~" i

UNIvER'l'JjY

OF CALIF9~~

A'J; LOS ~NG~

~.:

,I

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,t','

i"

,':;

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.

_An~lYri~
Provid

or Propos.ls

rnd' Adequate
\

~aplld

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I

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h&8 ~anaport.atlori
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Area:

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to,

".

for ,the Los Angele~

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j....:,

A .

,\\
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II
I.

III

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,\

t1~1v'er81tY!Of ,Oal1forbla

at

Angeles; I

LOB
'-

May 15,

1939 (."

"I

'1"

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.,.

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.--......
. ~"

I
1\

OF b ONTENTs ..

TABLE
.

" .~._,-,...--....,

..,.........

Ii
,

r"

I'"

i.,

i' .

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I
i

CHA~'l'ER

. '., . ....

.1

i.

AN ANALtSIS

.'

,"

:OF THE ~PROBLEM.

-j

..4'

"

j,

~.~;.

.,

...

'"

','1'.: "

.'~'.

...

I,

~ ,',.{

..

j."".,

!;;.. I

~."

, Evlden.ce of. the problem

'. . .. .,..'.
".
Facto:r8-contrlbutlngto
growth ot tqe:. probl;em.:."
IIIEf~.ctsr~sult1ng
frcm tl:}.e'81tu~tlQD'~ . /.' ",
1

HiSTb~I6AL' sm'cHI
AND .PR9P0SAL~

OF MAJOR

.,

t'

TRAFFtC'~URms

' . ,'

,.1;

I..

~...: .

(~,'

..30
'.

~.;>'

.,'

ANALYS~S OF PRO~OSAL~ WHICH PERTAIN TO

~ARS. ., '.

[ :. ',.
I
'
I

I STR~T

-1

Early !'f,rop()8.al~'- 1910-1922 i ...

prop~s~ls froDl_1921 to 1933 ,
'
Recent Propo.a'l,
- 1933-1938. It .'.

.\ ,r"

Sources of Propo,aals.. ~ \!- .,.

t .:. .,
Natute of P'roPP8Ia~e .
1.:'.
':
l(t?chanlcal re;arrangements.
.1. .,.
R.vls10n of ~rafflc
eonditlot;
.'
'Moderni~ation, of Equipment
:. ~
'.,

IV .. ' ANALYSIS OF PROPPSALS WHICH PER AIN' :'~O'SUBWAYS

AND ELEVATEDRA~Ir ~~NES.

1 ~

,.~

-..

.~

. ... . . ...

I
.,

Recomm~~datlons. ~ ,. t ~ ~' . I~
Method of, Financing,
Sponsors of Ele. ated Railways a
~bways
Obje~~ion to El vated Railways
rid~~ubways

. I
V.

OF PROP) SALS WHIpH PERT.rn... 'li0 THE

ANAL~~IS

BUS'AN;D. MOTORWAY.

,'.

.'

'.:

"

'

.'

;.....

Bus ~ro'p08als.
. .
Motofway.s.'. ..

i~.

;-.Y~,

'.' ..
I

MAJOR OBSTACLES

.I

'

TO

T~,REALIZATION

dF PROPOSALS

..1.

Fin'ancing as, an Obstacle ~ . ~

Centralization
s. Decen~r~lizat 10n.,
I

' .

\
"

.~~?\/
. 1

..

.;,
'jl ' ..
.
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,

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I,
THE

cURRENt

'

"

! '
I, '

'\'

SITtrATrO~

~LOS/ANfELEs.'

IN OTlIER CITiES

'i.:~:,.','

'.'~

Chicago., .i. '. '.1

~ -; t.~ .!" ~ ll":~'
.,' .;'f".
San'iFl'8:ne1,c,q.
., ~ ':~~. \' ',~I' .1 'I,

Detro1 t. .!.I
.'..
~

'1'o.ront.o.' ." I. .-:.'.' ,.,.~j ~. ;;,~:

... ,

The Current
Twans1t
survey
1
.
.'
. I t' f,
I

I ~.

.
"

"

;,

.~ /

SUMMARY:. AND 'CONCLUSIONS

.

.'.

'

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.,

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OF,T~~J'

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III~
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1

Irtcr~a8e in Driving Time' pu~"to iC~~,s ~ioJ;l ,',:" "

in Several Cities Adjacent to 'L98 Amge1;,es.,':.

ill.

'

'

'

<

Growth, of Population
.,

Dehs'1t,.
ci1iies
~ '.

.'

of ~popula.t10n

in the United

,.'::

'.,

.~ 1.

..

in

,"

'I""

:'"

"~"

'

severa-l' important'

States,

Comparative registration
Los Ang~les andi, other
.

/'

1n Lo~ Angeles' Area'

1930

~iei
.

:'.

. L'

of,automp,bl,lea.
,:'
cities
,~ .:, ." , ., :1.

"

....

',-'"

'

Co'St of' recoI!DJlenlaedrap'id trans! t :llrie~

in Kelk.~r, De 'L~w ,trilrve,. .'.
~,~: ;.:..

':,
I

'. ..L~
'.o-j

Estimated! c08 ts of several '~ro~,Qs'~~'~6,: : 'r, :1 '

f8.cil1 tate ma,8s. tr~nsportat1on
for the' 'J
"
Ci t,. of Los Ange1e~, and area, ,. ~ '. \"
. ! '/

.....~

''Tota-J.---Yehicle trafficelJ.tering
a~ le8:v,l~,
busine~trl.ct_jgn
anav.rage
we~k~,!,,,
6:00 A~)(. to 10:00 P.ll.,' .; .,,!!..._, !,. '.
,

r' .
1.
,
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/TuPTER

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!I

'The probl"'ll' of raPi~and

Ii- the Los Angeles

\! one for

transit

".:}t!-:'1'.:.

1':,

.~'"

'

1,

,tJ

c. 'P~r-t.r,';.~t

Kayor John

'

'deserves
years

s~cured niriety

the very o,loseet

aft.r

thousand

thatwll1

dollars

all

from t~

long standing,

'

rap~d,tra~8~t

..

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.," 'I

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. for '

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\wh1le one 6f\

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~"pr~~"

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day

pr.;.nt

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i:,:, :.',', '

1', Loa Angeles Board bf Public Utl,litle,~'

F1xost Annual Report \(1910), p. 150. -i'
"l"

r,

_ '"

J,

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i.'

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"',

L~8 Ang~le8.
l(oard of ,City Plannina
~p...,th4t Rapid Transit; Pr'oblem:' (lQ,30'),"
3

"Bcf a

of the Automopile Club of '8~th.rnc,afi'tornia,

!

"

~~" - ':" "';.:.)

,loe al t~an. po~ta t ionlnio~emetitwa ..-Iciere'~~ntW

!

",,,

'

"

of .. th.eity.,

of. the sluggishness

.1

...

1. '

~tudy:and

has be~o~e lncr~as1-rigly~~~l~ent',d~~iig'

'"

'.
,"

I.

loc~ltransportat~on,

illustration:

,i

Federal, gove~ent

..

alld, Tr~.1>~:r~p.'~OD~
:

;
"

.'d..

',""

'

. j. "

'. \7

Cdmmlss1:onel'B, colit'erence
p'~ 79,.>
.
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,p:' 7:~';~:~1'D1(;~"
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developme,P'IJi'
Of . 'a:.'raplQ-;t~~n~i~::,

portlone'

,'.

The need of exped1ting

J.n!!-...

,~

,.

serve

,,'::";'.

d,,"

lIaYor S~w:,4ad~'JU8t

Evidence ~of th.ep~bi~'

~"';:

'

'~"

t;4ere,. appea,red
that

;. 1';'"

,.

"",

the 'groundwot-k-tor _th,

sentative

-',

\h.- .L.~'~

:.

that ,statement,'

the purpose. of making s comprehensive

'A striking

I' .

'.f,~cont~PtmP~l"Q~,(;,

"

.It-

:r.~. ,

;"

)l~)1;9:a:i

attent~lon a~

newspaper an 1tem ~o ,the.ffect

sYl!tem

~~,4'

..
2 " ,
'lJe'~1!.<i
."~;,,,'.'(

"to isy

< :'"

"This. rfttpld; ~l"~~itl~~b'tem"

"

local

!ft,

~""l'~f

'i:

h~t~P,P.~t~tt~~, \ ;'

;~.~ognit:Loni'o~ ,~.

quest1onstated,

Some eight

'0"

,-.'

'.".

Ang~le.waa made a. fl!r c k

\ Twenty yeall's la t~r,

1s one that

r,"',.',

adequate "-.~tl'anq~~,t1~1n./:

,O~lc,i~l

ditrieul ti ~.Lo.

!-

;.l~~<,

area ha~, 'been a pr~ineDt~:.:~-:l(~J.,J<..,.,~'i.a'!a~';'-'-'

man~ 'years.

the rapid

,'. -: .11

~~'.'

.'

'!! -

:1

I',':'

"'

THE 'PROBJiM~'

AN ANALYSIS'8~;

'I'

--

,
,'J

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:':"'---~~:':'ii':'''''.;,''',

,,:

.,"

ot

member

'.' 'I' ".1'1

"

'

'\

'

,','

"

1,1 ~

on Broad~Y t~OIl Piret

took tOd~Ye

street

to Teith

aiId

fourteen' ~~t

this, dist~,ce.,

i"'~

-:

t:ah',.b..~~..

r.b,;ilQ

,"I,~j

and' twelve . '.eoo_.

to":>

..

alJaoat tour mtimt,ea. aiC;.e~WDk~~~:";"~

slower 1n the traYilltng

ot, .ttd.
..
t we1ye mnut.. and two j .~ohda ,

car was,l1ke~s.

di stan ee

The t1me

'84.S\\

.- :.,J'

,.-,_

almost two minutes longer.

"~~<I "

1n 'ti~'ij.r'\8~t>:

.:1'"

horaeaoowggyt1>le\rort7-ei&ht7a.re ago..~~~t~~wed.
the street

t,~""

Street'; .;,t~wt~~~'l~.:Y ,

twenty-one' s.c1~da to make th., di.taD.~.

it takea an '.uto~bI1e
.
\

")

automobile and,i.unI.' . t~~~t'~ii"oii1~~t~'~.~

routeat p~~~nt. It toOl<th~horu'

an

1,

S &,me

'."'~

IbQ8Q'11iie9(ri(,Ji~f ,

ibetween the ,title, it took tor a hor.~i ~

traverse

'I

the Loa Anselea '1'1mes atarr ~iCOIlp"r1aGD'a.r~'li\iIa4' ,',:"J(!1,~'

t

',\,~f.t',".,,:,:", :'::~~
~
,J",' '1',' ",';:':!}J

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...

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\

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the ab,bve figUres, the approx1m&.t.rate ot"'"

\ .
',,-,
.',:
sp~ed tor an automobIle travel~1~ thrOUgh"the,"c.ntral, ~,i~.'

A..,

Judging rro.

district

:'

18 four miles an hOUr,and~tbe atre.~

.

\.

car rate

1ri down~>

\.',..

town Los Ang,e~esis between four and 'r~.e JIl11ea"~ iiour~'Th e

approximatlonaof

speedot

travel, as th~I'per~ .iJi;;to"the'

.
\
-,
.'

tc:. .."

.'

:g:~:e:~:W:t:o:::~::::7~.::::;?: ~:;:;~1~;~.:e
,.memor.ndUlll
to tbe-~."d oLa t:,~n1ri& 90"'J~~;~::.~ttj;;:;,.
ot Los Angel ,

lIr. R1chard Sa~~e,

~~!"e! 9r~,~.~.'""
,

~onault~f'

Los AnSel Ra1l~a,., said that ,.tMI~Ar~t.o~ apt!~~:.~~:,c~~eit'~,

~

_,

"

, t'

~.

r ,~

. j;'

d1atr1ets during peak-load. per10ds talls

belowr1veallea
an
.! .. '
,
'..
,
'.
d1.~~ict~
'~~
hour.5 ,Th1alow apeed rat. in the d~nto~
..

4: Ibid.,

~~tre.t
..tr.ft1~
!

','

June 18, 1938,

.;

p., 1.

","';"'1.",

;~:~,..o;
,;.:.,

.~,
~~.i;".~'~
.~-J;~,.>.~~~'.l~.:'~
~r.~.~. !t~~,!'~tqJM"1,1.
.

~' .... ,!

Th..t~

':"i..

car were made::at a n0rail1 aY~~aiti~.,i,,~!,;of'~:

,during a:week day; notat,~~
brelpt"loff()o~t~'!.~.

.'

\'

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5 Board or Planning COillmlas,10ners,

gIt.
I

!
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gfl''4t':;:1 ,; ( :.~. 'r

ill...,.p.26."
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,:,'
'$

~rticular

..

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t~ the ,~.al~lc ~~e,,~r~.~'~~~'~'1'1,:'.: ,;: ~~,~. .

.;~'r,.

.....

':.

'''~l~~r'

.~~!.;~:'~'

BeYo~ the 1aDediate cen~~.J;\,~~8~.~~Jt~8~~~~~!,..~,.~,lt.t~~lli,T:;l

10

leoaen~d;to an "xtlll1tthat~urt.'!~

eomewhat
higher .peed. ot ,r~.it.~}

,1

OO1llpa~atlvely1n~equate.

c~~~,~~ll~~~~ol!:T'~
t~.~,~.~\

.~,da'I~).;t/;;

:'~ J.~exe~~e,
sc,~~~~~'e~t,.,~~~
.k\! '\>,",;~I:':' :,.

~tc:~~~;:~.,:
/:~

'I

.'

.\ ::::t:mh<n1~o~~:~;1ned within .t.n,~~e'Nd1t

up their, bus sernce

f

in a slight
,

business district
hour.

degreel' althoUgh "~

...

.'

average speed is low.

The overall

,g"eJOa).
.' ,
.
""'1'.
,4

".

-'1',

Ji

'1

.,.

dP~~~,n
"~ ,~'.

ReQe~t data $&owan,averagf

rate of lietween seve~ ~

1).~ .~t.:,~~~,~Od,': '

The Loa 'Angeles MotO!<?oac.h.Compan,.

has

,I;

leisJ;l~r
~l.!,'ap.,

Ii

,l(~
.'

average sche~ule
time approx.t~8
. ,
.... ,I
'11'.1'

. ;.

th1J1;,ea'
I'
!.
."."

"c'

('

'~
,It!

~le8

per hour wi thin tne city. }-1li.its.

line of the, Loa Angeles Motor Con;pany'operatea,

.

I':'

On.the only il\te~rbU'

'S'

,the .'rate 9:t;

".

j"

"

speed averages twenty-two ud.lea an hour.

. '. \" ,':,
"
.
,
I .'
The pos8i~le .echan,ica~ap~ed of both atreet~ .~.,&Dd:
'
I
.
. 9, .' ;1
motor buses is from thirty-tlve
to torty-five JIlile, .~ h(ntr~,<,.. :'./',::,;
i

j'

.'

"1;'

).,"

;sj:!,. FOr !.. Rapid

Trana! t $t~te._"!!!..' L.
'.
.~

6 George D. Rowan,.
Ange1eal]p.' 2 (19

>

' ....

'.

'

IbId.,

,<'

~.r.','.';'

'

:'/.

I'

';'~

'p. 6. The .average apeed ot,LO.l~.leaRall

.,.
1.'i1t920, wa~ ten milea pel\' hour ~ <In l~;l ~~.,: ~~".ed
Jr~~~.9~~ :. ;:;
ailea per' hour-, aDd,1ncr~aaed to, 11.01 ~,JI11e.,er hOar b1 I9S3, ; "
due ,~n part to the de,cre~ai,ngnUDl~er~t,.J>~~a~n~.ra~;p~.:.o~r .' ..
mile. ot:. Railroad C~~ssio~ ot tho3.tat.
ot',calf~om1a,
': ,'"
Repol\t on!!!!. Local PUblic. !;Faportatlon
Reguir_nt.8:,!",,;' . - '
! LOs ADsit.a, p. 20S
(lO!3).',
,...
"'I; ,1'

-'

.. '

. .

,J..;.

...

. '.'

'.

P,eraonal conversation with Ill;'. ltann~i~ J.8s1.tant'~'ilWg.~,

\.
LOaAngeles Motor Coach Company, tl'wI.~29, l~.
,111',. ~iD8
t
atat that ~h4Javerage~pe~ oti a- en,,8D4 o~.-~1.t' '1I:1;ti.~
, '\:
per hour obtained .in t~ centra)., ~,1n~s. d18trlc.t' ~1a.,du.w.
\;'
'to the recent traftic
ov.tion~ on Efghth S~J;"~e~,
*1~~
e~dlte
motor .ehiole . ,omaidenb,l,r. He ,.t.,t~i ~1tbir .that
north andsCQ,th tr~fflo'~lpartlaul.rl'1
On g11~ ~,r.eet~. w111~ .
I),ot aTel"agemor8 than trqm three to fl,. . ailea
'er hour'.

aa,.chae,'~.

'

ill., p. 26.

I
I

,,'

'.

i.''
t.

'

, .
',1',

(,

i.l~

I
.

aDd thil

'.!'

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dilorepanoy betn

IIO'~.

Angelel il sluggilh ~

I,.

_..

..,;.

ttU~t"~.,,,~\:,,-~,,
,t

II"

' "

"J(:,

.'

".

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at a lnail!;s ,pace'i11l;;
,the'r'l~~\i~/'
I C~.iD.

..' ~ "..

--""'1'c"
metropo1 1t an t ra ....
1

i'

't"'tl~
..

in

.~OWD.;

"""-t.,

I'
'ditt'
e,0D0Il8

",'.! 1~

".

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(\oU.a'.,dl!;,I

'J~"';\

.~
,

8 pi

t ~ ot

Lo, . "~,,, .':

,"

Tbe
AutomobileClub ot,I S011th~1'Il
Calt1tom~~ha.'':
.
!
0t

if

".:

'!,'

ot IIOderntechnological ca~acit,.

a recent luney

',;

I That . ~t~"portatloll'1rl

tial ..lpeed is significant.

";

,,"

the';ac l.' ,~1_~

I,

~.'

,1.\;,'

",

"

tra1[rtc1apr~v.iD& ~.'

the vaa t eUme of mOne,. expended'l~or

the rate of automotlYe travel has de,tin1~elyretrogre ed' trO. ", .

the year i930 to the, '1ear,lI9~6. !he dl'i~1ng tlmet~o.
;

street

I!

and Broadwayto outlYingllocaliti~'

..!

. .

..

.j

perioda in the year ot 1930.waacomp~red!with19~. ,'ablet"X

,

,during otr"pe'ak 'tr~tti,c ,

'i.

seventh'
_~.

'W

.,

shows someof the evidenceslof thla 8lo~ng up of' autaaobile '

driving time during that period,_
The orIginal diagram) depic'tlng the idri ving tiae locatio.,
I

of the principal

citiea

'

,'.

anditom . in tb8 lidetropolitanarea,::'clt ,

'.,

data on fifty

cities .'fhi~
"

'.

data ahowsthat ,in torty-on8 luttmc

tbe time betwee~ these citiea

'-

.,.,.
I

.'

'l,.

.}

".. '\

today tban it was in 19:5P.l

. I

~f

Factor? in Gre*th ~Cdngeatlon

J;

BUsea, str~et can,1

automobl1:a Ico~stltute't~~

mod.esof' transport utili~ed" by the citiz~na

,

".

o't

chiet.

Loa J.nielea~

' I

,',:~

rf,' as the various surveya pt tranaporta~loJ;l in the city ,baV!~,

,

J'

tended to ahow, theae meanslhave'.tailed ~o 'provide \the plblio '

.-"

with 'etficient

and adequate' transit

;':

f'acill'itiea,

' "

what taotdra

.,

"',i>

Auto-obile Club of' Southern Calito,m~~ ~rattlc'S~ei'

ietropolltan ~ea, 1937~29 (1938). :
I
t

'

i '"
I

''\..'':,"'
.~

and Seventh and Broad_,. i8 'greater,

.'

<:: ,

I hav~ contributed to the g~wthot

-',

i!

the tree 'tlQw.ot ma8~t~an8pOr~'ltleli'

\icertal~1"6

~08

1;;

"!'f'

"",,:

'

Angeles is not un1qu~ li/ha.iD&,.'t~~~1t~~~<;.(\,

. '

i.J,

I'.,'

problem is not the 'same as that

'.

~t Los f hg.l;.~~h!:::ctt7)~":
r ..~

circumstances surroundins the gro~h

I)

I'.;

4~~~~"~"

~.tn-:

But' b~caus", ;!>'t

ties.

~~:.

;liai~b:f4;~" ~r.e

Ii tion problem. .J.ewYotok"Ph11ad~lPh1a~C~fa~,

i\haVlng today suchd1tflcul

/. ',' .'

,~'

.~,},(1

ot Hew Yoz-k6":"Ph11ad.iph1:.,~.'.r.'

,,;

'.

" , . " ,.~ .,-.

"\

1 "

~".'~

, In order to unders tand, more c1earl,. the .present d.y t

Iap":~ .,
!

portation

situation
..

it

is necessary tot.k.
..'.

..

:ii11;qaQcovnt"')M
,

i:

faetor of population growth and i ts dlstri~tlon

,I

It i~ obYioU8,that the volume,at POPul~tlonw1thln'i.

, ,

, ~

portation.

The distribution

the type of transportation

"

','"

~,~tr~.4~'~,.~~,
d,

'r

..

,1."

'

involV:ed~'and is ':of jGi"

.J

!"

'.

!,

importance in ~~ solution' thereat .11

The City of Loa Angeles hae had ,_ t~emendoua'growth

1Jl,

.;t :

I.

"',.

>.

.._

population.
,

,In 1900 the' officIal census 'show~da' pOpUlat;o~,'

,
12 '
'
',
I":'"
'j'
';
of 102.479 'persons.
. b county pf Loa IAngeles~ad a1(taat

..,

.1' ,'I

I,

",

l'

,',

l~

time 170,298_,

'i",\

"

Fro. that time on tpe. ~Jli)er

of

'."

~eqpl~ 11T~~ ,
i .

in Los An.geles increased rapidl,._

.....
"

~y.

19~Othe cit,.~i.kure\"'s'
, i

'

The densit,y of population' deterJllines' ito large degree

the financial feaslbilit,.oflbuilding'subWa,.I.i
12
, 13

Twelfth ,Census 2!

-,
Ibid.;

,.

I'

'

"

.. '

ll~ted States ~op!11atI0nA(l~O) _ ,p.,

I

p . '32,.

'

'i'

of this pop~lati,on wi1:,ldet,~ra.jpe

probl~

'.-

city <ar4:
. ' ';; ,

I'"
has a decidedly 1mpo
rt ant bearing on the !questioD f.?t
.

.,

,;,i'

i~ ~hl.wloe.llt.,.,.;'

-:'.

I'

IBCREASEIlf

DRIVING TIU DUE TO CbBG~TI'O.",

,'"

'

'I

,.

,1"

'i~,'~:>
' ,

,~~1'~
,,,JU;mat..
1110'
'

I. 'IN')'
' ,,'
I
,

I.
i

~,

'BeYerl," 51118

"

,II

Pasadena

I.

28

- . .$~

,.....

"

,31l I

28i

"

..

.":

It

'II'

Glendal~

22

24:

"

It

11

Alhambra

231

86i

It

Hunt1ngton

18

20

It

"

Burbank

32

~l

"

It

It

W1lming ton

"5'

,40'

It

"

II'

Bell'

25

,,"

..SOl1RCE:

.lutompblle
Survey ~

Park

Club or southern Callt:orn1a,

Angelea Ketropolltah
!!:!.!.,f

25

Traftlc

ItS'l."

'

',1

GRO\'f'l'H .OF

I.

\\ . ::Cenaua Year
I .

1900

102,4,;.9
t

1910

,504

319.U?8.

i~l'
,

. ~6"6~I

1920

;.

. .1

I,;

2. 2oe'~'4g2

1930
193'7

. . ,'1

I'

1,327.'6P2

1938

.....

.' '.~f

,I

l'

.,

I
'i

'--J

l.,

, \,

I.

'I

.'.

2,368,~.~2

"

-,

"

, \~j,'ii

5~\~7t15~4

parallei1ng the merea. 1ng

sro~

the ci tY;l1Jll1
ts sho.,..eda subat.ntial
fourteen percent.

,t .,

Th8 paat seven years haawitne~aed'a

a,.s

ot ,~~e ~r~~\

j.,.

. ;,

t~

although evidencing a torward mov._~t'. " ~"t,bw.teator

I,

1,

'.

'

. ";

.'

-',",'",' .

The increase in population, tor Loa ~e~~a

'1,j '"

.countt,.~

\ 1

;~

"

,,::;:,

lt~,P.tll' ,

/"

V'"

_~."

;~.

.....

Table II. illustrates

this twin developme~tor Po~~~~o~,
18
Loa Angeles area.
i

'!,

"

f"

..'fi ' the,'

Fromtheee figures it e~ be seen :tba~Le-AD&elea h-..;,

had a phenomenalincrease in pOpulatio~ oj'er arelavive1,.
,
I

.-

shOri;,

I'

period of time; ri8ing fraa the 8eventeen~h

largest"clt,. .
,

."

the 1;ifth 'large~t in l~O!

I

Th,.e_jor

,".

,"

in tl1e:

j'

U~ited st~tes in 19l0,to

portion of this rapid increase '~ccurred d~ing ..the "twenties.

.

f'

("

' ,-,'.

~.

I .'

This rapid growth to over one millio,p ~~bi tants ,wasa ~j~'
t

!"
,

factor in projecting the trimspbrtation

of first

impo~anc, to the citizens

ot

1. Thirteenth Cenaus !
p. 82.
15

Fifteenth

, p.

61.

censu

.'

' ....

. ~
'.

problem into a.poai~ion'

I

,'"

'.,

Lo~ ~ele~~
,C

.')

{
'I

,",'

".

t------. .,.,
-_

tlnlted Stat.~'POP'!latiO~.,(l~l(j)
i

i,

'"''

'.

.2!!e!. United state.: populatlon(19:50)

..

.,A

'v,':"

pace w1th~aDd at times exce~d8d, the rat~ or the citJ )ncre,~.~.,.

,

,J

b."lDD:1ll1,.~

1
;t.,~~7.,~ pe~a~ ...
~,. ,'!

....

',":

11'"

p0!-~.'''~'I~'

l~es!,'!1brup,t"
r,.~.:/or

ot the year 19:58placed the figure at

'~j"

.',,",,'
'.
for 1~:'''''''~:~~''~~4111'\'

The population tiiUfe

,j

CO'~,~lt~n..poW.~,t1~D,
ii1~

t~t1(1

Te~."

the nel<t~

:519~
198, 14 aDd in 11120:

' ..

,,'

I' ~

..

2!PojplatloD,

Dl.trl~~lon

,>,

"

As'mentioned above,19 the da~ri~t~oD"Qf

tbe 'poplilation" . '.

'

',

in a ,clty ls ~'1mpo~tant tactor when ~k1liga'.oiU'i9Ji(;t.;~hAi.'"'!\L-::

. \, I

.'

p'rOblemor expediting 1;ransP9rtat19n.~i,kenl."

\

'

ot population is a

1!

'

,(1)

"', _ <l

"'"

_ '

,,'

,_

of traIU!it difflcultlea;eapeclally

'I

'

businesl district.

",

'

'
'

Ii,

I,'

~tinthe

j"

'

C9M

'

.'

,\

"

,t

busine'ss district

->. -

less concentratlp~ 'ln the,,:LOeAngel '

than in any other cOmPar,abieclty,.n the': ,,"

,,'

'

This is due in part to ,the 150. tiQot bulldl~

.

in the' centr~l business di. triot.

,"'

height,

I~ i8 alao !due'to the':'''-''

'

! '

population in districts

',I'

Supra, p. 4.

'

21

'

remote from the cente~ of ~,cit;,..

.j

;'.~

,i

gradual movementor the center of this di.jtri(}t .ou~h_rd and

,20
'"
'i
. !"
west",ard.
This latter fact also hold. true of t~'''deD81t7 ot

; '1;9

I'

'

.//

density ot population. '

There has resulted

l~t

,,(,

Idered fortunate ~s rega~s ~cfpal\i&Dd,

I

country.

"~

. I

,In the Y:nttedSt.te ,'

areas,1 it folloW8 that, the /traba,orta-,H

-residential

'~

the crowding of large ma.~es of ~.Jpe~pl.-!

In, comparison with other large, cit~es

Los Angeles may be

;,t

/!~"it;

normal pro~e
,

within certain restricted

"

the d'egree 9f concentrat,lon "

,

of growth tbereoccura

t \ i.

"

,tbe.di.\tri~tioll:H\'j'"

factor ".I\, rig~rd.the1Dte~l""

nditioning

,within a centralized

.'

I
I

" "i

'

"""

,'i'

""

'\r>',

Rei~t,~J p~o~i~~'I
Do~d
Baker, !lJlaS,. Transportat10n 'am i.Some'
an
" ":.:
1. S.-O. E._ IV, p. 3-4 (193l). This .~t1cl. g'-v
adequate account ot th1a.,v,ment
d1.trlct~ : . ,
,

"',',

oft~e.ntra~
'

bu.1~ ,. f

'

'i

..... :,<.~o."'I

Table III

shOW8th!!

comparison:w1tho~her

figures

given in; this

table
,.

'

;.'

ff~ Its'

that

~\~ficulties

transportation

Angeles.1I
in this

~s

~ovel' a .i4e

of Tratflc

'

.,

,',"

or Chi,~;'So

Congestion
i

j"

particu~ar

.'

of urban, -development" it

is not a heavy tlow ot traffic

district

each day.

responsibl:~

~1

, ... 1

pr~-li,.'

'.

EveQ.though LQa Angeles has not follQwed this

part

area},

Phl.~adelPh1e.

business

I:

'
Sources

pattern

had"

in t~wering skyscrap.ra~

not e' r.Pl1~j'~eWYOrk~

respec't.:

,.

.<,

h~ve :,not resulted

t~~~Ople

.,

:/.:

Lo. ~,l
I

population

I~~\"';

, from mass concentration

~'!~"".j'

I"

i~ appears, lt~t
.

cities~22,Fr"th8

an Ul1Uaoualdis"tribution
its

does' not signit,.

into

that.

and out ot tae

The nature ,of this

there
,

central

tlow,is

for the }1resent day' sluggishness

in good,

of...mass .tram I

Los Angeles is fifth

in popula.tion

and thus has he~vy usage of its

that

"the streets
, ,.,

streets_

a;re used by ~y
'..

in the United stat~s

thousaItds of resl,d,ntsot.

:,

'

nearby communities and a not inconsiderable

'\'
,',

-.

':.

i1umber
ottourists"
.
~i
'.

accounts

for much congestion;.

~lightly

over ~ m1l110n~r~-inhs:bit~is

~hah" thectt'1~24\

I,

,!

':

"":,

Although .the county is ~id~: sprea4~ 2~ there'is

,'1'
I

23

l~cat~d

..

.1::

Ai,4
l,ot
'
e or ,~ach"

Board of Publ1.c utilit1esaPd.

Transpo*t~tiGJii
the Feas"ibi,litx-and Desirability
2!. !. !~-!M.!
fiystem, p.! 20 (l~).
.', ",
j
I
.

I'

Bureau of street
Traffic En~in8ering
Report, p: 2 (Febrhary 15, !i938)'.:'
.

2.

,'"

~.' ~~.

,',

,i ,I

!."

~.

22

f'os Angeles County contains

"

":
',23

,"

I
1

'
.

'

,(R_I T. Dorsey,

Chlet-)',

,i

\ ,
~

.',

$upra, p.' 4. The aetual ex,~ess of \popuIation in tp.e. count,',

,,
~'Ye:r ,the ;cit1,is 1,049,64:0.'1
j'
',:,
':
.-25 ,~re86nt are~ of' Lee Angelea\ Countj. is i3g5l .,9783 sq. iidl'.,i ,
!.~. f'orma tion; suppl1:e!i by Los' Angeles C~ty SurT~1or. ot,f1,ce" :".:
I

~11 1, 1938.
~,

i ;
'\

'\', '

'.[

<\:;~t

, I

1
,

"

i"I:

I '

Density

, Ii,
'I,

..

16,723.3
15),21i1,.Q

i,

11:;'376.4",
,',

.,

.~. !

I 2,747.p

"

12' 726~j1
"
,,,

Ip,224~5.
,'17,794\.7
I

:.

/ ii

:J.~,,()6~,~
9" '

'I

' ,

r,,'

>4" .-:.

:.

~j

,I

Board,of Publie utilities

'i'

"

'!

t>!'

;. 'I

';0

...

. j.

Tr.ns~~~t~t{ion; , ",

~~

!,stu@f 2! the Feasibl~itzl"p~lS!xrabl11tl

'.
Motbr CORelil$t,em,' p. 2fh . i
I,'
,1,/"
" ."..
,
./
' .!
";'
l

2!. .! '~~Wld.

'~. .

"~'I

l.

,I
;
..I

I
I'

, (,

I
1

Ii.

I
I

'Jt~

;.

'"

'/,1
I

~,

I I
'I
~>/
I

,,

II '\
I
l I
I
I

"

"

.~

\.

! ' '

within a sixty minute ride trol 'the o"ntJ~ ~t the, 01t'ft~t7/,

!
26' / I ! . q., 'I ,~""
\,
t1iTe townsIand oi ties. ' The,iaottio :Bl~O~r,~Rai~.a"k ~'f :r~11:,
i

"

'"

'

and bus service brings a large: nUDlber~t,;co:Dmtt.rstl"O.' the '

,

outlying centers

I'

:.i"

..r'

!J,",

.:c~"

~-

I'

of'"

"'.

".'

_'\.

into the oent~ai b\i8tn.$~ JU.atric't

'

Figure,S are riot available

.

,j"

1'1'

I
'.

transported

I'

I'

7"

"

,I

i! "'\

I'"

from these 8atelll~.

~.

1~b.~

to ahow the !.~ct

" . "

'.

..f;

. , '1'
. 'i
[!
.'

ot, ,indl~~ual.'.'

',

,I

;;.,t

._ I .

.ach-aai~"

'.'

,"

COllllllUn1t~,~,~7~.t.S'
I ~

'~r " ~ ~

',',,'

.;.

~r.; ..L,"
...

Dorsey, City Traffic EngIneer, ':bas said" ~t iis und01lbt.d~1~

i

'"J

'\

thousands.

. \<

.,

More speo,.lrio data is avallabl.,

essence of the local tratfic

....
however, to ahow"tb.at~,th8'

. I .'

congestion 11es in tb&'~al~J

high us. of the automobilein thiaa:ea;

t~i

it 18 th1a6

which has influenced congestion 80 strd'ng11'land

b~
. I

'or,' ,,:,

t It to .

I
I

Fourteen years ago!at the time

bI'Kelker,

DeLe.,;., ,

'

surve;28 the statement was ma~~t:

":,

..

'.

't': "..

The uae or the ~ ~ger

automobli.' in Calito~1a 'a.
a means o~ tr.~po
atlon to and rr,omlpl~cea of b~fneaa
'and employment I well, as. ~or recrea t~onal .purpOaeaI.nd CJ
,pleasure rid,
'i, "ithoutlpara~lel
~a.ny othe~,.t~.,.,'
,,1
While Ithi , at~e
ot the entire' atat~,~t lal'ilrtJ;~ular11'
, true, of
.' city and county of Los i~,eles
I

~.>'

.;

utomob11e Club of Southern Cal1r0l'ri1",,1,

-ri!:c~~?~Prl!~9. l'
Conversatlan with Mr. Belnap, or .Tratt1lc ~ep8.rt_llt. ~tt~,'
Pa~1tic Electric Railway brought>.fort~, the t~ot ,th.t'-8u.~
figures are notavailatile.
At the pr.esenttl.e,
however,
in the comprehensive. traffic survey ndw being. carried':oD,'" ,
auch d'ata is being compiled.
I
'
.

