
A system is stable, if its o/p is bounded for any bounded i/p.
(2)
A system is stable, if its response to a bounded disturbing signal vanishes ultimately as time
t approaches infinity.
(3)
A system is un stable, if its respon se to a bounded disturbing signal results in an o/p of
infinite amplitude or an Oscillatory signal.
(4)
If the o/p response to a bounded i/p signal results in constant amplitude or constant
amplitude oscillations, then the system may be stable or unstable under some limited constraints. Such a
system is called Limitedly Stable system.
(5)
If a system response is stable for a limited range of variation of its parameters, it is called
Conditionally Stable System.
(6)
If a system response is stable for all variation of its parameters, it is called Absolutely Stable
system.
Routh-Hurwitz Criteria:
A designer has so often to design the system that satisfies certain specifications. In general, a
system before being put in to use has to be tested for its stability. Routh-Hurwitz stability criteria may be
used. This criterion is used to know about the absolute stability. i.e., no extra information can be obtained
regarding improvement.
As per Routh-Hurwitz criteria, the necessary conditions for a system to be stable are,
(1) None of the co-efficient of the Characteristic equation should be missing or zero.
(2) All the co-efficient should be real & should have the sam e sign.
System Stability
A sufficient condition for a system to be stable is that each & every term of the
column of
the Routh array must be positive or should have the same sign. Routh array can be obtained as follows.
The Characteristic equation is of the form,
Where,
:
0
0
0
0
21
20
36
15
20
28
20
Control Systems
(2)
4
-4.66
(3)
1
-1
14
(4)
1
+ve
+ve
2.5
+ve
-ve
+ve
+ve
(5)
1
6
All Zero row.
-16
A.E. is
(6)
1
20
16
12
16
12
16
A.E. is
16
2.66
16
column = 0
System Stability
(7)
6.5
(ii)
0
K
0
For,
(8)
Solution:
1
(i)
(i)
For,
(9) D eterm ine the value ofK & b,So that the system open loop T.F.
frequency of 2 radians.
Solution:
The characteristic equation is
(3+K)
(1+K)
0
(1+K)
Control Systems
(10)
Solution:
The characteristic equation is
23
2K
(15+K)
2K
2K
(i)
(ii)
K>0
192 K > 0
K < 192
(iii)
Using Routh-Hurw itz criteria,find out the range ofKfor w hich the system is stable.The
characteristic equation is
Solution:
(i)
K>0
1
(2K+3)
(ii)
5K
10
0
Considering the positive value of K,
10
T he range of K is
(12)
A proposed control system has a system & a controller as shown. Access the stability of the system
by a suitable m ethod.W hat are the ranges ofKfor the system to be stable?
Solution:
16
(1+K)
K
0
K
(13)
(i)
(ii)
K>0
System Stability
(14)
Auxiliary Equation:
(15)
(i)
(ii)
(16)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
The Range of K is
the system to be stable.
for
Control Systems
(17)
1
1.5
(i)
(ii)
-1.666
(iii)
6.8
(18)
Solution:
1
11
10
No sign changes.
The system is Absolutely Stable.
(19)
Solution:
No. of sign changes = 1
The system is Unstable.
-5
-6
-2
-6
(20)
+ve
+ve
+ve
-ve
+ve
+ve
(21)
+ve
+ve
-1
+ve
+ve
-ve
+ve
(22)
System Stability
1
-2
-7
-4
-3
-4
-3
-4
Auxiliary equation:
-1.5
-4
-16.66
-4
(23)
Auxiliary equation:
Auxiliary equation:
2
(24)
1
0.5
0(4)
0(4)
0(0)
0.5
0.5
Auxiliary Equation:
No. of sign changes = 0
The system is Limitedly Stable.
(25)
1
Auxiliary Equation:
0.8
1.6
-4
(26)
1
34.5
7500
7500K
(i)
(ii)
0
7500K
For a stable closed loop system there should not be any sign change among the elements of the
Hurwitz table. This requires
&
T he range of K is
for the system to be stable.
Control Systems
(27)
Given
Solution:
The characteristic equation is
1
(21+K)
10
13K
(i)
(ii)
0
13K
(28)
The range of K is
to be stable.
Solution:
The Characteristic equation is
1
15
2K
25+K
2K
2K
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
To solve for the K value,
By simplifying,
Hence, the range of K is
(29)
Solution:
1
15
20K
10
15
15
(30)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
D eterm ine the values ofK& a.Such that the system oscillates at a frequency of 2 rad/sec.
