CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that project entitled APPLICATION OF ROBOTICS IN CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY that is being submitted by M.PrithviRaj (08241A0130), K.CharanRaj
(08241A0112), B.Navaneeth (08241A0125), A.Sai Krishna(08241A0137) in partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civi Engineering,
GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE of Engineering and Technology (Affiliated to
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad) Is a record of bonafide work carried out
by them under my guidance and supervision. The results embodied in this thesis have not been
submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree.
Mr.Dr.G.VenkataRamana,Mr.V.Gajendra,
HeadofDepartment,AssociateProfessor,
CivilDept.,Griet,CivilDept.,Griet,
Hyderabad.Hyderabad.
Dr.J.N.Murthy
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Successisepitomeofhardwork,cogencyforfulfillingthemission,indefatigableperseveranceandmost
ofallencouragingguidanceandsteering.
Weexpressoursincerethanksto,Dr.JandhyalaMurthyPrincipal,GRIETforthesupportandmotivation
providedtous.
It gives us an immense pleasure to express our gratitude to Prof. Dr.G.Venkata Ramana , Head of
DepartmentofCivilEngineeringandAssociateProf.V.Gajendra,fortheiresteemedguidanceandable
supervisionduringthecourseoftheproject.Theirconstantencouragementandcooperationmadethis
projectasuccess.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to Vishal Projects Pvt Ltd, for providing us an
opportunity to complete our Industrial oriented project successfully, which is a part of course
curriculum.Thistrainingwouldnothavebeensuccessfullycompletedwithouttheguidanceandsupport
ofMr.SureshKumar(ProjectManager)andtheentireVishalProjectsTeam.Wearedeeplyindebtedto
theprojectteammemberswhowerealwaysreadytohelpusduringprojecttime.
M.PrithviRaj,
K.CharanRaj,
A.SaiKrishna,
B.Navaneeth.
CONTENTS
SUBJECT
PAGE NO
TITLE
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Defination
1.5 Organization
5-8
9
9-10
11
11-13
13-14
15-16
16-21
22-26
26-29
29-31
31
32
33
34-36
36-37
4.4 Plastering
37-38
4.5 Painting
38-40
4.6 Discussions
40-43
44
45
ABSTRACT
Robot system used in building construction sites can efficiently reduce construction time and
increase safety by replacing human in dangerous operations. Construction robots are defined as field
robotsthatexecuteorderswhileoperatinginadynamicenvironmentwherestructuresoperatorsand
equipmentareconstantlychanging.Roboticsystemshavebecomecommoninmanymanufacturingand
production operations because they have proven to be more robust, safe, efficient, accurate and
productive. Traditionally, the entire construction was dependent upon the traditional methods and
equipment.Slowlytheconstructionindustryismechanizedandcomputerizedkeepinginviewthetime
of completion of the project, shortage of labor force and quality of work to be executed. The rapidly
growingconstructionindustryisnowlookingintotherobotsfordifferentworksduringexecution.
Thelimitedexperienceofapplyingrobotstoconstruction,togetherwithconclusionsdrawnon
the basis of robotic application in related areas, show that developing efficient robotic systems alone
will not ensure successful implementation. However, it is only recently that the subject has begun to
emerge as a coherent but multidisciplinary activity. Although the construction industry so far has
managed to develop highly productive systems without the help of robots, there are specific areas of
application in which robots could benefit the industry. Newly, developed construction systems should
achievethebuildingdesignandconstructionplanningjustsuitedtorobots.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
Construction is an old profession and could be taken back from the transformation of a
primitive man to a different standard of living. The construction industry employs a large labor
force, next only to agriculture. Development of the construction industry in our country like
other industries is very slow and less systematic till 19th century. It is in the current century, the
large scale mechanization brought changes in the building practices and in the management of
construction jobs. This depends on the optimum use of resources such as men, machines and
materials. In spite of considerable mechanization in India, there is a large amount of manual
labor in the construction sector.
Even since the dawn of civilization, man has indulged in some form of construction
activity. The term construction project refers to a high value, time bound and special
construction mission with predetermined performance activities. Today, the construction
industry is an important index of social and economic development in the nation. The major
portion of total outlay in any five year plans is utilized for construction activities. Since
independence in 1947, the construction industry in India has undergone the large scale
mechanization with rapid changes and advancements in construction practices as well as in the
management of construction works.