II.

'",

...

'28

Intra,Cbapter:

29

Kel:-ker,Deteu~, and Co., Re~rt .2!! !. ~ehenal;'.

BaRic! ~
Transit ~lan ~or the City an eounty~
. AIii.l.a'" p. 25

:'""935J.
'\,~

0
"i...

-I

-- -

I.

"

"
'i

The regi'fJtration

.[

I'.

' ..
I

county during

the years

I"

result

of this

"

factor~
'30

of' approximately

I . '

'.'

"

,'7

:t~,'';;1

;S

P,

~t-

".

'~.""

'~ "1

'.'

,', "',

,,'
, " :',
By 1918, regiat:rationa,'

which inoreased

.mp~u!se~'

".'j

. .:",

WhiChoc'curred as a direct"

, ,,',

of 107,232,

,,}'/'

.'

In 1914 tb~re we~e but4~,d9~

mobiles in the county.

total

v.,,'
.

i.

the phenomena;t, growth of t~affic

;

i ' ,~' "'J'

'~;.'

fJ'ODl1914 to 193~ inc1u~ive

, '

,'.

in'Loal Angeles' City aQ4""

of motor vehiqles

13

,~c"

aut~~,

,"J>,',

",:

sho!ed ~, ' ,",

I'"

",.~

.~~'

':

,',

to 425,:582.1n 1923.agrqw1;h,

four hundred per cent 'i~

fi;e

y:.r~ ~31;/ ~i~

I

,amazing deve10pment,continued
the three

depres~ion

was a slight

y~:rs

without

"

in~erruption,

r',

1933 ~en

I ;'

lIment was under way again With, 8ubstantia~

past

three

ye~s .33

"

If one considers
the streete

there

'

,I

I;'

".

'I

outside

'

,Recent investigations

'

being

,",

,~/

;'

960,

c1t1and/e~unt,.
1.

of thiS, ~re~"l~

/'

.. '

I,

.1'

,wh~ch
",.1';;: '" '

is '~ir'~~ted

,;~\,

motor ~~~ieI1el!liIn\~e,; ~n~:s

"

'I

'

regi8tr,atlo~

'~

'

"

;:

have shown th~t

i

automobile

-l

the Los ;.lngeles: area, :,

"I'

' ,

~er ~n1,t ~f i &'!J"~~r~. ,

"

' \

Los' Angeles Chamber ot C~~rce'f

Re8e!ar~~'De"p~~b~~t.~,'" '
Pel'S'onal Inteniew(Mareh,
~1937).,
.' '
"",'!
~"I
'
,

31 ,Idem.
32

the, '
,;(}~.~

' :'

during some pe,riod of the day.

30

niumber of av.tom:obilea

and i highwata of t~

are well" over a million

has the htghest

,.;

ii,

c'ars', the ;:exaet ti8ure

the ad4itional

come from localities

At the end of '19~6 ~he;~ w~'~~re~iat~~~d,:

34'

traversing

~~~~ '. ,

gains' showing tor

in the County almost" a million

416.

,.,'

By ,the end of 11934 the forward 1IIOve-,

";:"w,;~"

of ,1931, 1932,.!.~

decrease.

savator

[Idem'.

'.

' ':,t
' ".' "

1-"

<f..

I'

'

:',

\r."

1
"

.;",~

:.,/.

,.

"

',\,

'!' \'
"

'\;

'~., . ~ . '

.J .. ,',

I \
!

1,/' /',
,'j!

cit,. 1n the count..,..

"

'

1"...
'
J<
,

~1\1~'?f Sout~"'! .c~uiol'Dia\

1be Aut0f'blle

1n a surve,. found that the un11;l'el!1~~1'a~1.' tel'~~.'i& o~~

areas

in relat ion to population

\:,;'

1936 ,~as a8 fol1ew.,:

"'!

. . a.2 .

"
2 .8 persona' ~ ; .r
one re,gis tered
e.cll
,vehici1e:to
,
'
,I,
,

L08 Ange1~8:

'.

Chioago:

"

Detroit:
New York:,

"

".

,Ph11ade1pp.la:
Reterr1ns

tor

1
I

.~'. ,.

'

'

1""

'! It

It

"
"

:'
If

'It

If

"

. ;,

,.

11~6

'II

iii

9.0

wll1eh is the' ',.ear ~~n'

, l
!
the automobile emerged
as
the
significant
.fa'ctor
in
Loa
,Angeles,',
"
.
.
traffic,
that

it

to the year 1924 again,

is important

to not,

automo~i1e:regi.t~.t~ons

time and to observe the large

In 1915, available

'"

'

I'

"

' By 1924 t~s

figure

per one tboq8a~

'.

"

,36

I',

whereas in 1931') 'the count showed 366 per'th9\lsand,

(1937) snows tliat

t,oa

population,
':

'

hadleaped

.\

l..~

;.

icar8 reg1ste~ed,~or

,I

each one thousand populatio~.

The ,mOst recent, figure

a\

"

data shows thirty-five

of 200registered'cars

growth ;wh1eh has occU:,r~4.

I

registered

'

there

pOP\:l.lat1an,.

are now 444 ear8

'

'.J

for each one thous.and persona in the city.

''ibi.

:o",

I' ,

representsa,litt1e
37
since 1924.

more than a one,hundred per cerlt'increa~~

Another s t'\ldyby the Bure'au of. street!

TlaffiC, ahows a"

I'

\
:.,!
The Clu~, states:,
"Iti.
beli,ieYed t~tii;ta... d~Rai~J,'per
square mile of automobile ual~ lsgr~a~.,r,1 ~1l~t~,~~~~r~7lQ;
the eonge~ted port,iona ot t~ Los ~et,e~
are~, ",tli4n 1.b. '
any:other locality
in the Unlted 3tate.~~Au~0.obile
Qlub
or ~outhern California,
~Flt.
~ p. 10.
I'
,
,

,"

36

'

I'

Don~ld .~, Baker, ! Rapid Tr+si~

p. 16 (1933)
"
I;
. ,

i'

SY8te~, fer Los g.le~,

, .' !
.

Ll>s Ailsels, ChaDlberor Coionere;e;

Re,e.l-01D pal'~eli'
,

.... :.

<;,~

,.1

,I
\.
i

'

<,f

, ;

(.i9r':l.

.\
,i
,

,,

.
alightlyh1sJ1er
peraonator
a~a.

".

' :." I

"

,,'

' . ',~.'.
. . 11' \

'J,''

' " .; ,,'. " ' '

I,

c', :')\

~'

1937;. 'oae '0' 2~3~\: 1;I:,

i.
'
I I,. ..

i"!,

"

_.>1

\;

,,:,
~-,t

",I"

p.",

.. '

.:

~~W',:~i'~
.. t

tit t1iai~4~~g~18a

'!!.

' ",

. I

i '."
I'

I"

tor! the re.r,e~~

s~ate.:
i

'j

''',!

ea,ehr.g"1at8r~d V~"t8
'I

i'A

' " , ,"",

t1~r.

,'l'hisreport

..

'
I'

i
<

'

veh~~~~~l::Jh~:r:,e
c~:;~f: .~~~;:
~t. s~:~'e~~:~ ::':' '.~,"j' .': ..,', ':,,';;~
tt maJ be ,atated that the ~B1'r O~\'l.~t() bile ~terbig.) '''-','
#,he Central Tratfic Di.tric~ 1~ ot ~.rl., .lealllrae&r17'~.,
"",'
twice the n'U1llber
enter1Dg t~ ;:.L09p: jDirtr.ict"'/ in :C~1eqo.';",1 .
Fiitty-a1% per cent ot allp,r.~n.
eqt~~ ~;I,o~!:~.1e.,'"
;!,/'"
central tNt'fic b~pri't'ate ~~.t.o_b~l.~~a~.g.~!l~~_~~"~"'"
"
two per cent in S~ Francls~o.39 .!
! I
'.
\,' \', ,; : ;.~ '"
i'
'i.
~ ,.
":
Table IV !'urthe: 1llustratrs
the ~o,:!,:~ar~.o~.
' t?. ~,. ~~ ,~., "
I

as ,reg~f'ds the I~sie,pt autOlllob~l

' . ,"1

Angeles and other citl.~

Fa~;to~s Influencing Use ~ .titoltobii

~.~.l

A conSi~e'r.~'tlonof the reason "the auJom~b11eh&.~played,

\ such a large pa'~t .1n the develop~ent. or 'b~th' Los Anset~I."and
;1,

i ,I:,

I,

'.,

~ji ,

t.-,

U 1t,'S transpor~at1:on Mftieul t1es' reYeala t~o rredolll1natrng

~1

.j

~\factors

'.

involved.

1\

First

. ,'

.,

:climate or this area.

ment in promo~1~the

andtoremost,
'

I:

of :course, 'ls

"

!.

i'

'

in
.

,;

i:'"

Aii.! aSl1ee\that

I~

ti~'b~~"

t~"

. ~ Il

' . i.;"

and mild cl1mat~ which' exiatshere

has 'resjul~.d, 1D C.~ition.
I
'\
'I ' ," .
.Whicht'avor the dally use of the automobil!ejthe 7l r!,~d
.

'

,'t, .

and;,1n Losl.4pgeles lnpartlou~ar;

has b~en trequ~ii1;lJ reco~ize'd.,40

,

',I

1.

\Southern CalifQ'~~a in general,

'.'

ot t~e ~tomo~li.
r

.i

ot! t~ls important ele-'

The.signiricance
~ldespread use

\"

"

'

'I

'

. t;

i' "

\,

'

\.

"

':

'

' ,

38 Th.C:entra~1:Trat,tiC1tDl.~ri,c~.~~ det1n~ :tnltfi~.,reP9r1;.,':-8 i

the 'area'bounded by Lee .lDg~lel str.~~.on' t~"i;Ea.~" Slb~~t
Boulevard,on the north, Figueroa stree~ :on t~e~st~
aDd,' ',i
,P1co Boulevard on the 'noI1ih.
'i;"",
I"
(
39 Doraey, ~.cit.,
~.

p. 2.,

'

:'

si.!/~~rd o,t Pu~l1e Ut111tl~a .~~4~rt.l;~

~.,~2'.(1935); Kelker'De Leur. &.cO.,~
01tl, J)' 17; Olmatead, ,ar~hol;JIli1i'
'Chen'
~!rarmSt"etPlan !2,t,:to .Angele., p. \~l~',

O""~

.~.'t,.'J"
'I
. \; . ,
\

\
l

~
"

!....

,I ..
,.

,,.I.
TABLEr, IV

Tot~l'Reg1~;t. led;'
I

Jlotor ~.h1cl~.
I,

il

Chicago
Philadelphia:

'485,566

'229,371

1~7'~;..

1,960,961

"
,,'.,1,5~,622'

Loe Angelea

388,946

517,6~~

1,238,048

Boston

113,116

781,188

"

Pittsburgh,669,817

74,58.:

,.

st.

Loui.

","'.896,~7

,168,'176 ,

~:.

WasW-ri.gton

(804,874

325,597,

I..
,
I,

:,486,869

156,686,

.f

I'

':J;

Kanaas OitJ,:

,521,'603

j. ,

;'126,119, ,

. I!

.1'

II,

80~CE:

Los' ~ge1esChamber

ii,

'1

/.
"j,1.

..

,(

'.!
j

"

.
".

'[I
\

I
",

'I

" ~ . ,,:\;'\

',' I

\"

",

I,

.,:,.

248
J:!t'.; ~~'

.(~

t ".

.. !I\"'I>
. ! .

j .
,.,\ ,t'

Speaking ot the g],'lowth in auto_bi.le

. "!'

t i

'~f.:~
" ;,,~..:'~..:,' r,
"

'.",f;:;" '.';' ,'f.

,:to.

,"

,.

,.t.t.
:'.,;~
.'..,
.
J.~ "' . ~)"""h1:ti
,1"\"
" ... ; .1

~.e ,iDo~a14. S.b

,.'~

":1'

~
~

I~,

ot ...

i '

,I,tis' qu8st10na.bl. "~er

a a1a1 .r me.
~oW:th c01lld
occur in an,. other large' eft)", eTen~ 1~.(iiD i.pp~iah':lii'"
t
de~si t,. ot .~toJll()bile o:m,r,hip . I~, " :,~~;~a, lone,~"l Wle '.~
a oar ~65 ,days during the ".ar 1lX go,. ' 1;1&
r1l:. trft.,~~,,,,
"
YorlrJ, CM:cago, Bos'ton, aDdDe.tro~.t'1~ilI1 abloat bg)e.~1bl.
.
to obtain sU~h a use ~uring ~e nnte . ti",~ .~,thouSht"",
re,!ntlJ~~s
winte.r us. haa, s~om .,'
iDOr~aae~'. L8. ~~.1 ',' .
va:p.atton 1n highwa,. traffic
i11to 1.,1toi'~ range- trO~. ,to' .;.f, ..
percent
to, 225 per cent ot ,the annuaal n .l. Jleault,
~f c11.lla~ic condi tion.s in j'-L68 Ahge1:e.j'Ia-.e'.) .p~.i~.:.c;t'
'.'';" .."
resid,enee.1II8'1 be alm.ost an~her~ ,wi~i~~ .~h~I._~~po~lt.D~,~~
so long as he can driTe h~s car to 4~tl' 'place I ot~ work 'or ~-'
iness within a reasonable time....
I
.
"
I

:1

.I,'

Climatic

cond1tions,

then,

I.,

act as an indirect

ot cOD.i-

tact.or

!l.

derable

importanc.

affecting

in anJ consideration

tbeproblem

of transport.tion

~.

o~ taein1"luenc
I,

to the increase

~port~t

"i'

ih'Lo8 Angel
j

The other

,/

baj

'.\"

,1.

element wntch

,.j

e6~tribute~

of automobile use ~nd conrequent

d1r~~tIY

congestion

;n

! Los ~geles,

obtains

is

the widely: scattered

res1fential

and the' consequent 'hous1ngot

tallies

area which
in singledweil,':'

ing8 which prevails

so exte~i:vel'1.
.

city: in the United States

Excessive

subdivisions

tlvet6

of the

from"the standpoint

ot surtace

of prop.rty:haver~sulted
wide-flung

42

'

area.

42,

in .catter1~

basis,

. 'i

extending

trom .

in all directions
~o' distances ot~o.:
i
:
43
m1les. \'This
situation,
coupled wlth the
!

\ .

,j

; I.;"

Donald\Baker, "Mass Tran~rtation

and Some Related
!. .. C\, E., IV, p. '3. (November,19~1~,.
" \.

41

,.

citJ

twenty-tive

I,

the p<ipulation of the city: ana

tbecenter

Loll Angeles 'i8 the , 1arges't

? ~.'1; ":-r

~.

Probl ,'.'l'

On,4pr~11}j ],,930Los Angele~ had\a l~*d a~ea in .quarem1~lJa ('

ot 4:.
4:0.3~'l{ew York World Te.~egr8Jll'
W~71d.l~aCA
p. ,314:- .
(1939).,
.
,\
\
<

;.'

/'

i.

43

J'

.,.

~"

, .'

Duril18 the ten year period ,between ~ 0 and l~O record..

,',
we~e tiled 1n the CitJ ot !.os, A%1geles\wh1~ 8 owed a total,
ot ).88,352.. lQta ',reaul ted tro. subdfyl ionl.
liS equal.
.
Ii total area lot '37,700 acres ~I or 59 a uar~ ml &,:!. Bak~"f
,.,
j
,.,!'
Rapid Tl-ansit .SI8t~m ror Lfa
ele,
p,. 6.
I

'

'\

'j

, '\

"~,"0;

~:

'," I

i'

:,

COU~~~

"\

be.en~~h*"~~~::~~
'th.

c.

!~~t than~
clt~,~,
build1n:s of ,treeti
~
,~

1f,.

~~',

hIghways wIt~n, ~hl. area 80 't~t.

.cviL'

",'

Ii

fl'

'-:j.1

fit

'.:.:':'),;~~:-:

has

nEttworkof over twelve thousarUrm1.1esof roads

I,;

'.

structed,

has r;.ultM
,
'"
4,11
mobile gowth.

,;:'

in mid.al
\

:.

nl

-1

'!_(;.,~"

..

While pop~stio,ng1io~h

Dkit

ntl'1e been th8

~

,,'

11

,;

con. ,.'
'"

been

'\'

'

,.

"e

'i-'

I,
'1#~

,I,

.uto...

'f

"
.~'

i ,.)i~.\
..
,

"i'

an4deTelo~ptof

,,',

_ ,
.:e'

autOD1Obl1.t~at~Jc

;i~~'
~t~ ' l~J;.~~'~:-.:~'

aig~~.'tI~~ntractor

11<

combinlatlon tpfoster
,;, 'L ,I,!I' ,

../

"',!"

,'.

l(,:'

~o~l1~rfiNting

'

J 'I!

t,'

'"

".1.,

'Yo

Cl~

ing seriOusness ot ~e ~ranaportat~on pro~~rm .in this' ar:a. '~.r~~,

" .d:

.') are .everal other cau.eslWhiCh.should b:o ~"rtioned.

Effect ~

Earll Rldll L lout '

I

'

".

";
t

'

J\",

a~tll,te"btn.~'

G'

"

in a large degree the physical features

o:f,t~e loea~e 'abd. tA4p I" .

plan of transportation

."

1n~erurban r~l~1 1~~8

~ I

'

':'

"

have, been responsible.

~hey point out ~~t

Railway a~

.,

lines

'

so, tp.atthey

"

'.

were project~d

"

wheeI" into, every par~

. ~

.\'.

'

I'

incorporated

'"

in the lopal ,area, thlr,tt-nlneare

, ,','

44

"

'i

'

46

','

'

'

:1It4,1,)1;., ,
I'

'.

J'

"

are within twentY-!jire m11r,IS;1orl~

.vell~~tP.1~~rar.~~d~~~,
~.

:,!~,

, Lo~ Angeles County Regional P1~~~~

tba t the el ty 0 t Los Angeles ~d, 4, ~Q ';
"

'

CO~18s1,C:n~,J~\f1~~t.'~):
'~I:';'"
les ot' s't1'tu~t.':\.,. '~'~'v':"

f'.

'"

"

Au~omoblle'C~Ub'or 'Southern, C.liror*l~.

'

I,

',;Thlrty~,1i ':~~~';"':'~:'t5::!

1The

19V':6

I-

.'

.O+t otf tPi-ti-T!'~

I,

cities

:.'- ,/~ ,".(

f the' outlyirig '~r~a.\ ,:Thls,.r,';,$~i~.ed

,'ljl ,

to these two railway$ ~or their 'earl~ ~o,thi

these cities

,~..'

:"11kel t,he,spOke.,~,~."a,

fos te~ing development along radls.1 lines.

,

Fhe 'Pacific Elec~~lc

(..

the, Los Angel,es Rail~ay Cor,popat~onlaid oU1;{lthelr.

rail

., in cona,14.er.J.M,'
.

in LosI~e.le.,

for both'streets

'(j\"

,c.~'

'I,

difficulties

.1

The Automobile ClUb of Southern Callt~I

the growth of traffic

'-1'

,\"~,,,,,-:~
.

II

,LI

t'

\ L
\

'

',:".

' ,,'

,.,'

,,'

",'

'

'."
"C',',

',;L '

e1<t ':::,~'~'~:
.'

N ....

,"',

,~

'\,

'.

,"'f '}~ ": '

',. \",

'

"--

'

''''~i
,

':1:,1''''
'~earl,..

cc:nstrUct1on ot-;.treet.i

"'~

'h!!liw~tsO..n\l~,. "

foll~ ..ed ra~J~,~es

'and oonverged as' a"~

~e

"

district

;'

in the' e.nt~.l

'i

>",*n a sune,. made or ~utoDlObl1etravel .a~,"

""""
't
'
,
far back as 1920, it was~~~. th~t.
~~a tot~l
2~~~\~
.

bUSin.S8

our

"

truCks, and auto~. entering the ~

o~ this

traffic

46

trict.

or

"

1\

~~;",~ .,~~ C.D~, ' , ':',"

d:fn~,.the.

had for i ts oQj,ectiv.>i~e o~ntra~ ",,~,!~".dl~-,'

;.. : "

Thus the laying out ot tbe'r~il:

1~es,~eep~r
,
,
problem which arose at: a later d.,..

the transportatl~n

'.

i -

. -,

I -"'.".,

.~, ;"

'\ '::'.

' '

i~~lu.~oed
.J

Not only in this manner dl~ th~ ..plan of C0nst~'ct,ion.otthe

I,

ra!'l lines

,_.,

lea~ to a developing dlfficultr

.

Cong.el!t-t10n
oftraf.fic

',.".

in certain

\ .

""

".

." 4_

occurred as far back as ,1910, and dQesso, today.

tot~e:use
I

of Main street
,

of, the

specificl distrIcts.

I,

in tr,!Ul~p'ort.tl~~~,'

for the interurban

','

11',.

cl~_

t ~..

~.

"':'.'-..:

~'rhl .. ,due',

'.,

cars ;of the .Pacitic

'

Elec~rlc Railway.

At that, time a study was made whiohrevealed

that:

tl

Fully '40,000 rIders on both streetcar

sly.te~ are
delayed f-~omfive to torty mlnutea during 'the '.ruahhOll" :
of each day ~ ,as manyuiO'reare Inconv~nleDCe(ldurln,g
the non-r'lah hou,rs,due to the fumamental detect .
the transporta~ion' arrangements along iJfa111street:_ ~

The use of a "stub end" ,terminal w'ith -incOmingtrack t'rom amaiA '

'i

.,t

thoroughfare,theuse o~ a narrowgsige<t~a~kbY one<.yetma~

!j

;'"

~\ $S
H

,-

tandard SlWgeby the other sys tem, and I the, hampering of .1nter- .
,I

II

'

\\sectional traffic

"

et -.

op a4coul1t ot the ~a. ot'

across 14ainstreet

;\

\ interurban ,lines on Main street

I .

are fa~tQrs In:eongeatIQDdlf~

"

' I

\ 46

\ 47

'

'

I .

Automobile'Club or 8out~rn CallrO~n1"

ill.~ll::;l~.
:' '
;' .
t
Bl~D. J. Arnold, "'!'he Tr~~rta,tiobNO~l.Di
ol LoaJ,.llael.~,,
.~e .,~;~~t~r~a':OUtl~Ok,
~,p.
~~(N~1iab.:~:".,~g~~)~~,?,,~:';~:~!.i'
i ~~

! .

!'
ii,
I

i
1

.'

'.

1",

i
I

"

'1,"

I
\,

ficulti wh1cUmay be '.tt1"l~t"d

Paoifie Electric

track layout.i'

,:

..

I.

'I'

jl}
'

"i'l
I.

'\;

of ~b8 Lo8'\4n6~1~sare'a a1.80~

I

p~obi~.' 6.i-tain'

something to do wtth the growth of.'t~.

;.,

'\:

The phya.ical features

natural

Topographical' .Fa~tor~
.

1~\'J'

,to.,~., ~e8.ip~&(ot ~;~'

48

'l

" . ",~~

"

,~J

-l'

"':.

obstaclea have created hindrance.: to smooth tlo~ns

\

__
'..

I,

I'

transportation,

,.

"

",;tt,~1

I"

and while these topog~pb).cai ditficU~tl . are ' .

1.

: '..

, today being ~rapidlY 8urxnountedby large .~al.

ject8,49 they' 8h~ld

still

OutstandIng In,this

.'"

.'

~_

respect as

.J

Hill)'.

~\,

1m~edIJ1l.nt
"tot~e(",ri~1il."D8
!'
I

. /

i~a':! ,...J"
,

handicap to transportatIon

','

I,"

,,'"

'r'

ha, been a decide4

' \

~>'.1",;!.

unit8 enterlng, the downtoWnarea.

ooU:ndedby!s~et
,

. "

north, Hill ,street

"

on the west.
,

business district~

Because

'

<,f

~he dirf'ic~lt, gradei/."

I

has riot been~t~11~~d as I>~rt'of the 1/'

involVed, the district

Severaltun~el.a tJouih'

the' ~lll '~Ye ~~n '~\

conatructed1rh1ch have in part' ~bvi~te~ t~e~dlcap,

I,
I

j c~,_j.;

"but
;,.'

tit
I

~'

,',

downtown--partieular17 a8 regar08 travel

48

'

as an important obst"cl~
to i eas7 access
.

area, stillstand8

Boule~ard on' th~'

,'I
I
'I' ,
on the east,. Fifth Str~et on the south,,~

It consls ts ~f 'a large hill

,

'

Th18 diatri'cti lobated 1~d1~tei,.\

north and we8t of the central District

,'Figueroa street

,,

'!

is" the' area known

a8' t,~'I....'Blltmo~'Heiglits
,

(formerly ~e~

".-i

engineering pro-

be' mention~.:
;

rapid tran8it,,

..

Infra, 'Chilptera II and III.

49 '~elaborate

',: 50' '

from the we.t.,

.

----1I

survey madefor the ~rpqse

of jlldgitlgth. '
was:,eqndu~t~, in. ~
S~~ 1fhelr Re~
\.eA,Bconpmic

,
,

tU.l\)t.ll~i of elJm1nat1n,.g this te~r.~

19S1:, b7 . H. &lb~ocli and Son.

---: !!Ittte1StiW: " 1bl1ity !?! !!!.-srating !!.1fuidtii'

,l

..'

A'

1-'

-, 5O~"IDi;;'~;~
~~ti~'rl:tord18CU8s1on o~ pi-oject8"imiC~ haye' '
'tlii1iilm1z'd~these natural barriers.

: ';

'

Ift1"k!!.. -,

:i ~.

., f

.-

I'
,

I,'

,/

',1

.1

'

/1' I '
:: ' ,
"
,',..
,

, " Th.

;'

""

j,

,,1

'

.
,~~l.
I

'L

'I

Riv,eraDd!tbi.V8~~~.,raiir"a'd~!ti.t'

L~. Angel..

and yard. have tor .omet.lmo1-tP~.~tn1edtkaliiittalfa~I~:"

artifieial
'east

topograph,-ieal barri~to

and' east .eet~ons\,Of

'.

Other' particularly

'...,

aonta Jlonka,hiU.
~rtailed

slDooth

'i':"". ,:,' -.:'., ',,:',

d-i.ra1ul'T~1..b,.~ ,;th.'
.'.
,I "\ .'. ,,/',
,
'."

the e~t1.;

~ ,,'.'

,I

",

floWing

'.. I'

to. ,~.U.:~"".r;

and ~

.. ',

,.

notablei pb.J'8i~,'1 1

:t~."ri~rt,p~' '~",',

e "lmOY~llellt't~

\.

"

<

seriously

northwest.

to hinder

'\,

_:. :',:"

r~ ~t"

almas ~ to' the he

the

tow~rd the west and so~tli,

I

situation,

in turn,'

eoncentra~.s

directions.

I,

','

"

'

an eapectally:Ma#

It h8s ~rSO

'.

'

,.

'''''!'hi. '

th~ ~ath ot, :U;~!astreslstiJi~.w:

.

.1; ,

orl ~~~ei.8'

~Jil thedeve1lopm:ent
i;

, :\

flow in these

passag~~ , of 'a1.J,IY~hj,~1.e_
;n'~r~.".,~

This has resulted'

'

'fnOl'thwe.t'

I"

eity

~!.laOt'~f

wh1~

of mas, ,transpo~tatl'on\": 1n:,

area of' tAe ci,ty , but, ha vereaehed

',"

j tratflo"

'

I.'"

_r~~ulted -1,11 ~

,I

lli'~"'" '.

' "

"

along ~ few,main arteries

~ch as, North Broad "
". ,
I".
'
.
51
Sunset Boule'V~rd, San Fernamo ,Road, and PlendaleBoU.levard.
coneentration
,"

.\

Table V illustrates

_,

resulting

the preponderance

.1

#;-".

trom the ~forementioned

.
ot lIolum~
in. tra:tJ'l~ tlow,,}.
1
'i
J

'"

faetor.!

Although there i are other, tOPO~.PhlC~lC~d1t~o~a,l.hleh

.

have affected

,.,

eirClltation
i'

of transportatib~
'.

as Baldwin Hil~s in i the southwest,

, to San Ped;o,

tran~portat~on
,
.

'to .so ex~ent.

aU.ch,

;~~~~ " ,.'

development, of thjV

in ~e,

problems.

.:

2! Aval1abi,

street

Sp!ce

I,

t"

Mention 'should ,be made..at;, t.his point lot another

"

.
"

b~d, the pre~lW8

"1

The Factor
,

~"
',' ..
Paloe Verd,es Hlll.-' ~~j aeen~ " i

t~e Arroyo 8eoo rlver

wielded by far. the Jigg.s~influenee

I
.,'
present

I'

i.

\'

_.

'

-"./.

15:;'

,51 ' ;Automobile Club lot SoUthern \Palltor1U.~, !R.. clt. ,'~.
!i

.,

impo~,taBt'>:,

li"~

!.'\

-.

"

I
I

. ,I

".;".

\ .
.

,.

.1

,
f

.,

.1'\

'._1 i.

: ~.,et1

.1,j

204,:n~

1Ii
..,'1.

127;640'"
300,551

,I.' .... ~,
,'.

il'

1,

':.

-llSOURcm:' 'J,utomobiie' Club of Southern aal~torn1&, Traffic

SurveI,

".

J1.os Angeles

"1.

Jletropoll tah Area, 19~wr.

','

,Ii ~

.1

.1

I'

I
i

_~.

J
OJ,

-11

i
\

I
I
I
'1,)

\1 r-: _ .
I

I' ..-

.,Ii,j):,

~-, '~~J1

o
factor which has 'contributed conald.'.rabX,..;
to
failure

to uti-liie

traffic

,6
0

t~ 'trba.bter"

t~(

all' t~!, e~istihi'18tr~e~':.~ilt.:-.y.ti~bliL-'t.~!

'

,i,

purpolies and the restriction

',,-'

i~' "8t,
r,eet s-p.~I~!,;~t.l'l':~le.,:;

In 1924. George Baker Anderson,,then Manager 0 Tr~po~t.tl.R,

,','

;'

'

Los An8e1es Railways, showd ,that the pe~e~ta

available

in the do~to.,.

'

'

ot 8tr~it" .~a.

a,<t '

area was very's:,aall.

I,

,\,

el

"

\'

"

Coupled ~lth this de~lnlte ha1'idicap'~nvo um~,,:ot aabie,

street' space

lis:

the inadequate use of the1.trert

able.

This' re8ults

"

','

'

In large measure from the ~ount of sp~ce

I

'

utilized

',i

..

"

s,pace"~it:h: i.taken

l1Dit. by pa~ked 'oar~.

,

"

'.ot1$ure.areav.l'l~
>

movin8 transpo'rtation

,I

for parking of motor vehi,cles.

able to showthe exact, amountof street

:t'r~

I~ is, 1&1-$., ~

' ';

this fact is borne out by photographicstUdles

ma,deby tth.

~,

Automoblie
Club of Southern California
.~
!

~e

central ~usihess district

nUmberof ,.lO,~15cars

[:

parked on the',streets.

53

showed,a total

photogr~'

'.

of, the
., :

Allowing for~J- square feet per parked

t

traffic,

,-

approximatel,. 436,600

square feet of space.

,I ~~'r I.

A survey:~,orparking on Broadwaybetween Firs~ aM Iiath":',

streets

d1sclosed a total

ot 2,642 parked: ear.,

of whioh'.

52 George Baker An~ersan, "Traf~lc Reliet ,1n LGr ADgel~.,

Electric Railwal. 'Journal, March8. 1~4.p.
~25'. ";
Cl~Te1andi St. ~oul,s, Pltts~gh,
Detroit, "Ch1ca~o.aDd.,
'San Franci~co,showed percentages of,:59 per'centi:34t,per
,cent,34 per cent, 291 percent" 29 pe~ cent ,aD! 341: per'
cent ;respec,tively. Loa,:Angel. was t~. 10_ .~ Of.,_.11,_,',
With [but 21.5 per cent ot the downtowndistrict a tl.b~.
tor street space.
'
Jo~

'fA~tom~bile

space ll~'

'."1

k.~.

CIUbiOf

Southern cali:fornir'

2R,.

ill.,"

p,. 21.

.~

loading

I_ok

br

bies of

tor surface 'transportation

units.

The problem
O'f!develoPi~
" _.'

'.

the ma~

usable street, . ~~.

<

"

",

,is _complicated turt~er

by: ~e _?ar~e number or,con~lict1n8

. '

on one street
ferent

l .. \

'

"'.

u~e

"1

.t!."

Twotypes of .tree~1 cars u1iilf'z1.p.g~tt1";

level,

.'

\'

','

'i,

. ,

1.,'

. ':

',~

"~,

gauges'
or' track.,
buses.
of ~arioua
~lassific.t,~on~
!,'
I'
.
,.'
'. '-. '."

~,::'

'i ..

.'

,~

cabS. passenger 'and jmotor truck vehicl i pede.t~~ant~~~~10" ..'.

ar~ to be found t~k~g up space, each one~of, wbi&nacta,tQI

obstruct

"

,I

the: otller.

,,',

J"

/~

' ,

The Lo~Angeles Rai1:wa1has poin~ed tut. cont1nu~.l~

,

, '!

'p&ndicaps to ~d.qua, e .treet

.ncroac~nt

,car ,se~ic.

Oh result

~:

"

;I

I"".':.

it utilizes

\,j

in, propGrt1o~ t:o the D~.r

, ' lI
,

'

f.]

'54.. Dorsey.'~". e,1t..l p.4.

"

'\, "\:.
,I.

i.r!i.~.n':6.;r~.re

II

..

'I

II

1
i'

~~~~.t;'

-o~"ri4.~ .~:~ ..'

b.en' ~;Llowed.
to ham~r,
'
.lr10~a1,Y:th';"';r

'",

ate autQm~bil~, \c9n8ider .d ..~ ,1~~t~1~1

.lit.

t~

)ineanaof transpo.rtat, on be~.au8eor ,the l,atStt .amo~Q,t

~pace

,t~."

I'

'II

"
~I

I:
I

'.

of the automobile on it., trackage.

"',Thecompl~1n~,
1
.'
,

is made ~.~

'"'l'

~!

l
\

!
I'

.'

t'

,I
,

I"~,

'j
\

! ,i

'

56

by ,uabrping the . t t.

i'
I'~fl

I'~ "

,J

'.

'I''''

'~~, " '25' i!' :.

,Q'ii :'~';il{.... J'

~:t~l~~i~~~'

au~~bn~1

'-

. '-,'

street

oar operatiop." especially:

~Il: ,~OI\g~~ljt~4'cent~r~fi'
.~,.'

.treet

c.ra Ob.jtruc~. free mo:v<lm'lnt

,of tb~ .

~t~'.,

:1,

ut~;.tije.#.kl,~~:,,>\~:

to bOth of the OtherfclI'/D8'o~itran.por~ .~~OB,.~:\.:

an obstacle
vice versa.

.Pedestrians -do th~.1;r.'s~~r~ t~lbalt

I

portation
, '.

aD4"s:'!'~'~"~A'"
.,

or

movement. As popul~tion increases'" .t;p.en~,e.r

p.~.~trl.;~,~,!

r"

i',

, and motor vehicle,s lncrease.

~
"

Thu~ the sPle:e~or s :;t1\'.~.IJ~

: " "

is constantly
hindered
as long u:ino
. gregat1ol1of~
I
'
'.,'~'
.

'I,'

11

these rorms of trarfic

'

occurs.

"..

I
I
.

I:

I"

If adverse traJ;1sportatiori 06ndit,lonsor

nature do exist

in this

city,

,.1,

ing!

What is it costing. the people

~

of

.;

, of the intangible,

1",'"

'

t1Jne,Il.lJ specific

-II

'.'

'\ '

",

""

data 1.

1"" ,

"

'I

1-

" ,

~''.'

ion ~Ch
"

t.

!,:""
'I'

,-!

',.'

reaul t trom. b!t!Dg,

'

traflfPortation

I
,

11,'
:

exact measurement aeems re1Jlote. "For '

forced to function jlnan out-of-date

"

,~.,

the victimaot

. I

example, the exaspe~at ion and irritat

55

'

'result';:"

",

"

Maritof, the losses Whichbceur' are in 'the ~~ture

I'

,'

'

To answer these queati~a

dafini tely is not possible at this

"'

energy, money, and emotional stabilityto1be

not available.

Los Angeles in tt..,

such an unhealthy civic situation?

",:'

.e~i~~

etrecta

what are th~: ill

'<

,"

a rather

s,,"te~. "
~ .. Jt

",:

....,

The Railroad CO~ls8ion,~n its 1935 repoJ:'t;~~ates,tJ1at,

caus 615 of delay to s t~eet cars are often due to ~9U1;>le
fa rk~ng of, trucH;s and autos;.."
and a.la0 ~o' carele.~ pa~1d;ng,
of trucks, for~l~,
in I so.~eca.,8es,a ,.l;i,n~~t,.t~:r~~9fr,,,~,,: ;.,
ovepther. ai'ls. I Autos o~t~nl f~~rt:o" te.p~ lft ..li.,,~'
",-'
frequently block! car tracks by as lit 'lef'as a foo,t".Lett, '
baDd,~f1s of aultos and, trucks in and, out of alle"8. "
,
I garages,
and pa~k1ng lots.
There are 125 parklpgl.o~s on
Hill St:1',eetin t, e busin~ss i11str,.ct '~ many.011Sp~ing
, ~treet _ Care travel 30, per cent more\slowly ,on ~pr~ng ~han
) on B~Dadwayduel 0 this handicap_
i

!'

,,'

<

the dollar

'An'est1mat10nof

los's invt>lved as a di:rect

,

I ~.',

700,000 people ~:eting

. of transportation
.

t'Qili

. ,"

~aff'ic

'.

..'

dally

ties

five

wi th 'a delay,of'
'

'00 an estimated
r-

f'or e~ch ind1vidual~

'I,

an~ leaving, the ctty

i
I
"

'I

congestion

result

'1'-"

~"

'.

,,-

'.,

.~:

JIl1nutes by
',;!

.....

',I,
.

;\

in al~ t~ ,

I,

,I.

,.

..,

"

:, ..

cost af' one 'c~nt per mi~te

i

,'.

,:

1
,

','

"l-- \,.: (~.:\

cent per minute tor each motbr

.
.i'~:'
'_' ; ..\ ...l. "
pe;r minute for each .treet
caJ:-, the ;to~+
.

annually

two thirds

car,. and seven c.nt~

loss

- /

has been made. Th1s shows that e.timati~

.of 1mpeded traf1c

'.

"57'

amoun~s to $15,009,000.

.,

.....

".

:11'"

.}, ~i!5 do.es.not~~t~::,.

any' other .type of 10S8 such as that' which :accru to rc~

:

156

8
.

John G. &~lQCk, -.Conterenee' on the RaiidTraiJ.al testlGh,

.
Calied !iI. The ,Board ot bltl n.iiiliw J aumlI au, 1(\).era ,i' p;<,~' ~ .'
.

57

.,.

R9.~,~.

"

. ~

ill.;

.'

p. 1.

. .

' .

;
I

',1

'

''''

"

r '\,,'" .
;.

j.,.

',r'f'

\ .' " l' ..: '1

",

""

'

"'c.'

;'" ''':' (ll~..

:< .
~1ft, . .

.
,..

r';~.f'

i.

.'~
t

~T;ep~~1~~101l.of, pr"l>e,;tJ,iielUee}1l.,t~ 1!'.tt~1~~~r;d~

,:.~'
,am

. Econ'~m1cwast,
important

in, acoru"ider~tlo~

01',. the

~rm~i~eftect'~\'t,:~.!.~O'

congestion
,'W

and inadequate

serious

ill

effeot

..

'",

I'

.'

. "

.'

\ ..

'oGthe-r '

tr~portatlon;r.cI11tle..

....,!.}

~fI.':',..,

lo~~ 1n"pe~~qJ;lal!e~t19,1~
~,..~,

..0

I,

--::1'

.'

'.

.'

'J _

lhi,ch has caused wId pread' conoem. owiD&, to

"

,'~

"'I",

..

i~. upwarotreM d.iring the,~.t ie'~r.: ";~ lJ~.l~f ~~P~~7j~

life

from transportation

aocidents.

Tb. ~tatement

!.

the Los Angeles Railways Corporation

&,

m.ade~h.tl

1j

500 col11sions

'i.

"f

per year,W:ith automobiles

aside

(.

_;

",'"

'

injuries

I'

'

..,

Whether thIs

":1' 11

_ J, :';,

1a~gel1Wllber

':...

equipment or to traffic

not stated.

but it

,':

stands

as a slgnI,.ficant

runc~ioning

'

'

"

!.

_.

~j .{

1.

f':'

.ere,' 18,092 motor &c01-'

.

'

,".'

to 34~288 pe,raonaJ

year per~od trom 1~~1 to 1936 'there

were d,383 peOpi. ld1led.~'

'61
in Los Angeles County.!'
That tra~tic

I
II"

congestion

J,

is in part 'responsible
,

evidenced by the tacit that

'I

fortheae

I,

,
I

"

, ,

high rigure~1.81
I

Los Angeles has; the h1ghestdenalty.

58 !Id~m.
\59

Ibid p. 2.

60 'Automobile Club Pf i30uthern Californ1a~

\'

i 01\

~~f

16,110 'happened in ~os Ange1,es City terri ~Ory~60 'Por"tt.e's'ix-

I ", .

;.,

'

in ~he death of or injury

and l45.~58 injured

'J

.' .

sign otia.rrlc1~nt

in Loa Ange1ea~

, I

resulting'

{In~'LosAng~ies \County in 1936 there

dents

._~

\
1

'or'

congestion
t

transpOrtation

,.

or, a~Ci~~nt,s
\

is due mo're to' obsolete

'0:"

tak.a.a"

and damage'.,,59,

,1

1".~.

fndp.r.ona,~~t.~,

between $300,000 'And .500,000 per y$ar to

at

"has,' an average
of
.

2- ill., p:_ le.,

'II
.

.1

'.
"

of:automobilereglstration
in'the countryi and the h18he.t de."
,
'
.
'62 I " ..
,.
.
ra,te of any.city in the United States.
i Thua one f'111ds1
" . '. I.
I

"

and waste rising

i~' high (proportions

"

'"

.'

Ir~bl.~.'-,

because oftbe
i

r~

[.

Los Angeles ha~' a real

problem' ~
.

p~ovid1ng rapid a1l:t:

'I

adequate transportatiop.

some !nata,nces is little

Factors
n~erous.

;,

The volume ,of traffic

areas has approached the saturation

faster

I ','.

'

"

poin tl.

Speed' ,of travel

than a walk.

in

'

Congestion i.

involved in the deve10pment of the prabl are

Accelerated

population

growth in a short
"

time paralleling

period

:
I

responsible.

Ideal

climatic

condition~

plu~ wide aur~

fac'e areaa' arrl" scattered

residential

distrIcts

have fostere(i

I.

the unreserved,use

of",

b.en'

'1

the expansion of automobile ownershlphaa

.

largely

'.

in busines8

of the automobile !nthe

distrlct~

factors

contr~buting

to the growth of the problem haveibeen:

I

topography of',.the community, original

and railways,

,inadequate

street

layout plan of 8~ree"lI

space' and ! restrictedu$e

,

this

space,

assorted

ind1scri,m-nate

types,of

traffic,
.
I
.

'

of

\
I
i

and .haphafard J;nt,ermingllng\qf

concentration

of business

in cen-

tralized

areas',

and ;tack of'modern inters.,otional

'

Obsolete equipment of!. the main local

I

i~:

~.

serlru~

effects

problem,'occasionlng!huge
,
.
I
; 62 is,an Franci.co

rail

line
I.

CroS8~ngll.
I

losses

'.

ill significant.
.

rave resulted

,;

I:'

sUbsequept to the dev,lojDent'

of life

in accidents,

as .ell

rda shQ~ed traffic

d.at~
of 102 peraon.
,tor the ye~r 193
Killer McClintock,: ~17
!!. !!:!!.,
!Franclsco Traf'f'i Survel, p. 4.'
)
I

re

\
...... ,'~;

:\

as ,large-seal.

~onomle

loss

and waste",

Through'the ~k{S, various etfort,

.

study

"-'j

the problem a~"-to

of these

will

,\

h..e b.en,maC!l',~to'.

otter- aolutioJ?l_

the next ~hapter_

be sketch~"in

"-

1,The l<lIOat.r.-~.cntant
-

'

~.,

-{'; ,,.
I.

j,
f

i
I

;,

I.

I.

:1
\
,

I.

" I

!>o'
r'~

.' '

Loa Ang~18sha~ not

\

pas,t twenty-eight
"I

wa,..~. ~'he most

dif~iCUI ties and thei related

,

,~ .

t f

;!~

."

problemsot

:. 4'.1

,~.

-:11

"y

has taken, has been through numerous private

':,

.. ~ , .

and publiC atudll..' '

A

. '''C'
.

~~s .~~~8Port~t;1~~'"

"

ot tr4fiO.

form which this recognition

j'

'.,'

.,.

"',1
"

::: ..: v: b:::::: ::o:~:::o::r t:o;::di ~::: ~o:~:~::r~ ..

haveservedto ~eepberoretheolt1se""theractual
.:

While seldom carried

into e~fect, hav~ been exC.8d~lY

"

',"',

v~~Ut~l.~

Th.~

lmor-

ledte neceasaryto
'

otl

;bai1ze 'and Under~taD:ikthe,S~~l~U:~~~~

. .

the matter~

,t ,.

. '~ "~.

l' ..

Also,: they have indicated the trend ,o~' id. which

has developed r~lating

to solutions.
,[.

Propoeala b~ing mad. tOday

'

.~ld

have a.emed remote 'and fantastic to ,the,,~a~17'plaml~~.::

.
Agatn, thesepropoaals
and aurvey.'have ~en'i~val~~~e
~.
. .
.
,

.~

",

'.,

briQgirig to light

the conflicts

of interests:bound
.

the i attempted solution

ot .~h1. c~Pter

"','.

'i

'

in' their

SU~~1

' .

or ~.s.~terb ~ i~~~~a:~}~~~

relat1onahipsitG, eh

of""
' . ;; .

t+at detal1::r:::o:a::::::::~p tatlon~rebi.: or

t.e.\~~les: ~s,_de bp proatnent,Chl0.,I;t1ne.r..,
i.. ~,

e-t "~~8~;'''~,or\'",

in ihronOl~g-1cal.sequence de81g~d,tQ.:g1V,;'.: ~er.t.~~~,

the-iett,9rt.
. I
'.

in

of such a major diffifUl t,,,., ,'lbe 'p,irpo .

is not to make an ,int.enai~,e 'Wdt.

tedlreport1. It laa

to aria.

,
,

'l'

i',

, B~OnJ. Arnold.T1

,'/

wal UDder,ake. t t~

~ard, ot Har1r Ce"sslonera,who

.~e."lonle~tM

wer.cone~ed

'

1r1tb.'h~

, bulld1ng ot a aunlc~pal railroad between, Loa Angeles &Jtd' tl

h~b6r.

It wasthoft

that sUella raUwa}'mid be re'l!l~:J

to accomodate the increased trav.l

Canal was completed.

anticipated

when tne
.

P,
.

,;f

A resolution ,bJ."the::Boa~to '~h1'~ettect

was present.ed to the City Councili in Janu.arJ'_

1911.

'!'hI Ot,,.

: Council then awoint

ed a committee
to make ud' submit plana 'tor
.
",
..
This c,oDlDlittee,composed'ot Dle~er. of thel~Bo.rd

this railway'.

of Harbor CODlllls~lon.rs,.embers ot the Board ot Public Vt1:litie.,

and tbeCity

Engineer, declded that the' investigatiOn'.bould

in-'
\

clude all phase. ot transportation

the municipal rallway project.,'
were'.ell'reoel

in the city,

in additIon te '

lteoODl1lendatlonltothis .tteot

ved by the ctty' Counol1~aDd the s-q.b

queat. eD&.ge~

"meq.tor IIr. Arnold to make this stu~yresult~d.2In'

'ou't11niDs ,

"

t~

,work expected, 'Jlr. Arnold was asked to, aublll1t:

,
"

.:

,"1

A scheme.'or outlined plans to'r the I halidl'~1ng'

aDd, tutuPe>,
development ot. our municlp'a1 transpo !'tat ion -.,..te ba.ed
': upon t~ as"a.ption or' tran~portatlon, senl0.e tor a oity
: incrus1D8 ,trom lts .pre.ent.;populatlon ot ~50,OOO' t~ a." ,
pomlatiS)n' of :not leas ~
one~m1l11op,pe()ple.1.t.P.~D<the
next' t'en to rlft,en yeara., ,
,",
.
"
i

I
)1

.'

,;"

.,:_.

,"'.,'

'"',

~.,'

{.;,'

\'

"

,"

\ RePer; . DI1 the ,;rana po,r.ta tloD "I!JtQbl"'",ot~,liD.a, , <

ea'

l'Vtlr:-

etober;

Jrr..

lrnotd was' a t Ebi tT.~et

"1~ut'~.:
BOf.I'd: ,Of 811pe."~;a1:lJ&.Eaig~n~.~. or tbe,CCN'i.fJ"~o,- ,
!OIl"CO. He _s an ellllnent authorlt,. of the da1 abd conduct"
ttud~,a ,In .e~.ral Ilarge ~itie. ~ln01~dl~ Chlea~'l,,'1tJ;8bar8h.
~
S'an P1'U:claco. hoh ot the reap~:ffijlbil1't1 tor,'prepari.g"
1he rfJp~rt hated upon IIr. George ':1. 'D~ri. tli.eii~Deali-ot~",
~!P -.p~J.1:tec~lcInstitute, Paaafiena~and meager ot JIr.
~~~df.
o1'tice.,
I
II~"'I:"

'Gt~b~~ -Intrciductlon to Report' pt 1Ir~Arnold," b

, 't:a-:,*pp-.~.lve
.
.

.'

Weekly. XI, pp. 1-2 (Nov.

4_

191~. -

Ra11l!~~

~icipal

~.ssenger Stat10na
','Grade .9rQ~~~pg8 ','

" 1i're1tllt Haild11ng

~ocal street Railway_
,InterUrban Railways,

:,

'

141~s.treet

, ,.'Immedl.~e Jiel1etfrom

(City

,
Conge~~t,~o~,

"00 'D1atr~ct Plapni_"

"

" . ", ..

. ~"C~mpreh.n~lve a'ndCOll8~ruct1.v~Tra.n~l;t Plap.'

,".;'-

This report,wh,ile

general

",

'at

the situat10'n

~ha~ time,

tlon- 1n Los ~g.eles

in nature,
,~,

inc,luq*ng,

and vicinity,
carrlediby

c1ty, ,volume ottraff1,c

presented
'

<;,J.

tbtfact.ot,

..

~':
-':

t~rr1t,qr1ai;gro1Jth

',0t:'the

local1ra1lway.,

ot, ,

c.us~s

transIt,

Is of partleul:&r

81gnl\flcance

bed4lus/e'

/""

of

to go hand In hand with &nysolut10n

t10n probleJil.>Sever~l
were carrIed

was taken to~ke

c.~tJ",',

the trapapor~a-

of",the reconmiendations ma'de by J(r.Arno.ld

out in the ,follow,lng year,

.',',-.:

'

needs 1n the, dOwn- ,

Mr. Arnold la1d upon th, ,ne,ed of In,:teillgent

of the stress'
pl~i~

The report
,

,',

bu,t In the main' no' .ctlo~

,5

effective

;tU8 suggested

plans.

M~ld controversy took place durIng the next

,"
6
re la t 1vo to Mr.,: ArnoId 's r epor..t, but no ..,1)1rtller 1~ves~~g~t~C!)~
':
I

occurred

'.

"

" the' state

untfl
..'

'

;"

~he 'year
,

l';-'

"

Railroad

I"

...,

1920, 'when the Railroad

of Ca11forn~~ published

'repor'ton;

~t,r1'Putio~:,O~>pO~'PJ.-

a d1agram of rapid

town distri:ct,.",

'.

,,".J'.

congest~on,

. '-', /

><~

Comm1ss1onot

its ~iapprate

,~,r"

"'.....

'."

>

am,.d,!ta1l;ed

"i

Grade Crossing' El1m1na;ti'on arJd','I'''rm1nill~''-.I ~

, , :..
'\'

"

",'

f,r
~" , ,; l
Richard s,c~e,
t' .
i ~\. 't
~,<. ~ ~ ~ '~, ~
Commission, included in t~ ~.~::~ a ~:~;t~di';U~~:GnR'

"

":,

'

'InvespigatiGD,
,~-

I;

k~

,,1,

,',

"

Los,#6eles.

\t

toritbe
of t~

s~bj.ctot

rapid

tr~lt

'

occupied but short

using the Ar~oldi report

as a basis,

ot tacilitating

':

transit

I""

1,

lo

i...

't.'

't,"' ~;

j.(

the

-$

'.

.J

between Pasadena and'Loa Ang~les~ ~

of development.

l'

'

The report,

once again the question

/:

,:,

ii'"

while bringing

the surface

'

~;

"

pl~s

','

,.

-'.

'suggested

JI],-. S~~hae, "

ma~a transpor~atlob,Vla

".

for rapid

';

'He con8idf:t~e.dalao
the -ugSes;,- ....
'-.

"

tlon

'1

. -

!.

_y:s.

reexamined the ,questiea

t ~.

and int,erurbanrail,
.

'i"

':

aa a whole, -.d.:::'

~,J}

',i

sUbjeet

,..
.

':1,. '

from the standpoint

local

' .'

space in th~ volum1D.oustotal.

.;'

,i
li..'"

ot tM report

to the nature

tor Lo~ Aqgeles.'h1_

'f

'was incidental

to

of rapid

was otaO

tranait,

~,

; .Fresh emphasis was laid

i'

1mpo~tant stUdies

resUlting.

tion ,were inaugurated

i

o~ th~ problem 'in 1922 with ,sev"eral

.:

ot local tran-.~rt.-

Newfacil~tles

at this

time and caus&d considerable

con-

. ~;'

".

'
8
t rover!y.

'It

waenatural

beina lnan

that

apt position

the

AutomoQile Club of South"~CalltGrn1~

to be ,cognizant ot'thedeveleping

.,

in mqtor vehlale

,traff.1c,

-'-'

Proble~

"

:.1

rec0$nized

<

tqlly

.1

"i

,',

'.

' ...

'}.

'

RecoDUllenda
ti6n.

of Itsk1ndln

'

tor Reller.

",,/.,~,,:,"/;.,

the UnIted state.,

."

,;

>4"

'.

I,"

the position.

!'

7JllrOad
C~88i!g

Wi th

,-

This study, ,one of- ,the first;

"1,

r'

'

_"

treDd

'_

should proceed ~i th '~ d.~al1edRe,or1

on LOs Angelea. Traffic

-

of ~he automobile in, the,prQ~le.,."

,

"

<

'

~.;"

'COmmiaslotlOfcai1forn1~.
RjSQtl
R!\1trO~ are,e ~
1Ul, Terminal laYes'tigatioD'
"
")~i4e,_, pp,.'.109-l18.
-

,W~., Chapter

"','

IV" for discussion

"""

"

of efforts,

ot Senator

.~~o~' ~nd. othe rs t~' e et iUP ,c1ty;. , ~,,.ateli: et bua

tian,sport at ion.

,:"

'

t'"

to proVid . ~

and t9ug~t
of t affic

congestionf~m
.",
of i~s clo e relationshlp\9
,"

'

this

'

,I'"

the traffip

'problem,

it

and

was well

'

needs of the automobile

first

.,

mers,

detak'l,ed engi~~e'eri~

.~~'

the

~t~dY 'in AUguat,

..

~./.:" .

J"';

iThe r~port ,was made under the supervis

I

" -r

"

'

"j.i,

oons~lting'i engineer, Mr. J. B. Lippencott,

C. H.
"
"\ I
l'
.,
" ~ '.,
'",
'r
Richard.
directing
activities.
,Tm. survey loccupied a pe~{8d. .,'"
J

'!:

. ~"

".'

.'\0

,.

_. t

of a~mo8t F;e yea~ and uttlized,

'j

assistants~
..~,. i '\

I;~,~

.t)fj.~.

\.""'

the aid .Of

",

I ,w,

'~,t'~,

t,'()tal of fort,.,

. '

"

"

'The report

dealt

with da,ta illustratIng

/~

the rate

..

otpopUla-

om

tion 'growth

los

Angeles.

of

Comparison

, ! .'

,"

of ntine, other

C?itiesfrom

:'

this

'

as were ,population

j;.;

.~'

car and
truck
.

",

the year 1860 to the' current

.,.

forecasts
".~

registration
..'
.

"'

i ',. .]

','

date .

. The growth of passenger

..

data witht~{

\..

given,

"

i~,

:'

...

:'i.'~

J.

:t.,,f.~

for Los Angeles

County and the stat.~
...
.

'.

'.

II

trom :1913 to 19~n" was also

cha'rted to ;how this

I.'

trend.

The costa

and causes of'traff1c

detail .,

,I."

reconpending

,The

lan.,

,,'

0'

essence of the 8Ur~ejhad

J'"

of an ~laborate

Ange~'lesCity', wlthdetalled
the

cong~stiQn were go~e:

10'

j"

'into.iiri

rapidly" rising

"Major S:treet"Pian~'
maps arid char~88hO~~

Xet:p.ods or tinanc1~

and the l~gal

'i

i'

'..

',,',

:,-,

for. Los

a dJS1gD of

st~pil' n~ce8,atl~~~

I,

ii,

of 8outhernCalitornla,.
" e'les,Tratfle',Problema,
p. f5 (1922).
.

J'

i6ia ~, '-.' ,

",

A: tomob1leClub
i.~.r; ...,

. ,i.

' , 'f

..

t,

.t~ ,do w;th'tlM

Plac~ the plan in op:~ration wel1ftIhciluded-:1nther.c~ndat

!9

,..

, s report was One of very fe. which ~ttempted to measure

an1:itat1vel'J the .loas 1n time and moqey,i~vol"'~d. 1it .~~
c ,~ge8t1on:.of traffic
.\ )
,

!
,

a pe~ix

!'

I,

and Trarfio' Th'Oi-,"U~+5e'r\

I'
to transpo,rtation.

II ..

IN 1:,

, " "

!n;:*' '~~l~'

~~tfV'i'tJ'

in bus transportation.

'I

12. ,;The

,-

the Oity Council were alive

'to

! ,

'.,

to the' problem\

was

'

~ecure an intimate
being' handlea

cities,

and their

Upon their

;'

general

ob.erv~tion8

in nature,

~,:'

F~A.tor.~rtz/%G

,.urV~1bfd

a transportatton
;

13'

was Bubmitted to the Board.' '.

emphasized the absolute

uniflcation

of transportation

'

'This report,

need tor'rapid,trana1t

8yst~m; sep.rat~onot'ltre.t

.'

car traffic
auxiliaries

and feeders;

a comprehensive;

detaIled

for at least

plan

to

"",

station

take aareof

transportation

ThiB report

made by lelker,

la1d

need.

tht;basla,

,De ,Leuw

'yea!.

. ,..'

,'J,

I',

'

Bo~rd' of tPub11c Utl1itler

and Transp.,orta'tlorf~ 'Fourt.l~nth
AnnualReport,pp.
38-42(1923).'
.:,'
"

,;> .'

at ;Pershing Square-j and' t.

V'.de, pp~ 3l.i.41. ". unique feat-ttre of this report. was the?ua; .
ot ,aer1al ph6tography,to rev~al \ the parking altuat.io~ a~ w.ll,
as other lnteres ting. phases of traffic.
I See op1nion~ or IUl,ler
McClintook, st~et
Traffi,c Contrl,
(1925). ,P. 20.' r
z!';',
.,
12 , Infra i Chapter I)l.'
was approved by t:t:LeBoa~d,~" pa~l$.d Qn ;to the,
13 Thlsreport
Lo~ Ang,les "OltYCoUnCilwitllt~~
'.,~ecJo~~nid"t10rL'thait d'e~ailed"
..plms ~o~ rapl,d transit
be u~.rtaken,
at; once .. ' "\
.

. '~\ ":

the use of motor buses as ' :

20 year a ,in the fu~re.14

the" followlng

'"l-.l

for the elaborat.einvestigation

I

traffic;

a cent~al

,.'

t'

fromuDt,or vehicular

p~o;-'
aDd

')~.

lines;

'

pr.Obl'~m. ot'tr~tflc

,,'

4.

..tr~aUr'
"

Chi~f'Erigineer,

return;

"

'commi".10ft.r~'"

thefr

'

t,o study thoroughly

,.i'

hac}'d1~p~toh.d
I

minent eastern" cities

upon their

knowledge ,of how the qti.8tion'Of:r.pld

1n other

tra~8portation.

~The 'Board,j 1n' an ettor,tr

1
1.

Mr. E,. F. B6ga~us,

'"

I
I

'

~'.'

'.v.nt"~tiJdn8:,
,BOard'kr,P6.bl1e '~tttliltl.~
~.
!
I,'

'

'

There' were!&pbrtaift

.'

'.

~-lb

Proposal.,

The next two ,years found c6ns lderable

place

'1
~l,

inclUded a "Review of :Ac:e,ompl~~jlminll.

f streetl

re1atlve

'

"

!
II

,.

':

\,

i,

became cone.med
-

~~;Le~ ~R'11~.1~;C,G~~1'~~~~
'"

At ;th~2r, aame ~1me, the .~oa

about its

'

a:1.tuation,

plac.

in the local

transportiatlon,"
. ,,'

~,

and eng~g.d ,th:e aerv,icea

'.

~o make a s~d'1

for

their
.

written

'

cOD),p&nI.,~~

"

'.'

..,"

"

~ve1,

..

-r ~.

"'.';

f.'A

''''-.

'.',

.. , ,"
;.'" '

me&1l"~tor, th.,'
,

comp~,. to protect

itself

f~om ~licroachmetlt.'by

oth,r

.:.

tl'Rn,sportation,

of

tracedpopulatlon

of automobiles

"i'-I',

gl'O~h", eompare.4 ~"

with passengers

car.ri.d,by',the
>j1. : .

Finding

this

unfavorable,

congestion

"

'

Of

<.

to.

'/t-,.

,"

t~.~f~

it "str,a.aed".

-,~

"

'i':'

Angelea Railway.

rate'

4..,','"

mQd

~,"

of increa,s'.

purpose, of sl;1ggesting l.a'1~ ~d

wit~t~.

",

of an ,out-o~~tbe"'~\,~Ik~.~.;,.:!
,'
~'.

engineer

,'-

.:/

'

"

'

~,

'.~~:

caused by alltomobl1.~ and reconmended tneapol~tlGn

,

of p~rking

privileges

in the downtown area.'

'

,It' suggest~
/

'

.'.

the

:"r

:{

idea

of staggering

hours for

opening and closlngof

,bu;sin

concerns

as an aid to relief

of conge~tio~;

.a'li!

~l~o, an, o~!n~ce

I

.t!

requiring

all

motor vehicular
. '""

The report
alert

'to atay

.....

'.'~'

car ~racka,;e ,

'I

..

the Loa Angeles Railway co~?rar~~;n

to t,he need\of ,protecting

a solution

off

."

aho~ed ~t
!

for

traffic

OJ;

their
' 15
gained momentum:e

inter~sta',as'

~IJ

tlle \d~~'
'

'" '
\

In Ma"y1924. the most intensive

ties

~de

~p t9tha~

time was pUb~18hed ~

of the,Citr

study of traffic

~heT~rle,~o~.siO~
J'

and, county, of Los Angelea.'

.,

prominent
pusiness

.
.'
"",

i,

to institute

Thl(-orgmizat1oill'O!',

men had '1< eng'aged the aerv~ces

','

known.planning.' engineers,

difficul-

a su~&J

~~,pl~~
","'"

traffic

system, f.or t~

met:Jopolitan

a~ea.

15

, '

"

1,

;.'"'

Tli. rea\itk

,i

,I

,~

'

'."

of threenat#.onal1;r:
'
,

,"

it!

of

&

'~,

''<i.4'~,.i.'I'I'

tn.~r

,I

'-,'

,it

,Joe R. Ong",Traffic
su~e
!2:! the'rLos;,~_e~.es,'RaU~i'._
-::
~o,ra~iOIl
.11~30e
s e a180, paper prrf.~t;edto
)', ,~;, '111i""or,~i~eripsn ~c,ric
~ai1,,"''1 Apsoc~.a'ti(G~1st. _~u~.,
~,~Il '4',~192., by' jGeor e' Baker Andersop., ~ag~r
of " ~,":d ".
~portation',
Los Angeles R81lway corpbrati'oll,
tor,
. p'OlJ'! tlon
of tha t~ompariy
1

!ila'~.r",,:
'm~

"

I.

::'"

,I

investigation

!!.2.!. AnSele.

~t6

The repprt
consestionby

'

was known as' !Jlajor

Traff1e,8'tre,etPl'rlor,

---,~

,:.

dea~ t exclusi vel'" with thf

means 'of impro~~enta

solving, ot' tra,f.;fl.":

to: e~8t1ng

highways and thf$ cons6wuc1:ion of additional

'Using the rec.omendationa

"

set' forth'in:

Automobile Club of Southern California

str t ~,

road fae'illi;l

the 19~2 report 'ot'the,

and' tho.e

already

pre~

'j

pared by the T'raffic

CODm1ission
of the' City am Cou.nty ot Loa, ' '
r

Angeles,

the engineers

well-balanced
study,

$'1-

attempted

to provIde a' -broad, practical,!

, '17
scheme for hanillng traffic."
In, making t~

the causes of street

congestion

were gone tntoextenaively,'

and a complete statement was made relative

to a a~l~tIon Of~','
18
that problem.'
Principles
underlying the 'design ofa ma1jor
,

legal

'anp administrative

improving streets.

procedure

~n opening,

The nMajor~treet

widening,

and,

Plan" of Los 'Angeles made

-'.-

up the bulk or the report. with a list,of

arteri~snecessary
16

thirty-flv.traffic
'!,
19
to make the plan effective.
'

Olmstead, Bartho~omew, 'and Cheney (May 1924) . The report

includes ,21 maps, plans ,and' dI.agrama.
'
..

17

Olmst ead, Barthol'Omew,

.

18

and Cheney, ll J
i

.s!!.,
I

p.,:'1. ,~,'

J'"

Ibid.,
pp.''i1-19.
The material 011 .cause of traffIc
gest,ion iamore c,?mplete than that in other stUdies.
.;

C0n-

".

In the append~x th~re wa~ included a ~e~ comp~eteartlQ1e

wi:th diagrams, by lfm. D. ~d8~n,
illu~tl'~tirigth8'
r.duction
oftra:t:~ic
co,"
ng.,8t~on by. me~8 'ot, stre~t grade.'.:ep.j.~1:on:;,
an. a_lra1.
of 'legal phases of,,,t,he Il'ob1 JJl or carrying' out
the Pl&;, and, the complete dat~on a trafic
count eOMu'et~by: the
'1 scouts for the Burve,.~,,,Olmst ad, et.al.,...5!R..ffi;.
pp;. 20- 1. ;
"
'
i

~:\2';';); If'} \
\

',':

I'

I'

. 'Tl!e-Fiaera

of;the, ~~""J~or!~.

1& char$eJ

fe~.tl,":":j;1

1a'9~.a.,

sh1~ ~i t~ ,the ~s Angele. T;"ar!i~, co~ss~o~,~.1'he Autom0b~1.

1
i
:
.
i'"
;
Club
S~,tp.ern California,
~d others. ~~tt;re, ~eQ",1Ji,t;.e J." '

J.

pf

I'

,develQpment of Los Ans,.le,s fro,m the standp~~nt, of f;'1~~OP

-:'

progrrss,

'.

!,

-.,;'

"'.,'

P~~l'G. Hottman, d ,1;1e0;7W. ~.1~~r.~--,"'.\'94.,.-

such as:

repo;r~ was ot, major signifioance

tran3porta~ion

v,hiOl~

and traffic

in for"a~~s

,solut10n8:~

;~.'

prob-lems .of LOll,:An8e1es:\Jt,,;\

.

The Kelker De ~.
~and in-hand

with proposals

study

which '

ek

free! tr~ffic

pediting
the

planning
, .

of mass transportation
.

,4

study made by Kelker,

go proposals

by other

means.

blem.

2,0
1

into

balance

This report

Angeles Traffic
for

for 'the e~.

'

Conaequ~ntly,

De Leuw and Company 1n 1925 served

:

to bring

cir: -~;t

cula tlon' by means of street

,.

, I

these

different

approaches

~-,

fol:l.owed suggestions'

Commiss,ion, and brought

'J

to the ~ro-

made by the Los

to a head the move~;~t

such a survey which had been advocated

by the Pub1ic'Utili,/

ties

BOard.

The Los Arigeles City Council

:

app~oved an appropria,4

~'

tio'n of $40,000- to ~ar~y out this extensive .urvey of transpor-'

~
.
.
,,., i
! 21
:
. '1
.
.
' ' ....
,
t'ation~
. )(r.F.
A. Lo~entz, Cp.1ef Engineer of the Board of
.

De, LeUwand: Company, Report ~ !. com~reh.n.ive_ .

Count:. .!?- Los Anfeles,
. the. 'transpo-rtat 'on
.
I'
.
. y~tem of Chicago, and had conducted surveys in man,.
'cities,
Baltimore, ~oston, and San, Francisco.
Kelker,

~i~~
Transit Plan for the ~iM" iUid
, . ) '.l'hti.8 eng1neer8"1ia
evmd
I

'.

'

EIJc tric Rai lwaIJo~rnal.

"Extensive Traffic SUrvey
Pl~nned t~r
Angles," Vol. :6;3, No. ;12, Karch 22;
192.4, p. 481.
It was urged that theSID:>uot be rais~~d,
to \$100,000. This was not granted.
'The city and co~ty
ea~h "put
$20,000,.
.
.

toa

up.

'" i
;

\
,

I'
,

'

\.
I I,

'i
"

Publld Ytilities~ supe+vised the investig.tion'wh1~h'wa$

, I

"

,I>

"11

I'

':.

I.,

startedl

';1~ ~i

~i,

on Apr;1l 22, 1924, anc;l~concludedApr~l 20, 1925.

i'

'j

I,

\.,

Th1s report was o~ genuinely comprehens1ve na,tUre,

i

"

..

for "transportation

..'.'

;:-.\ .""

",-..

"

'.'

system adequ.te to meet the deJilaDds'

or 3,000,000 people.- 22
I

city

.
I

t :

.. r

fJ,..'".~,

'.

0#0'

'.

~~

~~.

'.,

The report was'not on11'.lgnl~1callt

t,

".,

'.

',.'

i ,

1n that 1t sought to v1fsua11ze the needs. ot the oity tor y_.ra'

t

""

,,j

ahead, but al.'soIn:the 'tact that it eJ;lv1aloned 8rlte. ter the

J

entire' metropolitan

di~trict_

Every a8pe~t of the probl '

1-

"'. "~ "

touched upon in the ye~rfs time spent on\the investigatiQn.

J
I
.
.'.".
Popula~ion and area grd,wth of both city and oounty .erest~led,

,.

.:'

and a ~orecast as to p~obable future population was made.

I

.'

Various aspects of str1et traffic were studied with suggestions.

for traffic improvemen~_

Exlst~ng transportation

facilit1es

'
were investigated'''Iand qomparisons made,-w1th
transportation
I

tems i.p.New York, Chicago, Philadelphiia and Boston.

8yil-

author.

'!'be

then emphasized ~e
.j

'/

tions!stem,
. !

.;

~b~olute need tor'a co-ordinated transportai.

and .Ugge~ted a s,cheme ft;>run1ficatiori,of the en~lr. - l.f'

:--',

"

";

. .

~ys,t~m. A comple;te pliysical plan for both immediate and :ruture,

1':

_.

'

construction was.et

foirth including a thorough study of .deslgns

of rapid trans 1t;~tructhr.s.

r

ethods of,':financihg with reo.IIl"23

:.

- ;.':

"mendat~6ns were also di;scussed.

Ke:J.ker.De L~uw and! Company. 2xnl1;tal,p. 4.

'
i

23

ill., ~ett.r ot, Tru.s-.,"

',~'

'.'
-'.
.

Ketker; De Leuw & ,cpmpany, !R.,~ ill., Ch~pter. 2 1;0:8., Tbe,

~p~endices inOluded legalep~nions, time savings aSia result
l
ofL~apid ~ranslt, ipfluence of rapid transit on real estate
vatues in other cltlle~.
,

II
!

..L

report re i!>"Il tllo

IC~lIa.r, De ~.

most 1ignitioant
nUilbelof

prope'al

relating

w1deS'~r~ad recODlD:"ndat:onaf~it
Shor~ly,--atter

to' traa~por~a1;1.entor
sarlctlon,

was f'iled,

'. :,"

and to lta

eng~ndered 00na14erabl.

the report

dl.0\1~~1
'

the Jie"Q'lt1

Chart~r was put', into

1

to pasls' the necessary

\

.~fect,

To meat this

vario~

repres'entativea

iI'

regulaf10n

and the City COl1neil Wi"sOb~igat'e4' ,

Qrdinances,

featuring

a rapidtranai't:

requirement

a committee consistiBg

was appointed

to cO-Grdlnat.

I.

with, t,he d.~elopment

of a rapid

,,!

Q4

,~

tran'Si t e,.. teal.'

unit

depariinents. 25:~r.
,)

~ere,
1 .

Cit,.+ich

_j.
.

of the propo.ed',.ys~ __
Dl

9:r Kelk~r and members of the City Engi.eer1Jlg:'

being prepared
t

for th~ firat,

I'

ot

'tr,.t'~~o

, Plans ~n detail

however, certain
:'

w,re'defini~ely'oPPo8ed

'!

factions

,i~ the '

to the proposal

of. 1{elk,r,

'

'De LeuJr.These ,gr,Oups !prevent~d' any action'being

taken attbat
26'
" ,
I,
,..--'. ,--.
. .~,"
l
. '. .
time. I The heated co~troversy which occurred at that peried
I

~~f

'

in preventins,

:
i

Dttring the' year 1~9

l

in

also a factor

actionL

-'''~'

'

OMr t~e union ,depot l~cation:was

~

,',

system.

OWingto i t8 offic,tal

yearl.,

alid d~ate.

the subject

was broUght to the tore,

S~ll
way,.w1l,en t,
Les Angel City <~hubrendttredareport
i
1
.- to its f members'as of Japuary 15th" on the. ~estione
of trat.fio
&

, ,i

"

'

Q~l,~:

'Meers
app~int~dl tic the cODlni
ttee wer" from the
~ouncli, ,
stte
Railroad CODmheslon,Lo.Angeles. aDd Paoific Bl.ctJlio
1\&1l1a"8, aoo'the. r,ps Angeles Traffic 90mmi.sion., See "
otric RaIlway Jo~rnalf -The Bewejof "I!ldu8t~, n, V~l.: 66"
N~OI".
Oetober 17'i 1925J. p. 711.
! .
.
'
,
25 1d'.,
!:

24

26

El c'tr10 Rai.lwa:!.J 'raal,

~ ea, Vol 8, o.

,\

"Rap1,dTran8~t-'issue~

tn Lee .

(Au~t 21,1~6), pp. ~17-~leS

1,0' ,pgel City Clb~ Bulletin, Suppl.meD.t~

R~pert en
Ra ,ld Transit," (Jan, &1"130, ,la6>; alao iSecoM C~nt.r.DO'e OR
" 14 Transit, Los~g.lesCity
PlanniJ!lg BOard hla,." 19D~
'~: o' .:,'

.),
i

t'

~d

me

nspotatatloll.

abl~ to construot
un:t~l ,rlS~lng

"

a: rapi~

tra~elt"eY,~~e.\1bLO~

'

obta1max1Dlt1D1 ef,f1clericy

were oo-ord1nat.~
'-

forthea.

effect

1~ e~n~
~

~d

',1,.

f1m.prOYedt_o ~I,~,

' - !

",..

, '1~

'

for atraat

i .. ,

Ma.i'~~,.:' :..'
,

were :ma~e,'euch as skip s;to~.,f res.en84wA'

~f atreata

at"

Spec11flb.,recomm.Dda,t~d,n ~.

, t6'~_.

the repol'~I,1fte ',~~lt

faoil1t1ies

! '

'"

glst"of

l'i,p, .
4.. .

eara, reat.,it ted" park<l.njj;.

. t1m1nglof ~raff1e a1gnala, and othar idaa. ;;1 11 "OU~'be -.put I'
h>to 0fara1ion wi th little,
Dlu'inJ the next ~ar
j

additional

t ~~. \

cost,.

"

Commishion~rs'held two 'conferences on the ra 1d, tram.it

I
'
.,
I
I
,At thel'flr~t
conference twelve papers
,

in~ere8ted

were ~~re~sed,
';

.-in t,he subject

....

;':f

'not he~rd previously

j

meeti~

l.

~eetlng.

Iii.
Lo~ ~~les
CO$m1
ttee

19fI O) ~.

their

vleW8pon
differ

repreIJertt

there

was severe

tJaneit
i

criticla

to thQ8~

the.'. IlUbj'ect.~(1

nt from' that ,~C)f.

tives

of. improve";'

as develeped

and condemnation,

by the Ielker,Der

II

.' ,
.. , '
City C~iub, Bulletin
(Supplemnt),"RePort
of
on Traff1ic and Transportation,
(JalllUll"'J'15,
I'""

"

i'
.. ,

~~

".~'

'"

'

Bofrd~r
crtT Pla~ing Commissioners,
Ralid ~ranalt ~est,ion
(January 21,119
Ba er, pI!ODllne~l~cal e~~8erand
lPrea
Be I'd at City Pl~ing.,Co~ssioner8,
18
be ng respqnslble
.tor these two 'conferen
,

rtunity

.i

28

an op

was entirely.

of rapid

I,
:

i.

Led)by various

~of tbe\ideal

'.

.' ment a~soc1atlona

27

The s~J'~coD:";'

the' fitst
.'

28'

".

of, this

of giving

t~expre8s

i,

"The . t~e

papers

I
1'l.

ferenc~' was! for the purpose

.:,

ot

sY8~em tor Los Angeles..

,.

..

and

with the majority

a r~pid Itransit

que.tion.,

. personr

,~f

'".

the Los: Angeles Bo rd of C1.t,.. Planning. ,.'

jt

i'

1;:

I
Leuw. lan.2\L
"howe the

' '

Thfil ll8+ngwaa

[un

1'orce

l' oppelti tlon

for a compr.ehens1ve .ra~1d trans1t

to

cprrent ~.. :

i~

!!he ~Op.t~~,PA~: .

progr,~.1

1.0. Angele" lro1!l4 ,aft, ~~,ou*" _

tended! to "how tile t

t'l~ei~,~

tile U~~

sYate~ ot rap..iO trans1~

'

"

. , -1

qplu..l-.!
"-,

as ~ew York ol'P,h1,eago e .But ther~. ~

. a nee~\:::>in
Los Angeles tor Qsystem that-1'.,~ldl ex~~.~( b~~r1
t; 1~:1'1:/
i
.
i
:
.
\!.
. .'.d
."l i
local land interurban traf'f'lc 1~ the central, bua1D'ea.1(4~s.trldt~..
.

.'

;.

'..

'.

'1

't-0ne s~ecific.r~sult.
of i these two conterence. ,waa.to .,t~.rt ,a
.
I
"':
'movemept "to bl-1ng aboUt a comprehensive up-te-dat.e 'f~~l4.Cl
I

trans~tsurve1

to b.~de

ti ve elitizens'

bo

tione"\

unde~ the auapices

'conmlttee

and the Lo. ~:el!es

.:

".

The next report,

Tratfic

.Aasoei.:

I
1~3-L937
...,........-

.~

\!1

'

liowever, wa one aponsored b,.~:

Association

them .d~r1ng the latter

!

of

C:em.1;ftl

s Angele., and pUbl~.aedby

[part of,!19 5. 3~ :. 1"01' Shaw,,'.1~' ~1. :Plan

'j

PubliC' ~roveinent.,

"

Bus1ne~s District

./

Recent
Proppsala,
I!

I,.

...

\'

'1

tor

of a repre.ent;a-

.!

.
i

t,

"'.'

annO\Ul~e iznmediatel,. atte.r' ta!JI:!rig'

..
I

':

.Officel in 1933, emphaafzed raPidln'Ordert~further

'this, . ~he Ass'~ciation J~gaged the 11.er"lJe~ of/xr. Donald Il
.
f'
I
,I
; /1
I.
r
Saker, I to make an exte4s! vereport
on a r~40~.ed ,a
o~~/:~pld

';8 t~~t

30

31

BO~rd o~ 'P~bllc t1:b~i'ities

~ual
Report, p.

99.

.'

Do ld Baker,ARa~ld

and' Transportat1on,
,I

Transit

Tw:eDtll-.tlrat
.

System ~
Loa Angeles
(N v. 15, 1933T
i
'
Ii'
Th CeI),tral' Busines,s District
AS8oqlSi!ion 1s ,an orgulzati n to toster the linterests
of do~td,wn~buaine.a n " .
a
the membership :contained n~es of ;leading realto~8,
b ke~8, andimerc~ts.
'
I

'/"i":':~,','<~'"

,'i \

,"

"\!

\The

1n v~.w

"r...

I;>'

-tt;

,'l~till!t

were to ~se: 1t 1.n~~~~~r-t!,,~~~

latter

an. ap l1cat10n. 'to the IFederalEm.~-rg.n.cJ":'Adm11l1:.tratldll:~~t!X'

"

'j

Publ1~ Works to curj a lean

.

,rh~ repor~,'dtd

tleldl

studi.,

ni,t man

I"

a. n , approach

tne+elves

",

alrear1

orlg~nal

.:'

prrb;a.

to,the

~"":iIil

upa.

d~~gr:&DI8
and

'

uterfal

I"

ot ~he ,probl"l1P

to dat ~\ ~

perta,1nedto:

. \ .'p'

,!,'

',/'

t~18 da~.'i\"",'
,"I"<

~,

:S3

gathered_tOg~ther
!

','

~e1' ana1Jzed and C~-Ordlnated

~epjldtture

I'

t.~t.~. ~

of, the gre~t1lJDOUllt O:f'/

I,

colle.cted.

so aslto bring

".

'

"

A genera~' ',d~ulc"'lptlon of local past! popula ti()n growth- '

a
a tprecast
ot lfuture lnc'rease j studies of population'
Stitts
and '.ov~e~tswlth1n
recent Jea,rs i a de8cription
'
Of ~x1st1ng ..,transPiortat lonfaclli'tie8
'and 8ervice;"a , " '
dfscu88ion ..ot, tra.fltic condo!tionsin
tlleclt."
partlculJl~il.T
in the' approaches ~o am' with,in the C.tral
'au8mea8
D1,8tr1~1;i ,a ,su.gges!t.d compre,llens1ve 'plan ,tor~'~rMl8porta-'
t~on, w1th ,amor-e ~etal,led descr1ption
of the .".tem pro',
sed" far ',th8tl~c1ngl
ot which- the abo:vementlpnea loan, '
1, 'r~q1l~stedjan
~stimate 01 -operating rev'enuea ,~
"
.e penses, of" 8uch a\--8,.stem.jand ad1seuss1on-otLtbe
.ugg"'8~ed
, m,thod ott1nanci~
it.
'
' , ,

"Pi'

.' I' ,

,,',

,~,

were ~de

, I '~

purpo~e
line

I,' ,

.:

I'

funds :were:not
'

I ,~ , ...
". '

8ys~em.

'of

~~f

;-

,'.,

,t~ ,

,proPOSEJq.
~our-: (,

No act1o~ was ta en, as Federal

"

unit

,,,'.:.

Gover~ei'1ttor,

I .

, '

the first

ett~rt8

','

trom the Federal

construc~~

~~1

,
-,;

to 8ecure ~8
I

of the Baker report,

j'"

~ap1d ~ransit

,.,

.;,

ti:le pUblication

'"<,,

,,'<,:,

,Followihg

'.,

in Chrrge ava1le~

'gr .t.

or"by PIjeparlng

~~

&Dd~

obtained.

'-1

','1

i
t

;.,1

.1

a t~:~e~~e ~der

it.,
p. l~ Tbeloan
e National: Ind~'tria

Recove.,.~~et at:
I

""

i'

e.port contains thirty

en tables depictlngiv

'. !

a'Il~ft."

Ansel.. ~d'

purpo..

'O'a....:d.: w~ th the

to' c1 y author1t1'es.

~',

Ii'

t .erv1ng 'the! C~t7 ot Lin

The 1" port

'.,
/

,~'I,
I

one illu8~rati<?ns
r1ou8 dat~. '
i

~:

ing ,tht same year

its

....

to t~

study relatlv~

llailr.ad

(1933);the .C,lllpmJ..
.

npub11shed

st"l~.,

..

C, '.

."

I"

J.n4~" "tA>

'carri~r~:

o~ ,Los Angeles bytb~

local

Railw~y Com~y,

and th~fr

"

\"

'

PV.bltC"!1i,~spo~~~t':'"
th~.pa011'1e'I"~L

' the Loe Ang~les Railwar eorpora~!qn,

Elect~io

age~c,-, t.'Lo.. ! t,: .,'

,joint

"I,

Angel~e Motor COach'Compan,-. Thel study was' t4e outc'ome~ot,""

forma'~ comp1a1n.t'tiled,

two r~ll
8atio4

lines':,I~

by

order

was macirto

the .City ,of: Los 'Angeles against

to compellbet;ter

tran8~ortatlon?requlrements

servlqe

~ext

attempt
'

w!1.th a different

!,

'>J

i,!

!;",

owned~d

<}

operated

apprOach.

motdr'coach

The

a municlpall,--

j,

'''','

diff~~lties

"

movement lookirig toward the establishment'of

I

,.

~o 801v~ ~he,transportation

of thel Les Ange.'les are~ dealt

i

transportation

car~lers.

'It was 1?he;most ,;'

34:

from these

Th."i~V8~:ti-~

could\ be made.

:':; ,.'

.e,,

of th'etwo.,cOJll..

ef1':~rt yet, made to seC'ure, adequate

'i

'

,the' need of Los: ~les'.:

Sigril~icant

service.

reviaw the -en+reoperation

panle~ so tha t r~commematioD8 fi~tlng

"

the c ~lzens

'.

system had reached

apositioi:l~,

of lmp~rtancea~'

was Joon to~e voted ,on by the public'. 35 ~

I
interel',',ts in ttie City Council, anxIous to a8eert~lni facta

, ,i

'

certai~

";

about ~be propo: al,

Publici Utilities,

paJ1S.d a reso lu tion

andT~ansportation

in 'which the 'BOal'd

was' requested

I,

to _~e~,a"11ur-

'i

vey "oh the fea~ibllit,-and

i'

or-'

desirability

of a city-wide;';

.'

i
!

"

-,

..

I'

, ,

of 'C~l1f'ornia",.pQrt
on the, Lee.l
n Requirements OfI!08 IiigiIia ,.'
i8 report 'was' eittif8I"T'~a technical,
e8ent;operationlan~
'e.l:P-Rent>to<
justified/in
it. , .~Dlplaint~:
::""
I
,

35

r.,

Chapter' IV.

I,

'f ",~.

\;,
I",

"1t~'-1
'

I,

.'/ ~'le

<pallr-o~ed

, ,,:56.

of Lo

'

on' Apr

the

is bUdy,

I.

1 30, 1935, \ a

of fa ts str~oundlngt
~kln

""

"1S

of

Ie;ti

factorr

I
I

area,

typ~::

,'.

.'

rOPOg~~rhY',

..

Cl1mite,

conclubing~t~rlal
I
., . '.

.,'.

Co;,81d"l-la the; 8tOJi(

I .,

the el~ctx,lC .~1J.-T'.~r ~ ,,~~-r

.
bus . They

urne(~rnext'i.t'o"t~e.l

to' thE?L08 ~eles

ing wilth a 'review' of e~sting

now'bel~. u Ill. o:n'\sm-Ylc~'"','

bus and t~e trolley

.,'

problem,

"

aIrl.'present

traft

, :38
i.,

~"

.'

'.

, ..

c prO~lem, roll~-

transportatIon

tacl1ttles.

deJlS
with an exhaustIve
I

.'.,

auch"as popula~ion,

The

and minute analysis

of 'the II'mun1clpa,1 bus p*opotull as backed by't

Leaguel.
1

ls

:su ~ ~ "sy~ti~1ll;\~7<fii

es tln-ojghout tbe coUntry/

peculiar

e:ht:t:1'

the ; ngineere .of t'be'Bc:ulrd firat

. of ap~lica~,i.~~ .otthea1
the ga~~line

:r'e8~ . tl:~n.' 'tbit:

cc~i-efUlf s,tiiay' ~.

" establ~~hment~t'

t1Pes lot ttari~pph .t10f vehicles

atre

ei~

;ln;~

'.

AS! a consequence ..~ot t~s

Ang11es.

BOa'rd publlshe~

'Dibt~i
r-odRc~'a st

and fPerated

e Mun,.clp~J :8i1aj,

'

..

.. )

, I

......,

Afothei,.:~~up

whoae l1ntl~~t

Whi4h was actIve

in attem~tlng

aolutl'ona'aDd:

hae had i to do with hl<71way colUitru.ctl,?n1nC1.t~

and copnty, ;P~l!I been t~e. Regional planning' C~mm1:~ston_o~' L~'

Angele~ Coulley.
. m18s'1ob pubi'lshed

At th
I

the pal t th~e~ye~r8'

beginning
ffic

of t~

year

19~,:

this

C_~,

survey which had, been ,carried

der the 8upervi8Ion'o~

rpose was to obtain

,on tor

Chief En81neer~

reliable

',.

atatlati~a

I
pertaip.ing
The

I
8ur"'e,.

Ange~es. CoUhtJ region~

to t1a~fic1tcW.in the: Los
. '\
_i
loads
on
1lan7,
-1Il:Pept
hMb;,a,.a
dete~ined
~rarric
f~.

' .

. 'I"

'

'.

';'~

(.

~t:

't

-'

~-,.

.
.:.j

"

."

.,

""A,

":t'.l.:

fr

".

and icounty~ thus f8cil~tating

the , plana as 0f"d;\eW~dt.
,
!
I
:
and impr;ovemen~s to old 'ones.
Findings we're summarized

'.

of the city
streete

~~d reFommendat~ons se ting

'fort~ basic "pr~CiplelS

39

hlghwar

system were de~ailed~

carriep

out and was pr~lim1nary

of tr~1fic

This traffic

and It36 ~Ch

actiVity

a~

were wrttten
.

"

un1'!~
'

~~

~r~gnli
survey

. \ 40

...-

warw1tne8se~

i~ ~ev,er.~l,

were forthcoming'.

pamphlets

~bli8hed

which

:' served, to keep, ~he

.;

by the 5~me organi,za,t1.on.~

but"no othe~ major proposals

Severa~ papers

lurver

. direc;t;ions

fort, a

to an even: J1oreinten8~ve

'made a .few ~ear8 late~

Ifr1ng'l935;

},1.

'1'

I
question
I

be.fore
the .public,
.... ,. '
I

while

stremOU8
,

'

effort,s
were being mad~
to secure funds from tn.e." Federal -'Govern."
'.
:. .
, I'
,;
I
ment for anew, pompre~enslve8urvey
of th~ transportation
proi

blem. ~l

In the SUbSeq~e'nt yea;,

1937, thr;ee important

and sU,Itveys we~~,compi,ed and ~~blished

. Tpe

stlldles

'

RegiOna~ Plan1ing

by, .the end of the year,

CO~~SSion 1nst~tuted

~other~r~-

fie

survey uooe,r', the d~rectio~,:,Of, Chief En~in~er Fox. ~ 'purI

'. .
I
-.
.
'
.pose wis to bri~
COInp1etelY u.p: to date: th~data
of 193~ and 1D
e:Jtendl.the
Angele~.

survey. to i4c1ude t.b~ dOlfnt'o~ ~ist:rict

)(r.F~xin

stated::

'I

'!

h~a
lette~
1

of tran~mi~talto
I

,,;'

f 'Los :'

the Commission

"i

;,

ern!,.

..' ..-;.-

Pla~1ng qomm188ion, Report ot ,_ Highway Tra~iic

in th8
2!. 2 Ange'!;ee I(~~:r). ''"T:li'' eu~.,.
wa carrr~n
n arge pert by 'pers'onnel from County ,and
.Feral
ReliE!Jf'rol , with funds being ISupplied by Reconstruc./
t1 ~ Fi~ance\corpo~ation
and state ~ergency
Relief Adm1n~strati n.
,. I
_'
' .
40 Ib d., p. 26
\
. .'
\
.
i
.
41 Se. Ege,rton. hore, ~owntOWri,a
of ~e Central BUsiness
Di tr1ct of' , 8
e18s (llaren
J,L,oe--xnge1 !ra.'f'Jc
1$ oc a
5al . , Faeta on )(a88
in Loa
.
-l*a~1936,)

39

Rei ional

Su ve

it~.1

ion..

:;e8~
-----~

le)~oG:il!8t~~x
~

Rfiiti\i0l]'

- - ,- ---I

oi-

lrTt.lllda

t&~O~Pll din'~ ti.tar~~~

~i&ait~'~i&~:~
.
.
ham. ot .tho.. re.ponalbl~ tor. 1,~.ipef~r&.I~,,-,.tt
.,,'~...,;'j . ,', '.,
h~hwaJ' CODis 'ruct! n the.SC,1.~t1ti~tDl~ .tOl",.,., ; l(.a~\, 2 ,~~t 0
budge on a a~"b&~i~
~c,~r::~l'~t,~~
I"
t~

~ehl

J~:'

"-Ii."

S1ml1J~lY ~o:the! ear11 r 1nvE;s;t1~~t1()n;tlA8'nei~r

da ta

~.d

I "

o~. ~ga~.r.(t

~hJw."
the'! avera!ed~1J:Y .Ioa,d o~ i"tr~e ';,. ;Dd t~';:i.
"lit
I
I
'
i

I'

the .C~ty
a~!
\

cou~ty~ d ip1ct1ilg 'th18 sltUEit10 in' ;arloua.:~a

I'

,,:

. I,

by a ~erlesi ot vt:iuabl

.
.-\

"dla 'x'-Uul.

ta~le8, '-maps~

1'" ~/,"

,'I

of

~.

1',

Bo:~:~~/." hoe

, Reglo~al Pi\ahni~' Comm~s8ions,#veys were ~tgre~~')arfu'.~<'

8ecur~d and'~re~~nted ~ large am~~t

.\ ..

~:~""

TJi;,., ,

data Which~a8;e8.8erlt1a.l
..

to ,an \adequ~te 8 1utior of the' .problem~.

jl . , .. ',. .

'ljhe seeo'n:l eport to be brought tor th a

I

\,

also d~a1t rtth

\.,

; ~et

po11tan survey o~ tra

pUb1i~ed b~ 'th'e!Edsinering
~

'r

of S~thern

ca1itorn1a~ was of ~jor

quenc~ of the st.rtl~

,

sored

\br

II ,!,. i
. '"
.
" "\
with f the p~ob1em1e.J'gely from

j'.,

tra~f~ ,and'

ae~toat'

II

ot

the study
,

.-

the aspect

Ive Loa'.ngelea lco~ple;,

the Wi~er and sp~edler juse

,

'. \ '.

as. a conse'.

"

the Aut~m6b11 Club, .1~wa8 natura'lthat

shou1d!deal

,iIiihw~'

significance

recomni,ematlons it '!co~tai~.d. ~3

I'

D~pa'rtment'ot,l't

'I,

the end 'ot

the automoblte.

or

'

mota

pro~l_ .thro
The Roads

ad

cODlIlftteJ,.whoIluride;to'~:kt,heS}lrVe;, em~81i1zed th~t

!"

the cijtyhad:
1..

'

I),

",

{,

.'

<'

','

42 ThI. Regiona:t PIann~ng C~iaslOn.. R~iii~ Of;a~"':t

....
.Tr~fric surv1n~he
count,. of ,Los"' ~~les 1'1' . , p. 7.

r es ~a~of
the Reglona~ P ann1PgCommi~&1eD
au erv1sed b th th~8ahd the' orls~l
8~rve,..., The"W. P. k..
,pz. v1ded $31,000, f r 1s.l:>orcos,~8'.: ~ I
.
,

43.

lInfra~
: ,'l',',"((

"

yhapt
'.,t~.

,,~.

\'iJ '

t ,V.

l~i

\./

wn Ull~i.
tile \automobi~e> etC/i,' ,~~ele"r~e
r4on has sh ped it, growth ~o the extent that bUI iDesl,
8oeial1t~o
the area is, to?~1 ~t.llJ
dep.~4!nt upon
t e motor v hiele
or t~ major par.t ot itl itr~sPQrt.tieD;
It' s tre eta
hi
ay eonges tion eal,t1nuel 'tiQ inc~ea8.,
t~e day is
at tar distant when ;the'a~to.mobll.w111
in',
m$ny parts qr the rea ,have lost it. u!sefulnela.-t4"
.
'tork11lg
mentltns

f~m this

the ne~~

natural.

, 1ving, the probl~m,n~t

vlewpqlnt

of La~ Angelts

, the 1Vre

IIletr~pol1 tar

probl1~

OUt100k,a~ a basis,

City,
area.

The material

important

factors.

.1

5 Prese~t; transfortatlon

sketer{ed.

,',

was p~otted

accld~nts"

the

tudy, and how this

was given,

land 1II.a

rf t~area

were \ .

tht populat'!on
I

'

JT~_J?~berlof

-I

G,r0

'

co~tributing.
I

IOf the fi:r,st par'

I

da~a 4erta; n1ng

'

I
I

as tar
,

wlt~ da~a. relative

to' 'show congestJon

b the~'traffio
of

growtp.

'

I,'

motor, vehielejs,

wasb'r.ought! out,

1mpor~ant ~acto,'

4.

outllnep

from 1890 ~o 1936, and the ,curv, projected

haI'lll11 effeoh

heart

'It:

46

as 19~O.

in the 'atudy waa

faeili~~e.s

Curr~nt PQ~la tlon

of

Thue, i ~ deal t with the tratt.icl

exten~ of the, area ~nv Ived in the

used

alone trom the

but aleo from the,vIe~o1nt

of thl,s jlarger\ region.'

of th~ problem and Ita

the' .ur !

p~~em,

ot

and one

ita

of the ,survey, llowev

t.he 'Isurv~y of tr~ffiC

'-

and Baae ot, tbe

to the growt~ were o,utl'1n-ed.

'

,tip

The"

- \

deal t with the

i~

AJtomo ile:c1lub ~f Southern California~

L~S
ele,s~etrop ,litan Ar~a" illY, p~'

po', nt isl ~adel,.'at the deveilopment:o the LOll Ang~':J.ell

a~a w~s notl plann~ in any respect', ~t be . 11ke Topal,.,
asl a result ~f proscuous
SUbd~ViStOn8,
.

45 ' ~e

~6
QmoJi1e dlUb of iSouth~rn balifornia~
~, - E8~ima~e of~opu~a ~ion at that Pir~Od
\

'

cit.,

'p.9.

+8 ,sm5';<?Oo.
,

cq\1Xlt~o'er:~ male 1n av;a+ty

ay ani! n19b.~. T\1/!,

ee C!~\1Xlt~,re
l'a q.plC hd 1~C. .' it' . i

perio

grams' w.tiCh.~erve~o"-i:uiu. It~at.

I

,1936

c flow

'

47

of pe. king..

'f'

...\,

e second. part

,I

[.;

Cl b sets

~!'har

1,mP9,,;~t

the qu~8 ion

. \.

,.

.fo1h.

~e7

~Te de~E}toped,~.n..,. ,

manne~ so the. full u:ri:derstan~1ng cF:bs',had

/
' f
I
I
Slut' 8 dari g plan..
IIn I th~, reco .

atre .~ IYltem,:l.bUlee,

' ,. '. . ..
" ' ,

ot the studYI deals

.'

~he':Auto~~lle

thoroJgh
I
.to~lle

!.

~\.

""',

ca~e~lt7:

ol,arly

,I

~~9:.

compared r~th

of the ~rQblem ~as conaide~ed

that

'9Ua'

,o;fllla ;rl0~ta~~!~~

d street'tars

~re a1

of 'he

e~s1dered.

8 ."

Major llemPh~Slsl1S on t e new s7stiem of :propo ed hi~ways.

I.

'

.,

Tpe study.,;was giv n conslder~ble

I

\!

.~.

Auto111e

with t! e 11' :r~+s

l'

the

\~ :,!

the publ1b to hellane' favora!:!ly llC alllte",'

a1} 91 There 11 ~o dOli~t tna t th1sa tudy

r;.

an 1mp~ortant lleston'e~, if proPFse.ls to'SQ~V~, the~;ans

porta tl,ion prob~em,of L, s Angele~ eli

';

l,.

since

'I

I.

C1u!:!des1re

prese~ts

public~t7

11

day as! rege.rd8it~

I'

mov ment of tr~fflc

'will' s,tand a.:~1 ploneet1ng

It .~s symbolic of. the. new

ventJ,.r~ regardlesa

"

study

~n the modern city,

...
and

ot ita a:cce~tano.

or ret- c tiOD '~n\,the, i1edi-a ~.~ fu trre..

fin~'l

the. series

\'

of three

current proposals'

..'

was on~ done, by the Bu ea';;' of S"treet Tr~:rflc Engine:erimg'l irh1ch

J

47

H~22~tthe C1 b again utIlized itlJ tec'hnlqu.,e of.~'the

vOlu#l.e.~m e xte~t ,0 ~: curb
~e 1al phot g:r,al'h b
es pp./23, 24~ 2~, 26, 27.
.
an lot 'par i,ng.

As in

ri~t~r,m+n~.

I.

pp .

<i~-36;

49 . Se~ 'series
f six
~,
Sect on II,
I

"

nfra,

cnfPter
)

."!

V ~:\
.

aily

feature art~cl~8 in Loa .Angeles

pp., 1-2, June 12,..19~1938.
L
t.'f

-.';.,

,. ,\
I,

! .

1. th~jUfdlc!t'~on'of ~'.o11e';f~,*~
;

1s\

I
i,.

Los'

eres.

~1s repbrt,

'J

tor ~hloli'

ii'

'

'.
j

' .
llI'ty ~f,

~,t"at '~~'.,.D'O~'e"f~OM.~a:t~~.':,'

,1

'

..,.

:,:t::::::!:~~l:::'aW:e:e::::~!~~:l;:d~Zl;:,

'.

those jOf, the ot~er twO!reports'ifina8!J1U~~,,~,~'1t attempt'ed to :

t~lY

give

~.a.~it:U;re

or

cent~al T::.aJr~cD1~t:ict"t;?~~.t1:~n'

prob1im at.'"dof ~he Bur~au's me~hod81n.y~n~,~avor~ ~t~",~~lVt~lt.,'

Th~s ttudY ;,a8:'tn,lque 1n that'l,t
,

,i

I~ .

'.

C1ty'~, o.ffiqial i trattip

' ",

was t~

'11

t,lrst

one ,made~y ,the .

or'gal\lzat1~n.
;.
1
.' .'
'.
.,"
"
1
wedt
,he inve~t'1gationl tOl1o..
usu~llpa:t~rn ,~.r~.~rse,ntl~

.-

~.

",

-, j

C-,

",'.,

'0

l'~

,.

~~~"

data ,h1eh det~ied VOlrmeand ~ro)th ota~tomo9!le

~~~~tratl~B,

and p~pulat1on,.!andmojvement of tratt1cby'idirect1on

aM,;twu.l' .

It maJe a muc~'~ore dek,.

a iled study, 'howev~r,
-

,I
I

.j

.,'

" "

"'.

"

of:, oba;a'cii~s~o
'
,
.,

...

.'

:;o::re:::-:::e!:::::e~o::::t:::.P:::::::a~::d~::e:n:fU:::;:~::
'ftc1e+tUt1l1la,lon'ofl.treet:.~aee.It thenproee~ to a'
cOnge~t10n due ~o rout~ng ot buses and. atreet9arsi

numbe ot re~?,endatlrns
acco

and proposals

and 1net-

The~e, if accepted, ;;

to thd reporf" would provide a satt~ractory:. solut1on

tra~f1cJlroblemlfor..thenext ,.ear.r
25

52

reau I ot~t~eet
T~~,ttiC En~ineering,"T~~ttiC SurTeI
ntral :Qlstriet,
1 (1~38).'.,'
".j'

p ..

51

2! lli

'i'

<

T 18 orgeJ.p.1z~tionl"a8prov1q.e~tor 1n Ordinance ,i)h~JIlberl

7 014. Th1s1ord1nJnce also established the, Board ;ot
~
P lice Comm1
8'lons 1 as, the ottiei,l
Traftic Comm1asion,.'
or st ~et Ttaft1c ~'ineer1ng,
I
\

'

~.

ill., p. 11.

6~ ,.

i
I
There twas nOth1n. 8peCfaC~lar aba:'t the nature

ot:..~

reCO,8mat1ons

utilitarian

.,: Th8Y~i
appearedt,o be' entIrely

~rd

were considered
a logi
al step, forward' until ' such a ,time as the
i
'
Ub11
p
<louldgahl awter
:::
",t the ,P~bl '
"
,~ ,

This chapte~ has~ttempted,to

effori,

point out the> iacft 'that

time,' a~ ~one~ have no't been spEired'in the' 8~d'"

the ttansl,t prOb~em. ''kentatlv~'801utions

r

fI

i./.

".

wide variety' of a.ntere!sted grop.ps andorganiz'litions;'

i

Ii.

'

Or" '

have comefrOm'~a'

,/

':

Public

and pti vate. In~ludlr4; the presenit stUdy now in process"

",!
,,:,
i
'
"
there i have' been inany.jor, attempts to gatheir the fact~s, ot '
j

the s~tuation
'cated\not'

/0'

'I

!'

I
I

'1 '
I

I
I

'

1 '

I
I
I

I
\

I'
~

'\
,

,-II
1.~~_ 1~"r~~:";

:.

~")

, I, ,
',I

.! '
I

','

\',;'
\

"
~'

,I

'This has indi-

Only't~e ~er~au8ne8s'of the problem, but also the'

wide ~arlety of ~pproa~he8.totbe

,I'

"

anf1 to sF1ve the d,ifficulties.

'\

problem.

'"

""I,'

'1'I

;1",

I.

I,I ,~

1,-,

'\

~ALYSlSi
"'\

!W't~ERIII
,

ICH

During t~e lOngl,

,stru~led

to f~d

tran8~ort~t~on
propo+alS;

'!

a SariSf,

~here ~s

~r

,,_'!~

'.'

,~:

t"

L'

~tl

,;ER,T.m" TO! ,~TR.'

~C~:J"~~
T
year.

in4"::~:Ang~~e.~

tf

to~,Y solution

b~en set forth

o;t

the p:rObl~Dl

a wtde variety

o~

som~' of Whibb'h~ve, bee~ of an ex e~dlnglY C:Qmpl~x'

0":".

natur~.,
There lla ~e be~n' of her. , oA
e , I which haV~,'
I,
,,'
I
I
a~temrted :solutior).s ttQ~
th'. rear,rangiemeits of ~x18;ting
!'

fa~illtie~

of t~anaporfatibn

finan?ial,burde~s,mig~~
the eh'~t~ng

tion

of the tra ,sporta~ioni

that

!
~heir

pla;vr

'I

the su ject

d~y sit

1,
!

scene.

a natural

'

growth of

fos~ered; 'and ,that

I,

their

stion

this

,I

exclus~ve domina-,'

rrom time 'to

And t04ay . as in th~ past .

'

investigation

+ervice

of the.f'~c~

as regards

and to give the citiz~n~

tr~nsportation.

In the light

~t h1rdlY seems pOllls'ible,,that

o',f
Pu lie
J

of the
at'- on~

i
<

utilities

found it

necessary'

,~i

to 106 GDn,Iid. t

no '

the domln~t

I.'
fut in sFite
I

been threaten1d

stdy,~d

Of

!
,

hel.Gcal'ard

"

~:rbita~t,

syatems mIght take p~a~e.

ma~or;role.

of LO~ AngeLes ,dl~ate

time

be

maintain

measu~es to imp

pre8e~t

very ex1ate~ce,ra

they .re

in! Los Angeles,- as in mo,st other

Today I'hey noi lonrer

t'ime .lthey stil

I';

ca~s w~re, at one', ti~e

mean~lor trans~trtatiol.
ci ti'ef,i .,

~reaent

that

that

me~ns of ~ran~por:tation

Electrlcls'~rfac~

~n' order

be avoided;

alarm~~g 1nroadJ ,upon,~e

I

'

an'ott-din ~ce be passed, whichW9uld\prdhibit

\

I
\

atrert

f10m

cars

disttict,

~01n!g

r 12 miles

an hour

and [over 20: mil an hour in the outer

dtat'ric.t';

this \.so that. ~~e tre1et c~rs ehould not Jave' ~;.hl~e~';',~t~i

1','

of skeed thanlother

...,:.

V~hic~es.l

be .miI1nta1ned.! there
part

~oU14 be cons1derable

"

\'

I.

::'''t

,,'r'
I

conducted'hav'e

'

to sore

extentt

.!

taclihies.

-".,

concetned

a~tho~

.a.,.-

ephasis

".l

;'

i~8eyeral

I,

'I

the~elle~.s.~

~avJ "lso

recommend\at~.ons,.$nd proposals

Los A~geles Cit~ Clu~, \ the tr~ffic

I

'.

promo.1ng 80me rPeCl~l:S:rstrm

'I

Icompany. \
.

I'

:1'

tO. \ .

,I,

of Public

Utilities'

'

oCCUrl'ed. 1'rom time to

from such eources

Commission,

aSl the'

and outside

~h1ch the:r hoped to sell

group~

to the

of t~ese

~oncer ed With'~Cha~i~al

May2l.,;t9

Board

Naftul'e OfjPrOPosalS

The natu~e

-r,C;. 'Angeles

agencies:theqst.ater

"

, I

1.

'

and T ansportayon:T~re

local

' .

or 'elevated

the ye~r8 have been.the

t~e. tw~ public

of the probie~

bee~ ~mostlnt1mah1:r'

ad Commi~sio~n:~n~ the\ Municipal

1

and ~nve8tl-

major prOposals

been upon!eithersub-surtace

w1thithe.problemthrough

comp4ies

aspect

of,the

TIjle"~8nC,1es f>lch,hav~

time,

"

.Burveya, ,reports,

toU~hed upon this

, ..'

I"

the purp6ae 'ot,

been made'tor

rap~d tr/ansi t have' cQmefrom aeveral

Most:,of the. ,general

'i

Railr,

hne

'

gatiobe

the

br propo.als.

Sourc~s

about; surfac'e

sourc\es.

~at1ataot~el!i"':"",the

The pro, osalsJn,lChj

brin~1ng

~~ee~"~~~~

1' patronr

10

Tod,ay, i/'.UCh

roposals

has been,

in the main, ,

r ar~~ngement~ ,and operation

.'

City C~unc11, Ordinance No. 20,322

\'
\

\'
,I

'

of

(New Series),

xi- t

+0

I
aurfo.o~i~ao111Itl.a.l the DlOd.rnl~~~l
o~ ~~ .":;1'0.0.

maximum~ffiCie~CY Ji~t
I
I'
i
.
I'
equipm~nt. 'It was natural t~at

b. tha~ of th.l~Oal

to' secur~

pO'rtat~on,
I

in the otrer

tton.

as

arisenl

field

iI reas

hasi!

of local.

'

.1~wA"1

car trans-.

b' trans,po~a:_: '

"

D1Q S

whenever an
indllviduajl or special ,
,
,I;

should

a b.e~

ofsU;fa~e

I,

.".

"J"

to p~oposajls for betterment

".

.i

.J

the

1n tbe

Opposi tio~

be o~t~ineld'

r~l1 ookpanr. progre".a

and d1~f1cult

I '

tro.f1'1Ir.gulatlon.

.Qulpmtnt, ""d th. revlalng bf o.rtain

so that

has frequently'
.'

I..

,'

\.

gro p considered'

that

iFs inte~'es~s mi~t"be

~amper~d by the C~8.nge8recomi
;,
I
\
.
I.
mende,d~ Neverthele'ss,
!someiresults have 'bee~ obtained,
and
I

!!

(_

potal has made a fair !contribut,1on to $e task of

!.'
l'
. I . .
I
expedifing
surface tra~~Ht '~ri Los Angeles.;
the ccther

their

Or

hand it~e serlous~esso~

:!

the IprOblem has increased

.,':"'.:'

I.,

and as! a resultachievementsl

I

e f fee t 1v e ~

j!

;.

I,"
,E$.rlI Rdcornm~ndationaMechanical
I
\ Rea ra ements

!
!

E~forts't~

speed ~p at le'~t cars were first

directed

to

the se~ere
I

traffic

i
the

.
1

.'

..,'.

rapidly

to date have not been very

'conJestion

. '

inferel!tof

of Main street.

In 1910 and 1911 .

!~UbliC r~flCialS

was. fOC:US~do~t~~s.

area

speCific

recomme~dation~ res:ul ted.

offlolal

r.port ,!mad. t~., re~pmmend~

t lon, t~at If lo.oal r.ll~o.,.

cars

wlre

~he'Pa' ific

looal

r",

Mr,. Bi~n J. Arnold,

and

'

to mov~ more Lapld~y then the interurban

Elec~ric'Hal

raok_.

cars

in" his.

of -

lway! Companym1l8t~e removedfr0I1'l'the

A1: a mea -

01'\temporal''' relief

he

ausee.tad

I
,

the usr

of San prro

sidere~

thIs

s~reet.lror

the imost reasIile

solution

pendI~g a more p~rmane~t so~u~lon.

I

. !

was "tessed

He eon-

of: the difficultlea:{

'j

'ThIs same repommendat1oD

:'

on .leverat ot~r

.2

Interur.b,an:: cars.

oooasio,i.,; o~oe by the prominent,

am

16~al len.~ineer, Mr. Ge1rge ~am:on, Arnold~s associate,

'by th~ head of the poliQ'e tITaffio squad ofLo.Angeles,

aga.in

Lleut-

enant,IJ.L.
,

Butler.

The
lJtte:r
I!

stated

that

there

.tfcouldbe

no rel!ief for ,street r*ilwalf co'rigestion on Main street

l
l'
until Ian outlet
fa protided tor Pacific Electric
cars on some'
.

other

I'

!street.

~ ,,4

OJ

I,

II

,I

~is

proposal

waslwel~ received

'.

to relieve

I
,Stree-c.

of ob~eotio~.and

a franchise

:on. San Pedro

cOIi~tion on Main

,i~ this

'

three,rall

th~t

Ii:

because

Property

1'1

estate'! f.1rmr owning' property

along San Pedro

stre.e~ as Will as those ,in ithe northea~tern'

in8i8~ed

regaref lariglishe~

oPPO.itior by oertain grou~..

owner~ and real

!

for

the ~ong~sted.traffiC

However,. acti?n
,

Electrio

i"

Railwlliy Company, :who appli~d

stree~

by the Pacific

the franchise!,

tine.

when granted,

',,'

rt
s

' This! wou1~ al1,ow for !the us

of the city
be for.,a

of the's treet

by th~ narJw-gatige lo?al rri1W~y oempo,ny'

I
I

r
I

ii',

'

Bl~ J.lrnOldJ,
TheiTran~portatlpn
P,roblem of LaS.,lngel:es,
Inf1ra, cJ\1apte~ tV"fqr dl~cussion pertalnin
to sub-surr.ce
_
reclommeIl1atlo~s
~r. A~O~.
.!
,.
'J

?!

Gee.
lrge Ai De.m.$, "R~pld Transit,"
XXXjIX(M,rch,!1912) ~ p. 363.'
I,

fut~r,

I
~.

'I

Elect1lic
::
,;

\.

Ral1waiJournal,

ould i'esu~t in i~crea.ed

and

to 1 cal trans~ortatibn.

JaB

the ~ranc~ise

'I'

overjthe

IIuniclr.,l

propert~ va~uee, oWi~ I ~o,ac~~~~

This ,oppos1~iori was overcome', 'and

grahted" to the Pacific

i

'i

Electric

RaFwa~ on San Pedrjb s~re.et 'b~~w~~n;

lIt.~th.','
I'

, on MJrch 23, l,9~4. 6

!

the placing

serVice' beginning

'1

of this

"

'line

in 2utryIc(,"diverted'
r

I!

t,

and Aliso stree. Its, as of February 5, lQ13, 'nth

I,

tooper~te

i'"

112 ~rains

a day' from; Main Street

i!

to San Pedro str.et,

for 'relietlng
.

7 "

to a great

extent

the congestion

concuirred in byj'Pther
!

i students

ven'tured by Mr. A'rnold'

of the problem was the el1mfna.

of loops ahd curies

that

cars

in the downtown district.

passi~g: aro~nd a curve take at least

more ~ime to cl~a,r a qr6asing

at right

angles.

down 61' 8treetc~~,r

I

He showed

fifty

than' a c~r passing

In fact~

trJnsportation

due nbt so muchtto th~excessive

he ,believe~

that

in' the business

the slowing

to

tlie s<t8t~m.8,
I
;

~.

,that, c~rs be passed thrpugh the 'distrle~

tu~nlng ~ointa,

was

I1ne!as

.
"

across

'district

number of cara ona

'1

to avpid all

,per cent

dlrectly

the 'l~rge number'o1' 190ps and curves eJdstlng,.ln

This rroposal,

krid

tion

on

!",'

Main ~treet.
;,
ii'
! A second! impor~ant proposal

a str~et

and was

'1,

respqnsible'
I

i. as

w~s !cCtlsi9-ered of '~'j'or'lDipo

tane-e

and w~s pushed1,mtin1UOtY ~Y tll,e Board of Public UM:'lit 'es,.

i

"Ne"'a

of Electric
Ral~wayai"
xxx~x (19l~) _! p. 365~
'[

rnal,
.

Electt'ic'

_'

"

Angeles. I Board! of :Pubilc Utilities

th AnnuallReportl~. 107. Fr~~p18e
_
e cost ot tp.ia, ,1'ranch1se:'to i it,he!
ted to' .1200 Pjr alnnumfor li1'~;of:

B Ar oJ.d, ~.

~it., p.

i:

I:

,I

9.\[

- :i
<

~i'

II

...

,Railwa '

, I

\,

and'Transp~~t~ti~~,
O~lnanee,1 iN<:>. 26,
PacifIc !le,ctrle
franohise'. ,:

'j'
,

enant

:' I

J.~.
i "

r,

9f

"

I.

<

1,

th~' Polic.,

, ;'

5rT

"
~'
in ~ report
i

,',II, . k

,'"

Department,

t,'1t "

. j,

J:

Board 1~ 1912, cODlJ1ented:\

i
i
:
""
.
i
i
!
i
I',
i ' '
; v",
As indle,ated
pr~vious cODJDDlnication,I am ~n favor'
~f e11mll}atlng 'ca s
curv,e's ~n the 9(:)nge.t.dt.d~~~rlQt ..1:'.
and think railway comwahles Shou1~ be: urged to,kClt'el?'thein "
iln mind when routfl
~ine8 through! t~ ci t,., andi ~f,
n~cesl!Jary, "they c u1d' be forced tOilmake changes in iltu
rputing,
aJ!1dler
it !is necessaryltOj'COQ8trupt
~iT.1 .
ip outlying .distr cta in order ~o ~cCQmp1i8h.the e~d
d~ a ired.
.,. 9
\:
I
~"
.' ii, -. .
I

0'

I,

In ,l~l5'i':

repo~t

was drafted

the tranapo~ta~1.on

bY!.the chief

engl~ierof

~:

diYjision of the Pub~lc Utilities

~~d_in

whlC~ a compr~hen.lve ~Cheme of rerout~ng: in the bn.in~aa 1~1.trict\

~t was hop~d

was out~~ned.
:

.,",..

iaauef
for

thus makif8 it unn~ce8Sary to

aubwJiye.. Thl same year the arard

'

'

an orderto

s tlng

to s

ee1;ablishe~,

'

'.

"

th9.t time .lq>, At t 'ia

was exec'fted

I
~I

'

mfnner.
f

"

I'

Ii'

Bu ler, QQ.~IC1t., ~. 200.

In thlsjreport
Mr. Butler prese ted aiQe iI!ed ~lan'~or rerout~ng:loca1
c~rs 80 ~hat
ca ~ would e ta~e
fro~ the curve po ~ro!s~ng8'b~dly,
'
co ested a d plac
the~ where traffic
was much lighter.
I

,I

10

was not die turbed

t!in'~ no oppos,.tiQn developed. andt~

I
"

"

in a ~aiti~factOry

did

,.

stree'Ps,

order

TheP1~.

SerVlC+, on the' tWQbusiest,

I'

thoro1\1ghfares, rBroadw y azi Hill

at

while the pr.aetice

~roBsing3l ~ere pelmi tted.

'.

d:iscon-'

e: ~xtent" ,and i~ the main'ioaly, ~tr.aight

'

"

in the. down-

car lines I were ordered

ca~~. back +aa to be dlacont~nued.

'

Ten e

away ""ith curv,s

.1

t1l1U1 and tio.1'(e ne.Jllines

o~ turning

I.
~ of the car rou~ing/Plan

town ~istrict.

of r-ubl1c Utilities

th1 Los Angeles Rai~way CQ'rporatiqn ~a11ing

i
ajcomple~e
reviai

line

plan would !solve

the cfngestiOIi-. difficllties,

advocrte

,that\ this

BO
~

rd of ~~,liC ut llti~S
u~l He ot (191 ),

pre

'and' Transbortation,
128-130.

"

Seventh

Th1~ we:, not t eca,se"

ineerin~,
a re ort

on tr~ffic

l.

_,

howeve~'l.a'~~ort,

of

Depar ment

outs

Utillt1'ea

in}.

made a !thorough study of causes;

11

,I

i'

,~

st eased as a maj,<;>l f,.ft~r:in

i",.

The,heavy move.en: if ,~~ra. a~,}~

de curvesiwas

J.'

time l:te+~.

the Boa~d of,Public

c nditions

il

of c ngea t :on'

5,!,

~treet

and'

.~~,~c~n-' .

gest'i1on.
,

Base~ on thfs' study,-- completie recoJDnendations for

!
I
II 4' I ' 1 ' , I ' 'Ii
,
were ma~e thrOfgh a plan of\ ~e1out1?g ,severa,i 1mp;~t~t"
I

reli1f
l1ri~

The Bo~rd aubt ~quently

Ange~es Railway cor~ofation

1.au ad Ian. Order. to the ~oa.'

to r~rou~~ its

cars

to C~~fOr.mwith

the ,~1nd1nga o~ th~ rtport.

The OPPo11t1on toth1ar~~t1~

was ,80 severe,

the prde1 was rescinded

.,powever,I

. I

pl~ri'!of reroutipg
..

byt~e

.The objections'

that~the

I'eroutjtng

..

Assd,ciation,

wOlftldimpede. the 'b':8tn~ss

forth
,

,who ma1ntain:ed

'

'weres~t

'.!

Business! Men's I Cooperative

"1

~nd,th~

1'-

postponed.l~

I'.'

, i

thei.

that

'...i

transactions

of

Die.ber : TIm. t~e group who wa;: mo~t a""1o~a t~ atabilize.

I
I.
I
t~":1entra:l
bus~ness ~iatrict
through the means, of, more r1apid

tr~,portation

~as th1 prtm~ ot>ject'or to .~ step

tion'.j

;':1

Waoo~ered

8ie-~ed themos~

to t+
11

'

an even Iilore. ~~pr~na1YeJ)~a.,of

I.by the st.ite

Railr~d

locallcotpany

~he plan

tas

el1minated,.~ny

p. I p

The cost

curves

I'

<I
l'

and. pr()~.

of this' pro~~

t~ be $500,000, J>ut the

Pu 11ic U~i1iJies,

.
;

C0Dm18810';-. Co'l'-

in the his'tory: of the, Los A1l~ele8

~o~tes aJros~ ithe city.,

i

dl~ec-

._

exte*sive

corpO,ration,

vide~1 direct

. 'I

Two yoal'r iatet

reroult:ng

Rai~,ay

in that

coDm1.don ,had

Ninth .Annual RepOrt (1919),

r'
'

P".59.

esti

per cent h10perattilg)

eo~ti

l~,C,'
at10rus were'.dlaturbed.1fo:

more

ted a sav rig of Jthl~teen

each

ear.l~

--!Ilorta~t
P

turns \ at sevent~
five

fer

cent

I the

'.

am ~1"'Oad~aywere to be 'allowed.

04' all' c~rve8 were eliminated

\ In view
plan,

d~ the

progr4a

limportance

was ~laeed

of ed~catlonof
j

Rerouting~

the

.r,

department I conducted

a campaign

opposition.14,

allay

'.

havel continued

to ,take place

from time 'to

tae.

tr '"

with ItttleoPPo8i~f()ft.

the PU~llC'whi~h helped

,

i.n the pl~.'

o,f the agencieabacldng

in' ef'fect

~he Lbs
Angeles ~al1wa~
publicity
1
,

Twenty-.

The Trafi'1c

thel~adln

i1

'i

"

Department has taken

I

tni,s! metho~ of bettering

'

'made ~ny

Bur~au of the Police

'

transportktion.'

It

has

reco~~ndations,.

some of whic,h hav.egone

into effect,
Ii!
15
.
but <n1t withou t. fPPOS i t ion; from downtownmer~hants
,Accord"\'

'

ing t~ ~. Dorset there is :still

" .
i.
I
straighten1ng
car routes

much, to b~ Jone toward

o~~

!
I

gations

"

.'

. 1.

Sk1p-stop~
.'

has been !anot,her recommendatf<)n made. : Investij

in' o.theri cities

,i

I,,'

haq shown that

I
i

.1

by el~nating
!

I'

one";b8.lf
, .

13. Uqsigned, ~~~ectrlc Ra~lway News," Elect ic Rail.at'JOurnal.

Vql. 55 (May\22, 1~20)~ p. 1077. T
0, <,e~es.Ratlway
C~drporation ,J!l, ad" re~es~ed
a study of the r operat,1;ons due.
t higher op~rat1~
cosits.
'ft1,eRallroa,d commis,s~on and ,
t.e
Board of Publtc Ub,1lities made the nvest1gatlon;
F~ve months.Jrerespent,1
and the aS8ist~c:e
of th1rt,y !ead199 enginner*and ~raff11c experts 'was u'.t1:lized~' See al'so.
Bojard of Pubtic utilit~e!!,
E~even~h Annual .Report, pp.61-92.

1:

I~em.
~
~t
15 .M prettymaq, Chi f O~I the Research Departmen~" L~!
~~les
REi lway corpqratio~,
st,ates that the City and the rail c~p y were in favor of e!limlnating the curve at SecorXI and .
Br'adwa~ on 'heir
p" rine, but that oppos~t~on~.~8J so, strbng
fr,m var1ou8g~oup
tha\t the proposal had to be abandon~d.
(prs.onal
in ervie , JulY,25, 1938.)
See also Mr. Dorsey's
.
re art , Reli f 2!. rafflc . Congestion, Feb." 15, 193e;., ,He
,
st tes:
In os
e e~' advertisements
of the new route8
we e publish d" a
foltlers explaining why the recommendations
h& been mad ,plu
man\; newspaper articles
were helprul"
"
1
t'l .. ll' favo~abli attitud by th pub 10.

14

"yn

"

..t

_'

'

3 the 'Boatd' of +b110

Ut111~1es ordered, thePaoltic,

10 Ra11wa~ comp~y: to try

"owner~ and real \estate\

repo~ts

a, r~sult

'~,

prope~UJ' ,',

'.

themselve.,

aggrieved,

i, ...

of the national

drive

for 'eoonomy,

of thel method wa~ less~ned,

cars' were 'forc'ed "to'

as s,treet

the 1. value

traffio-signal,

stop a~; many int~rsect~ons

and they 'were "succe~s'1Ul '

\ With the ~evel0:trment of the

,ft .

aga-lnst the Change."16;

SklP-~tops were \Used o~nsiderably,

!
'
;
I,
17
in spelieding ,up ttranspoljta tion-.

,i

\ In 19l8,las

tha:t,

1nterest~:...:;considered

numercjus prorests
1

an i1;s' l~eai,)

,The Brard of Pu~liC Ut\ilities

th1s'idea

<,.

als~ iwaS soon underf f1re, by the .oPP()'.~~10n.

This Pl,n

and fled

~b.}:.: ur.d.,

a '+aVin$ of (i)ne-foup~h in. 'tlm;~ could

stops

for traffic~

~he Ral1ro~dCo~ss10n

'I

in its; 1920 j01n~ surveyI recommended the abandonment o the

,

SkiP-S~OP plan of oper~tion.

'-not

t~

be~n pushed.

~1nce that

t~e

this

method ,has

,\

'\

Traff!C Re~lat1ons
to A1d stpeet Cars
I
;The s~ree,t., car companies, have ,had the cooperation
i

I officials
,

public

"

i in

.ThIsftct
.,

'traffic

..

Isseel
!.

1'1.

. i

(1914.

.....,

18

cars.

'

'

Many of the
.

types of trafftc:
'/

:'.

'(

and Transportation"

FoUrth :Annual

'
artd,Transportation,

Re orr" {1918. p. 55.

Th~. plan

'I

,_,

pp.!84-85.

'service.
-

'

17. Bo d of Pub 1c Ut1tltles

-'

with all

of Pub ic Uti~1ties

Reyrt

street
I;

~~e' de~lt

.,-

In,tbe efforts m.adetobe,tter

I;

~ual
,

'.'

80 as to favor

I'

BoJ~

to provid~ better

parUfUlarlY

conditions

"'recomm~ndatibns
,16

the "attempt

f"

'i

,of

Tenth

Is' stIll lomewhat effectlvs In outlyIng dIstrIcts.

re gull tions
,."

Outs taJing

~ongestlj~

he

been ,the et~"~tt9

by aU~OmOblleSso that

floJl o:r:,s~.eat

'.t~

'\UU'

mifht
of Puplic

~e faci~itated.

'tilities

) In thelr,jo,intreport

a9dthe

Railroad

j'

wit:q the Tr~ffic

ment,\made spe11flc

0:

the attempt

.aut.omoblles in .~he co~.ested

the Idading

the second parking

'.'

downtown merchants
plan'ot

45 mi~tes
all

P1rking
I

be~ween f0t"

tion

~hich mB.<l'e" an eff~rt

tion

~~roughPl~Cing

.19

for traffic

T:tms,'the

to 11l0W parki~

.t-

21

and six 'P. M.

Commission was another. organiza-

'

;,to promote rapid

e~Phasis

I
surface, tran.sport~-

on more stringent

motor ~ehicle

j(

Bd~rd of .public utilities

and Transportation,
~l
Repott (192t> . p. 89.

20 bld.,p. 9~.
,
.

!,
I
I

Idrm.

\I

I
\

!
\

for

M. and four P.M., +ud to eliminate

I'

';

i"

II

of a,ci~y

21

the\irrecommendationa

princiPtes

was modified

I,"

.,

aga~ns t the nQ'-parking pllm.

between teniA.

in

no-parking

Some OPPo~ltion ,c;l veloped from the

The Los' ;Angeles I Traffic

19

\.

of ped.s trian

was the drrfting

the general

as proposed~20

_~ark1ng ot

of commerrlalvehicles

lane, were embod'iedin

Thi8'adopt~d

regul~tion

Origi1al

ard unloading

Th~ m.aj~~
..

. The \el1m~natlpn ot.

the l'egulatifn

of the reco~endation8

ordlnrce.

res~e~t.,

to elim1tt~

district

turns, by autFmobll.s,

The result

>

Bureau, iO~tpe Pol~ce DeR.art-

p~opo~~ls in this

em~hati8 W9.sp1!a.ced

traffic,

Commission, ,wor~1ng,,1n ,t

clos e: cooperation

left-Jiland

the ~:v'd .

Eleventh

'
"

22

atiou.
aske

that:

IR.connnfnd~t10n8~.
(~) excl~sive

I,

unlo ding purP9ses;

I

left-hard,

(F)

'.

blbC~;

(4)

turns

or

!of street

. ' ','

i~

me"
tor

vehicles

be

'.

on the street

to a bar'e'

in ,the middle
-,

""-"''''
- .

ef;

~he
1

,buses be p,erm1:tt(!t'(i"'t~

i~ congested

cars be reduced

be allowed to turn

n,o;~axicab~ or sight-seeing

stan4

turns,

for 10ad1ng'~d,

ndi! vehic~es

(3)

:~9+ .....

to th~ City CouncU

curb: space be alloted

pr0W(bi ted andleft-hfnd

mln~um;

,i,

areas

while awa1tiBg emp~oy-

ment ~23 As ,a cionsequ~nce of these

i

adop~ed

an

ordip.ancetn

'

recommeooations,

the (U:ty,'Counel1

which loading' .~ones were 'au;thorlzed,

seco~d-lane

'..

parking

and jay-walking
I

Pfbhibited,

left

curbed.

hand turns

illegal,

;,

'I

declared.

The Ke~ker, iDe Leuw and Company repo~t

,.
in ~925 did not

center

much attention

upon expediting

Their, recommendations
".

did stress,

-,;,.

street

cartransport~tion.

;~

h,owever, the need of rerout-

ing Cjars so tha:t leftthand

turns

could be'elimmated.

,They'

also 'made the proposal that the Los Angeles Ra~l.ay Corporat1on
,
.
",
:
24
,,'
\ '
utili,ze
th6:Brordway runnel.
This proposal was re~liz~d two!
years: later;w.hen
25
the wnne 1.

in April,

1926, str'eet

cars began to use

i
,

'

22 T$ Traffic
Connnls~ion Orig,'~;na,tedin 19l~ ~uring a, conference
o~'representQtives!of
a n~oer of civic groups lntbe
city;
corcerned wi~h traffic
pr~ b~ems, aM w~s authorlzed, by, t~
Bolard of Pub~i? Uti11ties
a~d the Chamber of CODlllerce. '
FOlrInaXlYyeats it ,*as a med4Umthr~gh, whiCh tbel Boax:d
,1 '
Pujblic utili
ies c6uld 'work iin close 'contact wfth 'bus{lness
inJteTes ts .!
I
i

~t;1

23
I

Unkigned, npian foJ Altering: Traffi1c Rules In Los Angelesi'\'

Elbctric
Raitwa;y ~~rnal,
6~ (1922).' p. 1951.

,!

24,\

Ke~k.r,De

I.

..

ani compa,,! 2E.' elt",

T'

p~: 4243.

Los A.nge,.es Ratlwa~ had jbeen ,fo~ed ~o f1,nd ne" lines

its Spri g Street ..~ars dre to the eon,struction
of, the
Ci' y Hall. " 'o,st tq the comp~ny,for\ ..;th~,s 11!qrkw8s '17.g,~Q.
Sa ,Two Bell! i II, {Los Angel~s Railway CompanyMagazine,
Fe rUi'i7-m ~;. pJ 1.
::

to

I,
i

'1

I
1
.i

I'

c~ntinued

iI'

;,

'r

ir

J"

-".

nedd for! re'gulation

to f~vor

c~r.

th~re

measpres

. His, ~ecODlllendations

He asked that

portions

oftbe

use of automobiles

.. -

~treet

:!

'.. '

this

thB.t !in the outer

I'I
,i
.
kept Ifrom streets
.

~.' .

between

would "provide an important

.'

He als0,suggested

,i

districts

interfe;ren~e

in, the congesited district.,

'I

and. of "'street

'#.

In Anderson ~s opiniori

meas-4re of reli~r

'

automobiles,

as 'far

s.spossible,

I
I.

'.

The prohibition

or

.
1

.!'

d~rlng hours

i'

be

equtpped witq tracks.

comm~rcisl vehi~les

of heavy mass transportation,

prohibition

o~'psrades'll~ithin
I ,.,

alSo! be enforce~.'

i'

Al~ streets:used
i

be main thorouBftaresi
ShOUtd be demanfed

aut or' biles

.
P. M.

:',

with -the iright

Of! motor

He aAvocated a frasti~

Los Angeles

remedial

wo-tld be no unnecess.~ry

,"!

the two.

'....

of automo'bile:: t.raffic,-1norder

fO~ the txcIUSive

I"

,
seve

aside

cars fSO that

sndihe

recommendEti,{,~a~ ,

or' Transportation,

, stres!sedthe

.;:

.'

the e~xpeditlng ~f mas~ transpo;tat~otl

the flow or
L

recommended thirteen

the street

auto~

The Los AnS elea Ra'ilway Co,ti>ora-

Mr. Gjeorge Ander;son, _anager

Corpora~i~n,

to control

'

on

as ,to free

,was in harmony with these

Rail~ay

of ordinances

units.

,'"

attitude

iears

the jdowntown ar1ea,so

be s~t

the mass transpo~tatiqn

' '

'

_ t::

mobil~:tr8ffic

"

for the next,f~w

and the passing

!:'

>

,I

The emphasis

cal r~arrangemen~s

\"

i", t

Corporation

Proposals

'tion's

, '

Lo. ~el~.'RQhlrQ:Y
'!'.
'

-'i,

congeste~, ' aresa'sllQUld

.1 '
by electric

'

lve~iCles c~~s~ing t~i8

th9roughta~e.

parking.; law Wh~.>Ch

lIOuld' ~tOI>parking
Ii,'

of,

seven A. M. to

d'sy\ eKcept S~nda:ys sind :b:olidays .I, Left

shquld

Boulev~,Pd Jltopa

Qf way.

in ~he congesteddlatrict'f,rom

I
every
,'i

'railways

tur~

r '
i'

~' ,

1"

i..

by

a11 automobile.

1, '

...~e, to 'P., proh1bi ted 'I C91l1Jl,erc1al;i.1i~le~

were to be routjed out~lde

1

up

ofcongeste4

d~15t~1cte lfn6

I!

deli v,err ~ad tOI be made.

OIl'

plck-

parti~l~f'

I,

~,,;.1
!

'

em~~sls

~9

was

pia~td on enaC41ng t~tutOry enactme'll'. P~~V1d1ngtor1e~na.:"i

tioni,of
!I

appliCabts for driver's

1icencea.!
I.'
:1
r
\..
i
; ~.
This at~tude
pf the local railway

>,

I.

I
i

'i!'

befo*e

e~gineer

i!

Angeles Railws,yj Corporation.

i

..

j .

:.

--..t'

'1

company had,bee~
<.

Traffic

.'

,sta~ed.
,"

who cood,?-cted a s'!lrvey' for the

have ideve10ped [from t~e heavy increas~,

\

"

"

by a ~r~ffic

'

uta'

was '~1!D to

congestion

~\;

inautoJll~bile

fegits~~~lI',

t~on~ conseque~tly,
"~t is a matter l~r~ely beyond th~ con~rol,
!
",
27
'
of tqe street
r~i1way~.
In that report Mr. Ong devoted'most
i

'

of t~e space o~ remedt-es to 'such proposals

i

as:

non-parki~~'

sta~er1ng

of .o[ffice ~ours,. and. ordinances

trac~s

by motorl vehicres.

that .Istreet

carl riders

by rdason
I .

.l

..

He brough~_.out 'c+e~rly,

have the right .to first

:tJ,01!ev:eri'

conskieratton

.\

of t~e fact: that

use ot

restricting.'.

28

'.'

they

constitute

by tar

the bulk of

,i

He'showed tb:8t though 668

in tne.downfownarea.
! .
,
i
!
I
,
, .I
~,~ een five
auto~obile8
cro~sed S~venth and Broadway streets
trB.v~lers
,

I,'

"

and s\ix P. M. t~ 191 ~treet

,

. ,

1,169 .riders

cars,

the automobiles

anfthe

r ,.

-~""rf~ed ~t
,,.,..1 '

1t~reet cars

carrl:ed .,14,325.

He' then
I

I "

!.

I.

rs

Los

~gele~,

George Bake,r,"Ande~son, Traffic

Pf'8si~ (Marbh 4, ~924).

27

Jpe R. Ong, i A.Repqrt on Some 9.! the Pr~blems ! Operat,iori

e1e, Rarr1JiIT1~~~
2! the ~
}
.,;' " I d
.

28

Ihid.,
~an'1

Relief

26

pass~m. M~. Ong int~iB

rep'or~,to: ~pe ~~~~~y
stressed
~he need o~ constant traffic.
checkS" so,

tl;:lat ~conomfcal

b'i~adequate

.chedple.

could be ma1pta1ned,

.I

\Ii

/
II

I!!

.;l.
I

posedjthe

que,st~'on whether' 14,325 stpee~

, ,

i,

the p eference
I
.

,I

"c~p1 ~1id.1"sl~U]!~
i

I '.

,f

'."

'1

,!
\

.-

. ,~.

1 .'
,,1 ., '

',I

-\

'.

have;., "

I 'i

'j

bver 1,169
.'au'tomobile riidet-~}9,
I

'";

,"

I In 1930 ~ memorlj\ndumof the :W~ ;Ang'e~es'R'811.ay Corpora-,]

~

.i

tion

I
of c~t'y Planning

,I

~o the Boa~
)

.1

gener~l

traffi~

'.

,;l'

This paper again 's~re8Jed.l the'" need 'Of

...
'

.'.

of

tric

",
~,

..

.r~ilway

although

point

that

t.h~' -elt!tc-

".

~as developing,

compet~ withe ~p~ autom~bile.

j

'ecilrl.pa(ent:'Qf
'-

it mentioned

industry

It)

the cotnPany at ,that ti_,

i
i

".

did nok commentl'on the Ladequacy' or inadequacy

i

,~

I:

if ~ximum speed were to 'be' secured.!

yth~ :'1

company in rega:rd~:to the~ generaitt'r.naj

regu~at!on
, ; ~

J',

.1.

atti tud~ of th,

por'ta tlion probl~m. 30

..
CODIIl1ss1.onersset,to~th

types of cars w.nlcheould \

Mr'. Sachse,

in bringing'

oUt the ,

. -

~egarding.j external

caus esof

low ;speed said:

t",

I Evenlfwe
had ~he' highest speed equipment at -the pre-sent
, tiine we -would still. be unable to lower our running time' "
ma~erially, i1.nthe congested districts
Under the pre~ent' '
tr~ffic
conditions~
In other words, the limitations
with
re~ard to' speed are to a ~
large extent' beyond' 'tb8 contrpl of the'~transpqrtatipn
agency-.31
, ; ,
I

His proposals.
:

sta.tem~nts
,

.;

~ ".;\
,'.

.~

fpr speeding
' ,

serv,".ce coincided

with previoU8
!

he~aid:
I
! It has b~enun1~ersally
';found tha:t mass transportation
cah be materially
~peeded up .
by means of traffic
.
re~la tion.,:.
Amohg the most obvious and lJ10St
important m,aris of ;e'xpeditlng mass transportatio.!i
in'
,'\d
th~ urban c~ngested areas is a better control of parking
on! Importan~ traff~carteri-es;the
installment 'and' exten::' ';:.
sibn
,of
coordinated
progressive
stop
signals;
the extensio,n
I
'
I
'
!

mad~\by off~cials

'

.'

-;

of,the'companywhen
.

'I

, I

'

I
.

'
J

"29 Ibi~.,
:

30

!
I

p. 16
,I

Ric~a~ Sach~~, The !Objective

Ser~ico and resent i~tacles
Ja arylI,.
i
.

of Adeiitate Transportation
ere.a ins Such. servIce ,

to

p. 3~

Underscoring
"/!

is the writer's.

t~~YldP Jstem;
the giving of' th rlght~ot-~:t,
~s ~r~s~rtat1on
veh.1cl~ '1n ~re,e~e~ce to the"
vehiicle, particularly
during rus hours; the
pf I'car tr~cks on eertain
stre~.t<s. d:ur~ngpe,rt,f.~n
,thel establishment
of traffic
"1
es. n3'E '
I
';
!
\
.
1
lils"!statem~nt
by the,company erigineer~ red~mmerida~,:l
>,

i
In

j,

tions\',go

b ybnd! the elimination

fact

khat

~ec~icai

l'~

trolley

advantage

Reco+tru+i~~

iobstable

For many y'ears

"

'

new up-t1-date

equipment.

to;improved

M~~

Sac

did discuss

the

,' incr\!ased
.

transportat11.e

"

"

I..

.);' ..

bor and mate.rials,

.~.

-'-[.

vilile

fare

ra

had remalil:ed'"

long: after:

this

depreciation

1n
J

dollalr

had' cut earning~

materlally~

.-.1

I'

au tomob?il~s

. Thein

as weill' as the ?-evelo~nient of bus, transport;

reduc!ed profi ts ~
i
!

-I. .

th~re

'

is

upo~ !the compa~t' by t4xa tiqn

'I

r;'

c~lled

over k500,OOO a 1 year.

tj..

iscJsidered

,I

r!

I'

!'

also

had

'!

requi~ements,

tion
: i

[: In' addi tfon

32

in

'i,

statfpnary
,

!~)

of old equipment ~ad been the' theme;

t~ls, s1 tuation~
"

mod rn facilities

,1

~nd r~llair

>

to obtain'

would be lost

;,

while[ not ,detailing

cos tst ofla

\-However, "

C'9~finy was in fina?cial

this

, --.l

c ul~ prQduce a .1

was recog

past .~he company had not purchased

finanbial
..'

'The,

obstacles.

industry

a~ need~d and to maintain

every1',resp~ct"

:b,

in'the

el~c~ric

the ,r~il~ay

new e~i~nt

sJilY

of phislc~l

mOde~p, surerio~
unles~

tfe

greater

and, franchise

~or in the franchise,

'

fin~ricial"

~eqU'iremEmtB. ,:P~vl~g
qost

the company

This reqUireme~t'~ acco'i>ding 'to

wor1t type of discrimination

against

.r~Sachse,
'the 'str~et

Ii,

i'

~;i

".

'

Cq:;'s~r~~~
~~;o~:~~rt

,~~~~r~ne~c e~'o ~th~l

l~~a~
e
~n~
~gineerl
fo' the ~08 Angeles Railway at t~e time he wrote
t e repo'rt.
!

I
1
,

burden placed

I!
1

.I

/--f

'

'

Ii.

'

',I,

'

car o.-ners
and
, !
~

;ider~~Fr~chise

tipnaP. burde~.

I,Approiimate11 $750,000 a "'y~ar DlUst:,go to .the- state

"

co]Jlecte4

Five and a quar'ter

is used, for

i
!

'

d,ollec~ed;

from ~he far~s

everyj dollar

i
I

ta,xes c~p.s~~tute anaddl-

the. sta,te

cents

out
Tl;lus-, .,it

tax.

,,0

is thrt

paving ,taxes, ! franchise

tax-esr alnOU nJi ,

taxes,< andl,a tate

...-

to abput one and one-:-half millions

sum prevents

th~ comps;ny from either

up-tor-date

The attltude

as phys ical

transportation

,
of the Los Angeles Railway Corporation

been tha. t adequate

.about

lower,1ng -fares or pro;vidl118,'

33

equirment.

and rapid

transportat

were demolished,

and that

through

the financial

the re~ction

imposed by the governing bodies.

pOintrd,'out"

tne' loca~ officials

or.

I'

burdens

of fixed

o:Vler~

,As Mr.' Sac~e,

more ra pl~, service

14

were doing everything

to ~1~ the company in: furnishing

ion' could ohly come ..[

head rharges,

,has

impose'd by competing elem~nts

0 bs 1j;ac
le8

of th~ ,company be reduced

regul:ation

' Tbi!~j

of dollara,eachyear.

P088.1.b

thrg,ugh,:'5

o~ t~affic

tions! by an off~cial

~ The most recent

~ity department

sur;vey of tr.af'flc"cond1(t,bat this

shows: evidence

cooperation
report

is :~ontlnUlng.

to dlscu~sion
t

as:

,nd recomp1endatlon~ regardihg

i'

ireroutingdf
t
.
ii,

Mr. Dorsey dev~te8the

.

traffic

l.'

flowa,

s.tagg~:ing

.r~gu~a."1I

restri,.ctiollS'

of hfra

lanes,

~
I

dismisS'al,one-,way

1
~l1min4tion
0

of turning

34

~3 ~1ehardSaeJs.,

oL,'elt.,

~. T,. Dorse

~
._~,."

streets,.

movements,

, ~..
,'.,

t:

>it'
I,

offs&tr

am"

t"r

separftlo~
:

'
pass1m. "

" d

, Traffic

of' connnercial vehicles,

I
I
of tYEes of tra~fic.

34

parking

traff\ic

sucll m~tter~

t,iona! for loadirlg and !unloa~ing

'I

bulk ~f his I

Survey (1938).

p. 3.

I'

f.

':" J,~

---

Reoent Recommendations
'

Ill..

Efforts

of Public

Officials

J:

1\ \

i '

o~ Los ,Angeleity

0PP9sed t~ the idea that

,i

I~ ":11
.

HQwever~ the ~ttitude

dist\inctly

'

officials

was

,I

the-lab.

Angeles Rdlw&'f "

ii"

,I

Corpprat~on

was unab~e to finance

a fe~ ye~rs

rovements.

~f~e~ thisofflcial

preaentatl

by t~e Los Ang~lea Railway corp'oratlQn,

'!

Ange~es attacked
of t~1s attack

n of Its:posltlon
th

City of Lo8

'

the ,validity

of this

poai

ion~

The result

about ,accompl1'Sbmen{. tllB:t aided

brought

mate:iallY

'i

i '

in t ~

Within

the -movement for 'speedier

I.

mass ~ransportation

city.

\'

In 1933 a "Joint

-~

units'
'

Committee ~f Trans~ortatiOri"

~d

been

for:mJd from a c:onfer'ence called

by the Rai~road-'Commlssion to
35
problems in Los Angeles.
Not. ,satil5-

jj

cons Ider

transportation

"c

'

'fied jwlth prog~ess 'being made to secure

Ra'il~ay corpor~tion

plans

th~,~oard

ubilitiea,thrOUgh

,:

of Public

from the Los .Angele~ 1

for modernization

11

of its

the City Atto~~y~~e,

".

offide,

'filed'

__ I

I,

a:.complaint

.;.

,,'

:""

with the state

equi~ent,

"

36

Railrof,dConmisslon.
I
"

35 ' Tpls "Jointi confet,ence Committee" 'fuxilctloned :ro.~s~veral~

.
yjears as ani actlv~ gr9Up. Members.were from two local rail
leilnes, theRallro~d
C6mm18~io~, the Board ,Of Public utilities,
ti e Los Ang~les C~ty Attorney's
office,
and others,
Qodies
,s ch as Los! Angel~s Traffic A$soclat,ldn anp. BUatn en,'ls :
a~sociat ions.
Tb,lj'oughinformal d1laCUssion'vit:. c0R:alcteJM-d!
.. '
a~pects of ;transportation
in Los ~e~es
." 2ne,.'re~.lt.o:r
the effortsl of th's group was the remodeling of twen~y~
three yellqpr cars .;..
,

'.

.I

j'

own &s Ca e #39~5, this compla1nti,as

a signi~ca~t
mil.st in the parad~ of proposals 'and 'st:udies seeking to br1hg
out adeq te an9 rapid urban transport~tion.

This complaint! repres~nte.d

fdaro!

for

surracetr:ansportatl0n.

grea~ det.il
the

t~ descr[be
37

I
carrier.

ocal

the spearh~a,d ,pr.tp.e pupl~9'd.m~nd,

~ ~1;l.trf.rl~J"nl1t

t.

the condition

In part

or! t~

Into

~r ' "

eqUi~ment'

."
the complaint1said:'
i'

Of the tini ts of, s.treet railway ~i.lli ,.' ~cJiipiaent pwned

y defendapts
,. 'sixty-r,our
(64) pr;r.:j'~eq.~~~~~, mQre~ than',
,wenty, Y,ea;rs o~~~; Only fifteen
per c8n~ arel88slthan
,,
~en years pld.
.
j)!
\
l.
J'

;.

The 4efendant

was to be required

'

threi

lmndred",modern street

stan~ards

\the 'other

cars

to P~Ch;aS+ not le88 than

.,'

cars

'!,

and to r,eb~ild
.

"Such acquisition
. to repder

SUCh;

I'

and :r:ebuilding,df

street

nece sary

re-

in i t1!l sY8te~ ca.pa~leof

bUilJing.

to, modern.

cars.!s

39:

minimum &mOl!uat
,~ of service.

As to the manner of financing

the co t of this

,new
"

equi ment,i the' compla:1nant alleged

depreciation

of rolling

I:

inve1tment~ rather
"amou~t of pot

'to

less

answjr

!,

.Ii

'

$400,000 a year,

or 'f'~worn cars.
I

thecomplai#

This

woJlq be sufficient

of the allegations

all~geci:t;hat

made b

,'"

'

!In ~1011 they

the, city.

The

t~e com'pany:

snow, and at allL times has bee~, willi g and lprepa:r.199-i'

o carry f~rward,1 on its own ini tiat1 ve, l~uch ,reasonaole,
.

"',

38

39

. I,'

up for

stock had been, di~e~ted to other

The corpo.ratio~ ans,,(~~

i

thfn

,I

deni~d a majority

t)1mjs ,set

th"n for replac~ment

s cure hew capi tali.

'.

that

Cit~ of

, o~,~.

J~C8

~.,

t 'ld~,p.
, 9' p$r~

eles v.'The

L08

Angele

7.
aph8, XV, XVI,' XVII.

"

':.i

,Railway CorpQraI

I.;"

I'

.""

"

I.
'I

\.

"

i,

'

~.

8 nsibl., and mod~rn equlpmentprogra~8 ~!smay be re~.

ired for the ne~ds of its servlce'prov ded the.
.
ces8ary income cianbe,~tained to me'et!It~exi8ting
d new obl~gationis.
i
..
-,~
<

The erro~t or t~eclt1

progrF

to secure tha d.velopaallt or

by t~e qompany" lookin~ to the rehabi11tationot

a,

an~ the purch~8e ot mod'ern equipment .

Obsol~te equi~~nt
Bucce~8fu1.

AgJeementj was made to eXpend, during the years

1935, i 193.6,and 1937, ;the'sumof $500,000 each yearSJr ne.

,

"

passelllgerequ1pnientanti modernization of existing eqUipment.

I

'

Agree~Jit was fu!rther~ade to place an "initial order" for

\!

"

constfuctlon of thirty! (30) new 8treetcars of the type d~signed by the P~eaident's Conference Committee of the American
I

Transtt Association.

~he carrying out of the equipment renewal

progrrm after 1937, itlwas agreed, would be in accordance with

a

P11 to be 'worked ou~ with'the City and the CODDDission.

The cef'"Panystst~d th+

would continue ~o pre.s

ror a loan

from Jhe Federal Emerg~ncy Administration of ~blicWorks,

I

I.

, '

such ~oan having, been

I
I

I'

"

'42

pplied for in 1935. '.:

.'

''

"

As a c9nsequenc

of this program, the complaint of the

City

as dismiss~d by

h~!Railroad Gomm1s~lon as of March 4,

The,citY,ihowevtr, was not content to allow the matter

t without $peCif}C results.
i

The Public

Utilities Board

;'

swer of netendanf Los Angeles Railw~y Corporati,on before

e RailroadlCommi sion of the state of California, January;
35, Case #~915.

p. 3.

opesal of '~QS'
'eies Rai1.WI!f3'
Corpo:rrationfor rehab11itat onol its iqU1pm nt, Feb. 14, 1935~ \EXh1bit A~or
D ~81on Wum er27 90, ~e City of Lo~ :Anse1es v. T~
'8 Angeles. l~~a C0rp0Tat1on.! Ca8~ #3915, 3~. Rail
R ad Comm!aslon ot California (March ~, 1935). p. 786.

. .I

..... \

'

a~ou~ the, e!lmrn~\~oe*,C!; ,C!the,r;,'jtl!~

xious to rri~
I

",'

t"

-.

~':'j.

/'

r:",E"

impe lments to ~dequ te mass tr~nsportatl~nl~

ri

structure

"Jo1 t Conferente
it

an

service

Co

i ttee"

I,.

,1

,i

fulfill

the ter~

ther.fore.,
entire

taien

.;

situat10nto

A60~plaint

""

R.ll.'

'I

the re.u1t.'

i,

'<}

",

: ..
-~

J,c..

~o;:,ri:,,!;.qUiPmrnt;-~

,.

adnss,ble

to, prei'(tnt: the'l

.."

t~e Comm1ss19nin' a formal proceeding.

was filed

The

tJi.:h~tter~lco,'';;in . to

<1,

agre'ement re~a tire

.:

r"

'I

.~, . ,

't~'~:~si"'i

'h'V'

'I"

the ,City 8jgain deemed it

, ~,~~

bad ta11~d t9 achfeve

I had been'
..

of lits

as well as old equlpnel1t.

sJ",ght fl"QmlhS P C1f~C Elsc.tl'~C ~

way. \' Also, no ~ctl0

'1' '...'

such t~,t,

.~~"

",,'-:'

on April

11, 1936,. asking the C~is.lon

to itvestigate,all

p,ses

of tne defendant's

I'

portttion
quest

operations_\

that
I

local

Included

in this' complaint

th~ commisrlon authorize

was the re-

t~e City to issue

direqting

DllJ.ss:~rans~

the Los Angples Railway Cor~oration:

BI.-Order

'

I:

I To set ~slde a~d pay into a separate depreciation fund

monthly, the sum ?f not less than $33,333 'on account of
~he deprec'~ationpf
street
cars arid the e1ectric:a1equip~ent of street
ca~s this f~d shall not b~ used in
ole
or in part exdept for stlch capital addi tionto.
ccount cov..eringstreet
car._
fl
,as may beepeclf1ca11y
pproved by! theC~mmfssion. 43
.
The Cit'y~' in 'c~n~junctl0:h with t~"'\f1~ing
\
had 'allotted
for

fiye

thofsand

e purpoae;of

Jr

on all 'phases
.!

orde

that

dOll.ars to~the R ll:roadC,O~,ss\on

ma~ing an impartial

..

'i

the local

recommendations' fitting

43

of the case of

14

t'

exha stive

"

transportation
i'

problem,

I'

I:q.eCity against

ihis

l'lpoft

:,the rli1,a:r

lr

"
i

I
I
\

'
'

!:,
'
\

requir~-

companles,~'

orolndum
Com le:inant City of, ~s ~~~es
in
Request ~f Pre iding Commlssion~r f~r Certal~
6 193$) Case Number 4002, The CitY of Los
The' Los' .p~elel
Railway Corpora,tion (Deeision
,.'

in

:,. - ,

was to b~ the

( ay

study and

to :the transportation

mente of Los An$eles 40U1d be made.

basis

of the' complaint',

Responss
Dat.,
Angeles
pending)

jI

!
!

-I

I,

'.

" :,'

e.atlpn o~ new e~ulpment WIlS. onej,ofJfb:a: _ny~sUb'jEie.t8 '~,

'I
"'.,
.!n~e t1gat.d bt t~e RrilrOad cO~i,$s}.kn ehsil!leers~ In this
Th~l

)i

'resp

ct,

-the r~port

"}

~:

,p

,
:The mos~i serio S 9,"tuation and1A)nel"1'on ~st
~e.
'.
emedied Ite9 in he ch.araeter,ofi a sl1bs't411tial' ~rt
,j
,
f the Oldlr stre t Cjar equipm.n~J.of.~h. Los ,4n&~~e. ~ , ",,',
ailway.
he min
requir.ment;to
put the co~~n7
'
tn a s t~ te of r~a ppab le o.p.er.ati~~ 'efreciene,. J.,* . t ' , ,
:+east two undred modern, up-to.i.date street
cars _ '.
ft is beli vea t~e. purchase of ~e,w~e(ll11pnent ~S'~~lly :~~
~ustifled
~y oper~t1ng economies and ~orea8ed t~ffic
,nd that tl;le Los<\AIlgeles Railway 9hou:ld exert eve:ry
,ffort
to ~cqui,rel such, new rail equipment at the i '

um

:i:

t4

r~:::t

J,.-histrry,
',offire,

c:i::

is sq~llpenring.
it

ia ii~elY

'.~~s,rd

: :he annats
I

According t~ ;tbe City At~O,J"~~Y'a

Ithat eventually

if result~satfsfsctOry

~
,'

"

" j

..'1936'

"

0;1 10caltran:~0~tatlon

thecaee

to tha co.,plalnantare secured.

. I

.<

: Purcih!ae of New Equipment

The Los Ange'lela Rail.way corporat1oh,

1937, and 1~38,< ~urchased

of m~dern stre~t

, I

will; b~.diB-'

I!,',

Conf rence car;"

cars..

in the y~a'rs of

ap~r'ox1ma~elY $1,425~OOOwo~th

Ninety-five

"Presido,n, t'.

of ,the 'so-called

,,',

~avel been, purchased

and placedln

.' '.

~pe;at~o~ .

al1rQad C9nnn.1.SSi~n.
of the,. state ofCaB.forn:i.a,. CaB,eN~ber'
,002, 1fRep~rt on !the Local Public Transportation
Requirelhenta
~f LaiI Ang~lesJ" (December 16, 193p). p., 289.;~
- " . . .

"

the "presi~eilt 's Conference Car," as ..it is 'Jm~rj\>was the '.

~eBult of r, eBearc~ done .by the American Tr~lt,
,A.,a,soc.iation
~ri conjunc~ion 'wi hits
JJ1embers. It 1s stream-lined"
and.
*ltra-mode'f:1 in d sign and oper~1;;lng,~erflcl~l!ley__ ,J:t ',.. .'
~f great v~lue in expeditil)g trapsitop.
8~pfaee 11nes~~-etue
to its re~r~a:ble
acceleration-and
braklngcapacitfes.
these" qual tles;,
lus noiseles;sness,
a speed of 43 miles
,n hqur, s ~ety,
nd ge~er~l comfort, make it an l~.a.i,~
,tre~~ car to fac li~ate mass transport
t~on.

\.

1,1
I

I'

i'

' I,
I

As thel com~any ~as not lin a pos;i t ion to buy

a cas~ bas~s. if utllited the.!Jim<! payment mtt,

i In 1938,: future 'plans f~r purchase of a di tional eqUip",:
!
I
"
':
i 'I '
',1
~
"
.'
L
ment dipen4ed upon the refin,an~ing of bond Imit~:tie8
dU~ :.~~t!
year'ip

an {amou~t of S~ightlY ~ver $4,OOO,OOY.

miSSi~~ of lithe tcal:lfOr~ia Rail~Y

:

',I,

'!

diffictul

ty

II

i,,',rse~telIlPer,

by

'

the .refunding

'I

ties

;was,adjusteq.

the per";,,

COumii8Bi~nr~~~~'fin~;1a'l

'1

'Wi,th

"

t'

"

of th.',ese bond Diaturi-

'

,I

'I
' "

193~,~

' i

I,

The atei tude of I the off1:cials

of the tOB Angeles Railwa,.

tcwar1 ~qulpme~t expantion has [Changed as a ti~;ct res~lt'~t

the' s~ccessrul

operation

of th~new

type c~r,.

ridi~ .habitha~ resUl~ed. ope~stion costs ~~e

'a'nd a1cidents.h8.ve
:

beer

.'

resul~s,

the o!ficials!

confe1ence
futur~
.
l11B.

are eag~r to introduc~

calls'

for

te It,' thirty

anoth~r

",

apnual vo~ume of line

II

bompany

, i

46

I
'

1]8

, 'I

more favorable
I

Theattltude

.. i

tow~rd equip-

ffn~cing

real

,is or., sucll

good cannot be ~ccomplished.

'

P,rsonal
Intervle
, Mr. J.' R. Prettyman, Directop
s Angeles I Railwa Corporation; see also' Traliillt
N ws, II (A~gust 6, 1938). "p. 256.
'
,

'

or Research,
Journal
'

rsonal InierVie " Mr. Wo~dward-,Taylor, Attorney

geles Railway Co or~tio~, Janu~ry 6, l~3~.

i.

natfre;that

Ii.

,.

rehabili~atiQn

to, mtet thel needs o~ the conmun-1tl.

the' traction

The lDUDl!tdiate

ment ,~xpansion,: but' t~~ problem of private

adiftlcult

r
I

Iii,

' ," ;!.

Pre~id~nt'8

expansion program of approxl:

i"

II

'c:ars a y~ar.

Howeverj'such

todaylof

three~year
48

"

Inad~,uate

as poss19le

Ii.

additional
I

!'

';1

i
J

'

Car ,eqUipm~rt as fa$t

'.

!,.

been lowered,

B~cause of I thes~fav~r~bl.

lowere~.

IBcreased

fO,r Los
,

:L

TaYlor\adVl~e
that c~edit for this, expansion 'should
easier tl obta
as a,r~8ult
of the successfUl retund~
of debt maturities
thi~ fall (l938).
,
"
,

,
I

"
'

 il.

tJ.ar:r i

There 1~, muChJlthat can Ib~ done t~r~cil1t~te'

portttion

by means

mentlof

such actions

icallrearrang~ents
of t*e units
:)

surface

~~n sti~l

has peen and re~ins

be puslied.
1,

It

~.vorl>_

The major PI"Oblb,~.

ver, \

Itoday the.financing

nl!)w-"quipment
program.
I
"
---1

past.

of a~tQmQpil. t~aftl~ln

'I'

'.~4 .

of a large-scale.
-

'

is' ;d'oubtful, whether the-,Il()cal,~

rail!

line

can ~eet

t~s
I"
rema~ns the cornerstop.e

need adequately.

'street

car~servlc,

and ~ntil
ofimtdern

of the l?cal

transportation

system,'

such servi cje is thoroughly

needs,

revamped in the light

the mOle pr?blem continues

I

!
I
l

1
\

I
\
i

\
\

I
!

control

tr@~-

thrt>ugh a' COritinual\deve~op~

!as have 'deen talcen in,thej

~d

.~its

,..:.~

unsolved.

..

\.

i!

i,

Ivi

CHAPTERi

',I

I, ANALYSIS

QF PRo~osAis

! \

, ,

'
.

II

: IBiOn J. Arnold,
i

WH~CH PERTAIN1'T,

AND S~AYS

kn
his
!,

1911 report,

,I

spec~fic

ELEVATE!;D'RJ.IL,AJS

.as
.J'

i,

and d\e~ailedl recommen~'s:tions rel;ti~e

t~~ ri~lt

to ~k.

to the uae ot

sUbw~YI and elevated

railroads 'in Los Ang~le~. A tew'yearl

Ii".
~
prior, to Mr. Arnoldfs!report
a tUnnel had been proposed tor
I
the. airea west and south of Sixth ,Street in the hilla adjaoent
:

to tJe central"~~s

..

ine+s district.

come of it.1

sion lor 1908, nothlnglhad

I
II

However, due to thedepres-

,;

'

:propo,als of Bion J. Arnold

.
I
There were ~twoa1pects of the p~oblem of ~ecurlng
trans~t

through :elevaied

report

paid attention

tio~s;.

The firs~

and sUbways to which the.

land to which it

\.

: -

used ~hls thoroughfarel.

i

reoommenda-

I,

beca~se a jgreat porpion

devoted its

of ~hese was ~he ,dire need to expedite the

!
,
traf~io.
Exce~sive congestion existed o,n

heavy interurban,
MaIn ~treet

railways

rapid'

of the interurban

i-

Referei{ce in the' previousch;lpter,

i

tempoJtll"Yrelief

.~8

service

gi ~en Ito the proposal

for

other \ thoroughfares..

For a mor~ permanent me"~hodof relief

,through the' use 'ot

,from ..

COnge1tlon. the ~roposrlWas mafe to build sn .~levated struc!"'re.

This iO~ld run from thi
termi1al

across

runninjg north
i

reallt' Of! the Sixth

~he Lot ~eleS!riVer

i

anqsout~.
I

aDd

Main stree,t..

to connect with tracks

.

.. I

t prop9se9 in 1 04 by th~ Pacific

'J. Arnol~,
1m!i

The Transportation
\.

I'
I
\

Electric
Company.
Prob'lem' or Los Angeles"
1\

I
.

"

"

. ~' The sec Qnd reo o.e.n~.~10~f,.P~i~;08 jedtbto.8p.,e;d ,~"ft~~r,t.tl,Q,n

.~~n1~~i.:

towns W~8t of lLos Ang~le8, sucp. a8:'Sant~

T~ ...
I
.
~'"
I'
.
Rolltwood and~an FexJrando d1st~lct8",~~pl;l
~~\~.~,4,~,iq:p~~L~t

. to .te

the

also

lIlfl,

It

thr0tgh
stre.t

were It0 ha+ been

cal~.~d fo~ const~ct~on

the hi~ls

wes~of

at about.' Four+

that!th1s

aided by,th1S:;R&)'~i~1Ar propo~.l

west~rn

of, ~

4r;uo;~,,~,r'~fi,;Q~~,1~.*

Hi~l 8tre t, ~

.ou~h of Sixth,

street.,

Furth,ermo;re, i.

tu nel should bedeslgned

II'

W:~8\'PZ;9~O.,d

to connect with the

'..

].:.

I"

paci~ic

E~ectr~c

sUbwJy under

te~inal

at Main and S1xth s~r~~t~,p~

the stre~ts

i'

Of' downtown Los Angeles.

a~qthe~

.' i

I'

These two proPfsala

the difficulties

wer.e consid~red, ~ece8s~ry,t!Q solve

of t~e iJDlJBdiate future

Mr. +rno14 foresaw

~ ~ontinue~

years.

Nev,e'rtheless,

rapid ,growt~\ 'of the Clt). yd th

the ~ventJsl

ned of hdd1tiOO'S,l sub-surfacellines.

if the proI
1
'1_'
I
blem !Of h~gh speed tr 08Portat'ion
betweenl rts Ange1er. ,lUld,it.
sate~lite
year"

ltowns,'were

L be
~:iS,

heJreco~,ende~~b.e
,

"

ru.nn~

u der the cen ral

satisfactorily
con~truction

busJ..ness dis~rict,!from
'i

to t~e Plaza . ;.At ea h of th~_se locat.ion~

term~nal

ch:would

nor t1 and
to tlfse

eceive

~ terurban

C[~ities.

~ra~eters

cQnIlect iOJ?8

trans

is mel;ltiol]-~d

"ultimate

I'

:3 I id.,

fro~ the

n both ~ides of theCilty .

to s lme ~Xi enti\!in his proposeq

and ~would a 11ow tou~h

The secoind asp ct of the, rapid

,I
I

Twelfth street

~here wguldh . ~.

.rom ithe .S Ofth,

For rutur~

.o~ ,a \foUr~traCk SUbway

4.

s~lved.

. l~.

i'

!
I
I
h1s tepo~t,'Mr. Arnold ~tressed

~ pot t
I

I
I
,

be :locate
l

.J.

II
I

the
at, the \plaza site.

I
\

pl

This deale

/
/

ti'

'

I,

~'.h,l

theed!Of

mov ng loca~ traff1c

,'..

t~

'l~,

t;h'ecoilite,'t~,~

1i6wtl areal by sub aye.

!

do

~n the'repl'rt,

exp~ssed

. Lr~!

take

care

At , that'

t1m~; i,tJ~""thOu,ght,'

'

was ,that local'tr~f~"'wto'i.\l~:l

of by the removal. br the sUburbah', traf~

f.

loca~ trac~s.

'I

all

'

be

',,~~i,

r:i-o~mlt~"t,iL:~

i Notw1~hstand1i>hMr. Arnold IUdreC'1~Mt~

us. ~f a foU,";track 1UbWaYalp~ga n~rth &ndsouth .xla with,', .

5
the fWOout~~'tracks
\

atterti~n

Ibelng ~ttlized
I
' ,
wa~,~giVen 0 th1s~'atp,ect.
'.-

,I

, I . As . reg~rd8

thi. cos,t of the~e various

reporl t did not' make Jny estim,h'es

l,l

general

.!

Ing

Little

proposals,

Of.'either

,tl;le'

a de.talJ!ed or,

It dlie,.diSCu~s, briefly
the II].ethod)of .fip:a~c-, r'
!
..
~. '.
..'
The ge,nerSl t01e of the :report indlcate'd, that municipal
:'

..

S~~r-d be ~~e ulti~te

.

OI theci'tyfor

goa~

,!

~ i

rar-teachlng.sfbWaY~l~n.

c~rs.(

nature;.

ownetshiP

city

~y lo~al

,its.

Trfsi~

whowo;,\t then ~Ulldt!

bords

should be soldl by t~ ..

p.aded fac111t1es. 'Op"ra:t10~

of the SUbw~Y~i
would re on a lrase bas1s to the '/ac1f1ll. Electric
complny,
, ~ove.

whIch !would ~ay to th~ City a r.ental

J the 1~te~est

onl the C;.+f

sUfficient,

6con.t~ct10n

to ~

.. '

'andPZ;0v1dea"

Slnk~ng rund':~~t' ret1rr

the bOOrS'

the 1Ievated' . rt fro

th~' S1xth and 14a1n3t~eet ter:.,lnal ... .

b~ financed
!

py the Pacific

'.

'only

w~ul? be t
'\

old".2E,.

e1t.,

p. 19t

7', Ib d.; p. 6.i

I
I

.'12.

\,

with th~ "cit'1.'s,a1d:.1

I

a14 given by the city

E,1ve toj"the

bullarng of

.
~

i'oward this

!I,

rise

~lectriy,
:

or money~Th

T~. 1_d1ti.te

:.

co,pany

a long-term

j.

fr~ch1se."

7.'"

. ..1

~ndlscusslng ~he mater oUr nehls,e!!. ther~J\Ol',t".~"v.O:r!~~.,'.

~~t t:::iJ::
j:t:h:e::C:: r;:lw:: :~::::~::::~.~;t~ "
eta,

it

w+a contldered

I'

the wi~e 'icours~" t~o~ProVi~~"

"I

: ' .

;::\::t:~::1p::ul1:g1:;e1:::
\
.'

II

Conslde~able
!'

..2!.

~
:.'

ali ve dur:ing te,two-year

Rail*oad

'

grad~ crosa ng

.'

Tbe',l!J&U.~".

its

elaborate

and, sclent+fic

surv1yon

period. of 19l7-UllS, wh~n the .

COImniS\Sion, 's condu?'tl~g

~U1d

of a v~rbal Dat;;re

fOll~wedupo';: 1he putl~.tloniof ~hl. report.

stilt

C0unr-ss4:c:m"
i' ":<.

Ral1road

discuss ion', and activity

I

I.

e\~~:~. ~1.

\ Prop~sals

',~f"

elim~nation,the

!or

necessity

aUnion

L of th~ general transportat1oll pl"l'bl.

pepot and other ,Pha"r"
of L4s Angeles.l
'Mr.~ich~rd
wage
,

tran

sachse,
'I'!

battle

At thOugh
it

Thisl particular
I

I .

was in charge of

major attack

. :.

fOr the.

by m~a~

ite

ahd was, t~e first

' '"

nion pepot which .is

not rebei.vin
,.-'

investigation

just

In,,~~

lO,l}g,!"

now bein'g :tiealized.'

the main ~emphasls, the ql1'~8tlon ,~tl?'!1,pld

of s bways an.d'elevareds

\'

recommrnda~l ns were.:lllB.de

was studi'e.~ '~d

!'

.t!~';,

."

'7'1

Before mj.klng. pecH1c 're,COlllD1e~da

t10~S. th,'; .ut,h,,'ro)/l,, 1~
downth1rteen gtnera 1 prin,C1Pj~"whiC~~hould I>~\fO~~?~.U~~ ,
,8.,

t (1913~.

15-120.;'!

';

i
:

9.

e develop~ent ot a rapid transit system.

Principle Number

i!';,

Five\ was that :UbW.Y~ should be for the use\of inte~rb~n

cars'

OrilJ,.and that ,.:locallcarsShould continue to use the surfnceas

"

at

resent.

Tiile'onlyreco~endation

made, contrary to this

P rillctPle, was i,that~ sUbway be constructed under the Br~adwa1

II

'

Tun1e1 for the;use

Of

..

\;..

:~-.I'

street cars; the pu~pose being to provide

two ~utlets to the nJrth instad of just the one on Main Street,
and bo allow d-J.;ectJouting of Broadway cars to the~'~brth.10
;

ii,

"

,\

"i

'!

In regard to iubways and elevated lines for: t~ use of

,!

int~~rban

trains, M~. Sachse fo11owed along the recommendations

.

'1
'

whicp had been made ~n the Arnold report.

1

He suggested M~1n

'~' .

i'

str~~t for the ..

firstlsubway,

listing, several1~dyantageaWhiCh

thisl street had over Istreets parallel to it.

As a first .

steP I he thought the [line from the north should stop at Si~th
r
and tain Streets Wit~ extension south on Main 'street at-a later

.9

T~ese princfp1es ~ealt with need of an elongated terminal

'rither than :a stuti-end terminal; through routes rather than
,lops; no grade c~ossingsi,undesirabi11ty of elevated
~
1 nes in co~ercial1 and re8~deT?-tialdistricts,; justlf.1cation
fir subwaysJ?ased ~n other'factors besides 'density ,of
p pu1ation ~long t e route, such as safety, speed, regularity,
c pacitYi t~e adva tages of open-cut construction ove~
;'
e,evateds i~'resld~ntial districts.
.
'.
1

10

~ich.ardsacse,
Re art on Railroad.:Grade crossi~' El1Jn~nation
.a~ Passen r an
re E:t' Terminals in Los Anr!e,. 8 for'
C1Ii orn a allroa Connnsslon (1920T:- 'pass . '\
.

11

I,

"

I id., p. 1~3. Th se advantages stressed the fact .that ,

M in street \bi1sectd a broader belt 'of business terr!torYi
t t Main st\reet ws a through ~treet; that t~ere were,
f wer'~nder~round' bstructiqns on Main street, the
P cifl'c',
Elec~ric S atlon was locat.ed on .Main at,Slxt!l.

I1
\

I
I

I
i
'date

to c~nnec,~ ,with IthepactficE1ec,t~.iC

'

\. '.

E~ectr~c

comina.1n

':~

pro~osed sUbway, lt~~

frOm\ the r0uth:'1est.~he

pacific

'.

'

'~

sta!ti~on. on, 131111 St:reet, tc?

with

contlnuan~e from therr' to Vi1eyard J~nctio either by

e1evtted pr op~n"ut. rs

I reoo~ended.

tion

Tbje report; also

ofttiS

latter

J.

'>

!
\

'

".

'Q

i,n "Ord,~r.t~t

of the city

'I

Id be maintaine4 . ;

' "

I'

und~rthe

~ark.

The report

did

ot'favor

'the Pacific "Ele~~{l~ ext~nd the Sixth

east ito its

was to extend' under Pershi

diagqnally

t~t

~o alll parts

This! connection
I

r.eC0DDl18ed the conn~C?~lon,

,~~bWay\with th~' M.a1;nStr'eet, s~ation

. thrmtgh routing
.

COn8fdereddesir" la, .a~.co!,stru.c-

southboun

'tracks ,because

the idea

tree~ eleva,tad

th1swould

retard. ,th8

cons~ruction

of the n?rth

sUbw~y was to
II

Mai~ streetsubwaf.

This 1a~ter

.,

qe

the 6utlet

f~r uptown pass~ngerscom1ng

I'

'

the tl,nion
Depot 'locatedI
,

at ' the Plaza.

was ~o extend unde~ t~

stati~n,

.:

.,

way~,1008 Rami;ez strret

Li tt1e

to r1s~e
I

ra~l-

the Aliso StreetB~idge

to

,
the long ?-ra~

tQ' 'he loc~.tip~

'

asked
that
.
I

chang+ng t ~ an elevated

and ~cross

~'ealiZi+g

re 1atfve

Eastward the subway.

.Broo~lyn Avenu~..

fr9m

t:

'

of

out sitruggle

tlr-e

mich

was

tl'niO'~Depotv~ the. report

the : MainS

reet.

subway
be built
{

within

the .next

five

yearsl.
case

The Pacific
efore

E ,ectrlc

the Railr

Company, in its

ad ~ommission,had

testin10ny on the

acknowledged the

necessity

for Stomedr stic

changes 1n its
j

lines,
12

_,and wert ~conte plating

,12'

downtown Los Angeles

js~ch .change~.'

The report

' .\ shoup,l1:n his testin:ody,. had stated that

'c~1d not be, toler:ated much longer .
~~~dy.~~::.:Xil.m;ade, for the ielevated line east
treet \ eta 10n by the Paciific Electric.
See
l t ~~'p.3 '.