Solution:
(2+K)
(1+K)
becomes
0
(1+K)
(31)
&
10
System Stability
1
-2
(32)
9
10
-9
0
0
1
9
21.33
15
24
24
21.33
15
24
24
21.33
15
23
15
0
7.5
15
15
1
5
7.2
9
9
9
0
0
4
20
28.8
36
36
36
0
36
(33)
Auxiliary equation:
(34)
36
Solution:
(35)
2
K
(i)
(ii)
0
K
Auxiliary equation:
The range of K is
Control Systems
(36)
The open-loop transfer function of a unity feed back control system is given by,
, using Routh-Hurwitz criteria. Discuss the stability of the closed loop-
controlsystem .D eterm ine the value ofKw hich w illcause sustained oscillations in the closed loop
system. What are the corresponding oscillating frequencies?
Solution:
The characteristic equation is
1
69
12
198
(i)
(ii)
52.5
(iii)
0
0
row is
When
Hence,
(37)
Determine the
1
5
K
0
(i)
(ii)
The range of K is
stable.
11
Control Systems 1
CIT, Gubbi.
It gives complete dynamic response of the system. It provides a measure of sensitivity of roots to the
variation in the parameter being considered. It is applied for single as well as multiple loop system. It can be defined as
follows,
It is the plot of the loci of the root of the complementary equation when one or more parameters of the open-loop
Transfer function are varied, mostly the only one variable available is the gain K The negative gain has no physical
significance hence varying K from 0 to , the plot is obtained called the Root Locus Point.
RulesfortheConstructionofRootLocus
(1) The root locus is symmetrical about the real axis.
(2) The no. of branches terminating on equals the no. of open-loop pole-zeroes.
(3) Each branch of the root locus originates from an open-loop pole at K = 0 & terminates at open-loop zero
corresponding to K = .
(4) A point on the real axis lies on the locus, if the no. of open-loop poles & zeroes on the real axis to the right of this
point is odd.
(5) The root locus branches that tend to , do so along the straight line.
Asymptotes making angle with the real axis is given by
P = No. of poles
&
180
Where, n=1,3,5,
Z =No. of zeroes.
(6) The asymptotes cross the real axis at a point known as Centroid.
i.e.,
(7) The break away or the break in points [Saddle points] of the root locus or determined from the roots of the
equation
0.
(8) The intersection of the root locus branches with the imaginary axis can be determined by the use of RouthHurwitz criteria or by putting in the characteristic equation & equating the real part and imaginary to
zero. To solve for & K i.e., the value of is intersection point on the imaginary axis & K is the value of
gain at the intersection point.
180
(9) The angle of departure from a complex open-loop pole( ) is given by,
DesignedBy:
HPK Kumar
(hpk_kumar007@yahoo.com)
Control Systems
Bode Plots
By: Sheshadri.G.S.
CIT, Gubbi.
Sinusoidal transfer function is commonly represented by Bode Plot. It is a plot of magnitude against
frequency. i.e., angle of transfer function against frequency.
The following are the advantages of Bode Plot,
(1) Plotting of Bode Plot is relatively easier as compared to other methods.
(2) Low & High frequency characteristics can be represented on a single diagram.
(3) Study of relative stability is easier as parameters of analysis of relative stability are gain & phase
margin which are visibly seen on sketch.
(4) If modification of an existing system is to be studied, it can be easily done on a Bode Plot.
Initial Magnitude:
If
,
,
,
,
,
,
Phase Plot:
Magnitude Plot:
GCF
PCF
+ve PM
-ve GM
line
GCF
0 dB line
PCF
GCF
PCF
line
-ve PM
GCF
0 dB line
+ve GM
PCF
Bode Plots
Problems:
(1) To find the angle for the quadratic term
Solution:
Put,
Solution:
The corner frequencies are
&
at
to
origin i.e., at
The slope at
changes from
to
due to a factor
Open-loop TF is,
Control Systems
Solution:
Corner frequencies are
To find the value ofK:
but
Since the
Plot between
has a slope of
&
factor is
, It is having a slope of
. Therefore at
in the numerator.
At
to
in the Numerator.
At
to
due to a factor
in the denominator.
Therefore the open-loop transfer function is,
Solution:
(1)
(2)
At
indicating a term
in the
numerator.
(3)
At
slope changes to
(4)
At
slope changes to
(5)
At
slope changes to
indicating a term
indicating a term
indicating a term
in the Numerator.
in the Denominator.
in the
Denominator.
(6)
At
slope changes to
Denominator.
indicating a term
in the
Bode Plots
Solution:
To find the value ofK:
Let
, be the origin.
(6) Derive the Transfer function of the system from the data given on the Bode diagram given below.
dB
[[
Solution:
dB,
Between
there is a
Calculation of
Calculation of
Control Systems
Exam ination Problem (M ar/Apr99):
(7) The sketch given shows the Bode Magnitude plot for a system. Obtain the Transfer function.
dB
40 A
B
(Z) E
(P)
(P)
(DZ)
C
Solution:
(Z)
Solution:
Bode Plots
Examination Problem (97):
(9) The bode plot (magnitude) of a unity feed back control system is as shown in the fig. Obtain the
phase plot.
dB
Solution: