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FIRST BLOOD
Fort Sumter to Bull
Run
ments in the Eastern Theater were powerfully shaped by the railroads. While Union
and Confederate forces fought minor engagements (crossed swords) at Big Bethel and
in western Virginia,
sol-
on each side were sent by rail to northem Virginia via Richmond or Washington.
The Confederates, bracing to repulse a
Union invasion, manned a line along Bull
Run, where they could be reinforced by
rail-borne units sent to Manassas Junction
from Richmond and the Shenandoah Valdiers
ley.
On
of the Civil
War was
first
Grafton
Clarksburg
Philippi
CARRICK'S FOR
Beverly
RICH MOUNTAIN
1/
big battle
-^Charleston
^.-^
KENTUCKY
TENNESSEE
Gre'
^^
Scale of Miles
25
SO
100
ISO
Other Publications:
PLANET EARTH
COLLECTOR'S LIBRARY OF THE CIVIL WAR
LIBRARY OF HEALTH
CLASSICS OF THE OLD WEST
WORLD WAR II
HOME REPAIR AND IMPROVEMENT
THE WORLD'S WILD PLACES
THE TIME-LIFE LIBRARY OF BOATING
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
THE ART OF SEWING
THE OLD WEST
THE EMERGENCE OF MAN
THE AMERICAN WILDERNESS
THE TIME-LIFE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING
LIFE LIBRARY OF PHOTOGRAPHY
THIS FABULOUS CENTURY
FOODS OF THE WORLD
TIME-LIFE LIBRARY OF AMERICA
TIME-LIFE LIBRARY OF ART
GREAT AGES OF MAN
LIFE SCIENCE LIBRARY
is
one of a
War, 1 86 1 - 1 865
Bull
fire a
TIHIE
CnVHL
WILLIAM C. DAVIS
AND THE
EDITORS OFTIA\E-LIFE BOOKS
TIME INCORPORATED
FOUNDER: Henry
Editor-in-Chief:
President:
J.
J.
TheCivUWar
The Author:
Simons
Deputy Editor: Henry Woodhead
Designer: Herbert H. Quarmby
Chief Researcher: Philip Brandt George
Editor: Gerald
R. Luce 1898-1%7
Associate Editors:
Ralph Graves
Group Vice President, Books: Joan D. Manley
Vice Chairman: Arthur Temple
Editorial Director:
David
S.
Bull Run, The Orphan Brigade and The Deep Waters of the
Thomson
(text);
Proud, the
first in a
EDITOR: George
Jayne Wise
Professor at
Ck)nstable
Assistant Designers:
Stewan
Godwin
Grum
War
is
is
conflict.
The Consultants:
navia in
USA
former Associate
(Ret.), a
West Point, is the author of Battles for Scandithe Time-Life Books World War II series and The
Wilkerson
Army Life. He
tary
Uniforms
(director),
is
in
James
Robertson
I.
Jr. is
Madrid (director),
Gordon E. Buck, Peter Inchauteguiz
Production: FeUciano
volumes oi Mili-
at Virginia
Celia Beattie
Editorial Operations
He
phy and
War Books: A
Critical Bibliogra-
in Virginia.
William A. Frassanito,
a Civil
War
historian
and lecturer
T. Voulgaris
photograph analysis,
specializing in
ia
Campaigns.
is
A Journey in
Time and
Museum at
and
artifacts
Army Transponation
War
historic flags. He is a
a conservator of
and consultant
torians.
He was
Museum
of the
Museimi
since 1970.
fellow of the
at the
Company
West Point
of Military
War series; v.
2)
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. United States HistoryCivil War, 1861-1865
Campaigns. I. Time-Life Books. II. Title. III. Series.
82-19546
973.7'3
E470.D37 1983
ISBN 0-8094-4704-5
ISBN 0-8094-4705-3
(retail ed.)
(Ub. bdg.)
Frederick
1872.
He
War
Long
Years,
Todd on American
1775-1783.
CONTENTS
11
The Shadow War
lo
44
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
170
BIBLIOGRAPHY
171
PICTURE CREDITS
173
INDEX
175
UL5ir-.v!.r-.'
Patriotic
-i!t
Union
Northern volunteers, galvanized by the Confederate shelling of Fort Sumter (center), rush to defend the
in this aUegorica
jainting.
The
9eHI
artist
still
under construction
at the start
"
is
advancing
welcome
to
'
it.
WALT WHITMAN
Journalist William
the
Howard
American South
for
Russell, touring
and
also "to
not merely
conquer them
to
word
him.
was
It
a carnival of
around
"flushed faces,
and
'the
The North
reacted to Sumter's
fall
The 20
of
New
er
new
May,
in
over the
float
dome
Washington."
And
over.
For
states' rights
was
problems of
stirred
mount-
who prided
of-
in the
failed.
Reason and
was
the soldiery.
The War
all
outraged
lution
flag.
An angry
had
offices of
Or had it? The two most powerful Americans, Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis,
made public statements indicating that they
mob
Montgomery, Ala-
ests
with
of the Confederacy at
Southern Confederacy,'
Gordon Bennett
to
finally
left to
come.
fall
On
hearing of
man
sometimes think more than any man that
er
punishment
rebels,
10
to "carry
hope
is
yet gone."
be
left
right to secede
to
government
would have
to
its
quashing
role of aggressor.
of sover-
its will
March he had
would
all
be needed. But
if
Lincoln
government would,
in
hope
for peace
on an error in judgment.
to the
to
opinion that
amended
him
in 1795;
but
if
the Constitution's
was taken
literally,
had
right to secede
tional
secession
would
strike a death
blow
to the
ex-
men
in the
hundreds
sit
Southern
North invaded
much more
United States
to
diffi-
be an
the
if
nation at war
Yet for
all
practical purposes,
was
legally a
because so
mere
little
it
if
rebellion. It
took only
the contest
was largely
hope
that
war
be avoided. Curious-
had
territory.
killed a single
it
their cause in
ment
No
to
^^^^^^^imi
12
both sides
felt
tion to "redress
wrongs" would be
fulfilled.
would resolve the issue neatly and almost at once. They were
romantics all, and all would be disillusioned.
Three nerve-racking months of suspense
would produce no decision; this was a period
And
aration
and ferocious
days
later, the
naval blockade on
all
felt
sure
it
would.
President imposed a
Southern ports.
homely name of
Run, two inept armies would blunder
war
costly
and
one
a protracted
and
tragically
at that.
On April
of Northern intentions.
first
who had
let
go a
minded
by Lincoln's recent
to act
politician,
and issued
a strong proclamation.
Because
judicial proceed-
said combinations
duly executed."
all
loyal citizens
and the
backers,
Stephen A. Douglas,
who
Lincoln even
solidarity.
won
the endorse-
my
antislavery
life I
and Stripes."
Now
it
to
be
doned
call to
hope
for peace.
The imph-
was that
if
all
would be
the federal
nanciers,
who had
fi-
13
South
like a
backward colony
for decades.
all
The
homeland
de-
shortly took
on mystical dimensions.
Unable
own
acts had provoked Lincoln's strong measures, many hotbloods were carried away
by dreams of battlefield glory. "So impatient
did I become for starting," recalled one
M EN
flf
mCMIA.
le THE
BM
field.
I felt
my
me
nies
and chose
ited election
compa-
went
full
their sweethearts
assembly
They
made by
came the Tallapoosa Thrashers, the Cherokee Lincoln Killers and the Barbour County
Yankee Hunters.
They were romantics, young and spirited,
lured by adventure, goaded by patriotism to
flights
a Georgia
boy
in a volunteer
company
in Sa-
suicidal,
by the
fanatical administra-
upon
this land of
J.
14
at Staunton.
M. HECK,
the
[Done by Authority.]
M. G. HARiHAJi, M^. Commd'g
in every part of
would be "put
waited anxiously
as well
to see
officially react to
To
Ma-
goffin of Kentucky sent Washington a telegram announcing, "I say emphatically, Kentucky will furnish no troops for the wicked
purpose of subduing her sister Southern
states." But the pompous politico then pro-
a balancing
ST.UJISTON, VA.
across
shortly after
Quarters, VirginiaTbrces,
satisfactorily since
Head
'^^%^
them
ward
move
to-
later,
vention in
secession.
The response
days
Dominion's
lead.
a stale con-
May 23,
secession
conclusion.
was henceforth
What
is
until
foregone
act-
On
wan
lips.
moved
swiftly to take
The small
Union garrison there judged the place indefensible, for it was ringed by hills and high
bluffs from which an attacker could bom15
Sentimental Farewells
his
sword
to the
Union cause.
pressed their beliefs with unabashed emotion, in flowery prose, tear-streaked poetry
and cloying, sentimental art.
An endless stream of mawkish domestic
scenes, painted for sheet-music covers or
lithographs, attests to the fierce patriotism
eral paintings
young men who did not volunteer were scorned: In it, a woman's father
refuses her hand to a suitor in civihan clothes.
The volunteer's departure was another favor-
work
indicated,
triot
'-
-v-
Poetry in praise of the battle-bound volunwas hardly less maudhn. The paeans invariably included, as did a Confederate woman's, the information that the beholder's
"eyes fill to witness such noble resolution."
A New York poet pictured "a farewell group
weeping at every cottage" as Union militiamen marched off "with hearts too full for
utterance, with but a single tear."
Yet the spirit of the time was genuinely
heroic, and some contemporaries captured it
with true grandeur. OUver Wendell Hohnes
Jr., a lieutenant of Massachusetts troops in
1861 (and later Chief Justice of the United
States Supreme Court), wrote of his war-torn
generation: "Through our great good fortune, in our youth our hearts were touched
with fire. It was given to us to learn at the
'M
teer
outset that
thing.
We
report to those
16
who come
after us."
'.1
<
^
4',
mi
%
^^1^
i
,
^;
i"
iUiigf
^"^
i''
^ V*'
;^\c:r4
\f
1
p
11
'il
Maryland.
they found
5,000 usable
rifles
More impor-
naval
The
Navy Yard's
facilities,
was captured
Two
days
intact.
later,
near Norfolk.
ordinates;
his
men
to scuttle or
burn
able
all
the warships
put out to
The
Only
came to
sea.
others
broken and charred but not irredeem on the shallow bottom of the Eliza-
beth River.
salvage the
and send
it
had voided
all
government
felt
betrayed.
They saw
his
their
ships at the
fire
to
Union
17
Upon the
outbreak of hostilities,
Sumter Light Guards, here
standing at attention in Augusta,
Georgia, in April of 1861, were hastily
combined with other prewar militia
companies to create the 4th Georgia
Infantry Regiment.
the smart
Had
he would have
said,
more than 62,000 Southern solhad been raised and were in training,
and 15,000 more were on their way from the
that time
diers
various
Despite the
little
from any
on
of victory
hung
and
in
giddy sense
sacrifice
to
doubt of their
a reasonable
Davis
final success."
called
reiterat-
all
over
to
all
over
sion
and attempts
to coerce
"The moment
them back
into
the Union.
sion
northern Virginia.
"From
is
will
drop from
is
city," wrote
vine
delphia editor
and armed
in a
week."
arrivals of or-
is
all
heard everywhere,
the trappings and
demand."
we
will
its
protection
continue to struggle
On May
secession contin-
though the
Union on
May
state
8, 1861.
6,
officials,
encour-
aged by Virginia's zeal for the fray and anxious to demonstrate their
commitment to
the
The
city of
move the Confederate capital from small, remote Montgomery to the larger and more
accessible capital of the Old Dominion. The
transfer would be completed on the 29th
of May, when President Davis himself ar-
rived in
18
Richmond,
War teetering on
the brink
Vermont
17 to serve
found every
main thoroughfare blocked and guarded; he
as Register of the Treasury,
"filled
>
with flying
up the Potomac
had
it
that 5,000
were on
their
patriotic displays he
cities
on
that his
and ill-prepared
to
No
more than 1,000 troops of the nation's scattered 13,000-man Regular Army were on
hand; they had the backing of 1,500 militiamen, but this number included many Southern sympathizers
who were
considered un-
as-
ammuni-
the
by Maryland;
emy
secession,
attack.
own
if
all
other sides
lose its
its
little
Maryland would
head.
reason
stay in the
hands.
peril.
Any
serious attack
on Washamount of
states.
And
manpower and equipment plus time to organize, train and mount the expedition. The
governments in Richmond and Montgomery
Baltimore, where
ger
rail lines
than 1,000 of
20
its
line to
more
some
exTo
just a little
31,000 votes.
April 18 was
Most of the
trained. Worse, they
their trip
through Baltimore:
-rSL^KfL*.
jeering
mob
and paving stones. In any event, the Pennsylvanians contributed handsomely to the bizarre makeshifts that
war
foisted
on Wash-
in the
was
a brilliant,
vivandiere
(left).
The
unit, a polyglot
Union
to the
jamin F. Butler,
who had
named Ben-
tirelessly
helped
much
led so
as
the
more
militant secessionists,
who were
Mary-
Actually,
it
made no
difference whether
was
many
as possible
and
as
soon as possible.
ward or
as a
solicit
squad into
was
battle. It
state militia,
On
many
political generals
would prove
Word
setts
who
took to the
field
to be a curse.
trial.
"I
am
he voiced
It
a special
Wash-
ments
to strategic Fort
regi-
Massachusetts
home
complete
its
orga-
Mas-
at
to
of Colonel
Edward
command
F. Jones, a 32-year-old
New York.
a train for
New York
day to
upon
Washington on the
completing the
trip to
received
word of the
more had given the Pennsylvanians, He distributed ammunition and ordered his men to
load their weapons.
The
train
Street station
ter-
a critical
mistake. Instead of
detraining his
ing
it
in a
moving coaches
sult of this
to
Camden
Street.
As
a re-
targets, with
no opportunity
regi-
The
first
Street quickly
at
Camden
last
grew
that
to
down by
crowd
mob
the
Staters
were forced to
pile out
and march
men were
for
hurry-
their
muskets from
their hands.