1:t.~.
.

\.

,)

;'

present con,Plans had

from the 'Main
Sachse, 2R~

i\

i'

t1l1 heavy! in1 tl:~l expe,ndlture

bu,~ th9U~t,~hei

need '

par"/,,ountto the ObJtCt10n. Gosts for the elevatPd"t.~~.:.

lea<\ing f!om ~he Pactflc
!

Elec~,rlc

'1_;_

::x:~,::::::0ja~:~:l::e:::

l.
tha~ the Pacl~1c Ele~trlc
.

the1~ station

eastwarci ,were es~1mat.d,to

.....

~:~::e~:::~:l:'

'.
,.!
wou~~ construct

I'

,:' "

~asis.

As regards

d0wnj. The thought

: .::t::~::d
i!,

tor

olieration

~o general

prill' ciples. ~er,t! laid

d jd pr,edom~pate, howeveri

ShOU~dbu:tld" a~ci own Ithe

'trom

and l~ased

fit I anclng',

..'

su~way on Maln st1"eet

'

coulfi best be constr1ll\cted by the city

"'1'"

the 11ne leading

I~east, iut' the d~Uble traok

i'

on ~ r~ntal

that

the city

1ln~J"owitlg to the heavy Ihi~'tal

costs

1nvo~ved. i t t ",as al,O aume1that the

\

it,

advoFated iby Mr. Arn~ld,

b~ndb, wa~ satisfact':l'y.

IAt
clause

for

t esale

of transtt

'

,(

!that, time

whic:q called

"'

Los A~ele8
I

wh\Jch'pr ,ohioi
'
l

ed the g~a:ntingof
\

elev~ ..ted Jailw$Y or

a f anchise

'

for

an

subway '~1ong a~y stre

t runn1ng 1n'. '

113':'

long~tudl
to rkp'id

d~rectiqn.
ransit!nip

In,lcalling

atten

10n to this) obstacle

ovement~'J1t was recolmn ndedthat

,the

, :

Ii'

char~er

ame4ded,

'I

se,

expe~itln
1

:'thos'

~hen,

harg',

wIthin

'I

of t 1s remarkrblj

cone rned w1th lather

were to become':ef'fective.

ere the ~'Inl prqposals

of intern 'ban traff~c

':

in

f const~1tl0rl

devoted to the

the city

limits.

'

,whit.

'

comprehe s1ve survey were,

aspects, .of transpor1at

(As ~ended

on, th~re >was,t~s

to 1919),

Art1e:l:-~'r"
,

\
,>

\.

"j;I",

..

'

'def~

te attem~t

to solve

:''It

1'-(

,~

the ~ocal m&ss4trabaportatlon

rh~
i

blem

Before t:e SOlttion of

be h d,

It was believrd

term nals

and lines

essenttal

that

br complet~dso

l09ation

COU~d

9f 1nterurbant

that' the most efficie.Qt

dist~ibution

or po.sergerS coull be secur~d.14

Kelke" ~ ~

Report

-1"'"

I
I

'

union ~s.~ng.rq.pot

.I

Th~ ne~, major! step

"

'~he attempt

in

I
I

to bring

rapid

'

Los Angele, by thes~ means .~ook,place in 1925

i:
i
~
when the Kelker, De LfUW repo~~:w~s'published.
Immediately
I
I
prece ing that study the Board"for Public Utilities
h~d dbs.commission to the ea~t to investigate
,

I:,

ent ci tle~

were solving
"

heir

return~

their
f

'

how ~ther

"

'

'transports'.

tion problems.

they 8ubrilitted to the Board a report

I,

I '

to see the proilem

of transporta

and advocated '~ definite

,

tion

in a comprehensive'

plan to beworfed

,I!

",

which

out.

'

This

when completed,

was to take care of thr needs of the

.
15
twe ty!years.'
The Board: of Publio,Uti1ities
I'

city

or the next
.

!.'

i\

'.j

<

-;,~

'I ~

11owin,g th,e ~om,letion of this8ur, veYifheari,ng, 8, "we,

re ;
ld by the Commission. DQ.e,to the comp ehenslve, nature
, t~survey
aCL_ttee
qf, Engineers r prese~tlng 8,11,
tere~t8 was fo ed, septetmber 14, 1920 to study) the ,
port and make reconunenda~iona. Sub-co i ttees ,were,
rmed to facilit'
testudy.
:The,sub-co
ttee ,on Rapid
ans'i was unanl', us in i ~s cpnclusions, whic:h,ap~oved the
an ,f r, a sUbway'extendina in a, ,norther y and sO'Ut:qe~ly
d rect on.
Board, f Publio utilities
an Transportation,
T"lft
Annual Re rt (192~).
pp. 114.1 9. ,
.

'''is

Board
ended t
ansit s
subway
rshing
way and

, \:

later trarts 1tped~.o th., a,it,.

,.t the .Paciti! Electric
should
rvice in Los . gelesj it proposednit be comple ed; that the terminal
quare rather t~~ the old depot
epressed tra k' s~oUld~~continUed)

I
tigat;iori

servedjasa

'

SiJificant

intr

u~tory

step,to

,the

Kel r, Dr Leuwreport,P8rtl~ul~~lY~. t~.. the~~e~

1~

an

'erali

viewpoint lif

real

brogress

Am~ngthe ve.J

~1"1many prtposalS

,I

ttmel to

time with th,

purpose/of
I

at

~.d

were

~be''made.

which p.a~e b~en

'.

~d~

frjm

th~,"
~rowing
'

solving

tr~por.t.,

,ttonldifficulties
i

. tionj stands
studf
'basi~

in iLes Ange~es, the Kelk~~, De Leuw invest1gaI

i
out with!particultr
~ignificance.
This $40,000
I

with its

for much '-contrdversy

I.

I.

all-ixrclusive

. ...

la~t1ng

As in the ~91d

I:

.IJU

first
.

and S,chse

years .

reports,

princIples

of a coJprehenSlve

of these

several

was to be the

downI a number of fundamental

the 1 ilding

teconnnendattons

rapid

statel"

this

one laid

whiph should: underlie

trahs~t

system.

The

I'

'i.

The future orderly development of Lo~-Angeles requires

.he co~struction
f rapid!transit
linesl and the ef~ension

Anot~::::::::::: ::.' ::e:~rF;:::t:::::

'.

Of

tie.", ,'

aC1l1

'Only by the ad ptl()n

a comprehens ve plan can a
ound and econom1 al consfruction
progr1m be prepared.

I'

'

'-a. 7

'

-!
'
cohtin~ed) rad.ia e" from '8+,sh1ng,Squ8.;~~sou~we8,.t; t!~
ineyat-d Junction to supp ythe
west bef"chdistrict;
hat the then exi ting el vated from tp. rear. of;,'the P,"ciflc
lectricstatlonl
,n Main treet be exte ded across the Los
gel,s'Riverand
north t a private r;iht.,o,f-'l!aY;'I,that. the
rack. on Long Be ch BoUliV8rd should b depressed or
.
;tevs.ted a~ far!! uth as ",lausop., Ayenu,e .~he rep,Qri; stated
t
t ~fthe
City uiltth.se
,.lines they should be leased
-t .the operating . ompany In a rent,lt. b,. 1,'. Subways,.ere "
t b,e, 'built onl~ 'In the',c ngested ,distr ~t" ,and, expande,d as
n c~..,~,an. Board of PubIc Utilities
a, d Transportation,
F rteenth Annual ReportI923).
'pp. 4 :-50. I
l~elr 'i ~"Le~w ~&Jco ,,~eJort
on acomp~ehenSi ~e R~~1d
an$~t. Plan; for Ihe city \e.ndcounty of Los A.ngelea (192p,).
1'1

.\

\
I,

\,
'

p.s.

~"

f '

Ql

In this plan, !th~~, tbere is f~und f~r the fl~st time a,

i

'\

~j

er stress.on th~.need of .urban rapid trailslt,~s well as'

,I

,,'

rban rap,id tr

and.the viewpoint tb:at all types of

I

'

be considered and p~ord1nated.

,

",.'

I'"~ ,

\ "lIr

l~,

'

';.'I>'.~'i~.

~'

In making rec mmendations for rapid transit lin 'the

;' ,

j',1

..

engl eel' justl~led t,ei~ need\ by tracing, the gro~th ,Of';m.Ch,

fact 1'8 as pOPulatiol' indu8t~i~~ activity, an~ stree14 trafffOj,
thu8,~hOW1ng t~t

thi tremend1us increases in these f:cto::.

made necessary their proposal~o

.

loca

Both the interUrban and t~e

I'

car ~ines werejeJPerienffng ~ore and mo~e difficulties

in g tting throught

e bUBine:s ~lstrlct.

The solution lay ~

in a separation of t affic p~~nes whereby both types of ,urface

tran it'z;night~chiev~I'complete freedom without interruption
"

_,

18

'

from vehicular ,or pe ,estrian traffic.

I
j,
Recommendati01so
.into two parts;
, .

The ~hY8ical plan proposed was divided

The ~lr8t
ga~e
the requirements needed for,
i~
, I

"

I:.

imme iateconstructl,0f!

Theisecond gave'therequirements

for

tutu e work., The rap!idtran'situnitsrecommended .ent ,far beyC?nd,:,

.
'i"
, .
.
prev ous proposals. flans we~ereco~endedl for a'system.w~ch

woul
.ona

fit r the needs Of

1'.,.

!i

'

c~tY:iPoPu1ation.of three million, per-

It:was anticiPrted tha' ~n 1950 Los'

r
tain a milllimumof two million; four hundred

eles '"ouid conhousand

inhatiitan.~s

'j
lins ,were propos d for lmnedlate

1 at was

known ~sth.

,"

~1J

& Qo., !l1.. c 1t .

, p. 7.

.,-e

lIoneta'-B!'oad

Aivenue, 1j.~e, 'and' ,was'l,:b.o;l~~t;.e~d"!i:ttnn

ain+

a . dis tl'ict

rromJ4a.jah~a tier!~A\(~
I

e 64 ~n the nort.

'"

A'8u~a'1~!'~"s'x ~,O~:b.tem~~O'Y4~Q~:~~)J~'!~~i"~~W~'.!~

"

L '.. '.

...

between.:. waShingt.rn,g tree.".~oIlth.e .~,9uthi,~alld"i;:~AA,

~",t:li~~t~!~
.
J'
",. ' .
. vard on the north.
~l.vated
rrai:lroa:ds, w~"ulA ,. xtt\~'.iJ ~IO.firJJ:<';.'."
line

" thes1

points

north

anf' aouth

,o .. the pO,tnt. ""eljtiPQ,<Idw..

Line ~umbe~ twr was tolextend

. alon,

two ro",~ea ,f~rl

nort~weat

the

~f

consisted

of. connectil111 1;I1e,~<>r,1;I1#~

(1) an \~~e,vated'and

(2)

he Broadway 8ubwr-y' (5) t~.Hollywood

the

1118,(4)0

ele/vated

A. third

(5)

'

aubway #;'1'

'!

vard and Los Feliz

grade

','

at

stru

t,ion at all-imp~rtant

Hollywood Bouhya~.

strret

Ii

anfwith

elevat,~A,ke;Ci)Ii~,"
In this

Une

waa ,pro~o ,d.;.,,~I!1!.

on .the 'w~at
v~a Third

Whit ierBoulevard.
st

S' '::veet,severth

iThe western

portion

of a subway, [crossing
stleet,

thence

via

an

Co., ~.

to

Il!ld~.

stireet,'a~Cil

'of this "line

der the cjentral

al blocks

to Stanford

way San'

east

'

the busine:s8dis~~tpt

Inoll:elx:t:e'
n:dectfr~
omtllLrqua',rgchmh
eoan,Bt:t~l.
d-.~'st
on the

"

croa8in~s.

be liIlk~q.~ith

.,

Stre~t

'.'

b~twe~n Gl.nd:a'le',;~:b.":

J!

". ',j,:

extend~lng totaiit~I'Sheim

Fern ndo Valleywoul~

was

~,est through

B+levaro.;~.~.; bonnec.twith:arap1d;t~a,lUIJ~"

line

Los

t~e1

..

eleva tied was t~:\:bebuilt

"

subway .OIl'P.1~O.,;.

lil?-,~>northwest on ,Qlemdal .!~Bou,3t.vard

DBet ,and

dlre~tl~~

and 1U,thweat ,Po~tio'iSor.,tl>,., ."'I'!'~"','~,,

r;

.with ,the aoith

The 10ute

pur~a~

in a,wester,1y

wfls"1;;O

business

leas t 0$ th.eiRJi1s1-I!l".~~;.$:~:,

"
19"
vated ,a10n;g ;Wh.'-ttie~

C1t.'iP.

di@.~

101.

'1' .'

'~'1\

,.

i'

, In~smuch
aa t eaforem~Pt,4.onetl(
!
.' .. .' :Llf.!.esw,ere'~:~1118lcter.~,
r ..,." ' _"\'
" ..'' 'to
-..1

t, thF ~ramework of a, gre.~e~

be reeded
metr PPllfan

I,

addl~lonsl

aa L~a Angela,

pasa~ena

~levated

elev

I 0'

ted
de .

~r .81~ !aYlte~ 1r1l1C~:'

J.p, qt

r extensj.Oil8:~and

.'

I :

A cOnQ8ction ~i

thisf

linen,S

to

Even~ua,l~y" a thre,e-t,~ac~

'

ihOrOUghf~re.~o the heJirt of Ing~ewo~

.

I..;~

was ~o be expand~d i,by a

i

1n\ Olive Stre

t.

alpng Sunset

oulevard; c~nnect1ng w1the

The elr1na

e paflfiCE1SC~1iC
s t ed ~

rut

tion .of

line: ~arth~r
gradecros~

the west biachsswas

"

~ngs

likewise

i.

s plans ,n:slevatsd

Fargo

poinla

along

Los Jmgel

line
other

fro

'

om the011v~,Street

rO~d would ,po. e'\h,~ed

vard 1in1 :porth on G;t!l~l(~6:l+e

"Bou),eva:o: 't.,o

~from the}.

l1nes!t~

','

In' these

Ane;Levated

"

was. ~o be .b1il t

: Elevated

would

i'

nort~

Th~ Hollywood 'V1neyard,'system

r.1e.,' }f.l,:le'fBr,:Qadoy-

Barbara stre~t.

jl

9n~ 9f ;the;,w~r~,f,8,,largest

bec~e
,set

Ii e/ was to! be extended to a termina,l. in,

ted ilOng. this

eded\.

.-Ii

1n the

118th st~eet.

~Fsanta

'I.

rapl~

centera ~ the rep~rt

to be,. buil

'1"

the

junct

ti

third

trsc~ would b~ located

the junct10ijus.t

e' evated

line

on throu h Glendale
d1rec tly

lines'would
and

an ~)evat~~ railroad

y8, .whil

.t.:'

~ol.llabe

within

..we~,~C?f tth~

uld run d1recin.y .

to' Arden Jupc~io~.

1pto ~he town~

Lankb rsb.~

)\

i.

"

the '1~m1ts ..()f san,;:~'~fp~o

constructed'

from Webb...
Street

to

:
i

st~eet.
\

'

':'i.

~~~t8m. of: riapid: .!trall81~ ;to;r'

"/

the

".).'

'

an Fernando Vel ey,add111onal trackage from'vaRl~:

JJnc ion to Etiwanda Avenue Js

This '1!be~;,~~~o '

suggested~'

cO~clt with an elevated ra1i~oad bet"'.n ~

i~jl~

'I
Vana den Avenue, 'thenl e it 'w~~ to operate;bY'~~rf'~ce~in~
I

I.

,:::t::d

A::::e ,::~r;::t::t::e

Owen1mouth.

its

;'

'

comprehens'tver rap'1d'

The four~h: sec~ion 'of ~he future

tran

Boule-

y8tem d,e'alin~1 with tJe irhird-seventh-Whi ttier

'I

vard line

~o

A::~:~~:~::~:~:~:"

a third

was t~ ~e e panded ~Ybuilding

track

' .

in .~h~

Th1r'l Street SUb~Yftom ~arc4montto Bur11ngtonwest to ~

Brea ~venue.

Alpng t~e Whitt~e~ Boulevard elevated

r~ilroad,

a th~rd track was to +e bull t !tram BoyleAvenueto

S'tree

, and then to eitend

the two track

I
.ittan'a

elevated

'

from' Indiana

to First

.~~ree~ in Montebello via Whittier

Bou~~va~.

A Beverly'Hil11

elevated

Was also proposed.

It would

from La Brea Avenu,e to W.11shire Boulevard in IBev:erly

Hills.

From tha:t 'poiItt the lIne

cross

ngs would be el~minated

,I'

I!

would begin

Such was the 'nature

ular

s,tudy.,

a~d,Sawtelle,

'

'lIne

a.nd nearby inte

"

','

and ,run throUgh Santa Monica.

"

.'

',"

of 'the recoinmendations,made,in

'

"

Th~ire can ,~e"no qu~stion

and a l-'inclusivequality
local

between Beverly Hills

",

where I an elevated

parti

wbuld. come to grade" but all

oftfl1s

nto and out of t e heartl

which'
would afford
.
of

LOB

this

Both

were to be ,furnished
I

'

of the 'c6mpr~~~nsi ve

plan"for,r~pidtr~n:~t.

-rban centers
trans:it
Or
t

'

<'-

'0'.

with a '

transporta1';,

Angele,S with a minimUmof

K ,lker,De Leuw & 0., paaa~. No date as f6recas't as to

w _ these additio 81 rapi~ ransit faci ities might,be
tlt
,

:but it

.: ls ,:I

was
consider~d
,
I
.

inevitable

hat the need would

20

'

.;'

S~bwaYI,ala
grad i cror"inglOn
cent

rs

pid tra1itaurt

I'

wrre the mea

popu:atio~

rapid

I, and the ;a~~n.tion.ot

tra

'all

~1f"r-to'~til~i~.

be. Fployed

in 1tu\~nlSlilingtb,e,.

,i

Fe~der 'llne$ a:eJ,icedbT'~s."'~j~.'

'l~.

. and toeal! streat cars -wouldc~mPl,te ,thl .:s.~.~,1.21 ",'.1,

I:

Tha actual n,ar

ot

01'rapiid,tranait linla'"tef.

be b 'uinl,nteClosna8nidstet:oOt~
fdorretYd-:t'..:af
ndorty0ri.e-halt"m\11eSO~s1J!?Jr,ya
and
"
..
and ohe";th1x-d ml . ,oi'

I ' . '
track tin....

,,-pres.a,
surface

Faader lina pa>:at~.

~ar8 were to beiconstructed

ot.~~

to the mn~t

I ..
I

one

undred

and four and one-~hirdmiles.

- .

the

omplete

system ~ounted

~o three

22:

e-tenth

Total mil~ag~ for~

,,',

hundred and eighty-six

.

i ",

~i~es.~

'

'

\.

"~

Cost and Jleth01 of FinarC1ng. If ~UChrapid .tranSit . '.

were to be bui t over sy~~ a widely dispersed

:: t ~O::d::l::j

:h;e C:::~O:t:::S

::t

Y
:::aI::~

c~st and:pro!>o,
all mathot'of ,f1na~cing t~
gi

Vi:

the

es tirnat'1ona ~ s everatal

emerg: ncy modlficatio

restr i ctions
of

or

causes.
for

bways

l'~e

C,oats

fra,
nee.

;l'O~am; In

ar:1se ~owingto financial

:,

ani

a::btf

terna tes,! were shoWn tO"meet

swhich~ight

,area,

1,

,P~' r~~o.mme,dlid-"~es,

elev'ateds,;

and equ~pmeJj~,1,
I.,

Chaptar V, forrac'r~ndatio,n."-, p~rta1ning to bu.

De Leuw & Co.,

.2. .

~ ~

it., p.' 16~

'I

23

.were ap.owp in T,~ple

vie.,ofth"
.\

In
the

study" deyoted

, ."

1,-\

"I

(~*,~,

~\S':Ma,,:g~t&i~~~~
l?/", _.:'-'

pugs !,~,

...

mu4h time a~d, thougp.t, to;',Mthodt,::,c),t, .. :,

,

.\,

-"

in def1n~ te pri
there

"',,,cfil;~j.~~~~h

j"'~,:,;,,,%,jt<:+:~;k.,;_<~_

"

."

c iPleswTr~,.

,r

i"-' ,:'h!Ji;,'2' "r~ _;~::' ,~)~::ri,1,~',*,)f';;,

4ti/'

la~~; dQ~tl

'

lIJ fl~.

~~nefiCi.~I!>~,.~s,1
"i41

are,:f.our,~r~ncl~palj

tr1" it st. temii~co~"tfu.e~Sd..~J,rr

es tr eachgrouR..The,Ur.t group itin".
co it:vI"hi>:~enen{are. ofl'co";.e.thei,c,r:~i~~, .',
~~~l!;

bene i tte4i in' many w4ys, and t.he bene!! t~' accrue'ln:v~ri!ng'

II'

II'

. '.!:~.

,'r.

'

of

gr~up ~s the c!onmunity!:asa whole_!, hird"

i
.
i
: ".
hold rs aongthe
linjes of coas truction
pen fit.
\
,I
I '. "
.
d

privfte

t a~sportati1n

>

'

.'

(f~,~~,,,,..
t~e
"". " .
1,""

,'v"

cO~Eani,es gain in itb: eventl"\~he']i,a,~8~,m

:~ele~ ::::::::::E:::h:el::~:::l
f

t~'ir(::e~ie!i;!lt
. '"

thepropolaals.

gr~:te::c:::~~;:::;

T~e conmun1tYl'sl~.hare

of re~en, e,.,a~1 np!lZ~!'4!~V~U~;u:fr

aws"which f~X the, a+?~t

\

c9A,be isaVed.

!,'

Hotever,

Loa Angele
I

wa'~t,l~p1,al~it
,

,!'

waae~!fti;~.~.~;~~*I,"~C~~~~'o.,

and possi.bl

I,
.~

it

adjae.n'~y:''',,-

'

ti..

om.
pari.S~'~".O.ft..h.,
1S..'.,...f...'i
...
g.,....
r.e...
,.."W.. 1"';,t,..; ...,.h;~.. t,..he'......'. .:'..~',n.,.~'...lIlllJ'.....''.......
'o
.'1l'.t:'$
. {'.,,,"; ,
and a .al! ,million w., ~ch:w~s'*;;.~.~:,!~,!
.
propos drapid
traps ~l' liif5e'!k'fi~!;.~,"i!!i
!
n. report illustrates
1 he compre~ens1fe
rt unde~ discussion:.
The ratio ,is!
e 'flgttr~sgi
vert' abcl>ve'lareth(i)S\l)r"OPl'J~tl1,
tion ort~y. .'
!
~.,

~.,

I.'"

"~'~--' 1

I. and .,Y:~II.

Co;, .:.tf
o~.
,

'
I

'-~

'<.In?,*fJ'~
'.v'.'.....'...,.' .." .

ill., .'"p . J23

.

,',.

,~,:i~i;','\f,~#'{'fMt,,,"_
<.' ..,.:..

"i."".:.,.'.'. .' ..

23

we:re shown in T.able 10_..

In view of th
the

tUdY devotedmu
definite

-J

81

~~.

certfin

-,

necce~sart

!-_.

_.

tOj 're~11z,,'
ot t;1.nN1oing .

h time atd thoUght. tb nthod,a

pri1ciP1es

w,r~ laid

dowp. i

'It

.lIas 'a~~t'ed

there, are f~:>ur>1'rinCiP~*tbene:riClar~~e8;1whem.a ~~r~~, lIoa1.e

that

~aPi~, transit
benefitted
degr~es

s~stem is

const

cted.

~ac~'9r

i~ many w,yS, and the benefits

to each'grou~.

;
I

'I

who,benefi

accrue

in varying

The f~rBt group or citizens

'.

co~ity

~~P.l~'

~A.,e
I'

are,

or icourse,

ot'~he.,.

->

the: c!lr .~i9-er!J.J');;le,

!t ..

"i

se,cOfd <,groupis .the qonmunitylas a whol~. Third,

i
!
[
hold.rs
along the ll~es of co4struction
b~nefit.

the propertc7
FDurth,

i.

the

priv+te transpo;tati~n companiea gain in the even~ the-~7~t~m

! .
ia nit municipa~ly

!
25
Ted.

gro~ps were eO~8idered a8i.

In the survey jthese be4'efi tted

.\

"

the tnes

who should

bUil~lng
!
by state

of the "proposals.

,:f

iear

the 1inancial

T,~
;

commun1ty;'a B~r~

.!

laws ~ich.:f!ix

.1'

bond~ that. can ~e iBsrled.

in t e report

that

."

t~.the

Itm+~~~,
i

of r~v"nue and non~reve!lp.e

J

H01ever , it

LoiS Angele,.i

wa~

"\

the a,ount

bu:rd~n8 incident,

'.

....

and PO~Si~lY a~jae.n~r<

I'

I'

; ."

~'

~.~
.

bid.,
p. 118. 'A~' omparia~.nof~ this f~gui'e;;wf~hl:~he 4;~.ot
pproximatelyfi
and a ~alf millj.oni whicb:~~s e.t1Jn~te~
.
B' the cost of't e propoB~d rap~d tr8JilB~t 11nes in ..tpe., ...
ailrqad. Connnissi n repor~ illustrate~
thecomprehen~lve
ature of the rep rt under discussion.
The ratio is .
10ae to 23-1 . T e figur~s given above are thoBe tor,~:'
mmedlate construction
on~y.
.

nfra,

Chapters

V I am.dV]II"
Co;, .21t.
\
I

;1

ill.,

wa~ defini te1ri :r;-ece~~~.d '

p~.

123.

"'

I,{

\.
i ties,

,should

bear
ing the

26

,as

The

plac.d

3t

b~. set

,toiwhO'

r~11way l'ines.

Exte'nlive

and r",
e~ommdl',f
,dati~n"

ment dis tricts

at.

"emp~a81aj

h~ld~r8

nt~ were pu~ fotth: to' ptovethat'

main

,"

upon thepropert~

sUbway ~r ileva~ed

enef1 cia,.,..

i .

,I

cont~ibut,

the cost

2~fl

this'

" .'
\.'

~roup wasihe.

w~re: m;de th,at "tecial

ot

"so as, to 'ca~r:r 'three-t~t'rtbil

of the s truc tu;,es .\

"

The car riders 'f were to{,be assesa'ed a rat'e 'of fa eamoUl1t,

ing t

approxinla tely

pro~ut,e the largest

~rx centr,.
n~ber

It wa~ th~ght

Of: riders.

this

f ~e _~o~ld

lIt was also tho ght that,

the r ceipts
"

over a t~n-year'period
would furnish suff,cient
i,
i,',
i
"
fundsl to' "carry the iQvestmenr~ in street r~ilway 'and: us lines!,
,

as we~l as the tr.acks \~nd car"

reqUired' ~orall
Ele~tfic
tor

tte

the +Pid

~ompany was
p~rpose

on I tf northeast
propett1e'''!

trfnsit

me thirteen

pay

ot extendlngtts

area.

~e

paclifc

L"

'

of ',olla~s

!for moving I t:ei,,:,t

and'ior

Neither

appurte*ances,~

mfll~ons

facllities

and~outheas:h":rstems

in the urbt,

2t'

11n~s.

1~' sr

26

with PFcess.~

add:lot1,ot,
"" t,o i.ts

th1,~0"

Angel~. ~~llwa:r

, II!

re~ort showed that atlthat

time Los \IAng~les had, t85,3l0,
i~,general
bo ~s whic~ could be sti~l issued
the ex1staslsessed eval etion.
rBecauae of 30 \many other demands '
Gn the City's ffnancial resources it was ,not considered
kel~bthat
the c ty
handle more ~ha~ a portion of the
tal,
ost.
.
1
se p~oposals fo specia
assessment d~stricts
produced
storm of protes ts . Inf la, Chapter IV.

0'

COUIJ

27
28

'

Ke ker,~De Leuw, & ~o.,

EJ cit.,

p. 171.

T e sum of $13,14 ,000 he been allotted

to the Pacific
E ectric
for its s are of the construction
program. ,This '
s
as for the urpose of build1Jng an ex~eI)si(:>nof\*ts
e' 'isting Ms.1ristreet
stat on elevated ~aBt to connect wl,t:b.
t
;PasadenaShort
Line;
0 elevate
it~ ex,isting Watts :in8
"'t': ",Vi
,.
..
of'
1
feet'
ove
g'rade,
by means Of, a fi,l, 1, to
1an s.yerage "
,
"in
,.,.-xI",
ld't'
"dd"i,tional-.tracks
on
its
ps.sadena Short];,
e.
P lill't - e. wo a
.

~re ..

I.

.. "'ii,..~!

'Ii ...

, '
!

,I

COST 0 CONSTR~CTION OF
JROPOSED
WVATED
I
"

A~

"SUJAY

PROGRAM '*OR""LOS

j;

\>..

Moneta-Br
Holly~ood
S~n Fern
Third-Sev

adway-Pa~adena AvenUe
Vineyard}Llne
do Vall~~ Line
nth-Whittier Boulevard
I
Line

$33.043,odo.oo
31,359~.O~(j.OO
!

. 4. 678,010~qo
.1

Feeder'l~nes 0n surface.

4,OO~,OOO.OO

!",'
i

,.

.'+.8,200,QOQ OO

.TotlilCost..

$l20,237,OOo.od
ft

S URCE:

Kelker," e Leuwa*d

..

28,951,OcpO.OO

Cpmpany, survey
.I

!
!

Legal

'1'~ere were seve al que8~10n.ora

'if
'
r
'
l,elJa 'nature
0
d i
thl
'
,'J
'
o
se ur ~
e course, f, t~ls 1hves,tlga~
':
\ , S h
't
'
.:
" '.'
'I, 1.1'" ,1 r fi ~d l~',t
tion
uc ques ion were submitted to the' City, AttorneY-and '::;,'
I

the

ounty coun~el. 3

i '

The;,e ,~~~e th~e~ l~'gb. ~p~rini:l"~p~n~t~

,

"hie both offices

deal

;'

I .

~ptn!~~~.
I,'

g"!vesepar,te

w1.th:

0'

written

The7.~">~~

' ~

'I'

1.

,
l'!<

C~ rapid
ransit '~t,ructures 'be iegall~
c~r;,st~cted
within the corporate
limits of Los Angeles?',
'
r'

,
2.

..' "

I '

"

Can specia~ assess~,en.t ,distric~s !be forme"d..to' bear,l "

all ora p rtion of the CQe't;; of/construction
of
rapid tran it structures,y31
i,
'.'
.
,~>'

3.

,j"

,
,.

"

Would the onstruct[ionof

sucn s~bwaysor elevated'
structures
constitute
a ,pub11(} intprovement for the
use ,and be efit of the pUblicy~2 i
'!'

BO,th offices

gave an

' i

ffirmatlye

answe~, t~, eiach of these'

l,

questj1ons,

and pointe

out that'

the new L~s'~nge1es

,

had

de legal

the co structioh

Charter

"[,,'

33

of such stru'ptures.
!
!

K lker, De' Leuw & Co.,~.

S evens was City , ttorney.
C unty Counsel.
I

:cit.',

'.-vr.
,

,~ppen<lk.x'A.:.,Mr:
. 'J,e~8 E,.
Edward: Blshop,wa,s'then

id.,

I,

1 ~ ,~

p. 183.

32 I ld.,p. 187.
33

S c~ 2 The City o
r ghts :and powers
b graIl-ted to it
~
shall have
r
th

.~Y

Los An~eles, ip addition to

other
ow held ;by it, or that hereafterm,ay
der the jconstitution
~r laws of tll.~ ,
he righ~ and po~eI"islfbject,to
,the, 1
s chartd,r contained.
,
I

. . . . . . . . . . . . . l' -, . -/.
i -

. . . .. . ,. . ,. t- ~
.',

'

"

'. .

( 1) Among the,:ri hts ~n9-lPow,eI,'swh~chm~yt,9t!!ex~rpi;l'sed PY':!

t ,e;City
of, LO,
S
,'eles
arel ~,he follow~ng, t"",h,
t, 8, en:umera,~,,~on,
b
a.rtlal
enum ration a~d in no se~se a:r~striction'or:,'
)1 m1~10n
uponth "rights/am
powe;rs Qf the: ~itY': (continued)'

in .