Dams, power stations, underground works, subways, marine projects, airports, thermal
stations, transmission lines, industrial buildings, high rise buildings, housing projects, hospitals,
educational institution, post offices, commercial recreation facilities, are some of the important
activities of construction. High risk and pit falls in the industry plays a huge demand on safety
involved in the construction industry at various levels. The construction industry employs an
average of 5% of the local labor force and accounted for about 11% of all occupational injuries
and 20% of all deaths re4sulting from occupational accidents. Keeping in view safety, shortage
of skilled labor force, time to complete the construction and working space all around the
building, its time to think alternative solution.
Shimizu Corporation of Japan began its research and development of robotics in 1975 to
advance innovation in construction production.
The following section summarizes the companys progress in R&D in various areas in
building construction.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Properly designed robots produce a high quality product than humans and building
owners are more satisfied with final product. Therefore, contractors should enjoy a better
relationship with their clients and expect to be invited back for additional projects. Additionally
by using robots the builders are less likely to experience call backs to replace defective
workmanship. Thus, accidents caused can be reduced if robots are utilized in place of humans.
Although the robotic technology can benefit construction industry in many ways, it is not cheap,
especially for applications in the rugged outdoor environment. Robotics research is
multidisciplinary and involves high technology and machineries that require special training to
operate and maintain.
Construction automation and robotics have been generating much interest in the
construction community for the last two decades. Early development of onsite robotized
concepts started to emerge and even been tested over fifteen years ago. Atomization and
Robotization of the industry was started in 1980s in Japan. The first ISARC (International
symposium on automation and robotics in construction) was started in the US in 1984. Then the
symposia were held every year in many countries in turn. The international Association and
Robotics in Construction (IAARC) was started in1990, and association has helped Automation
and Robotization of construction greatly.
1.2
Definition
A building robot was defined as an automated device employed to perform a building task in
a construction site. The definition is synonymous with the one in encyclopedia Britannica :
automatically operated machines that replace human effort. Automation in a more general
sense of preprogrammed autonomous activities. A robot may be defined in general terms, as a
1.3
Robots have been designed to support human beings by helping them to do tedious,
dangerous and back breaking works. However, the construction industry has made only limited
use of high technology production concepts. There is general need to nurture the development of
successful research and development programs in Construction Automation and Robotics.
Building robots have been employed in various tasks, including materials handling, various
interior and exterior finishing tasks and quality control. The high expectations of building
robotics stemmed from the very serious problems the industry is facing :
In recent years, the use of new technologies within the construction industry has shown
great potential although little has been implemented. For example, robotic systems and other
programmable machines are needed to perform tasks that involve hazards or are in some way
physically dangerous to humans. The development of robotic systems in construction advances
very slowly owing to several challenges. One of these obstacles is the development of the
required software components. Such development represents a big obstacle because of the
requirement for highly trained programmers and expert software engineers.
The present level of on-site of robot employment is less. The reasons for this situation are
identified as follows:
The six main parameters that can sufficiently define a construction project are size,
complexity, quality, productivity, completion time and cost.
Size denotes the number of tasks to be executed in a project and each task is measured in
terms of quantities of work involved.
Complexity is a measure of variety in the nature of tasks to be executed i.e., complexity
increases as the number of dissimilar task increase and it decreases if the tasks are repetitive
or similar in nature.
Quality to be achieved in accomplishing tasks is stated in terms of standard specification.
Productivity, in its broader sense, measures the ratio of planned effort to produce unit
quantity of work divided by the actual effort employed to achieve this unit of work.
Completion time depends upon the speed with which the project is to be executed
Cost is the expenditure which the client has agreed to commit for creating the desired
construction facility.
1.5 Organization
The thesis consists of 5 chapters.
Chapter 1 is introduction part and includes definition, scope of work and objectives.
Chapter 2 is review of Literature.
Chapter 3 is Automation and Robotics in Construction industry, it includes need for robots,
factors affecting work schedule, production efficiency.
Chapter 4 is application of robotics in construction industry; it includes research
methodology, case study, calculations and discussions.
Chapter 5 is conclusions and includes recommendations and future scope.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
A report describing cases in which robots were already performing economically useful
tasks in the field for Japanese construction contractors (Japan 1913) gave rise to a feeling that
construction robotics had become a reality. On the basis Paulson (1985), in a review and analysis
of the emerging technologies, concluded that perhaps in no significant research effort evolves in
the U.S. American contractors will be able to solve their problems by importing robotics and
process control machinery from overseas. Ueno et al (1986) after being engaged in the
development and on-site application of construction robots for over a decade came to the
conclusion that the period in which construction robots are adopted as a curiosity is almost over
in Japan.
Whittaker and Bandari (1986) were already looking at the next stage of construction
robotics, in which a number of robots would work together. They reported that robots were
emerging in construction as a way to increase productivity, improve quality and decrease hazard
to human workers.
Skibniewski and Russell (1989) say, with less optimistic estimates for construction
robotics due to their operational environments, it can be anticipated that this application can
result in approximately 10-15% increase in the overall construction productivity rate. In (1992)
reported on early application in the United States, saying that the process of dissemenati9ng the
early results from research and development of construction automation and robotics into
industry practice is now slowly taking place. A number of robotic prototypes have been designed
and built in the U.S; some of them have nearly found commercial application.
Shortages have become so severe that construction firms are using temporary labor
agencies to fill gaps with possible (Winston, 2000). Moreover, the current workforce is aging at a
rapid rate. Many young people consider construction work to be dirty and undesirable. A survey
of 10,000 high school students found construction ranked 251 out of 252 possible career choices
(Donohue, 2000).
Robots can perform many of the more dangerous work operations without risk (Bares,
1999). For example, workers can remain on the floor below as robots spray polyurethane foam
roofing materials to seal he structures above. Thus, builders are not exposed to fall hazards or
breathing hazardous materials in the air (Nestle, 1999). It is now time for the U.S. construction
industry to consider robotics as an answer. But getting large0scale automation systems on the
construction site remains a challenge (Phair, 1997). According to Seward (1992), the Japanese
have a liberal interpretation of the term robot: their definition includes advanced automation
and remote control devices on the construction site or prefabrication shop.
Boyer (1990) stated that the role of construction engineers and management researchers
in automation and robotics may be best described in terms of the four overlapping elements of
scholarship as: discovery, integration, application and teaching. One is tempted to view the
scholarships of discovery, integration and application as if they should occur in the sequence as
presented.
Another Japanese view is that only a few construction robots have been made
commercially available for the execution state of construction, because many of them are stalled
at the demonstration stage (Obayashi 1992). Furthermore, most of the commercialized
techniques replace hand work by machines, which mean that they do not have the desired effect
that could be achieved from high-tech systems. (Obayashi 1992)
With respect to automation and robotics, managers and owners demands included
increased productivity, increased speed of construction, improved quality and improved safety,
constructability and project economy. (Arditti et al. 1990)
in industrial construction is piping. If the fabrication and erection of piping can be improved by
automation, the economic benefits can be calculated.
CHAPTER 3
AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
3.1 Introduction
Intense competition, shortages of skilled labor and technological advances are forcing rapid
change in the construction industry, motivating increased attention on construction robotics. The
introduction of robots for some skilled and unskilled tasks might improve productivity and save
construction time by increasing pace of work. Robotics in construction industry is a fast growing
interdisciplinary field. Robot application in construction can be classified into two types. One
type is replacement of highly labor-intensive, repetitive and simple operations and other is
performance of operations that pose a health hazard to human workers. Such hazards can be
associated with work in under seas, on chemically or radioactively contaminated sites and in
regions with harsh climates.
A construction robot can be used to increase productivity, decrease cost, improve work
pace and quality helps to avoid work related injuries and reduce medical cost. The robots
employed in construction have followed the same concept as those employed in manufacturing.
Most of them use an effect or (a gripper or a work tool) mounted on a multi axial arm, and their
tasks are defined and controlled by computer. However unlike most of the manufacturing robots,
which perform preprogrammed tasks from static work stations, the construction robots have to be
mobile and, when fully developed, will have to interact with the changing environment through
sensors, adapting their tasks on the basis of the feedback received.
The conventional process of executing the construction work requires highly skilled
workmen in order to achieve sufficient and consistent quality. This labor-intensive construction
process results in relatively high cost. To achieve higher rationalization and humanization,
different methods have been tested. For example, one of the approaches, which are used by the
sand-lime brick and cellular concrete industry, is the enlargement of the size of the building
blocks. The enlarged dimensions of these blocks, however, coincide with their increased physical
weight up to 300 kg. Due to their larger dimensions and heavier weights, these building blocks
are not ergonomically desirable and, therefore, various mechanical aid devices such as hydraulic
balancers or mini cranes with counterweights are used for the assembly.
Another tendency which is steadily gaining momentum is the use of exact, plane parallel
blocks which are laid on a thin mortar, respective glue bed with concrete. These methods also
offer better physical properties like heat insulation and bigger load bearing capacity because of
the lack of the mortar joints. Because of the reduction of the walling operations, they enable
higher working speed and easier use. A first layer of smaller blocks in a more or less thick
mortar bed usually compensates for the different inaccuracies of the floor. By applying this
method, the difficult alignment that is required for adjusting the position of each block can be
reduced. Though an increment of the working speed can be achieved even by employing less
qualified workers on the construction site, the present and future share of the costs due to labor
will be constantly increasing.
Other existing approach needs some degree of automation. Certain activities, such as the
cutting of the blocks, can be transformed from the construction site to the building material
factory. Precutting of blocks simplifies the work, avoiding transporting the bigger cutting
equipment. However this method leads to marking the blocks and delivering them together with
an assembly plan, which shows the positions of the respective blocks in the wall. Thus,
information technology for the creation of assembly plans and for the control of the cutting
equipment is necessary.
Further rationalization can only be achieved by the reduction of labor and construction
times. Since the above mentioned mechanized methods for masonry have reached their limits,
they cannot contribute to further effectiveness and therefore a certain innovative leap is required
by a system approach that combines the already existing construction technologies with new
information and robot technologies. Robot assembly system for computer integrated construction
project deals with the development and realization of integrated automation system. Thus,
conventional control strategies are unsuitable and prove completely insufficient. New control
methods are identified in order to achieve high performance with a reasonable time consuming
algorithm, which is useful in real time control system.
3.3.1 Time:
The availability of time is a crucial limiting factor in a project. More time normally
implies less investment.
3.3.2 Manpower:
Manpower is one of the main factors in the successful execution of the project. The idle
labor time is paid for and the strikes and the breakdown of work are kept in view by the
management. The task efficiency of the labor wealth conditions, nature of work and the
supervisors, leadership, all of these effect labor productivity. The non availability of suitable
labor is generally, a limiting factor. The labor turnover, sickness and absenteeism further
aggravate the problem.
All over the globe, the construction activity is getting increasingly complex day by day.
Rapid improvement in design and technology has added new dimensions to the industry. The
dearth of the right type of skilled labors and the rapid increase in the cost of labor wages and also
magnitude and the nature of the jobs involved, have led to new techniques in the construction
with their inherent problems of adaptation to change. The continued exploitation of labor in the
past has increased worker discontent and has opened out new areas of conflict. The need for the
better construction practices, systematic planning and programming of works and effective
management in the industry is therefore the demand of the day.
Direct cost of robotized work. This cost depends on the direct cost of time input per work
unit and the cost of the robotized system per hour.
Cost of materials per unit, in robotized work.
Cost of auxiliary manual labor, such labor may need for the materials handling, work area
preparation, and some improvements or additions to the robots work. Its cost depends on the
required time input of manual work and its cost per hour.
Cost of the robots movement between workstations. This cost depends upon the distance the
robot has to travel, its speed of movement and the cost of the robotized system per hour.
Cost of robots positioning at each workstation. This cost depends upon the time setup and
the cost of the robotized per hour.
Cost of robots transfers between different work areas on site. This cost depends upon the
number of transfers, the time required per transfer, the cost of the robotized system per hour,
the cost of the other resources involved in the transfer.
C = (P X Pr (I, N) + Cm) / H + Co
Where;
P is investment in the robot (including the cost of carriage, effectors, sensors & other adoptions).
Pr (I, N) is the capital recovery factor (depreciation and interest factor, assuming annual
interest I and economic life in years).
Cm: Cost of repairs and high level maintenance of the robot per year.
Co: Operating costs (including some effected parts) per hour and
H: number of robot employment hours per year.
The major parameters determining the cost of the robotized work can be therefore
divided into three main groups:
1. Parameters dependent on the robotic system include cost, its work envelope, its speed of
movement and its mode of operation
2. Parameters dependent on the nature of the building site include the nature of the tasks to be
performed, their quantity, the number of transfers between work sections and the location of the
work in each section.
3. Parameters dependent on the tasks to be performed include the output per hour, the materials
and the auxiliary works needed.
environment is improved and work speed is increased without the use of scaffolding. The SSR-3
robot is designed to spray fireproofing material onto structural steel frames. The fireproofing
spray robot is shown in the figure 3.1 and figure 3.2
The positioning and assembly work of the beam is carried out by the manipulator as
follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The mighty jack has been applied to several construction sites. It takes about 25 minutes
to assemble six beams. It takes about 40 minutes for the same work using the traditional method.
Furthermore, assembly work can be accomplished much more safely and efficiently using
Mighty Jack. Redesign of structural steel for automatic assembly and improvement of the
systems versatility are the future research themes for the Mighty Jack.
The CFR-1 consists of a robot and a panel carrier which can be separated easily when
transported. The robot is composed of a base frame with a travelling device and an X-Y
horizontal table, a lifting arm with a panel holder and control box. The CFR-1 weighs 300 kg and
has 4 degrees of freedom, a carrying capacity of twenty panels, a work capacity of 25 panels
/hour and a working travel speed of 3m/min. Ceiling construction work using the robot is
accomplished as follows. The fully loaded panel carrier is attached to the robot and the robot is
positioned under the location where the panel will be set. The robot uses the panel holder to
remove one panel from the panel carrier, and then lifts it into position among hanging ceiling flat
bars. The robot places the panel in the correct position using the X-Y horizontal table
automatically assisted by the complain mechanism. Then the worker fixes the panel using an air
screwdriver. The robot travels to the next position to set the next panel. The CFR-1 raises a
ceiling panel and positions it correctly. Operation of this robot is easy and good positioning
accuracy is realized without skilled workers.
The robot consists of a travelling device, control device, horizontal arm, vertical arm and
guiding device. A spray gun moves up and down along the vertical arm. The spray work is
carried out by this vertical action with interval travelling device. The travelling path is controlled
by the guiding device, which uses a handrail as a guide. At an uneven part, the robot rotates the
horizontal arm automatically, according to the program. It weighs 223 kg and has a maximum
travelling speed of 20 m/min. The Wall Finishing Robot is shown in the figure 3.5.
The OSR-1 was applied to work at a condominium at Ohi in Tokyo. At this site, the
process of finishing work consisted of three parts: undercoating, tile spraying and top coating.
The production capacity of this robot was 80 sq m per day using three workers. The conventional
manual method requires four workers for the same production. Labor savings, improvement of
safety and elimination of scaffolding are the main advantages of this robot.
3.8
In addition, tasks can be performed automatically based on an artificial vision and a laser range
sensor. Hence, graphical remote control system let human operator control more the fixing
process, while reducing the need for range sensors
Fig 3.17: Attaching the ceramic tile with hybrid construction robot system
Similarly, Longitudinal Crack Sealing Machines can fill and seal cracks running along the road,
for example between lanes and the shoulder. The process is remote-controlled by the driver, and
the machine can fill cracks at up to five miles per hour. In comparison a manual sealing
operation would take a large crew all day to complete two miles. Robots are also helping to
remove roadside litter and debris, another hazardous, labor-intensive operation
- Performance in a harsh work site environment, or undefined and sometimes hostile conditions
such as:
- Difficult climatic conditions
- Exposure to dust
- Calibration in relation to environment
- Adjustment to changing surface conditions
- Complexity of the working environment
- Some changes in the nature of the robotized work process versus the traditional, humanperformed work process.
- Real-time Sense-and-Act operation for mobile construction robots to perform accurate and/or
delicate tasks
- Identification of various types of objects in natural environment conditions
- Interactivity between sensors and end-tools
In contrast, a robotic system that would operate with no need for detailed pre-planning would be
less technologically demanding and may, therefore, be easily developed during early stages of
robotics integration into the construction field. The Senseand-Act process can probably
eliminate the need for high accuracy when positioning the robot at its workstation, a fact that
saves time and leads to greater economic feasibility of the system. Some researchers attempted to
increase the autonomy level of robots by enabling them to map their environments and
independently navigate through them. Although construction sites are characterized by
inaccurate geometries, numerous obstacles, etc. the mapping and navigation methods may be
adapted to it. Such navigation methods are expected to deal with these difficulties and succeed in
achieving accurate enough results. Researchers and developers of autonomous robots have
attempted to solve the problem of adjusting the robot to its environment by developing automatic
mapping and self-positioning methods. The robot then autonomously navigates from one
workstation to another.