Then
pistol
Moments
fell,
killed
by
fire.
rank
At
that,
men
to re-
a civilian's bullet.
turn
police.
behind three
more than 20
troops injured and 130 unaccounted for.
soldiers
and 12
civilians dead,
was there
to
meet
he said, "Thank
it.
quickly acted on this conclusion, demohshing four railroad bridges leading to Balti-
24
Pennsyivanians
to the Rescue
When Abraham
arms on April
call to
>
as
drill in
column of fours
at the
25
men of the
forts to
more
Wash-
alternative
was
to
From
his frustration to
believe there
is
show
there the
6th Massachusetts,
to
troops could
to the 7th
Maryland
secessionists
soil.
Lincoln
re-
Hearing of
a national
Scott
made
it
impossible for
him
to
of Balti-
lead an
army
ficulty
included
He
will
be
no bloodshed." In other words, the President of the United States had no choice but
to
ist
state's rebellion.
The
from
The
President was
his desk.
But
he had enough
And
about 30,000
men
at
Charleston
whole army
east of the
was larger than his
frontier, he remained serenely confident that
would be
well.
ful units
of irregulars. One,
made up of over-
muttering,
"Why
don't they
come?" During
26
Why
a visit to
the
ion,
rough-and-tumble
-o^'
dif-
all
in the field;
politician
.^:s>.^'
&
.
fl
4.
^L
<^-
fi*^
for the
a trend
that
a^
ment
in
Point's
December
1860.
Many
of
was
to their
West
felt that
home
states,
with
Army's highest-ranking
Johnston. In
all,
313 officers
nearly one
possessed
resigned
to take
Army
arms against
the Union.
in the
ranks, 373
left
the
nto a
fire
mob of rock-throwing
One
Private
Luther Ladd
of the
melee was
aged 17.
{left),
named
Wash-
when Sumter
fell,
and he went
to the
Department
nary fighting
man to
Cameron. "Sir,"
first
instance
an ordi-
Secretary of War
said
Cameron,
War
Simon
"this
is
the
"Then
let's
make
a httle history."
Kentuckian formed
guard
at the
his unit,
which stood
had served
brilliantly
under Scott
in
Mexico,
first
Union armies
On
The
into battle.
if
he would accept
politely
and ex-
anarchy."
If
all to
the
27
draw
state?"
my
He would
return to his
my
home
native
at
Ar-
would
join the
Washington
to discuss
their
my
sword on none."
It
was
a tearful
A number
feared
it
would be so."
and paid
spokesman
with
defend that
own
flag
with
my
sword, even
if
my
up a storm of
"With the red-hot
Southern vituperation.
a high
Thomas
Major George H.
who was to become one
loyal to
of Virginia,
disowned by
his
to resign his
When
the
Old Do-
28
many
ville,
burned him
in effigy.
general's portrait
it
into a millpond.
Of much
which
in Baltimore,
failed
group of
on a
to
secessionist cut
The
"The
points was
all
classes
and
semblage near
from Massachu-
upon
it
"From
this city of
bodies of troops
He
in doleful fashion in
excite-
Benjamin Butler.
the capital.
British
in all di-
trained railroad
it is
the
known
numerous
is-
as-
hostile
may be expected
any moment."
at
men
New
York.
sachusetts.
around that
city. It
him long. He
men went by
train to
&
olis
to
was
to travel
To
saw
to
it
on the Annap-
15,000
that a
little
up the
offi-
hitch
rails
his
command
could
fix
if
anyone
A private took a
our shop;
her."
The
guess
in
can
fit
made
in
time. Secretary
all
them and,
said an aide,
"He
over."
men
from Annapolis
to
longer mattered so
in
rail line
Washington, and
it
pen
no
in
leading
On
to
wave
smiled
developed.
to
sailed
Maryland
ick, 50 miles
still
Maryland out of
was a key point
Ohio
rail line to
&
30
To
way
the
men arrest-
Then
nans.
line to
Frederick
Butler's
He
station
with
tion
tel
the
House,
on
in
McHenry and
work
railroad bridges.
be easy.
On May
5,
Washington by
tillery batteries.
ar-
ed. Relay
Street
Hill, overlook-
to
Camden
to
path past
crews went
men
its
called Relay
his
Relay House
at
House was
had cleared. When the citizens came outdoors, they were astonished to
find nearly 1,000 Union troops and a battery
after the skies
of artillery glowering
the harbor heights.
nearly
up
in Baltimore.
him from
Though
his post.
was grateful
to
But
But-
mission.
The
sensation drove
though the
city
Al-
were
still
restless
so
much
so
rail line.
May
this at
Federal military.
Washington was now secure as the forward base for Union troops pouring in from
all over the nation; thanks to the strong and
prompt Federal action, there was no need to
fight battles for Maryland. As a result, the
armies of the Union and the Confederacy
would fight out most of the great battles of
the
War in the
31
A Helter-skelter
Rush to Arms
It
those sublime
tation
rifice
moments
of patriotic exal-
A crowd
32
of 100,000
New
came rousing
reports:
Yorkers jams Union Square on the 20th of April, 1861, for a war
Michigan
rally featuring
West
no effort
to sup-
bles
Foil
priations.
Businessmen
set
up
relief
funds
sol-
diers
had
to
civilians.
The
the ardor of
some
recruits.
taxed, and
many
moving south
recruits
found themselves
states
had exceeded
"We'rea//a-comin'!"
*mm
'
t0*mm^ir-
'
'
'4
i
I I t
^
^ ^
^
^mr*
f^j
I
rtih r I I
lunter. Six
days
earlier,
flag
ff
i K I
33
34
Vermont volunteers
at
Camp
in St.
35
Dressed
in
during a marcl
snap to attention in front of Cincinnati's St. Nicholas Hotel
fancy uniforms with shakos, Ohioans of the Guthrie Grays militia company
36
vm
Vw
1
n
U1
MiM' ^L
mLt
^^^^HH^^^^^V^^^^^^P
irl!
'fi
'^
iTIf
>'
"V
Vi
>ugh the
city.
For
all
were
little
societies.
37
I-
^^v
^^ 'v-^A^ y
iX.
;-^^,
^'^"i^
-^rft^
/
:-.-
.
f> ^v*^^;
^'*^*^
^^
i^
.?*
0^'
*/^'^^'
J^*^*
;^^/
-.
_*ai^.3tJ'
MicUgan volunteers
38
at
Fort
Wayne
was used
to withstand
direction
U&&
i
i:i
il
f':^!^--*^^
*<jJ^l'''"'
-"-^
..:.;-rr.i
''-^i!P<!*r-^*'^;^
'**-
:^^j^-
?*^
-1. r
*. >J
V*'**^
i-^
>^
'^
.^-,
vC:
*,
i5^^
g^^^-
J Though
recruits learned the driU as part of their basic training, they rarely
used
it
in
batUe; increased firepower had rendered cavalry charges against infantry obsolete
39
'^
crowd
station
march past
1st
Rhode
a cheering
Providence railroad
en route to Washington, D.C.
to the
On their arrival,
ofQcer, Colonel
their commanding
Ambrose Burnside,
40
II
It
:i
It
^
if i-i
r<^
:-nr
'f^^*^
A
^
41
P9f
s*^
^"-^
Jf^
42
'.'.
:'mS7^9m^
"W^l^
'.^W-VT
Men of the
and
in front of a
at
ramshackle headquarters
in Washington,
Camp Anderson
.^
12th
w.
'
y#
^-:>
%"^
43
it
'
1861
the pressure on
to
who,
West
named George Brinton McClellan,
a
34-year-old
commission to go
had come back to
serve as commander of the Ohio militia in
April of 1861 The letter was sent to the Genafter resigning his
eral in
country,
all
in their
three-month
enlist-
McClellan's
tation
letter,
break-down
in favor of
(of
men,
gestions ill-conceived, he
ians
the Southern
Army."
McClellan's
first
men
in the
march
army
who thought
civil-
Middle West,
lead them southeastward from Ohio through
the mountains of western Virginia, cross
the Shenandoah Valley and the Blue Ridge
Mountains, and then fall upon Richmond.
force of 80,000
replied with
he outlined his
strategy
only
how
Kenarmy forming
under Scott in Washington would cooperate,
moving southward to capture the Georgia
cities of Savannah and Augusta, the two
Union forces could meet at a Gulf Coast port,
his
If the
44
ment period?
The
How
was
how they could become the keys to ending the rebeUion. He began by declaring that
also
as President Lincoln's
it
blockade of Southern
"we propose
blockade," Scott
a
powerful move-
Each
whose
Union is
all its
necessary supplies
will
less,
fear, of
Scott's
consequences."
in
War.
who succeeded
Anaconda
at-
it
down
from
great river.
banks of the
became
and others
fundamental part of
No
sur-
The
of a prominent Confederate,
alleged crime against the
written on his neck.
And,
less
vis'
and
his
to
North or South.
Scott naturally
tle
war of the
communicated
Word
his ideas to
soon leaked
out,
ht-
North pos-
War
lengthened.
Two
thirds
Northern
states; the
slaves, disqualified
a third of
them
from military
ser-
vice
tion.
ages
upon
ate
eral editorials
if he
would
more than
ei-
total of eligible
settle
manpower did
free for
3.5 milHon,
ern whites
who would
The North's
industrial might
made
the
45
Confederacy look
alone had
more
pitiful.
New York
factories than
all
State
the South.
and cotton.
Mississippi,
it
trast,
Davis believed.
particularly
single di-
transportation.
another impossible.
line to
nearly
would sym-
rail
net-
repeat
ic
all
By con-
However, the
large
ammunition from cynical Yankee manufacturers, who were only too happy to sell weapons to anyone at good cash prices. In time,
Works in Richmond
would become a major supplier of cannon
and armor plate.
the great Tredegar Iron
made
erners
Surely drab city shopkeepers and toilsome Yankee farmers would be no match for
ers.
power
the
as fighting
Still,
in
Although
this
larger percentage of
them had
at-
forces.
sive
was possible that President Davis' paswar policy might triumph; if a stout
heavy
losses,
and
if
in-
the Confederate
from the
46
paused
to
vantages in
ity
who
manpower and
industrial capac-
47
them,
commander
menaced from
two or more directions and cause him to split
his force;
believe he was
con-
defensive line.
them
to fight, the
more
argument against
won
not by slowly
tlefield
spite of blockades
a larger force
than he
his
and with
it,
on
Napoleon and
crucial to capitahze
it,
was
Scott's strategy.
surprise
pected
be to defeat."
It
War
general
who
followed Napo-
methods
slavishly was risking disasweaponry had changed radically between 1815 and 1861.
leon's
ter, for
ly
als to
the
War
and
to
end
forthwith.
bayonets fixed.
into
enemy
sol-
the
diers
Professional officers
had no need
for such
fine
strate-
and campaigns
after
Napoleon's great
According
to
48
make an enemy
weapon used by
all
paper car-
tridge containing a
ball
with a ramrod.
ble flintlock
To
fire
...
-VXf
1
A company of Union
soldiers
the weapon's
hammer
created a spark in a
powder from
the paper cartridge. The weapon would not
fire when the powder was wet or even damp.
When the musket did fire (which was about
80 per cent of the time), the ball was unstable
shallow pan primed with a
in flight
little
at short ranges:
their grisly
tillery
losses,
move
far
the
enemy
by blowing gaps
to 100 yards
in
fine.
still
against individuals.
ily
enemy
cussion caps
line;
upon launching
their charge,
taining a small
The Soldier's CraJt
as fulminate of
on the run, and reloading the singleshot early rifles was a slow and difficult proc-
in the
wanted to
a lead
musket
ball
The
a stabilizing spin
when
open under
fire.
men
er velocities than
musket
balls,
power of the
result
to
adopt the
and heavy
fired.
to stop
Naturally no one
it
The
rately
a far
the bullet
field
In 1861 tacticians
believed in the
still
When
preparing for a
enemy
rifle for
ficult:
to
be mea-
more
first
of sever-
al
new
bullet
rel's
was
ram
gets.
one
They worked
their
bit of
maintaining a sporadic
fire to
changes in the role of the cavalry. Napoleon's horsemen, facing short-range muskets, would charge boot to boot in the wake
They
proved, Civil
ferred to
War
all rifle
continued to
bullets as
Minie
much
balls.
im-
muskets, and
The advent
out their
of the
rifle
caused wholesale
Now
rifle fire
for
some
it
50
wood
on the horses
to fight
toll
movements
of an
in staging swift
raids
lines
War, gun-
in the
of-
was
The
infantry
gunners
still
fieldpieces
War
And though
limited.
They were
whether
ing six to 12
pounds
or explosive
At
shells.
lists.
artillery differed
non were
far
Case shot
little
The basic
Civil
of communication
The
lery forces,
cially
deadly
espe-
hollow
balls
commandant who
Army was
training
spot on a battlefield.
joined the
States
lightweight
lery
The United
its
own mobile
artil-
when
which resembled
ter,
oversized bullets,
with
lethal, hit-
shotgun
at
blasts. Canister
at greater ranges.
field
U8
acBOOL or thi
oonnxrttssta
nr.
rifled iron
jiTctcribed distance,
tiles
which had
its
opti-
The
Parrott rifle,
A>Tici.z FnsT.
2b mardk bg Hhiflmk.
135. The company being in line of battle, oJ
at a halt, when the instnictor shall wish to caoM
to march b; the right Bank, he will command:
P. Parrott,
from
10-pounder
it
1.
Ctmpany, rioAiTtcn.
i.
rifle,
mum
LKSSON FOURTH.
curacy.
2.
Fonaard.
tile
that
weighing 10 pounds
is,
firing a projec-
to a
mammoth
30-
HaacH
4nd himself by
pounder
siege gun.
Never during the Civil War would the ofup with the defense. But the
fense catch
The
cost
would
51
How
to
Load a
Rifle
In Civil War battles, attacking infantrymen typiadvanced across several hundred yards of
open terrain toward enemy infantrymen defending a sheltered position. The men on both sides
had accurate, long-range, single-shot rifles. But
the attackers were at a distinct disadvantage,
since they had to stop moving to aim, fire and
reload all the while presenting an easy target.
It might take minutes to reach the enemy and
fire point-blank or use bayonets. These were the
cally
On firing,
left
52
HANDLE CARTRIDGE/TEAR
CARTRIDGE: Seize a cartridge
the
powder
rammer. Steady
it
made
the
hammer
it
Turn
hammer and
little
to the
hand.
cap.
7 PRIME: With
the
left
hand, raise
is
as high as
left.
with the
Half-cock the
thumb of the
Remove
Take
the
hammer
right
the
the
9 FIRE:
53
I
be
wars, the
causes,
toll
came
of soldiers
to
who
American
perished, of all
ies, a
band
some 620,000
to tend the
men's bod-
in
of every four
who
tually identical
served.
step.
ment, commanded by
a colonel,
regi-
was the
On
an adju-
a quartermaster to
sertions, casualties
losses usually
and delays
in replacing
and,
in
New
commands
commissary
the men.
54
officer to
The regiment
also
had surgeons
affiliations. "I
would
Ohio,"
Men of the
Although cannoneers
were trained to work in giin crews of
eight or nine men, their drill
fieldpieces.
known
as
Ohio
ward
as
litical
patronage.
grouped together
to
make
still-larger units,
come
at
places like
several
perhaps 20,000
and send them
men
in 35 regiments
for-
regiment, including
men.
and
its staff
cers,
paper
cavalry
field offi-
infantry
its
The
need.
tle
The
strength of a
mounted
its
men
cavalry-
men
only three
fourth
fight; the
man remained in
the rear to
The
to
each infan-
anywhere
batteries
from four
artillery
to 12 batteries
try corps.
estabhshed
a large
number
of guns, under
thrown into
that could be
a fight at
any
threatened point.
In addition to the three
army needed
Playful volunteers of the 7th
New
human pyramid
tions.
Among
combat arms, an
who cut
wilderness, dug earth-
in
works and
built
regi-
marksmen known
ments of specially
skilled
as sharpshooters;
and signalmen
to estab-
55
lish
nications.
Many
commu-
when he was
by recent technological advances: telegraphers and wire-laying gangs for the telegraph
equipment that provided virtually instantaneous communication between widely sepa-
crewmen
were required
specialists
a lieutenant in 1846.
exhume
He wrote:
we
shall
again
again place at the head of our armies respectable and aged inefficiency?
Or
shall
we seek
rated armies;
War
to this question."
as products of a
Napoleonic heritage,
modern
It
was
armies.
when
its officers,
the
army
whatever
their
one
re-
Army was
its
more vigorous officers. The seniority system, which awarded promotions more by
length of service than for present ability,
made
pired to
officer corps
tle their
number
Union Army
especially attractive
federate
Army was
make
Con-
particularly alluring to
who
as-
prohferating forces.
There were
the
War would
had much
ly large
ficers
Political
in-
disproportionate-
to
appointments raised
number
of
seemed
to
al officer
seniors.
56
litias,
Army
officers
were required
to resign their
commissions before they could accept appointments to higher ranks in the state-
trained at
many
highly qualified
States
not so
much
changed
to
The
Army
most pronounced
The
rank.
colonels
ments, which
at the
staffs
were
regimental level.
competent
soldiers. It
was
their
The
training
as
to repeat their
drills
it
was time-
instantly
Union counterparts.
For their field commanders
Davis and Lee in
May
in the East,
43-year-old Louisiana
become
offi-
Gen-
a hero of the
South for
his capture of
commander of a
Manassas Junction,
fines
a sleepy
town where
rail
From
to protect
seph E. Johnston,
regimental
the hard
recruits.
work of
drilling
performed
this task,
a lieutenant
he often received as
his
Federal forces.
who
a distinguished 53-year-
Army,
to
com-
field
blunders.
for
deliver reinif
the other
was threatened.
By
late
eral Scott
was
litia
who had
it
was
make up
assigned
him
job, placing
tary
ia,
to
what was
him
essentially a
desk
of Columbia.
When
territory to an-
Army
loyal to the
of-
Union.
who had
P. Chase,
Salmon
dier general
Regular
Army
briga-
field
com-
decided by
diers
from
politics.
his state.
had proposed
young
sol-
B.
Mc-
strategist
who
moted from a major general of state volunteers to a major general in the Regular
Army, charged with overseeing all operations in the Middle West.
Governor Dennison's second Ohio candidate for appointment to a high Army post
was Irvin McDowell, a 42-year-old brevet
(acting) major who had served creditably in
the Mexican War and who now held down a
desk job in the Adjutant General's
Thanks
58
to
Dennison and
office.
to strenuous wire-
sive
move.
On May 23,
Virginians voted in a
With the
enemy territory. Generals
cy.
field acted
Mans-
Potomac
Scott and
to seize
1 1
and hold
buffer zone
Virginia,
New York
1861.
smooth
efficiency, but
it
was nevertheless an
who
took
part.
May
umns
of infantry, supported by
lery, folded
erate pickets
river.
moon,
On
three col-
some
line of
artil-
Confed-
New
York regiments, which crossed the river upstream from Washington by the roadway
atop the Potomac Aqueduct, a span connecting Georgetown, on the Washington side,
and the northern end of Arlington, in Virginia. These troops then pushed two miles into
Loudoun
& Hampshire
to the west.
of the
Hngton.
jor
The Confederates
swiftly retreated
and
Sandford's advance guard reached the Columbia Turnpike, one of the area's main
thoroughfares.
The Union
soldiers occu-
59
60
New
fort.
pied,
among
hills
said General
penned
Sandford
in
an
it
if
in Arlington.
servants. "I
George H. Terrett,
col-
myself,"
official report
spare the
women and
man
said,
was
to
Given
rett
this more-than-fair
was able
to
warning, Ter-
exandria's
main
and King
force
the
in the
Regiment.
On
1st
Michigan
and
set off in
town in
their
intersection of
own homes.
Washington
from the
all
over
Terrett's ill-armed
it
men "exchanged
few
the
port
town of Alexandria
safely
side suf-
To
Zouave commander, was killed (pages 6269). Nevertheless, the Yankee success was,
as a reporter for the Washington Evening
town and,
if
possible,
its
Rebel garrison.
worth
was
named Elmer
E. Ells-
to be landed in Alexandria
Pawnee
by
war
given, as
it
turned out,
Paw-
with no authorization
mander of
apparently
'
'a
stirring
one indeed
. '
'
The next
as their escort.
Star wrote
intricate sys-
capital.
As more troops crossed the bridges to enVirginia soil, their newly minted
brigadier general, Irvin McDowell, rode to
join them. There McDowell began planning
camp on
first
deep thrust
Old Dominion.
61
The
first
North
War was
dressing the
forms.
onym
swift
North-
erners. In a time
sponsored
its
He
Zouave
the
men
in
baggy-trousered uni-
developed his
drill,
own
variations of
featuring hundreds of
to
military talent.
dets (below),
from
a lackadaisical
group of Chicagoans
and
ham
man
Abra-
little
ever met."
the President-elect to
He accompanied
Washington
as his
Tad.
the
first outfit to
*
'
f .
4-
*i-.
% ^-
^v.
'>
';
':
'
,
^f,
,f,.
Ellsworth's champion
drill
in
Utica,
<
^l, ;f;.
*r
New
York,
in July
of 1860.
Sudden Death
May 24,
1861, the day after Virginia officially se-
on a Dark Staircase
cutting
on the Virginia
side.
H. House of the
New York
At the
James W.
Tribune.
He
Jackson
tively
(left)
his
musket, but
were hurriedly leaving town. Ellsworth dispatched one company of soldiers to take
the railroad station while he and a small
sault in a resplendent
city of Alexandria.
the port
House
(below),
Confederate
flag
taken
flag.
down
down
the stairs.
Then the Union men turned to Ellsworth. He lay in a heap on the bloody Confederate flag, his gold
medal driven
into his
immediately.
--.
m\
'rmwtm
,.^
n
,,
ff
im
m
C!HIHII2^
iCl
'-->*
The scene
of Ellsworth's death, Alexandria's Marshall House, was later ransacked by souvenir hunters,
who
cut
away the
staircase
or*^'
:,
^. V
;.,
'4'
Corporal Brownell strikes at Jackson's shotgun as Colonel Ellsworth slumps, mortally wounded.
An
Room of the White House. On the casket lies a laurel wreath from Mrs.
Lincoln.
heartfelt letter
Highest Honors
for the Fallen Hero
Ellsworth's death plunged the North into
mourning. Bells tolled. Flags flew at halfstaff. President Lincoln was grief-stricken.
At the sight of his young friend's body, he
sobbed,
"My
boy!
My
boy!
Was
it
neces-
made?"
hometown
Hudson
River.
spreading the
Ellsworth Cult
The death
Sermons,
editorials,
who
slew Ells-
format
(right).
Army
soared, and
In
New
filled a
needed
just
minister.
"We
"Let the
nWORT-M'S
War go
\JV i^Jnn
on!"
111
The coat
nl5 PAP.EJUTS.
-
Mi
!>**
moT* torow
wtiat
Uut
r^TU
WMBOTToa, Mas
23,
USI-
ua>
recepUoa va *re
lo
H lu iDformea a lixg
ibwe
oa mjr lot (o
butly coqicsk^.
to day.
taa
tioouu
injareJ in touu
aaaaw. WhataTar
m^
cmfltttnt ttet
"KUIKA.
1
REMEMBER ELLSWORTH!
Of brief but
vital
The
rifle
the secondary
Still
rifle
of both armies.
rifle
rifle
Sharps, a breech-loading
rifle.
Conser-
Sharps's intricate
ognizing
its
mechanism but,
greater rate of
fire,
rec-
issued
it
companies of skirmishers.
Eventually the carbine version would be
heavily used by Union cavalrymen.
to selected
fire
a conical bullet.
imp
U.S. MODEL 1855 RIFLE MUSKET
The 1855 rifle musket used a Maynard percussion
71
A Waning
Tradition
used
it
in
last resort.
combat only
as a
Sword but
weapon of
weapon, preferring
it
to pistols
and
seldom practical
in the
overgrown
ter-
18S0 U.S.
Many cavalrymen on
cannon prevented them from carrying rifles, were often issued Roman
style short swords to defend themselves
against enemy penetrations. But like
firing
who manned
ers in increasing
their
18(0 U.S.
CAVALRY SABER
in 1840,
it
"^^mmmmmmmm
U.S.
The U.S.
75
Horse Pistols
Six-shooters
vs.
Soldiers
who wished
to
arm themselves
rifled
rate
er
Out single-
its
le-
cylinder
and fired the shot. Many of these revolvers were unreliable because of faulty engineering or poor workmanship.
Both types of revolver fired much faster than the single-shot pistol, but they
were
Powder and
be packed into each cham-
bullet
had
to
the weap-
would not be
bullets
74
a favorite of Confederate
ordnance
housing.
lever,
The
trigger,
enclosed
in
the
75
for a
ties
slavery
ginia, soldiers
learned
Confederate disposal.
In both geographic and political terms,
Virginia was a fragmented state.
From
the
were dominant.
it
in
on
Moun-
River to Lexington,
home
of the Virginia
it
pro-
was a
Yankees
Maryland, then heading north into Pennsylvania or striking east toward Washington. East- west traffic between the midlands
and the Valley was effectively blocked by
the Blue Ridge except at a few gaps, the
most important being Manassas Gap near the
gaps could
lay the
the Poto-
James
peninsulas.
of them,
move up
or
down
least expected.
row
it
no other. In the
ia, as
Ohio
and rocky for largescale farming by slave gangs. Here lived subsistence farmers who felt ignored by the
S^^*Ai'%
Richmond
Statehouse in
Richmond
usually favored
make minor
amount
who
1830, prompting
stop
for-
Legislation in
In a
concessions
of land a
Richmond
such
to
as reducing the
roads.
ties
and by then
had
and
Stripes.
its
flanks,
Bay
Stater
ler in
taking his
soft-shelled crabs,
east
and west
southern
until his
Fort Monroe
new
fish
just
on
to
mond,
more than 7,500 men. He occupied the nearby town of Newport News without opposi-
it
was
While other
a constant obstacle to
coastal forts
were
moth
Confed-
erate traffic
falling to the
Behind
its
mam-
was more
to
appoint
more competent
officer; in-
tion, then
command
again:
He
decided to
make
civil
policy for
setts volunteers.
The only
to a
ler's lines,
The
slaves
77
I'
said;
appHed
numbers of escaped
to increasing
name to two
villages. Little
its
federal
Creek, eight
slaves.
and humor-
as "Butler's fugitive
ously referred to
it
was
road to emancipation.
a first step
It
on the
enabled escaped
Union officers.
While staging this
Richmond.
was the nearest outpost of the local Confederate forces, who were headquartered 10
miles farther north at
River.
To
Yorktown on
the
York
al-
The man
in
command
of the Southern
for
began considering
on Marsh
miles north of Fort Monroe; it
lay
political
a military
coup, Butler
move up
the
78
He was
it
in the slight-
51 years old, a
trained officer
in the
Mexican
an early warning
Magruder had
just
2,500
men
to
defend
and
to
he could.
to slow
To sound
them
this
But he had an
in-
Hill
and
on June
7.
They spent
all
On
Monmarsh
ginia Infantry.
North of the
was held by the
river, the
1st
itzers. If the
come
did not
move, the
A political
man
all
79
of Big Bethel.
which
general's plan,
to
a surprise attack at
New
New York Regiment. The other column comprised the 7th New York and parts
the 3rd
of the 1st
The
1st
if
needed.
to
dier General
The
Ebenezer Pierce.
out before
moved
how
difficult
it
was
for
als
As they approached
Hill's
men were
fields in the
the
first
to find that
The Confederates braced to meet the atAt 9: 15 the main body of the enemy
came in sight, and the Richmond Howittack.
under the
zers,
command
of Captain George
1st
North Carolina reported that the first Confederate fire shook up the Federal infantrymen and forced them "to do some pretty
dodging." The Yankee soldiers
scientific
On
white cloths,
all
in the dark.
Zouaves had
around
tied
wrapped
their
so that they
arms with
bushes as
would recog-
if
and
air
opened up
Pierce's artillery
in return,
men
and
tempt
in
to Colonel
to
go
80
was about
a.m.
when Yankee
skir-
deployed his
left
in
an
at-
moved off
marshy ground
his regiment
come
so
drop
flat
they
came
faces
and
rise instantly,
many
but
of us
(i
Contraband'' Slaves
at
Work
The
slaves in Virginia's
in Fort
Freedom
using old scowsHjysTer boats and dugoui canoes, leaving no trails for men or blood-
hounds.
On
the 27th of
Tidewater region
were quick to learn by the grapevine that
General Benjamin Butler, the Union commander at Fort Monroe, had refused to return three escaped slaves to their Confederate
the
Some became
the adults.
their
v:<^.--V.y
officers'
at
Fort
Monroe
in 1861.
At center
sits
81
men were
was
fully until
it
was over."
Thwarted on
mation
to
Pierce's force
more
like
men
wooded
ravine
company, they mistook it for the enemy and opened fire. Then,
fearing that their flank had been turned, they
hastily
withdrew.
With
more
saw no
push
to
way around the enemy's left flank. MaTheodore Winthrop, General Butler's
gesturing his
men onward.
"Come
rally!" he shouted.
is
"Rally, boys,
on, boys; one
ours!"
words.
in
went
the
way through
wrote
82
all
last
and
later,
the
enjoying a
from the
of the
Monroe. The
down by
as the assault
post-battle horror.
all
but 10 of
bon
vivant.
He
displayed, a fellow
f^fSkf
iLL
83
boy with
his
comrades
to
arm torn
"One brave
Zouave.
hand danghng
from a shred of flesh and begged someone to
cut it off "as the pain was dreadful." Cried
a
God
mercy,
in
managed
Federals
from
me
satisfy
first,
that
some pride
to salvage
war
wrote a
ain't play,"
ain't got
For
all that, it
The Confederates
man
one
lost just
changed not
a battle.
killed,
The
ba-
at all.
But the
little
struggle did
have noteworthy results. Prince John Magruder and his field commander Hill were
When
the
War Department
refused to con-
As
blamed
by
was roundly
and the
his officers
home. One of Duryee's men deif any good came from the
defeat, then "we earnestly hope it may be the
means of removing our New York troops at
people
at
least
least
mihtary merit."
proph-
to
be con-
From
been
May
tinued,
ly
is
politics,
He
it
will
a bright
hope
cuss sece(iing
Even
as the
On
13 a convention
Intelligencer
urged
its
Wheehng
faint victory.
84
first
all
new
patrio-
state, conserva-
to take possession
of the territory
Baltimore
vital
if
&
man
eral
The
officer
ing on
to
&
Ohio
line,
tion.
moved south from Wheeling toward Grafton, repairing the damaged bridges as it
went. Brigadier General Thomas Morris led
the other
at
converge
ates
at
between them.
who
command
charge on a Confederate
Big Bethel. Six Zouaves
a desperate
battery at
dead owners."
re-
mond government
Grafton junction,
lives
1 1
in
precious
1
disciplined, with
to
to
little
wander
in
June 2, Porterfield
first
tive duty,
The
a tiny village a
had
and he had
just
fallen
773
back
at will.
By
men on
ac-
to Philippi,
85
rt
y^
rr
of
damned
agreed, for he
away; no one
Private
left their
come into
town seeking shelter. Philippi was entirely unguarded, and plenty of "damned fool"
The
fire
ates
The Confeder-
the road
One
t*o
Beverly.
of the
last
men
to flee the
town was
John Sheffee, a member of a Highland County company of Virginians. Looking behind him, Sheffee saw a mounted Yan-
window
86
in the
<S
pistol
and
felled the
have done
it!"
horseman. "Sergeant,
he shrieked in
"Done what?"
was coming
joy.
from
his horse
work of
just
Kelley's
and the
fall
ly safely
The whole
than the fight
1861, the
emy
affair
at
was even
less significant
3,
it
as the "Philip-
pi
said the
elitist
McClellan,
from
pre-
"They
more troops
in
close
enough
to
provide
army
to
He
about 6,000.
command
Mountain
handsome Lieutenant
units to the
of the Rich
burning barn."
been on the
frontier. Garnett
made
his
own
On
the 21st of
reason.
his
the
there were
the
B &
enemy build-up
And
at
to
Porterfield
had
re-
who had
He
would
feared
stir
convention
at
whom
Wheehng had
just elect-
known
to the
and one of
rival
Richmond government.
up
gar-
Beverly.
regi-
87
all,
his
army num-
commanded
&
a brigade at Philippi,
and he
Three Union brigades were assembled around Grafton, and these McClellan
assigned to three new brigade commanders:
forces.
Brigadier General
Newton
Robert L.
McCook and
William
Rosecrans.
S.
Schleich, Colonel
Brigadier General
officers
was
had
a fair
War and
When
re-
the
a nearly bank-
staff,
and
Rosecrans a brigadier general, probably because of his energy in arming and training
Ohio volunteers.
Paying due heed to the inexperience of
his officers
campaign
He
his
me
from my intention of gaining sucby maneuvering rather than by fighting"; he simply would not send these "raw
to depart
cess
men
of
avoid
mine"
it.
According
if
to his plan,
he could
two
col-
umns would advance at the same time. Morris would move to Laurel Mountain and
keep Garnett occupied with demonstrations;
meanwhile, McClellan would lead the other
three brigades against Rich
Mountain and
88
enemy
force.
behind Pegram's
War
Department
to
be the main
McClellan planned
to circle
left flank,
a tactic that
finally
the
retreat. It
was
at Cerro Gordo in
Mexican War, and McClellan was not
above
a bit
with an
artillery
ground attack
bombardment.
lat-
McClellan
er
and
still
he wrote the
delays
is
prepared."
in-
corporated Hart's route in a plan for turning Pegram's flank. McClellan agreed to
89
Outnumbered Confederates on
Rich Mountain (left) make a doomed
stand against the attack force
of Brigadier General William S.
Rosecrans on the 11th of July, 1861.
Rosecrans
enemy had
disciplined
how
The
perienced
detachment of inex-
sally
prom-
was
to
he attack McClellan.
Despite the long march, and despite get-
was
Union sergeant
2 p.m.,
on without stopping.
who
revealed to
It
Pegram
men
that a flanking
trouble
first
later the
attack.
Federal
At the
last
their
first
Civil
in action. In
body
to his family
under
a truce flag.
and opened
fire.
own father's
ing down in
days
later,
"The
farm.
rain
began pour-
It
seemed
to
went off
to the left
two regiments
enemy
see us."
The
rest
Rebel works;
failing,
from
and
them with
I
life."
in
their Enfield
"Our boys
and Minie
rifles,
The Yankees
shot
down
lit
my
the Confeder-
eral
many
jumped up,
expecting to be ordered to attack and thus
crush the Confederates between two fires.
But McClellan simply rode
and
ing gunfire.
forward in
earth
countercharge.
seemed
down
the northeast.
"The whole
to save
that
to Beverly.
all
now on
and
rear,
Pegram had no
of
it all,
of
some of his
officers,
wandered
fol-
Through
rest
es-
Rose-
crans'
lery.
all
hearing
ners and
On
who was
north
offered to surrender.
When
final-
McClellan ac-
the
Union
lines
grew
were missing
on the
lost, deserted, or
had
captured
retreat.
when he
Cheat
of his column
tail
at Carrick's
Ford
moved away
able
ly
to the northeast,
by Morris and
his brigade.
pursued
The
close-
Federals
The
general
in time.
heard
a bullet
told
guard
at
him
A moment
strike
nett sprawled
something
soft
and turned
duck
avail-
to see Gar-
Richmond government,
Morgantown to enlist
in the Union Army in the summer of
1861. By the end of the year,
secessionist
form ranks
in
92
It
to rout the
enezer
of the
er,
from
the Virginia Military Institute who was so
eccentric and erratic that some considered
him insane. Colonel Thomas Jonathan Jackson took charge on the 29th of April and
al's
Dumont
first
Union
to a professor
two weeks
the professor
The
later
was obscure.
fighting
reports to
flanking
movement was
his
own
conception.
Union
as a state in 1863
made
and
strategically im-
it
Kentucky
to
became
Army
to
major gener-
Lee. Then,
when
the Virginia
army was
ab-
of his
first
much from
generals. Ev-
the 54-year-old
So did he.
lery
join the
an affectionate
in
warm
Mac." Gen"The
congratulations:
is
charmed
was destined
for
all
During the fighting in western Virginia, everything had been quiet in the Shenan-
commanded by Colonel
was Johnston's
Army of the Shenandoah, numbering more
than 10,000 men.
By the time his army was substantially
J.E.B. (Jeb) Stuart. This
He had
to
much
training of the
artil-
Virginia Cavalry,
operations.
greater things.
ley.
and
main roads
it
con-
93
94
The
hillside
town of Harpers
damaged
when Union troops occupied it in
July 1861. The retreating Confederates
Ferry, Virginia, lay heavily
vital
enemy advance.
The Union army Johnston expected was
being marshaled in Chambersburg, Pennthe
to rein-
army gathering
in
by an end-
To begin
damaged
Robert Patterson, to take command. Patterson was simply too old, slow and timid to
handle an active
conceded
tually
to Scott.
field
as
Announcing
that he intended to
would
try to "threaten"
position,
and
if
that failed, he
would
circle
"however
slowly," on Winchester.
Harpers Ferry.
He
at his
Scott that
now he intended
to
march on
a strug-
gle, a
came
had
to safety
force
had not
But
soon would.
it
left its
Winchester camps.
95
The Innocent,
Cocky Volunteers
fresh-faced young men who rushed to
arms in the spring of 1 86 1 were marked by a
special innocence and fervor: They did not
know, as later volunteers would, what lay
The
ahead.
own
They would
great cost.
Those
first
lit-
them
were cadets from military schools and parade soldiers from state militia units. Many
lacked weapons of any sort. For months,
many lacked standard uniforms; their motley garb identifies several of the portraits
military fitness," a
last
one asked."
little to
recommend
their pros-
win a quick victory and confidently disparaged the enemy's fighting ability. Southerners claimed that any one of them equaled
five Northerners. "Just throw three or four
shells
and
among
sheep,"
North
96
,-i
COLONEL FREDERIC DTJTASSY (CENTER) AND MEN OF THE GARIBALDI GUARDS. NEW YORK
Parade-Ground Soldiers
98
99
Privates in Homespun
100
101
Ji
102
103
ackwoods Farmers
104
^Mim^r:
105
Mere Boys
106
107
Amateur Officers
108
109
The Battle
Joined
Is
'The enemy has assailed my outposts in heavy force. I have fallen back on
the line of Bull Run and will make a stand at Mitchell's Ford.
GENERAL p. G.T. BEAUREGARD, JULY
General Irvin
He
17, 1861
McDowell was
mass of para-
To
cure these
ills,
McDowell needed
the
doxes.
coffee
his
demeanor did him no good as the commanding officer of the Union Army in northern
He
Virginia:
listener,
him
that lost
and he treated
brusque indifference
and
He
help
him
time
men who
when he needed
could
all
the
man, under
army
relent-
enemy with an
maps of the
ginia,
whether
at the
will.
difficult terrain
of ndrthern Vir-
to pro-
it
June
patience.
He
had
finally
run out of
all
green alike."
several plans of
its
was
far
from complete.
110
i
^BiiiA^ttiH
and
at
stage,
Centre ville,
five miles
beyond. At
this
and make
a diversionary attack
on the
likely
The third column would skirt the Confederates' right flank and strike southward, cutting the railroad to Richmond and threatening the Rebel rear. J'hc Confederates would
be forced to abandon Manassas Junction and
fall back some 15 miles to the next defensible
hne, along the Rappahannock River. Washington could then breathe more easily.
With the flanking movement, McDowell
hoped to force a Rebel retreat without a
pitched battle, which could cripple his fledgling army.
partly
The
ration before
class of 1838)
and present
had
spent June and the early part of July suffering through the
last
an
to take
the
be catastrophic.
ston pinned
The
down.
proved unreahstic.
McDowell add-
army swelled
men, making it
the largest force ever mustered in North
America. (George Washington's combined
Franco-American army at Yorktown numbered only 16,000, and General Scott had
never led more than 13,000 men into battle.) It took another week of hectic prepathe
to 35,000
all
over the
own
readiness.
"seem
to
He
As
additional regiments
came up from
the
earthworks
at
Though he had
built
the south
stone
wagon
traffic
Beauregard had
defend
all
to spread his
army
thin to
the fords.
Ill
The northernmost
fond of
its
home
contents.
One
of Evans' staff
same
wrote
it
to
little
quent swearer
(I
man who
loved to fight.
Downstream from
obvious, defending
it
that
it
only with a
was too
new
half-
men under
At
who
first
inspired confidence.
An
insubordinate,
by the brigade of
Colonel Phihp St. George Cocke. It was farther south, on a crescent-shaped bend of Bull
Run, that Beauregard expected all the action. There, two and a half miles from the
and guarded only
lightly
fol-
good branch road off the Warrenton Turnpike, Mitchell's Ford was on the most di-
rect route
gruff, boastful
112
ter
Mitchell's
along Bull
two miles of
signals,
Run and
at
Manassas Junction.
flag
commander
early
in
dier General
a mile
downstream
at
Blackburn's Ford,
been posted
at the
and instructed
to let
ia
without
and
a pass,
Confederacy,
dies
General Richard
S.
When
Bull
Run
No fewer than
who were
secrets,
their
and the
more in
charm
were
just
going for
a ride.
woman named
into General
Bettie
Bonham's
tent.
She unpinned
la-
widow Greenhow
its
folds a
stating that
On
July 16.
just six
and prepared
fully
to
advance."
at 8
p.m.,
to
The
men trekked
officer,
Captain E. Por-
113
'J7-
,.!-:
J^.-J:^^
>
'
--
(ny
'
-.
-**
.KP^:^
;JS^
,-=CF'=^--
^'^&m
114
the 2nd
New Jersey
Volunteer Infantry Regiments sprawl along the Virginia side of the Potomac River. Visible across the
<4i;'^^5f^*^
-^^"^
et5^
.-r^
>
r^r.^
>Wjt*^
river in
partially
(left)
(right of center).
115
many
culti-
creeks,
bogged wagons
to the axles.
The swatches
cross-country travel.
to the roads,
McDowell had
to stick
dirt tracks
column into
earthworm and slowed its
the shape of an
soldiers
dragged their
feet,
sang and
to forage for
The
enlisted
men casual-
chickens
all
their faces, or
in defiance of the
der.
Even
plunder.
a kilted
(center),
His adjutant,
is on
McDowell's right, with arms folded.
chase he leaped a
a
comrade
anatomy
pace to a crawl.
The
to
rail
fence, presenting
what
officers
The commander
116
i.
eral
Samuel
P.
Heintzelman,
a distinguished
War and
the Indian
file
on
lowed
his
column
a log bridge.
Heintzelman
to be held
up
al-
for hours
his brigade
men
across
it
bivouac.
six
march
commanded
10 o'clock.
in
The
was
Run on
his flanking
march.
He determined
first,
following. Tyler
Bull
was then
Run, simulating
tell
to
march toward
a noisy assault.
Tyler
how
far
"Do
not bring
on an engage-
Union army was marching directly toward Manassas, thereby masking Heintzelthe
18.
at
Union Mills
seemed
Heintzelman encamped
in the evening,
afire
side,
early
on July
was too
diffi-
man
to
Centreville.
to re-
While McDowell was meeting with Heintzelman, events to his right were getting out
&
by the
He moved
out at 7 a.m.,
at Fairfax
sorely disappointed
at
out incident.
pulled
nity to withdraw.
in a
he
retreating Rebels.
McDowell,
But then,
When
Mc-
he should
also
all
still
Run
at the
He and
am
sure
humming hke
shall see
nothing so
close hereafter."
Open fields
down
to Bull
pickets here
and
He
men
killed.
Doubts
wisdom of continuing
the
engagement. Captain James B. Fry, McDowell's adjutant, rode up and advised Tythe general's demonstration
Would not
fight.
fall
back before
He called up all of Richardand began making preparaprobe across Bull Run. While await-
had done so
far?
al
ordered Richardson to
forward.
They
move
his brigade
son's brigade
tions to
directly in front of
two 20-pounders
erate battery,
to
open
fire
on the Confed-
tions
and strength.
side of the
their
Yankees came
The
closer the
When
grew
Colonel Wells
Richardson
set
them.
up
a line
on the
He
hillcrest
put
a bat-
open on the road and positioned the 2nd and 3rd Michigan and the 1st
Massachusetts on the right of the guns, facing Mitchell's Ford, and the 12th New York
on the left, poised above Blackburn's. The
hilltop regiments were exposed and uncomtery out in the
tillery
for the
lets
At
this point,
cided that
it
was time
Army
118
The
increasing
fire
Majors
My very dear
Sarah:
major
in the
own death. At
he
fell
Bull
Run a week
mortally wounded.
later,
perfectly willing
ing
to lay
down
my own
joys,
lay
down
know
nearly
all
all
my
Govern-
that with
of your's,
and
having eaten for long
years the bitter fruits of orphanage myself, I
must offer it as the only sustenance to my
dear little children, is it weak or dishonorable, that while the banner of my forefathers
floats calmly and fondly in the breeze, undersorrows,
when
after
neath my unbounded love for you, my darling wife and children should struggle in
fierce, though useless contests with my love
of Country.
I cannot describe to you my feelings on this
calm Summer Sabbath night, when twothousand men are sleeping around me, many
of them enjoying perhaps the last sleep before
that of death, while I am suspicious that
death is creeping around me with his fatal
dart, as I sit communing with God, my Country and thee. I have sought most closely and
have obeyed.
Sarah my love for you is deathless, it seems
to bind me with mighty cables that nothing
but Omnipotence could break; and yet my
The memories
of the blissful
moments
and
that
we
for
As
I
shall
for
meet again.
my little boys
they
and
ber
me
is
know
too
will
grow up as
a father's love
young to remem-
long
will
119
to use these
two units
to cover Richardson's
their
touch.
New
Yorkers would be
left
out on a limb.
New
we marched
fusillade
later recalled,
"and as
two rods, not thinking of danger quite so
near, the bushes seemed to be alive with the
Rebels."
The
trees
volley
said a private.
forced them
fire
The Confederate
to the ground.
They returned
Yorker
into
men found
to us,"
thing
can compare
it
months
The
from which
seven roads radiated, changed hands
five times in the course of the War.
strategic village,
120
"^^
began
New
Yorkers
rest of
Richard-
from the
field left
"in the
completely exposed
setts
air."
his 1st
and 17th
The
men
and they,
/y^i^
n**^
'7
too,
still
had
to
The
fire.
facing Mitchell's
role of spectators.
Ford
But before
made them
and soon the entire Yankee front
f^itpy-ves
/'iK<,
//
ly the
A r r*^
New
bri-
gade in
oS /?i;tr5
at a charge.
Richard-
bank.
The
battle at Blackburn's
This crude map, drawn by Private
Alexander Hunter of the 17th Virginia
Infantry, depicts the positions of both
sides in the skirmish at Blackburn's
Ford on July 18, 1861. Though
Hunter's outfit stopped Union troops
from crossing Bull Run, he conceded
that "if we had known more about
military affairs, we could have seen at
a glance our bad position."
it
swapped ends
federate
commander
at
heavier, the
rumble
As
in the air."
Con-
Blackburn's Ford,
for another
hour or
so.
of Tyler's
bri-
vent
rear.
ments from Early's nearby brigade. Beauregard himself was there urging them on.
The Confederates
at
Blackburn's Ford
New
all di-
rections. Colonel
121
of Richardson's 3,000
and portions of
know
again,"
felt
mad and
anxious to try
it
night.
the bungled
Two
battle,
but not
before,
on July 16, the army's unpreparedprompted him to write, "I still re-
at all surprised.
days
ness had
long
were watched by
to witness the
Centreville
and developed
He had been
sat
around
Union Mills;
Ford had proved
that the enemy's center and right were too
strong, and the ground too heavily wooded.
McDowell now decided to circle the Confederates' left, masking the maneuver with a
time
Several
in buggies or
men, and
retary of
hand. So
was the prominent Washington photographer Mathew Brady, who would try unsuccessfully to capture the coming battle with
his camera. Congressman John A. Logan of
Illinois
came
man. Since
his state
an infantry-
field,
train
Ma-
Most
nassas.
trains
Few
gard.
Richmond
for Beaure-
ing with
demonstration
by fords.
at the
19
and
Stone Bridge,
The
them
the
first
of General Johnston's
Johnston had been summoned by telegraph after the clash at Blackburn's Ford.
Eluding the Federal army of General Patterson
at
line
and began
on July 19.
J.
McDowell hoped
to
forced
him
to
122
men
sat in their
camps
Thomas
ar-
mont
Station to pick
up
commanded by Colonel
Francis S. Bartow, a
The
ian
who had
at the junction
with
mac.
And
Colonel
Wade Hampton,
dy-
artillery
when Hampton
joined Beauregard.
came the commander of the entire Confederate force, Beauregard's army as well as his
own. But since he was unfamiliar with the
several states.
dier General
Holmes ar-
terrain
ston
left
diately
for
an
Run
123
daybreak on the 21st of July to get beleft flank and cut him off
at
hind McDowell's
First Unit
from Washington.
Beauregard's disposition of the new troops
Union Mills
to bol-
to sup-
He
at
Banners
of the Confederacy
at Mitchell's
None
Ford.
re-
mained unguarded.
To compound
corps
On the
own
Bonham.
of Bull Run, McDowell
of Cocke and
other side
called his
re-
McDowell with
last
Tyler, as
if in
punishment
for Blackburn's
Once
was expected
124
would
own
depended for
on quickly identifying nearby
So the early flags were generally replaced
flag; soldiers in battle
BATTALION
ES.
^AIOOR RIGHT.
125
enemy's
left flank.
McDowell
hoped
to get
to the
Manassas Gap
men
correctly
McDowell
that Patterson
and,
had
was doing
of course,
httle confidence
2 a.m.
and attack
at
dawn.
man who
felt that
Tyler's defeat
wicked
McDowell had no choice but to continue with his plan. His army would march at
mies."
just
Lord
Many
is
ston's together?
126
as
still
is
perfectly
as if it
to
men."
around
march,
the
men watched
fields
Thousands of last
When
lis-
meadows
letters
knowledging the
ac-
possibility of death.
It
at 2
took
aloud.
came
to
Cub Run,
a little
stream spanned by
The
crossing of the
hour while
a big
30-pounder cannon of
down
the
Bridge
to travel
straight
move out. Instead, Hunter and Heintzelman, who had farther to go in their flanking
march to Sudley Ford, were severely de-
battle,
commanded by
served as the
Confederate headquarters during the
it
to let
after
awakened
A few months
hour on
Sitting
shouts of contending
finally
resounding
And
it
fired three
at last in place.
It
ar-
move down
the south
to
But
l^^^^irrJC
127
128
The
in Central
the
a filibuster
a warrior for
Giu-
Rebel
America and
he was a veteran of
friend
and foe
to
alike.
He
left flank.
Carolina
down toward
ance of his
show the
fire,
mained
bal-
silent.
When
at last
still
He was
while the
cannon,
re-
Evans opened
first
by puzzling forks
in the road; a
of the
At
tion."
to Hunter's route.
For
all
jump on
that,
his foe
by the
the
wrong turn
re-
of his
warned Evans
that
One
of the sen-
inforcements, and
outcome of the
fast.
battle.
As Tyler appeared
wisely kept his tiny
in his front,
command hidden
Evans
in the
field glasses,
and bronze
Evans
ence.
Wheat was
man much
and
like
in
129
He
left
at-
command
men under
on the
left,
to
into
Hunter
in
rest of his
9: 15
the
men saw
the
Rhode
your hands."
artillery
on Matthews
right. Colonel
Hill.
To
Burnside's
bring
130
<
waded across
Confederate
Bull
left,
Run
to attack the
Federals used
it
as a field hospital.
mander ordered
was
all
to dis-
and
that
Matthews
Hill.
But
cost of 48 casualties
him
plunged into
his chest
their heads.
ments.
it
at the
A bullet struck
side.
His
131
Wheat protested.
The doctors said that in all their experience
no one had ever recovered from such a
wound. "Well, then," said Wheat, "I will
put my case upon record." And he did, surviving the wound to fight again.
don't feel like dying yet,"
He
far-
had run
and he knew
More
its
much
that he
longer.
warning that
at
Sud-
Ford.
It
formed a remarkable
feat,
holding a vastly
own support
to arrive.
first
of the Con-
came rushing up
left,
to
followed closely
Yankees. Bartow's
peared poor.
Branch to Matthews
his battery
Yankee troops kept pouring into line, extending it beyond the Rebels' left. If the Fe-
132
load,
to fire again.
was
in the
is
ting us
unfair;
way;
open and
let
somebody
is
didn't
all killed. I
fight this
felt
to
blame
for get-
to
me drop
in.'
"
At about 10:30 a.m., the whole Confederate fine charged toward Burnside's and Por-
ter's brigades.
fire.
Bar-
"The
balls just
The
a perfect storm."
gia
men
later
named
of slaughter."
At 9:45 a.m., Colonel Evans' brigade
confronted the vanguard of two
brigade.
to stall
for
by
tree.
tree,
down
"The
like shot
left
at the
pushed up
with faces
remember
dirt, painfully,
it.
They
how he
pre-
The Battle
Is
Joined
One company
lost
30
his horse
eight bullets,
self
men on
his left
to
were exposed
to
the Yankees
Matthews
Hill had at last become untenable. There
was nothing'to do but retire or be overwhelmed. Bartow and Evans were already
puUing their remnants back over Matthews
were preparing
to counterattack.
dead animal. Now thousands of Federals were firing steadily and the
air was ahve with lead.
fire,
ties.
slammed
134
into the
keep up
Hill to
Young's Branch.
Now
Bee's
down
the
Rhode
Island
men up Matthews
Hill.
men
be reinforcements.
Alabama made
thought the
An
officer
outfit
must
a signal of recognition
and
The Alabamians
moved to re-form their unit beside the new
outfit. But when the Alabama regiment unthought he saw
furled
its
it
returned.
into a rout.
doned the
Out of
line
Henry House
to be engulfed
Sherman
side
a grave
new
As the Rebels
fled,
joined Burn-
the newly
won
be
hill.
the Confederates
to
by
Yankees.
fire
as well
withdrawal dissolved
fell
back
a full-scale retreat.
in
all
watched
as
what appeared
The commanding
behind the
vision,
er's
sitting
now seemed
ly
his divisions
memory
of Blackburn's Ford
third
large in Tyler's
casualties suffered
loomed
to be going perfectly.
and worried
he ordered
Sherman crossed the stream several hundred yards north of the Stone Bridge at
a shallows that he had reconnoitered that
morning. The Yankees met almost no resistance from the four companies of South
Carohnians left there by Evans. Within a few
minutes, Sherman and his men came out of
the woods several hundred yards north of
the Warrenton Turnpike and headed directly for the Rebels' exposed flank. They were
soon followed by the brigade of Colonel
Erasmus D. Keyes.
When
side
was starting
heavy
frustration, General
McDowell rode
jubi-
and shouting
The day
was premature.
tory! Victory!
tion
to the
is
135
Verdict on
Henry House
and
threats
of our
officers
Hill
were
It
was not
regard.
USA
good morning
for General
He
spent most of
it
at the
Beau-
McLean
He heard
were supposed
be crossing
to
stead,
northwest
his lightly
defended
left flank.
said. "I
am
the
flatly that
"The
reinforced.
left
must be heav-
battle
is
there," he
going."
from
battle
clearly.
to think
more
wished
lost. I
soon
my
though
felt as
had
rallied,
He
call-
was
all
emnly pledged
his
er he roused himself
life
that
conquer or die!"
Beauregard ordered Holmes, Jubal Early
and Milledge
Bonham
to start
moving
their
left.
was
street
back
to the south
tial
for Beaure-
seemed more and more obvious that Beauregard's orders had immobilized his army's right flank. Much/ more
act. It
command, Beauregard's
a frustrating
Run; the
flank.
His confidence
rising,
left
left flank.
his subordi-
It
gard to
136
Beauregard
ily
The
battle
was
for nearly
two hours.
By noon
finally
come
family's farmhouse.
The
first
Hill.
The dogged
toil,
Union
the
right wing.
manders, particularly
off a train
their
ming ahead with entire brigades to overwhelm the outnumbered enemy defenders.
men
in
ef-
in a defensive position
on Henry House
He formed up
in glory,
men
his
in front
pike
Henry House
Hill.
of
at the foot
Warrenton Turnpike
Carolinians of the
not defense.
heavy
form
fective force
New
division disorganized by
enemy
1 1
in his
fire.
Mc-
Dowell retained
a strong
manpower. In re-forming
edge
in available
his line,
on
2nd
just as the
The retreating troops came rushing back toward Hampton's Legionnaires, then fled
past them and up the hill.
Suddenly the Hampton Legion was all
was
he placed
Erasmus Keyes
WiUiam Sherman's
fresh
while
it
fighting.
still
hard
hit
The South
by Federal
Carolinians were
fire, their
ranks torn by
Charles Griffin.
foot of a lieutenant
and
his
of a
the Robinson
ly
Now
it
seemed
to
gade, backed
up by
artillery,
artillery,
also de-
including the
etts
and
Griffin. In all,
p.m.
eral
McDowell
first
found
it
necessary to re-
bri-
since before
his
dawn, pre-
on Centreville. An-
own 33rd
structed his
men
to identify themselves
by
even
in the
arms
another, his
men were
soldiers
"We
pearance of so
many
found
this rou-
lunatics," one of
them
tell
us
sonic performance,
In any case,
"The
firing in
terrific," a sol-
we had any."
fellow an opportunity to
if
his
men some
Henry House
which
men
to
form
In-
a fine just
Hill. Exact-
why Jackson stopped here remains a mysHe may have decided that this was the
best place to make a stand, which it arguably
was (another who thought so was Captain
Imboden, who moved his battery of artillery
ly
tery.
here after
it
receive
Union
"Fire, boys!
may have
on
hesitated to
his
own
initiative,
do anything more
efforts
and the
Bee rode up
to
he recognized no one.
"Why,
But Pendleton's
this?" he
fire).
Pendleton,
Further,
come
stead,
dier recalled,
demanded.
General, don't you
is all
that
is
to
make
138
Thom-
way Jackson
enemy fire.
The
when Bee
uttered his
cheer,
Bee,
men back
One
of several latter-day
mine
to die here,
and we
will
conquer."
Bull
the
stood under
going
his
left flank at
a tribute to
men had
his
Confederate
was
it
and
thing
claim
you follow
Confederates would
is
jor
Thomas Rhett
lying
Ma-
down
the Federals.
effort.
not
still
It
was
The Union
a gallant
artillery
but hopeless
hill.
Bee was
Run,
disciplinarians.
hold his
command
trying to
it all,
his horse
toward the
in front of the
and
defen-
his Virginians
crest of
new
still
Henry House
in place
Hill,
behind the
with the
Hamp-
from the
morning's bloody work. Some of Evans'
encountered bits and pieces
left
.-W**iA.fW
"
>
^1
i'iii-,yiMi'wnOlfMli
''
With
this
'Jifc'
',.,!ai>!ii:;.in.!iJ.i.iliiii::..i
MRiMtUiiidMM
iLI'
jlll'iiilli.
.,.i'.i
.'.^.'..'!ri!r:.,i.
The exhausted
men were
rear.
before.
The
Now, with the brigades of Early and Bonham on their way to the field, followed by
the indomitable
When Bartow
general directed
to Jackson's left.
140
how
1st Virginia
Cavalry,
was decided
rear
cal
command
new
'.I-
'L
left
flank to reorganize
left,
By
had perhaps
6,500
13
cannon on the
it.
Now
command
fully in
of the situation,
line,
exhorting the
little
ments arrived. His horse was shot from under him, but he calmly picked himself up,
to over-
The
lull in
Hill to the
War-
the slope of
word among
were
to
line
on Henry House
battle
crest.
slope,
and "when
the
hill, let
above
move forward
To
Hill.
commanded by
am
tired of
long-range work."
elderly
ed to
mands went
com-
set
up a new defense.
close-range artillery
to flight
left
When
Yankee
line opposite.
with a
final
It
to
fire
bayonet charge.
To
his
chief of artillery.
McDowell gave
Ricketts to move
who
141
He would
be advancing
instantly protested.
five
guns
infantry support,
for a
sured
him
as-
that the
Regular
entering their
Army
officer, confessed
first battle,
firm under
enemy
said Barry.
"At any
fire.
rate,
General Mc-
but tossed a
last
142
will
slope of
Henry House
began
just as Ricketts
into battery
down
his
federate
came from the Henry house. Conmarksmen were posted around the
Artillery
him
for insubordination.
fell
bedroom.
tearing
feet
and
While
my mother!"
Griffin
Zouaves
to
New
He rounded up
the
But
anians.
later
when
New
late.)
took a
"We pushed at
fire until
Then
and Ricketts'
batteries.
and delivered
ley.
"We
literally
a Virginian.
air
dropped
to the
the Confeder-
crushing vol-
Suddenly the
ground
the
Griffin's
said
The Zouaves
up the slope.
two companies of Confeder-
At
this point,
woods
to assault the
tected flank
and
back with
art
drew
his
command back
into the
woods.
to rally the
shaken
fused to budge.
to
right,
federate line.
ly
enfilade the
Con-
desperate-
Two
regiments of Franklin's
bri-
At
to return fire,
Soon Stu-
rear,
to stab
New
of
moment
a belated
volley thundering
A number
Yorkers sent
New
men
line
uniformed Louisi-
doubts vanished
his
the
Brooklyn
batteries.
Union
as well.
inflicting other
nightfall.
back
ror of
Cummings
of
143
'**r
Now,
his grasp.
Cummings
this
slip
beyond
on
control.
rise.
setback to the
first
enemy
to capitalize on the
batteries.
He immedi-
far right
was about
tain
intervened.
to fire
He was
to the
was
still
the Confederates'
to
a confused peri-
Still,
until
it
fire
tinued to
ies
killed a
Union
tered
batteries,
the rest.
later recalled.
As
fire
batter-
later wrote,
ail
"the
Colonel
of the 600-man
last
of us," Griffin
the Virginians
swarmed
to-
in
fled
down
command and
artillery
men. Many
sol-
flee-
first
shot.
commander
Hampton Legion,
shells burst at
our
feet,
their
hill
to
rection.
At one point.
Griffin
38th
guns toward
men
safety,
but
just
then Jackson's
the
summit of the
drove the
Yankee compatriots,
bullet caught
at all costs:
soldiers
"They have
it
up."
McDowell be-
so engrossed in riding to
and
fro along
men,
their confusion
When
their place.
New York
Union one
(the Stars
Highlanders took
that he
He
con-
on
a windless day)
and ceased
rally
Colonel lying
The
still
in the
hands of Death."
few
Simon Cameron.
tle,
War
loi-
of the engagement.
firing.
serves he
thrift practice
and resumed
and
His 2nd Wis-
firing.
came
send his
killed
to
at a time,
afar, especially
to
began
also
Virginians back.
died of sunstroke.
terattack.
only to be thrown
Some men
dust-filled air.
Bartow and
hill,
from
forth.
and
The
Now
crest.
scarcely
field
his spend-
re-
145
^v
Henry House*
^Q)
Wi
y^ ^
/f
HOUSE^
CHINN--'
RIDGE
China / ^
fl^fe House /^^r
:::::f
^^M
BALD
HILL
c&
a.
146
EWELL
M H H
1.000
Scale in Feel
2,000
3,000
to leave the
command
Sudley Ford
via
They
McDowell's order
many
failed.
tried to
deploy
to
run, but
at a
obey
to fall out
and
pulses beat
wrote
battle
waxing nearer and nearer every moWhen Smith reached Portici, Gener-
fell
first line
met
a hail of
to see
flee-
many fright-
weapons
sion cap
al
orders.
"Take them
"Go where
the
fire is
hottest."
his
toward the
left.
on the nipple
rifle
had not
fired
firing
Howard's
the colonel
so
to
first fine
blasts
from Howard's
hill; a
bullet struck
nel
1st
Maryland. Deter-
brigadier general
Moving
retroactive
to the very
battle.
Hill, Elzey
The
and
The com-
to
day of the
in the chest
battle.
Groups
Smith
mined
all
ment."
Many were
order
sounds of
unable to
the rear.
fired their
fire at all;
man
feet,"
men
said. "I
attack put
began
to
jittery troops.
Howard's men
and
wing of McDowell's army
to rout,
at-
147
Howard
all
way
giving
fast.
"A
said.
Union
soldiers
were
The
retreat
in contact.
and
ment was
tire line
at
adjutant, Captain
James Fry,
later reported,
seemed
this
panic."
The
soon degenerated
The
best that
enemy
against
148
but
now
pursuit.
He
sent
Major
soldiers,
further into a
McDowell could do
army
ular
summer
still
a rout,
became
was attempt
retreat soon
Army
field.
trol.
Union
battle-
The rest of his force was beyond conSome of the men ran with crazed fear
its
south of Centreville.
ground
field,
after another in
rectly after
and
his
the Federals.
Bonham
or-
to cross Bull
and Heintzelman's
fleeing
men
to the
War-
did, they
to
a rumor
Yankee units had been seen threatening
Union Mills, far to his right. Fearing another
at last
of a pocket-
book stopped
to
Run
sized
tempt
a bullet that
would
that
attack, he
the
til
postponed
By then
false.
the
worn
Beauregard
'rfi'".?
r
thiaisafA^
'
'r'fe;^^
ifOmhcMBf^
Ba .
woiKn yi
thioc*. vincfa
J a hsrr
9 XOM9 laUX*.
(hinn>ed.aalcaTod.i.-tJ raj g..vEgHd.udiseBUiio<u^: woA.U Nocv
-^-OMBf
Ctow
in
mj DeA
Inil tiop)
iig
Only a squadron of
Colonel R.C.W. Radford's 30th Virginia
Cavalry, which had been held in reserve, actually clashed with the fleeing Federals.
<-
SsUodof
e*ocihlUba<ntli
^^
w
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ftii^
A. l-ri
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YBt
mUlT. Urn a<nr
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h i*^^.^.U4 tu
xtuCfwOl -ttoe
bsui^*in
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ivnn hub
bdcod
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in.
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drLrcred
la tb fHrarrr of dmrlinPM.
halll
h^
EpvbT'n:"'- "
vliA
'
J
tjuulstrd ara into Uio
1^3:11 oflMi de*rSon
, BiMdnt to hb Mlitfi I
^ whOlB VB tUVS HDBCS^^
T (.hMB tint aroaU mtkm
raotb bl* blood, tm 1^ kaowa h>l n tba ndirrth
'-jewofna*;
!ia ia tba uxwo of the
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Ctiia
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-
a
ilk to ba eoauac
>< I ko ho*
Ja^^
11
roar Brti
-:;
*^
*{
^^
evct Ames.
'
tsabaaataaiua
tbrr that
ts&^
KB f Caot^
rnfeola UwS
?^etaala"
to Idaiivik-
Turnpike.
CtUlTTXl
tlaa
dar
d UWid
S To tka iMta
biilliiM ill Cknat wbieh are
Slho Load ia
g>^
t
aad
cm tho^a ( God
1%
Fhar of aar Lacd JaaM
7Aajata> b?*S
hrw oar dear ljlto>JB2S
S5 a far j "
fierce
Hm Mm ihosld aU fclocaa
battery of Regular
tnbitebted ofbiaccoML.
VM* fa iKoaols alt Ihom
JM Unaatf br hka. / >cr.
""T^irniini lliiaaai
Army
artillery.
^"
Sxnc.
raa. Ibat
j_
(h
wen
aoaaeaaaatica in
^Beaaud aad
Vradad.W wiek<4
warta.
?s^
^ItifM acRM.
>
n> ibaatf
Ma
h Oa
bridge.
Kemper
ed
the
tub
Cbhn Jxaa Iba Laad. aa
7 |Uotr4 aai bok
ia Wb.
"fttSwaTiSlaSTPaal aadauMikd
U iba fan^ aa
aad b^
wSVw
i^liia la
bj
iaril.
vml.
aratkreiahav:
a^o a >l^
iavwoada.
For tboack
af^
MnptalaaRH.
f tba toed
west
rnSHi
iSd
just
COLOSSIAXS.
rcte^
Cub Run
of the
f'
atrit^aiao
iac wWlch
tbit in ^1 ltoa,a ha
OBthBTa the pn^min^isoe.
fSm it pinard Ur f VlVr
The
ftriobareD.aad
ia earth.
first
famed
jJ
secessionist agitator
who had
fired
one of the
Edmund
first
Ruffin,
shots at Fort
149
aimed
perfectly
The
bridge.
middle of the
shell to the
just as
it.
two Federal
Abandoning
flight, the
last stroke.
all
little
food and
were in no shape
to
less
ammu-
undertake forced
ed to
fall
start-
the
all
men
with
rain,
Long
this coating of
Bridge
agreed
all
their clothes
stirr'd
now recoiUng
mond
Nor
march of 20
a horrible
miles, re-
Where
and the
"The sun
rises,
men
appear,
ington
news of victory.
On
managed
to
McDowell
at first
appear
streets of Wash-
Pennsylvania Avenue,
in
in squads, stragglers,
all
over motley
queer-looking
him and his officers that they could not remain there. Half the army was still streaming
in panic toward Washington and would not
stop before crossing the Potomac. McDowell
Good people
ther) hurry
up something
to follow,
and on July 22
command marched
army
good reason
him
his
its spirit,
to think that
it
would soon
cost
command.
all
walks
They
feet.
them
ei-
the
fire, for
soup,
set tables
on the
side-
wagonloads of bread
are purchas'd,
aged
(the
ladies, beautiful,
Washington was
almost funereal. Walt Whitman,
to
150
half-hour
all
that day;
and there
in the rain
swampy
Planks
in a
mark
the graves of
the Bull
Run
line.
When Union
troops marched
in
151
down
without intermission,
"Amid
AWV
a staff officer,
it
seems
in the midst of
all
sol-
sleeping
Amid
officers,
and
all
fences,
made amends
A poor
17- or 18-
Some
Some
even in sleep.
in squads;
comrades,
and on them,
as
bles
sleep.
and weak
under
who
to
tactical leadership
fire,
by
his courage
to
had been
but a few
all
it
was the
who
that he
felt
for his
come to
them both. Though he had incautiously made himself partner to Beauregard's
poor planning and shaky command deci-
shockingly high.
387 killed,
and unreported
injuries
those
the Virginians
fight, they
battle.
But
then stayed
defense, Beauregard's
ly
at the
vortex of the
the difference.
152
j.yo7/).
i'ulllishid by A
SUCKMta
t esc
M Cin;i S'
sions,
by displaying strong
tlefield.
mance
staff
in
danger and
in deploying
commanders, and
among
was
work
"It's damned bad" was Lincoln's comment when he heard the first news of the
beating that McDowell had suffered. It was
worse when Lincoln and his military leaders
counted
tiieir losses.
At
least
despise
It
.*''l'^A5i-
ggAURBeARi)
roes.
and deeply
had "inau-
steps of houses,
lot,
said that he
it
cant
Evans
diers sleeping
Run ("Manassas"
to
such
portraying battles.
ing an incident in the Bull Run battle, appeared shordy afterward, marking the start
of a genre of Civil War battle art. A torrent of
such works flowed from the sketch pads of
who
Others were
still
the print
others
as
Distortions like this were sometimes ordered by editors or publishers; they told the
engravers to doctor the artists' sketches to
satisfy the public
demand
the
anonymous limner of
tious victory
the Zouaves'
ficti-
ly inaccurate report in
Locked in misrepresented combat. Zouaves in trousers of the wrong color (red instead of blue) bayonet Rebels in coats
ut the
conflict."
153
154
McDowell
even the
later
critical
proving
themselves too troublesome to
parapet above.
The
prisoners, 156
be held in a
Richmond
prison.
Sherman, because
also
was
it
fact, the
rare exceptions,
had been
and would
Bull
Run, many
men
Among
many Northerners no
doubt including some who had exhorted
Lincoln to hurry into battle now blamed
civilians,
before his
army was
McDowell
ready.
to fight
Congression-
on both
soldiers
much
a failure."
persist in
the
nam-
sides
had
mihtary service, in
ment
it
of the Union
George B. McClellan
command
in
except
can do
the
New
same vein
is
so picturesque as
Run,
who
had a dim
a soldier
as a
York: "Nothing
life.
since."
it
McDowell of
He and many other
Union officers would retain enough credit to mismanage other battles. But there would be better things to
come from Union officers who had not discredited themselves, or whose conduct during the battle had shone brightly in the
gloom of defeat. These officers men such
al
blame
culpable, incapable
as Griffin, Ricketts,
would benefit no
man
httle
One
tion
lesson
to Lincoln, his
to-
McDowell.
On
general
the
Union
West
some time
to a
victories
to turn their
were
killed at Bull
Run
ac-
lust to
avenge Bull
Run
soon inspirited
Yankee
these scoundrels and
"We
shall flog
camps
soldier:
traitors
the
155
Seeing the
The
at
soldiers
Bull
shocked
Elephant"
Run on
war
combat.
To
who,
Some
words and
renderings of critical
daylong
in artists'
moments
in the
first
War,
officers
battle.
1st
Mary-
)^
Colonel Ambrose Burnside's brigade joins battle with Colonel Nathan Evans' Confederates on Matthews Hill at 9:45 a.m. on July 21.
156
in
They went
sunstroke in the
midcharge and went off to pick blackberries. Captain Charles Griffin of the
5th U.S. Artillery reported that "a great
right off
crowd would
every man
the soldiers'
against
to a fight
that
we never dreamed
of retiring."
J#
m,^
^-^.
*rtvns
%*^
*-^^i
^5^
.^jer-
past the
Matthews house
(left)
Rhode
Rhode
New
York.
157
like
E.
a stone wall!
BEE, C.S.A.
d"
Apparently winning the day. Union forces at 2 p.m. drive the shattered brigades of Bee, Bartow and Evans across the Warrenton Turnpike, past the Robinson house and |
i|
158
ip
Henry House
Hill.
But success eluded the Federals as the Confederates, urged on by General Bee, made a last stand behind Thomas J. Jackson's Virginians (inset).
159
T
"/ leaned down from
the saddle,
was
160
11th
New York
the stomach
The
trigger.
on Henry House
Hill,
<
Icb Stuart's Ist Virginia Cavalry. Although the Fire Zouaves managed to repulse the attack, they were
left
161
*/
saw some
troops in front
of us.
seemed
to
U.S.
CAVALRY
Hill.
(visible
|j
162
}ugh the smoke at right) wore blue uniforms, Captain Charles Griffin of the Federal
artillery
163
lefty
it
rather
:*.
^^\
4* %-.
l^
Vermonters and Mainers of Howard's brigade charge shoulder to shoulder up Henry House
164
f
<
4
(
'
'
'
^^-^
<.-^
*L.
-:
^^^^H^^^^^^^^^Hjllfl
^MH|^|^^H^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^HhM^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^|
^^^^^^^^K-
^^HiK
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1
-"'*''
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1
^Hftk^
^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^p
i^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^i
"^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1
-<I^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^I
^^^^^^^^^^^^f"'
^^^^^^^^^F>.
.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1
^^^^K^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H
^^^^^B,.
^^^^^^^^^h,_
^^^^^^^^^Bbs^^^^^,
^9Ri^?^S5?^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H
--->'" ^
'^
'-"yc^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^l
vv''>!^^|^^^^^^^^^^^^H
'.
.^
/,'r-^fl'lW.r-'
i/
^,
^^t^finvm-^^K
(,.'i'/
:'
Ml
0-
assault
was the
last
of several Union efforts to recapture guns lost hours before. General E. Kirby Smith's Confederates soon flanked and routed the
New Englanders.
165
''Bidding those of my staff and escort raise a loud cheer, I dispatched orders to go forward
in a common charge. Before the full advance of the Confederate ranks the enemy's
whole
166
his
men forward
The Confederate
drive, executed
between 4 and
5 p.m.,
arrival of
167
Bull
168
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The
Alabama: Birmingham
Jay
and
War
institutions
series:
The First National Bank of Mobile; CaJdwell Delaney, The Museum of the City of Mobile;
R. Erwin Neville. Montgomery Alabama Department of
Mobile
P. Altmayer;
Special Collections.
field
Fair-
Jr.
la
cola Historical
Jr.
State
Museum
Historical Society.
Inc.
partment and Rare Book Room; Commonwealth of Massachusetts, State Library; Francis A. Countway Library, Harvard Medical School; Craig W. C. Brown, First Corps of
Cadets Military Museum; Massachusetts State House; Cynthia English, Sally Pearce, Library of the Boston Athenaeum;
Massachusetts Historical Society; Museum of Fine Arts;
Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities;
James Stametlos. Cambridge Houghton Library, Harvard
University; The Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library,
Lewis Joslyn. Marblehead
Radcliffe College. Ipswich
of Georgia Libraries, Special Collections; Charles East, University of Georgia Press. Atlanta
Museum.
of Florida History.
Georgia: Athens
ciety;
Robert M.
Willingham
Jr.,
University
Atlanta Historical
So-
St.
ters
Illinois:
Illinois State
cal
versity.
Jr.,
State Library;
Museum.
Louisiana: Baton
Rouge
Museum, Louisiana
can Art
State University;
Beth Benton;
New
Orleans
Springfield
Higgins Armory; Worcester Art MuseMichigan: Ann Arbor Mary Jo Pugh, Bentley Historical
Library; John Dann, The William L. Clements Library,
The University of Michigan. Detroit Thomas Featheric Site.
Worcester
um; Worcester
Historical Society.
stone, Archives of
Affairs, Walter P.
Reuther Library, Wayne State University; Ahce Cook Dalligan, Noel VanGorden, Burton Historical Collection, Detroit
Public Library; Anita D. McCandless, Detroit Historical
Museum; William P. Phenix, Historic Fort Wayne. East
Lansing Frederick L. Honhart, University Archives, Historical Collections, Michigan State University; William J.
James Brady Jr., Paul DeHaan; Patricia
Prince. Kalamazoo
Gordon Michael, Mary Lou Stewart, Kalamazoo Pubhc Museum. Lansing Ruby Rogers, Michigan Historical Museum, Michigan Department of State; John C. Curry State
Archives, Michigan Department of State; Karl Rommel.
Minnesota:
St.
Paul
Mississippi: Clinton
Bill
um and
The Historic Natchez Foundation; Wil Gordon A. Cotton, Old Courthouse Museum; Vicksburg National Mihtary Park.
Missouri: Columbia State of Missouri Historical Society;
University of Missouri.
Western Manuscript
ferson City Missouri Department of Natural Resources;
Louis Missouri Historical
Missouri State Musetm.
Society.
New Hampshire: Concord Mary Rose Boswell, New
Hampshire Historical Society.
New Jersey: Merchantville C. Paul Loane. Newark
Alan Frazer, The New Jersey Historical Society. PittsForgett. Woodbury
town John Kuhl. Ridgefield Val
Museum. Natchez
Jef-
Collectioifi,
St.
J.
New York
State of
Schmidt, Veterans of the 7th New York. Peekskill MemoriMuseum of the Field Library. Rochester Janice Wass,
Rochester Museum and Science Center. Troy The Rensseal
Library;
laer
U.S. Military
Point
Museum.
Richard
E.
Moss, West
Shrader, Southern
Gartell,
Bill
Soci-
ety.
Society.
Society.
Soci-
ety.
Institute.
S.
ety.
erland;
170
Dover
gional Historv'.
Site.
Lincoln Library and Museum, Lincoln Memorial UniverKnoxvilleConfederate Memorial Hall "Bleak House."
Memphis Eleanor McKay, Mississippi Valley Collection of
Memphis State University; Nashville Belmont Mansion;
Fisk University Library Special Collections; Sarah and C.
William Green-Devon Farm; Nashville Room, Public Library
of Nashville and Davidson County; Herb Peck Jr.; Tennessee
Historical Society; Tennessee State Library and Archives;
sity.
Newport News
lotte
Library. Williamsburg
Library,
The
Margaret
Swem
Keams, Bernard
and Photographs Division; Washingtoniana Division, Martin Luther King Library;
James H. Trimble, Audio-Visual Archives, Still Pictures
Branch, National Archives and Record Service; National Portrait Gallery; Smithsonian Institution; Anne-Imelda Radice,
F. Riley, Library of Congress, Prints
Virginia University.
Wisconsin:
Gary
S. Pagel.
Jr.,
Museum;
Shields, Valentine
J.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Albaugh, William A.,
per
&
Ill,
1977.
Brothers, 1960.
Averell, William
Barrett,
Edwin
S.
What I San-
at
Bull Run:
An Address.
Bea-
Roy
P., ed.,
H. Davis
W. W. Nor-
Charles Scrib-
Boatner,
Mark Mayo,
McKay Company,
III,
Inc., 1959.
F,
Butler's
Book. A.
pany, 1892.
Arno
et al..
The
New
York
War.
Press, 1978.
Davis, William
C,
the
Biography, Vol.
McDowell and
1.
Scribner's, 1934.
Tyler
Army
Thomas Y. Crowell
of the Potomac.
& Co.,
1890.
The History,
Hanson, Joseph lAills, Bull Run Remembers
Traditions and Landmarks of the Manassas Bull Run Campaigns before Washington, 1861-1862. National Capitol Pub.
>
J.
B. Lippincott
&
Co., 1863.
Hassler,
29, 1789,
to
March
2,
1%5.
Henderson, Lindsey
P.
Jr.
America, Vol.
3).
Presidio Press,
A. Knopf, 1955.
Holzman, Robert
S.,
1978.
1982.
in the
Company,
1893.
Command,
Battle at Bull
Major Campaign of
Man. Arno
R. E. Lee:
Elting,
Blackford,
CooUng, Benjamin Franklin, Symbol, Sword, and Shield. Archon Books, 1975.
Cunliffe, Marcus, Soldiers and Civilians: The Martial S pint in
America, 1775-1865. Little, Brown and Company, 1968.
Curry, Richard Orr, A House Divided: A Study of Statehood
Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia. UniDavenport, Alfred,
Cooke, John Esten, Wearing of the Gray: Being Personal Portraits, Scenes arui Adventures of the War. Kraus Reprint Co.,
Vol.
1).
Scribner's, 1942.
Study
in
171
Johannsen, Robert
\</.,
B.,
J.
,4
Lamers, William M., The Edge of Glory: A Biography of General William S. Rosecrans, U.S.A. Harcourt, Brace &
World, Inc., 1961.
Lee, Richard M.,Afr. Lincoln's City: An Illustrated Guide to the
Civil War Sues of Washington. EPM Publications, Inc.,
War Between
Howard,
Books
in
Long, E. B., with Barbara Long, The Civil War Day by Day.
Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1971.
Longstreet, James, From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of
the Civil
War
in
the
Thomas
Steffen,
the
State
J., ed.,
Vol.
tion,
Battle of First
Blackburn's Ford, July 18 &
21, 1861." Historical Report on Troop Movements, September 1981, Manassas National Battlefield Park.
Boehm, Robert B., "Battle of Rich Mountain." Civil Vi'ar
Times Illustrated, February 1970.
Selections
Correspondent.
]X"ar
Yoseloff, 1967.
Randy, The
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1964.
New
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1).
Ten Texans
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Oates, StephenB., With Malice toward None: The Life of Abraham Lincoln. Harper & Row, Publishers, 1977.
Official
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New Orleans.
Patterson, Robert,
the
Shenandoah
Randall
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.
Heath
Ruth
Painter, Colonel
of Lincoln's
172
the
Warfield, Edgar,
Home
Warner, Ezra
J.:
\X'ar
Virginia.
Hundley, George A., "Beginning and the Ending: Reminiscences of the First and Last Days of the War." Southern
Historical Society Papers, Vol. 23.
Keifer,
The Honors of
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VC'ar,
S.,
Illustrated,
Ball's Bluff:
Hall,
York Vol-
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Jones, V.
ed.,
Mon-
Mexican War,
2).
unteers in the
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Strode,
Brown, Walter,
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Other Sources
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Staudenraus, P.
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My
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Robertson, James
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Patterson, Richard K.
Lit-
The Life ofJohnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the ConfederLouisiana State University Press, 1980.
Williams, Kenneth P., Lincoln Finds a General: A Military
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Wilhams, T. Harry: *
Lincoln and His Generals. Vintage Books, 1952.
P.G.T. Beauregard: Napoleon m Gray. Louisiana State Uniacy.
tle
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."
"Thirty-third Virginia
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at
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Thompson, Ai
B., papers.
Manassas National
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1962.
Willcox, O. B.
25, 1884.
PICTURE CREDITS
Credits from
left to
to
bottom by dashes.
The
115:
>X'ashington,
Cover:
From
&
2. 3:
by Peter .McGinn. 8, 9: New York State Historical AssoCooperstown. 12. 13: Burton Historical Collection of
the Detroit Public Libran.-. 14. 15: Library of Congress. 16:
from
Indianapolis .Museum of Art, James E. Roberts Fund
Map
ciation.
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; The Historical Society of Berks County. Reading.
Pennsylvania, copied by Robert Walch. 26. 27: Courtesy of
National Portrait Gallerv
The New-York
Historical Society
28:
mont
New-York
Rhode
Island
soman
Naval
Institution. \X'ashington,
D.MN.A
.Affairs
State of
D.C;
Division of .Military
New York,
&
photographed by
Virginia, photographed by
John Neubauer.
J.
.McAfee, courtesy Brian Pohanka. 82: Department of Archives and Manuscripts, Louisiana State University Library,
Baton Rouge. 83: Confederate Imprints Collection, Universi-
stitute, Carlisle
VC'alch.
.Ar-
George Nan.
Service. 125:
124: National
Park
Infantrv of Charleston.
State
House .Muse-
um the
Confederate .Memorial Hall. New Orleans. Louisiana, photographed by John R. .Miller; the .Museum of
the Confederacy, photographed by Henry Beville
\'irginia
.Military Institute .Museum, photographed by Henry Beville;
Smyth County Historical and .Museum Society Inc.. .Marion,
X'irginia, photographed by Eddie Le Sueur. 126: Courtesy H.
.Armstrong Roberts, Inc. 127: Librarv of Congress. 128: .Map
by Vt'alter Roberts. 129: N'alentine Museum. 130. 131: Library of Congress. 132: South Caroliniana Library. University
of South Carolina. 133: .Map by Walter Roberts. 134: Library
of Congress. 137: Division of .Military & Naval .Affairs
,D.MNA\ State of New York, photographed by Henry Groskinsky. 138: Courtesy Brian Pohanka. 139: South Caroliniana
Library. University of South Carolina. 140: From Battles and
Leaders of the Civil War, \o\. 1, published by the Century
Company. 1884-1887. 141: .Map bv Walter Roberts. 142: Library of Congress
from Battles and Leaders of the Civil War,
Vol. 1, published by the Century Company, 1884-1887. 144:
Library of Congress. 146: .Map by Walter Roberts. 148: Library of Congress. 149: The .Museum of the Confederacy,
photographed by Henry Beville. 150, 151: National .Archives.
neg.no. lll-B-5148. 152: From the Collections of the Louisiana State .Museum. 153. 154: Library of Congress. 156, 157:
.McLellan Lincoln Collection. John Hay Library. Brown L'niversity. 158. 159: Courtesy Frank W. Vi'ood, inset Library of
Deeds of \'alor, \'ol. 1, published
Congress. 160, 161:
by the Perrien-Keydel Company, Detroit. .Michigan, 1906.
162, 163: Courtesy Sidney King. 164, 165: Courtesy Dr.
Larry Freeman. American Life Foundation, Watkins Glen,
New York, photographed by Lon .Mattoon. 166. 167: The
Fwm
New
169:
Collection.
INDEX
Sumerals
italics indicate
an
illustration
of
Abingdon
Adams
(Virginia) Democrat, 28
revolver, 75
Alabama
Run, 132-135.
6<?-6/,- tactical
138-140
10
Anderson, Robert, 32
Andrew, John, 21
Annapohs, as troop-staging area, 26, 29
Annapobs & Elk River Railroad, 29
Annapolis Junction, .Maryland, 28
Appomattox Court House, Virginia, 127
Arkansas, joins Confederacv, 18
bridges
102
162
tactical plans
85,87-88
Barker, James G.
AvereU,WiUiamW.,
150
training program, 54
Baltimore
command
to.
at,
map
3, 78-82.
mup
83.
84-85,86, 110
Blackburn's Ford. 113. 118,mj/>121, 122.
124.126. 135. 149
Blackford. William
W.. 160
number enslaved,
Union
10. 13
173
Camp Baxter,
Carnegie, Andrew, 29
and
Carrick's Ford, 92
plans, 45-48;
Bull
Run,
Battle of,
128, 130,
121,
map
Bull
152;
and fords,
command,
141, 144,
map
26-27
55
Drummers, 49
Dumont, Ebenezer, 93
Duryee, Abram, 80
Cheat River, 92
Chesapeake Bay, strategic value
Chittenden, Lucius E., 18-20
Cincinnati, Ohio, 36-31
Clay, Cassius Marcellus, 26-27
of,
map
Cocke, Philip
St.
George,
12, 124
2-3
,
first officer
122, 129,
132
Communication
144, 760-767
H
Eastern theater,
Dragoon revolver, 14
Communications, combat, 113,
New York
Fire Zouaves
services, 55-56
Enfield 1853
70-77
rifle,
Engineer troops, 55
Evans, Nathan, 112, 127-131,752, 133-135,
139-140,152,756-759
E well, Richards., 113, 124, 136
taken, 149,
supply
Forrest,
Nathan Bedford, 48
Fort
Burnside,
Ambrose
134, 135,137,756-757
Butler,
Cameron,
and slaves
as
174
135,137,147, 149
Henrv, Judith, 142-143
map
141, 7^2,
147, 75S-765
Hubbard, A.
Fort Pickens, 17
Curtin,
W.M.,
Garibaldi Guards
at
Bull
and
Infantry: arms, 70-77,- defensive power, 5154; regimental organization, 54; tactical
'
Run,
Imboden,JohnD.,132,138
Andrew G.,24
133
effect
on
tactics,
weapons'
48-50
Georgia troops: 4th Infantry Regiment, 1819; 7th Infantry Regiment, 145; 8th
Infantry Regiment, 132-133, 156; at Bull
Run, 122-123, 132-134, 140, 145, 156;
\
''
149
Coppens, Gaston, 21
reconstruction, 29
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 21
Hart, David, 89-91
Fort Morris, 31
Gardner,
Run, 122;
and railroad
Harper's Weekly, 89
15-17,
at,
165
Edward K.,70
Carolina), 709,
123,137,139, 144
Hampton Roads, 21-23, 78
Hardee, William J., 57
Harpers Ferry, 94-95; operations
area, 21-23, 77
31
relations
manpower
McHenry,
Henrv House
13
157, 163
76
Colt
Union
Union prisoners
154; Union withdrawals and
45
Union
Greble,JohnT.,S6
122,124-128,136-137, 148-150
map
13-
officer
14.
146,
34-35
Thomas Jonathan
Run,
(Stonewall): at
Louisiana troops:
commands
Army
93,
HI;
yields
command
to
1st
Regiment,
Special Infantry
Run,
143; at Bull
12, 129-132;
Coppens'
Zouaves, 20-21
Jones,
Edward
promoted
in
Jones,
J.
148;
B., 134
relieved of
command,
10;
Kane, George
Kelley,
p., 26, 29
Bemamin, 85-87
Ladd, Luther, 26
Laurel Mountain, 87-92
Lee, Robert E. and Bull Run, 111; home
occupied by Union troops, 61 joins
Confederacy, 27-28; and officer
:
Run,
126, 135
Manassas Junction,
and
emergency measures
map 3,57,
\'irginia,
Artillery
i,
South Carolina^
flag of,
24-26, 29-3
in, 20-
Lincoln's measures
18;
also
United States
80
Logan, John A., 122
Logan, Thomas M. 109
LongBridge, 59, 61, 150
Longstreet, James, 113, 121-122, 124, 136Little Bethel, Virginia, 78,
137. 149
to
Washington, 20-26,
Massachusetts troops:
1st
Infantry
musket, 70-7/
Montgomery, Alabama; capital moved from,
18; patriotic demonstrations in, 10
Morgan, William, 120
.Morgantown, N'irginia .western, 92
.Model 1855
rifle
52,- effect
on
10, 18
50,
135
Ott, William
B.,/W
New Hampshire
troops:
18
22-23; patriotic
\'eu'
Confederacy, 27;
2nd Infantry
Regiment, 137; at Bull Run. 137, 155
New- Jersev troops: 2nd Infantrv Regiment,
Ringgold Light
program. 2-^-25
2nd
Philadelphia, ^'ilmington
&
Baltimore
Railroad, 23
Wendell, 13
Piedmont Station, Virginia, 122
Phillips,
furnished, 21;
24-25; training
Philadelphia. 23. 33
resources of, 46
Scott's plans, 45
80;
number
.Artillery.
New York
Infantry
Navy Yard
New York
1st
Scott's plans, 45
114-115
N'irginia, 77-78, 81
162
Marion
Newport News,
in, 21
E., 50
Run,/26. 132
Missouri, Union troops quota, 14
61
111-
/25
Marshall House, 64
Maryland: bridges sabotaged
118, 120-121,
U\.142.
Run, 116,
appointments
P., 23-24
Mime, Claude
Run,
14
Run.
38-39
C,
Jones, Charles
18; at Bull
Beauregard,
Battle of
Pistols.
Pohle,C.R.M.,99
Porter, Andrew, 128, 130-131. 133, 135-137
Porterfield. George A. 85-87
Potomac River, strategic value of. 76. 1 13,
'
Bull
Run,
at
Hill, 130-137.
/56-/57
Mexican War:
i,Fire
1th Infantry
Virginia, 77
Matthews
Regiment
troop strength
in. 111
See Revolvers
114-115
Providence, Rhode Island, 40~tl
R
Radford, R.C.W., 149
Railroads: in Bull
Run campaign,
122, 123;
175
Rappahannock River,
111
officer
I, 1st
value
87
D, 5th
and
Washington defense, 29
Sharps model 1859 rifle, 70-71
map
BuU Run,
Old Dominion
Rifles, 58;
Richmond
Smyth Dragoons
1th
Run,
18,
85-93
Artillery
Confederacy, 27-28;
and
164-165
state
Thomas, 139
Rhode
Smyth Dragoons
United
Run,
Washington
at Bull
Hampton Legion,
Marion
Artillery flag,
125
See Confederate States
Southern
states.
18
Richmond Howitzers
153, 160-161
17
(Virginia), 79-80
Rifle
Sumner, Charles, 44
Sumter Light Guards (Georgia), 18-19
Supply operations, 32-33,40-41, 44-45, 54
Sussex Light Dragoons (Virginia), 104
Swords and sabers, 72-73
Edmund, 149
Russell, Wilham Howard,
Ruffin,
10
Sabers. See
Townsend, Frederick, 82
Thomas
A., 29-31
48,
Southern
states, 46;
46;
Eastern
45-
theater,
10; as
Army commander,
110
Id-TI; and
Abraham
Army
United States Marine Corps. See Marine
Corps, United States
United States Navy. See Navy, United States
United States Volunteers. See Union Army;
see also names of commanders and under
Vermont troops: 1st Infantry Regiment, 8082; 2nd Infantry Regiment, 164; at Big
Bethel, 80-82; at Bull Run, 145-147, 164165; Norwich University Cadets, 102;
training program, 34-35
Virginia, conversion
17
by
Confederacy,
137
officer
176
number
in
Union
in local operations
service, 92
78-
79
143, 145, 147
87;
Virginia
1 1 1
ixomMemmack,
2-3; admitted as
Alfred, 153
Wheeling, Virginia, 85
and
Waud,
states
McDowell
troops
155;
135,145
Scott,
25
St.
arms
United States
defense, 26
Regular Army,
flag, 12t
25;
155; discipline
1st
Infantry
Zouave
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