Forsberg et al. suggested a plastering robot that uses a rotational laser beam to measure and map
its surroundings (walls and openings). The mapping data was to be translated into a working
plan, which would be presented to the operator for improvements. The suggested system
depended on accurate navigation methods, and was supposed to bring the robot to within 1 cm
of its workstation
Beliveau described an orientation system for indoor automated guided vehicles (AGVs), using
three laser transmitters accurately positioned on the floor at known points. Experiments with this
system revealed that the deviation of the measured path from the desired path was 10 cm
Shohet and Rosenfeld examined the accuracy achievable by automatic mapping of indoor
construction environments. It was found that when robot positioning was precise (orientation and
location errors of 0.2 and 3 cm, respectively), the achievable accuracy of indoor environment
mapping was 35 cm. This degree of accuracy is sufficient for tasks that do not require contact
with the treated element (e.g. spraying). However, tasks that involve precise placing of elements
(e.g. block laying and tiling) require a mapping accuracy of 23 mm, as well as the utilization of
well-controlled end-tools
Yet, it is clear that these methods are not likely to conform to the accuracy requirements of many
construction tasks. Moreover, even when correct positioning of the robot is assumed, accuracy of
the robot's arm, or even that of the interpretation of its environment, is not sufficiently reliable.
The accuracy of the manipulator's moves may vary from cycle to cycle due to variations in the
load at the arm's end and in the arm configuration. Creating a more robust arm, one that would
be less sensitive to the varied loads would lead to heavier and more expensive robotic systems
with lower economic feasibility.
Surveillance for security purposes after the commissioning of buildings or large estate is required
to ensure quality environment for the occupants. If the surveillance job can be done by robots,
the efficiency can be enhanced, resulting in great savings of manpower and improved safety of
the management staff. Furthermore, if the robot can retrieve commands from the building
management system via a local area network (LAN), further savings in manpower can be
achieved in terms of first-line fault attendance by human management staff[19]. The
development of a particular security system where the compulsory safety helmet required for all
workers in construction sites is used as the base to accommodate miniature positioning and
communication instruments. The position and ID of each worker is sampled periodically and sent
via radio to a monitoring station, where the information is compared to a database containing the
tasks and processes being performed in the site. According to this, workers and machines'
positions are known in each instant and risk situations may be recognized immediately and
therefore damage can be prevented
CHAPTER 5
SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
It is important to know the real status of building robotics today to decide what future
directions building robotics should take. In the light of this bleak present status, is there any
future for robotized construction? The answer is, by all means, yes, but only if eh subject is
approached in proper manner. Robots developed with due attention to these requirements will
have a much better chance to survival. The robot has to be site-friendly i.e., well adapted to the
particular conditions of the building site. This involves
Its performance as a system. All aspects of operation, movement, materials feeding and
transfer and their adaption to the particular conditions of a building site, must be taken into
account in the development.
Ensuring that its weight does not exceed the permitted level load.
Its maneuverability, i.e., its ability to work capacity in restricted spaces.
Its versatility, i.e., ability to perform different tasks, increasing the extent of its use.
Its independence with respect to power and materials supply.
Its sturdiness, i.e., the ability to operate in the rough conditions of the building site with
minimum maintenance requirements.
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND REFERENCS
It is important to maintain the correct relationship between the speed of processing and the
speed of material delivery is essential for automation in construction industry. Use of robots will
directly or indirectly save builder/contractor/owner to face legal problem and also the given tasks
can be completed at a faster rate. Although the robotic technology can benefit construction
industry in many ways, it is not cheap, especially for application in the rugged outdoor
environment.
The economy of robot use requires a sufficient volume of appropriate work for their
continuous employment.
The main justification for such employment will probably be scarcity of local labor and the
explicit and the hidden cost of importing foreign labor.
At present the robots can be economically employed in the construction of repetitive
buildings designed with due regard for robotics constraints, in sophisticated and high
precision tasks and in dirty and dangerous building chores.
REFERENCES
Amarjit Singh. (2004) High Quality, Low Cost Architectural Flexible and Quick
Turnaround Mass Housing for the Worlds Billion. Proc of International Conference on
Advances in Concrete and Construction ICACC- 2004 Hyderabad. India pp.851-868.
Crawford, F.S.(1988) Culvert Whistlers Revisited, Journal of Physics. 56(8), 752-754
Dereck Seward and Khaled Zied (2004), Graphical Programming and Development of
Construction Robots, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE. 65.
Everret, J.G (1994), Automation and Robotics Opportunities Construction Versus
Manufacture, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE. 120(2), 443452.
Farid, F. (1993), Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE. 119(2), 193195.
Krom (1997), Industrialization and Robotics in Construction, Journal of Construction
Engineering and Management, ASCE. 111(3), 260-280.
K. K. Chitkara, Construction Project Management. 13.
U. K. Srivastava, Construction Planning and Management. 78-79.
V. S. S Kumar and Balaji Narsimhulu(1999), Robotics in Construction Insdustry . 1-3.