I!'
'While

the cha ter

,

tura

for rapid tran~1t,

had

leg,a~i}Z~c,t
,t~e,

I"

'

'

,,'

i',

of rapid Itransitl.

Point n~ar

'.

,WQS

atlli ,lIll,~".7"p)~

,k.

,;

1,

,a.ta

01"

ins tead

,l1ah~ng thi',

stat

that

'

there.wou

the,dapaCi ty of th, ,streeti~

mann,er.'

th8,ae1siona

ere all1,O

'

.I~owever,,~~

handtd ,d01fll}?~:ihe'4

the ef~ect

d be a r1sulting

,t

ihatit.~st.br~.

bene,ftt

to the, p'rop~~ty

I:

IE. th~ affirm~tlve

cit a Ion.: from Lar. a

v. San 1rllnei aco, 1112

red.

the

aCknowl~d~ed,the

upreme Court" ha
(continued)

averti-!

3$"

inc,1, dedThV(ei,;tt,hhiinr"dthopei
Istrictaj
was likewise

,to

facti of this

p~;lda

f~r \

.a~~

ah(;wt~~t

"

i;~
t l~n;

intenanc,

an
or below
es/ City
m) of th
CO.,'E'
, Append

with

benefit.

"",

r ' alteration,
unnels ~ subways
entsl on, above ,
&tertLos
Ange
nd slbai vis-Um
elke , De Leuw
he C ty Attorne

~op.t':";'h tl~n; im;r~v~m;nt

'

use' and conprol of.treets,

,
other PUbllC or' local l:qtprove-,\
t'he surf~cteio
~p.e land o~, '
h,arter, Sec1;i n -2, subsection
11
.1925 charter
as ,quoted in"",
cit.,
pp. 1.8: -4.
Opinion of
,x A.

t......

p1n;ton o.f;Clty
., p:-I.~
"

ttorney,,&s

!O.i

q:up~ed ir.J.Kelkpr, De!A~eu!t,

t'..,."

I, ~

-.

of Count

/'
'

34
35

cont~rmeq on the .b~sis o~ the tact'

J.C1r,tJ:Mo
"'

,,'

a horiz1ntal

rirt,

,'Supx:eme court

ShOT'

UJlti~ ,~~ 'C~t7

ntrue t i01 of a1th',.. alav a toli PI' I ,,!,:bwa;y;s

:'.'s,j,l:"ll!aJ;l7

t'ant moun~ to increa1ing

'cal ina~ef

,~~ o4't ~ ,.

',.

'''0, parta~nlng to the :fgnt to'fonn,spe~.l

aase sment districts

the t tha

Ii",

',b8.1~,.1~i~()r,i"8ulna+.rue~
"1, I lij~"
..Jt4 ; ;'S,

" , I '1
~ ,

':' ,I

such !CC1Uldnot, be tl,lt

dopted a eompra~ana1vee~:vate,

deveopme~t

'(%!"~ '"

,<I'

"

.~

Counsel

a8 quoted it;! Ibid.,

I

""

'p.la!7~

;,

The$e opinions
the

eport

es tab!

could not

tl;:~'\.l1

shed tht

fa'~t th~t r~~~,.'zreCODll1etida

I.-

i'

,,"!' '- ", I'!

'e forestalled

:"1'

;~:.:~~( .

through legal

I,.

The Kelker,
which further
in Lo
bring

to

La.

wile

but

stant
trivef

al
I

it

Angele.

opposition.

The e~gineerS

des ir+ble,
of th

was 'the 'great

~ffort

by pa1ties

cen':"'

from ever 'being realized.

modified

sub...

alsotarose

and other 'factors

int~rested,

,
that, th~

as thought

and then a10pted in:' accordance' with the previs ions

new city

chart1r.

Foll~wing,that

proceedure

imp~rtant

of

inclUding

a d finite

takenTo~ard

next

Bel eral

Transit

remained, to be

construction

program.

I,

For;the

bodies cou:ld be

organ zed to repo,rt uJ,tn matte'~8 which still

d,

t~

,37

Comm.1tee 'of represent!atives

aettl

t~~~~it .

transit,

in char4e of the, 'survey had suggested

e studied

plan

It

~~id

,ThiS opposlt,ion
prjPosals

~he~c~r~ around

~e~a~ing

of many, there

,.('

J.

, Wide-s1a1e system of rapid

h~d the lupport

to keep the

has re~1ned

~roposals

Angeles have ,c~nt~red.

c"

'

De Leuw report

di.cuss~on~d

-,t _~"

obstacles."

years

little

actIon

of any kind was

the endl 0:( the ;,':,twenti~s, bec use of the ever

of the. rutomobl~~ and con.e'qu nt, congestion,
Seteral

City, Planning
,

im~rtant

c~mmi~siOl".\'
during

'I
I"

conferince.
thef~r8t
'

.,_.1

were held
part

of19~O.
;

M Donald M,. Bake

promi~ent consulting engineer, Hi.
,'
d scussiing why no ction, W~B taken,' on th~, Kelker, ,D.e dieuW', :'
re ortsi, mentioned that in [the first pla~e, the report was
do e in{ la.rg~pa.rt by eas tejrn engineers ~ho saw the, SO,. l'U. '. ~ ,
.ti n of! the proble
in the ~ight of theiIi~ past expe;ri~n~e,.
wit-h tr nspo.rtatio
problemr. of easte,r,n cities,
whereas there
we ~ ce tain! facto s operatJing in this a ea wh;ch ci~mpl~tely
di,,tere
tia t,d t.p.e s ltuatiops':;
the.t the laJ\ wa1sso, eXlhe'ns1
ev n for imme iate con~truction
that ttie'lcoat l:1ecame
p .htbi ive;iaiso,
that theil'e was no foIl wiing agita,~i,t0Jl,
r.o" actfon bt s. paficu.larl~
interested, g oup. Interview
wi h 'Mr Baker, Au stl 6, lp38.
.
'

':

~"

\
I
I

can~orence.
ill

naid~rthe

BUt

It''
I;

ng id with rid1

falling

.~ong t io'\

obil~s
j

were conc~rned

ther

a~f.~irS

,. '. r ,'

th:~

.rf~~twla~trtot';f~~:~~l.
.\
r~

>
I

!!!! ~,ROl?Ort,

,I

cars

inlstreet

'

;"'~f..~.'ti.i.t"'7i11;~'

off

.1,

tt::~l:~.i::: ::a:::t;:::i:r:;:::iIIj:;;;:::~;::/

af g

"

',' 1,

at a low

ate

i,

PYlA.

Do~toWIi bUsin

ia

8S

l.retained
..

for

loan

camei~t~

~en'dtcl~e~

and grant
"t,

:ke

of r~p1d trans1.
'\

the iKelk~r,

ppli9ation.
rnjview

~os Ansi1es

a lreliril1nary
The\ study,

9itY~~O}?fd"H~\'\ftj

'f

the fitst

was hurr1e41y
.'

'1

,I

re~ortupo~//t1;le
i

De,Leuw s~u1r,

YCil*

'

pa:r~ ex1st1n~~data.

to have the

.....
"'J!

'.,d

.'

ed i~ large

" ..

'Xt!~:pg:~~~t

frtm PWA. ~ccOr4Iiflgl~!~""MtVDO~~t9~1

I,

was '...

of ifterest

, Th;ts ra.
into

sub-

larg'e:;s~al?".~ne
co~pild,

!n~

nec~,;sary

i~

jWas.h:tp.gto,n, i.t}f'
w.

~
of

lac'ed on the
it

system in LoJ Angeles L

I

The plan did,

recomme~dat tons for ferta1n

dered
it

necessary,j for Jpne~lat~

I.

p.owe;v~r, ~k~,'

I"

<

'

'.

developmen~s ,wh;.~~:~~~~.
needs . A.fr~~woi~.k)/pl:~rap~~'i

should, be c,oxjls
truc ted'ja t th1s t ~e

....

...

"f'

as ecpno'~l~w,.c,f~~fdera-;

did, Aot t:+1low or ~ comfp,ehenSiiv,e.)~.yst~m.

'.

"

I
i

could be built

up thrfghaddi
':3'9
ances w~rrante,d.
1 '

as', t:bne

tions

Four ro~ t es f qrrapid

lines
i

I'

was believed

, the~urrace

"

at thea'ft'uation

ca~. off ith~ surrtce

to tie

"

emly"

lin--es.

'

d1d,not w~rrant t:.kl~'

at that, time.

pro~osed was lne 'runnitg"fr9m

,SUbwty

lines ,were s'Uggested.'

were to ~e us:ed b~ the interurb~n

,
9.~

f
transit

The firet

,'"

on<the~,'a'ou't,h

Tenth'~treet

Clvic "C~nter, thrOUgh the Union Station,

,~~l~"

aDd"then., eas"tr'

acro sthe

\ Los 'Angele\s River ~o ~ome to grade' at M18sion"stree,t'.

This line

'would serve\the

Paci ic Electric

to's'

lnorth "!-ndnortheasterly

linea

of the

ch pOints as Pasadena ,and the San Gabriel

-:i
i

It

f .

was further

'

propbseq.
that' an elevated
'\,

railway

line"

'j

bee

tended

east

ain 'stre~ts

from the Pacific

,

.'

Electric

Terminal at Sixth
.

to the Lo~8.~each right-~f-wa'1,

I

"

and. th'en sol1th

,j

to give the Long Beach-San Pedro line

I

"

1'1

' :

th' ough t~

Los Angeles Jre'a.

As .tItis

line

/'

it would obviate
ying th~ ,~uild1ng

t~eobjec-

of aIielev'ated",lin'e.,"

' ,

proposed was the Vin;yard Linef

I

"

'

of the :pasadena,routt;WhlCh
at ~enth

and Fl'ueroa

be ~onstructed

streets.:

This
I

i'

A\three-track

was to be
\subway

TeJth to' Hoover 1treet:, 'thence to

Q,lstJeet,

Electric

right-of-way

near

,j'
j

raBsit

System for'Loa-Angeles,
8-6Q.\

I'"

I,''

'

"

Harvrd

'Boulevard

and continu

subw y and open cu~~til

,g ~long."t~:(,,~~h~-~,!;'~~

it

"\

,omes to the surface

br~

near pleo '

'\'

j'

To connect
to i.l llize

Glendale

the ex1stifg

an

:o!:

.a.

San Fernando Valley the pl~

tunnet

to Bever+Y\,Bou,le~ard.

'F;~m:there'

ext,;e d the, SUbwayun~er Bever}y Bouleva,rd coming to igrade'shortly

beyo d this

01

point,

Temp e streets
Temp e street

i_

t',

.,',

extend the' subway under b~thBev:er~~\~~nd

and core to th~ ,~u~face' a short

~n Glenjdale Boulevard.
I

d,istance

This line

be:yond

would then run

would be built

over

San

ernando Road to :a connec~ion ~1th the Burbank lipe.

line

would again be eljevated

stru

These were the, main reconnnendatiQns for immediate con,

tion,
and were ~ot to be\compared with the comprehensive"

;.,

immeiateconatruct10n

plans
I

the Kelker,

/\

De Leuw report.
started

on a .scheme

at a minint\lltfj-C'Ost. This cost

as estimated

!;

'78b 1e

VII 'rows

200, 00, which figureliS

Kelkjr,

'or

for (the purpcrs:e of getting

wa's, 11kewi:se, considlerablY

viou ly.

.1'

of r pid transit

40

tl;1rough Bu:rbank.

They were solely

lfss

thit,

than had been estimated

pre-

cos t to be approxina te ly $37,

app,1x1nlatelY $90,OOO,llOO;'lIhort,b1 the

De Leuw es tte.,

t,

""

~"new source of funds' for the'

wa~ poss1ble
R~cOVeryAct.

as a result

of the passage

This! p,os's1b1.1it,. wall

I
1

'

t'w111 l.i>~ reme ered t~jt', these proposals w~re o.:t a ,Pcre1'nI.inar nature'
or the ~ole, purpose of securing fund,S for
.)I1'tlC,h ~ore detailed
st1llrl\ybefore actual, cona truction
took
. la1ce.
"
\
.
','

"

'

at g ade ' with the exciept ion tha,.t an elevated

'

'\

i
I

I
I

the

&Si8,

of t

e .'ergency

was

mpowlred to make:grants

out

he p\rpose

per

of the' pr\opb.sed' metti..

cd of fin' "n'c'
g '.
.
Afu;,l'nlstrati;'n

of t~s

~f the; total:

of Public

and loans

act.

$37, oo,o~o of
The

oun~Of

orks,'., t~' ~e.ld:.nt;

top

bl1cbod1e~

w re'not

Said grants

ma

cos t for labor' arid

Th~ Baker pl'anj'proposed:' ~ total;

to carry

to exceed thirty

erials.

cost' for' the proj~ot

$lO,700~OOOWOU~d
:epresent't'~

sum of 'the gra~t,

70 ~er cent 'of $26i~00',OOq was t? be, secured'

as a loan [from the government.\

"I

'

'j

;.

I It iwaS anticip$ted
I
il,;',
not b~ SU4fici~nt
mentsl.

of

.35, 650.10? ~wasfor la' or and'mat~rfals.

~Ch

and t e r,main~g

Under, th~terms

that

revehue from operations'

I,

during the flirst

A~cordingly,

would

years ~Ojcov~r interest

pay-

it was planned to borr w from the Govern-

'to~al

,of $30,OOO,ooo;'loi.f~hiCh $3, 50d, 000 would be u~ed

e debt

service ~ 'The bal~nce of the dJficit

e du:ring the first

in the debt

.nine ~e.ars' would b~ met by establi8h-

sesB~ent district~.

Theke districts

~OUlf be taxed

("

at a

8~i vely reduced amount uh~ll

when
'
essment would be r'eqUlre'~:" Paymen1;otj the: principle
a,

thel nin~h

.'

interes

year,'

t would conmenc~ in the sevenrh y,ear, and c9m-"Al.

amo:r,'tizationwoUjld take place

It

after

'!Vlll be Been; that. in this

at the epd of forty

report, t~e 'basis

y~ars.

of sharing

st of the system is not as inclusive

in the
Kelker,
,

DeLeuw i~ves tigation.

'

a~ the method out-

IN e1th:er

;' '.,'generar-, pu blic; i' is asked to" s'~re

y" norF , the
I
,f,

i 41 V, de. ,83-90.

I:

1:

tpe~af.lroad

in the e:xpenaea

II

.i

..

only: the p'.operty. 4~lde~a~ a~0n.&the.,ltn.~; Q.tt~e

\

..:

ea to be'qui.lt:',
fie

I',.,

d the" q~r rip.era

. I

Electric

'.

i'
{

from.. the cons:tructton

ap~tal

oU~lay, nor,i$
,a.crib~l:'le1

gov ,rnme~t funds,

ba~.: Thet.~~h

Compe+lY,whi~b is expec,~ed t() penet1It

rially

ibly

a~e' to:

of such a. aY8t8.~i la,t~t

the\,general

over;,'

Th4..a fac:~ ~a.

puqlic.

to. the IfweJ:'ed ~a~eot

ift-tereat

an9 to, the jke,;teton natu~~,ot

for",'

~,

the p~oj.c't

as compa;-ed 'wi th previou15

reC~>1nmendationa.'
.,
1'
.,
.

,.

After,the

investigation

.some de'lay
1

1t toy/Ilshington

in sending

tionj for
nctilce
t

.the .grant and loan.

came that

there

fund~ av,lil.ble.

..

.':

and it

encesfo'r

t~t

was

..,

joined:-tiljle ranks.of

future

".

. .

other

I"

reports,

as'

refe

was not .Used for the purpose for which it

.'.

was compiled,

ocp~rred

,;The consequentrfjsult

were nQ ad,ditional

ThusI the Baker report

I

there

wlth the formal appllca

",

was compl~ted,

committees
1 .

to investigate.

The Alrtram Syste.m

I

".

.'

. lone

other

proposal

'.

c~ing

under the ~ategoryof

elevated

;all~Oads' should be 4entioned~ For several! years prior, to 1937.

i

'

Mr. ~oBeph

. ,

B; 'straussl,

"

nationally

i ~

. I
"
famous en~ineer who w~s Chief

Ii.

:::: :e:ti:':h::::c:jc::S:::':::nc:::::::t:tpnaO:t::-~:::::n
~
elev ted

i'

43

~ystem wh1c~ h~'call~d

j.

I'

the Airtramj
i

I,

It was'h1;8

r6petty A~!8 ocla ~ions had \in t"he pas t b

he i4ea of asseJsment districts
formed
f sU~h a sys~em as it ~a~ stated that
a8~.ttln.J
a ma imum ben~fit without. s
OT
~
II
1
ne<Nltable
ma ere
:_
I
I .
I
.
:'
.
I
;aeplh. B. strauss,
~
AirtramSyateln
(
.; 7.

Ga;.

tterly
attacked
to pay the caB.t
e, railwaYlcomp,any
areing the' coetin
an Francisco,

1937),

that

this '~od~rn

",

to the

des 18k of the suspended:lmonarail

LJ-,

; I

rapid

cal led fur

"!~

transtt

,~~,

problem fQr the

the suspended

large

Car travelling

cit;:'i~,:1

~j;;'

below

!\ ';\~J;'~'k~~';'

dual

rails.

mount~d onate,el

The.se ar~ Bupportedby

posts

along

carrying

,
',',I

curb, where they are supposed'

t1:).e

to pr~s ent

"littl$

standrrdS."
tures;,
this

High speeds , 'no n~lae,

coupled

with

S!tUdY

of th~ rapid

to t e time of his

means for modern Amei-luoa,

transit>~probl~m.
get the city

as a:~~,"'ytion

recent

!A
i

,~

to

attempted

to a~oPt Ilis, proposal

dealthhe

of their;

of San Fr,anciseo
prOblema, "but/up,

waS'liot successful.

Angei es,

ho ~ver;

...

who:,had 8pe~t some twelve 'years ~'in

Mr. strauss,

lap1p'

and operatimg.$xpe,nse'E:ude:.,

tr~n'sit

to' Mr. Strau8S~

tJ;l;le:~~"!9!lary

attraotive"overheadt~;two

low initial,costs

~ystem' the ideali'rapid

acco*ing
the

more in t'erf,re,nce';tban

In Los

Mr. George R9wan, '.member

of the }to"an Real

"

E'sta~eflrm

in downto~

Los .An;,g:eles,beoame interested

in the;

idsalwhil~ hs was c~airman of,~he Traffic Committee of the,Los

Ange}es Junior
;

Chamber of Commerce.

'

several,meetings
one ~cca8ion
to tie

During the spring

of 1936,

;}

were held 'bYt~the Chamber of Commerc~, and on

Mr_ Strauss

Ic~m~ ~own from San Francisco

JU~ior Chamber _, Late~,.Mr

_ Rowan formedthef
,

tQ t.l~
Los .ADgelea

('

portation

Committe~ witJi,the

i
i"

After

the death
c,

this

~,olut~oncs;me
,c

';.

idea irt mInd of pushing

..

of' Mr.i Strausl!I the activity

i
' '
to a s t~nq8~,!'~.~.
.

I. ':,:,

I,

. !

inl,Ge~~nY',for
\'
I

I.

surrounding

c,

,~;;:.Th1sRlpar"t~~cularidea qf e,lev~ted railro,d

in. use

this

,. n~R~r

,is rot, a he,w

of::,ye~ar8',.and

I :
t

...,.~

.'

"i

has Jad Iseveral ad~c~te:

among the engin~b1ng'" pro.relalo~ l.'n ,.. ,
I
44
'I
',,, Ii""
thiSJcouhtry.
As
all Los Arigeles isl oncenned', the) idtt.'
I

r;;

\ .

can

e c~nSidered

rap~d trlnsit

as of small

for

this

city.

importance

the development;ot

\', Sponsors

of Elevated

Railway.s

G~nerally sp~aking, there

!
which hate. shown much imterestin
for Los ~ele~.

are

have fosFered

the ,idea tnother

of all,

these

By an~ large~hey

have been se.ve~al act1op~

large

~he group whichimay be termed the

They con$ist
I

'

I,

of the do~town

Downtown I~te~ests.".

.'

merchants
and business
.,
.

me,n, an.d the

downtown Ireal

est~Qte firms.

deep interest

in

'etting

This group ha! quite

naturally

as many,people intO ~he central

districtlas is po~sible.

a'.

business

They realize thai rapid transit is.

the need~d factor ~o enhance this movement \ Retail busineaa condit,ions

~s well as' the stabiliz,~tion

pr"Operty \values

ape the two incentives

Such inc1ntives

are verf

interes

promote
44

beh{nd",their

cjf downtown
desi~,e.

stron~. and accoun~ for the active

t 'taken thro:ugh the years..

T, ere ares

and i~crease

evera 1 organizations

\
Whi1h coordinate

e rapid transit ide';for these'i1tereata.The

and

one

I
.
,
" :,
,
I
In 1007 Mr. John F., stevena, former p~elaident of the A.S.e.E.
and Chief EF.-gineer <;>fthe \Panama canal!1 spoke with ,ravo~. f,
the 1: ea of the Sus])ended monorail in , letter
to Mr. J ~.
'Colt
f Hitchcock and Tinkler, Railway [contractors, ,Ne ~ork'
City.;
Hei,said in p~rt, "From every ut~itarian
view, ,
Qeli~, e that with t:t;Lepos'sible except,io of the SUbYl
...y, it
is flU: erior to any qtherme.thod of lard ~~anspol't,
nd it
much. ~S8
for!\ cons tructidn and op~a'tio~. th . "the
.
.
subwa
"
I
"
'
i

'costs

. !

I
.

Association"

"

"-,

.~'

concerned

"I"

has been a co -spdn,sor .o'f'\efforts

,

transit

tf'

~r

to Los Angeles as its

force

behind

"Ii'

j~,j,"

1;

l'

1'"

'

int;~ately
(\i..'

1"'

,con-

':

~.\'

'-*', ,~

!was an lmportllnt

'

and' 'l\S now very ac~~~e

45
1
,direction.Thb
two other organiza-

move in this

of '1933;

which represent

"

SUbW~ysand
-~

tiona

~"

,.

"',

Itiwas
!

T)e Leuw'report ; it

tqe B~ker study

in the latest

'r

'ii1.:"

Trattto','

memb:ell's1?-ip:"is,in ,the '

.'

the Kelker,

'.

"'

to b'rt~
I

main, made up of downtown buaine~s' men.'

with

:;l;.

ii'\.

cerned

,~

in the, year, 1922. " ,~his. a~soci.ti0n

-

elevated

l:i

established

1s jt~e; LOI ~e,le.

I'

usually

I,

' ,'I

which 1s more fu~~en~tlly

the business

men are the Central

Business
'1,

District

Association

tion.

and' the Downtown BUain~ss Men's ASBocia-

Both of these

asso?latio~a,'

while not fundamentally

interested

in the questiorr

sponsoring

efforts

The former

to bring

of transportation,
rapid

transit

brouP was the' organization

of theconsU:ltlng

engine'~r,

,'Both organizations
Angeles Traffic

'Mr.'nonald

have assis~ed

in

to downtown Los Angeles ."

which e'ngaged the serV:,lres

Baker,

to make his

study.,

have been w'or-kinghand in ~n:d with, the Los

Association

in the effort

to bring about the

46

current

survey~
'.
.

,~
:f

One otherlorganlz,ati,o'n

should 1:>eDlex:-Jiionedasia' sparIS'or:'

.

the Junior

"

Chamber of Co'rmne,rce.'" This org~1,~~tion'

contain~, a,

Traffic

Committee,' which committee has exhibited

and activity

relative

Another
incentive

46

group of interests

as the previously

LOa Angeles Traffic

1

Pres'1deni; (1937),
f.

to the whole questipn

much co'rieerm
.I

of t~ansportat1on.

who have the same atr0ng

mentionep groups are the Real E~tate

Association,
p. 8.

Annual Report of~the, "

I'

.Improve~ent Ass 00 ~ationaop::a

area.

Th~re J.s ~e
,

usually
retain

'.

i13 usually

,J,;u \le~8'!li
.,,are

J' ,

gt<6uP . 1f . .::.

business alrea~y es tab Usii~d' wllfl~ttl;f.c

on the

a system

d'}~~

~,

to mainta in thei r prop~~ty va1\1"" aM1tll';

s t~g~l1ng
'retail

ting in th.e:'de~.l~p~~,~~~~;':
d1ffeioeri~e{t~ttti~
a8~t~.'wn' i<~,{'~~~:~f';,i

threshold

of rapid

transit

of speCUlatite
to realize

profits~:a~l~neea.''''J-

"'"

the~e anti~iPa'ted~~~ol':tts'~!
, I

The most aggressive

-

Angeles

representative
.

of th.1s;-factio~'inllhe,
;

~08

'

area, has been the San Fernando v!~l:L~y :rmprovemen~;,'~'"

Association.
- promise

This region

"

for

real

estate

some years

promoters,

ago represente~'iiIuch_

and it

was realized

that

if

rapid

trans it

their

promotional

to and from the downtown are4 could be secured,

,

problems

factor

'1A modern up~to-date

neede~_to

tion."

47

rapid

transit

feed into

OfS~

Ferna,;do,

.'

express

service

over~ri

.',

'

when consideri!ng

. <"

. "" "'.'-

.:<l'

''',:.'

vate-rlght~of-way.
'

~'"

e,

.
.

group which has acted as ,ponsor

is necessa~y

,.t;

"
and grade

railways

the pUbl1l~. "It

..

been active' lin -the promot,ion of

. I'

Th;e third

San Fernando Va~ley a teeming popula-

.'

8P~akl~~h'1930.

Isystem is ~heonl,.

by means ~f subways and elev~ted

,cross ing~ as welIas

'

The mariage~ofthe

rapid- transit

This, group has since

.1

would be solved,

Major Development Associat~on

stated,

'

m.a~be: termed

thi8"'~OUp"to
I.

47

.j

Charles L. Wood, "Would the SanFern~

a V811e~ B~..F~d or
Drairied by' Rapid Transit' Connection Wi h the !4etropo'l:ltan ,
CentE!r?"" Copference ~ ~,Rfilid
Tran it ,'ee~,,"io~, _(Jan;uary~, 19301, p. 49.' sponsors
p' 0 ,,' e' elev,ated ~hd sub- ,
way tio any degree comes only from an u developed suburban
regiqr.The'develop,ad
regions are t911say; the le'!ost:"",,,,,,,,,,,
-,'.
apat~eticali~vtheir
reactions.
See
at Kind of Traff~c
,
Connection do '-Neighboring Cities Need a,nd Wa~t. ,'4 tp. ~be, \ <i~'"
Metrdpoli tan Center ,n: by q. J. S. Wf~liamso~,,~~mber pI the- !
Sant~ Monica Planning' Cot)'lIl1ission;R. :B. T,apiin,. Pl~nn1\.ng
'Engil eer of Long Beach; John M. Kenr~rer, s~C?reta!:1.,~~ ttiez: '
Pla:Jing
Cpmmissionj Carl Bush, ,'Executive secretar~.
'
Holl'iwood :C.hamber of Conmerce, Contenence .2!!. Rap1d, Tr.ns1t
(JanUary, 1930).
1

"j

I \

'

differentia te shrtt?ly between an hones t P~b11c' dem:nd~~dVtla

;

pseudo-public

demand.

It has been said ~hat ~What is called

pU~lic d$mand is, often the result of propaganda of selfish' ,

property interests who'are in ~eality cartcerned'only withs, tore
.'

renta;ts and other real estatevalue~.1t

48

'!

This is not' alWi.y.~.

possible 'to do, but support from such civic agencies as the

e1 ty Counsel,

~he Board

f Public' Utilities, the GltYP1':rlnlng

""-'.

Commission,

'

and private civic cl~bs, represent 'this demand

more or less genuinely.

In 1911, the sponsor of the survey by Bion J. Arnold
was the Board of Harbor C6mmissl~ners. : In 1920 recommendations
for e.levated and subways came from the Railro,ad Commission in
their consideration ,of the'Unlon,Depot problem.

This, agency,
I',

a public body, did concern itself with

the problem as'a result
)
r
.!'

The Kelke'!',De r.euw,repop't was alsoactiyely

,,/'-/

by the public.

sponsored
.

The Board of Pub,lic Utilities was very active

49

in the movement for this survey.

;

The,City,\.' of Los Ang~le.

and
.!
.
,;,

Los Angeles C?unty suppl1.ed th~,.,.fu.rtds

for tht;lsurvey ~nthe
,

amount of $20,OOO'each.
recelyea

,;conBlaerable

'

'Both of'these govfrnmental agencies

urg!-ng frOlIl Bmall grtuPB 9f C_1tlZ~I!B,

connected
with civic
orgaplzations
"I
,

who urg d the,City Cou~cil

48 H.

"Possibilities of E evated Not Recogniz~d,n

,
(September;14,1935).'

\,

d t
and thAi Board of Supervlaors to jo~- i...
150

oWl

.L'A

acomp~lehenlJive survey.

,raying .~.n.,e,.

9';.

~''!>
r,i\,~.

~rom the above brief review, it can be seen that.several

..

intereslted groups have attempted to brin.g elevated ~

subways
.
to Los Angeles, with perhaps the moat in~iatent gro~p o~~~l~tlng of thoa,e bus lness men who stand to,,s'J,lffer
ecpn()~c. 10
.

if their :interests s.renot

proteoted.
I '

"'-

Up to th+stime,there
"
.

~".

has not. been a large-Bcale public deman.d for an up-to~date f,.;ld

.

transit plan. for Los Ang~les and its environs.

..

,.

Is ittime:tbat
.

"

some rep~table civic organization adopt this program 'for a con.'

tinuous ~truggle as was done in'the' case of the Union'Depyt?

I

Objections to Elevated Railways and gUbwa~s

i

..

N~t"Urally,
as a consequence' of these various proposals,
.
,

/.'

objectio~~ of various shadBS have been raised. /Public' opinion

in

L08

'"

Angeles never has been very warm towards this method of

/

solving the mass'trans.portation ,problem of the City.

There
"1

-\

is no record of any'strong public movement which favored.it.

There has been some united action against; particularly, the
elevated railroad proposals and also a good bit of apathy
. This latt'er was firs t evidenced in some of the'earlier
statements of the Public Utility Board, which debated
"1 the .merits."
of sUbwafs "8.ndelevated lines and urge~ caution before the city
I

committeq. itself to such undertakings.

In fact, it may'be

said that in the years immediately prior to 1915 the ~ard

!
.' I

was

,"

50 .Tb.18is~e group were successful in getting 1:iheF~ee~Old~~8

to p ac~ in the new city chart.er t~ provis1;on 1':'e,qu~r;lng_
thedoption
of a comprehensive plan of p~blle ~~~.porta
tlon by1the City Council before any elevated rallroad~
or B bW~YS could be built in the City.
I
I

!
i

, I
I

Y not \ in
.

fs.vor'of'such

'sinee that" t1ii.i

f

\-.,

this

public

agency haa usu.lly

,

~oo~.r.ted

who have investigated

the problem.

report

dri~wn up which made an' exhaustive

bility

or

su~ay.

the company. -,need e1evate~

and elevated lin

The conc1usioowas

roads

was a ra~i8t~ng

\,

.A~aboint .that same time the Los'

expansion

.,

_/ 51
proposalf".
.

'

",

'R.ll,

rtUdY'Of the fe i-

::~m,the .t~~,61nt

thatLfB

type of ..City . Thistype

di.t~ict

~I,

'

.1~1
.. *.Y~d.
~L
~

.~r

Ang~les,d,td:Ji~t

or subways' for the re~son t~t

of !the",buSiness

With those

'

'

Lqs4.A.Pg"les

~f clty.ilows

for

the

whenev~r the s:tqpatlon

point

in one IIdistrict ' is

reached.

By be

gable

to .doth1s.

the city
thus,

is ~lwaY8 1n a positi~n
I

there

to sUbs'tantiate

this

e copgeation,.and,

subsurfac

the 8~OW south and westeriy

traced
trict

'

~s no necess i ty for

to relie

point.

"

transit.

'

'l'he report

mov~me+tof the busine~s

The ra9iating

dis-

type of city'

which allows

,thiS means of relief

with the ;penirsu1ar

type,

such as NewYorCit,y

'and the lvaJ.le~ type of city,

such as Cine natti

Both Oft,hes

"

~atter

Il10vement wh1c' - acts

types

from co*gesti(>n was contrasted

or .San~ranci8co,

Or

Pittsburgh.

p~ev~ntthis,f

as asolutlon

eedom of business

to "the problem ,of: cong~s~j.pD.

Los Angeles' Board of 'Pub'lie 'utilities'

and Tr.n~portation,
Fourth
ua1 Report (1913)." pp. 1,13-115; FU'th ,Annu.l
Report ~,
p . 120.
E. W. Ba lister,
Study of street Traffic
Ci t of 08 ~eles
and-:the practicabilitl

Qr

Fac

tleva

to~,J1J:"banland ~Il\).<efgJ'q.n,,,,Ta:t.,~t,,
,~g.~r
.po,rt. Iwa~later or:tr4ryle, 0-

e'. ,;~tru.cn:o~

(!9J,5),.

'es:

Condit,ions 1n the
.or Subsurf.ce '

A'';'. 1it an't'

_a

Editor:
of.,'. the LGB ~ele8
"
became P~e.
~he
It w.s seft~ in answer to
u~... ~e ..,i' f.l tt ...
;{.o ...the Los :,An8e~~.
Ral1w,.y
Co~o~ . ti9n
I,
e lr
."" op-inio~' on '.th e'.....
. --tter
' ,
'
",'
'.;i.~-/
rth
..
r,eqqe. or- \I 1. , e
,
r "...
:'"f:.r'

U--na.gina
~.

,Ill.'~'

~l8.'''b,''4';'.R. iUbits.', who 1. ter

r: -~ I: jP R il " CorpoJ;'ation.
""-.,

'(~~

<.~

I,

1 I+-.

,','

m~~t

I
"I

'

This Ige~graphical fa9t0z.:,plqs li~t

.

l-.

01 these

4,naltj",

prohibit th1 investment of the bugerupds

struction

~pularlo~

-,

needed tor t~e ,cen~

types of rapid,t.~an~it. As regard8,thl~~.

type of sol~tion for congestion the report doe~ .dmlt~t~,~ l~

,

.,

..

'-""

",:,

.Population area may beCOme 8o,.e~te,nsivet~t' ~" '

inhabi tants will be unabl'e to re'ach the business' d'latrlct
from their places of residence QY surf~0~ roadl~itho~t
undue los~ of time, or conversely, until the congested
area, surrpunding t;he business district has become sut-.
ficiently extensive in any' one direction to approximate
the c~di~ions,of population obtaining in a city of /
restricted boundaries.53
./
I

While it was admitted that thtshypothesis, was sUbJt{ct to

.,'

alteration through changing population conditions in the' futu~e,

the report ,served to crystallize ther:objections o~ 'the Los

In view of ,the nature of the Kelker De Leuw report, it

was logical that objections by different interests should develop,
followihg the publ~shing .. of that study.
...,

Many groups'became alert

to ~he P~'oposala, and reactioris'were set forth from tiDe to time.

54

The Los ,Angeles City Club

issu.eda report on the proposed plail

in which' the 'majority report of the c~mmif.tee.of 1nvest1,ga'tion

dlaagre~d "completely with ma~y arguments\ which are being made
on all ~ides

. ..

'5~

to secure th~ adoPtionl~of,the 'Kelker Pl~'

'

" :.
In' their fund'8.mentalconaiderat ons the City Club
\
'1

53

E.

W.

Be.nnister, ~.

ctt., p. 20.

Mr. C. A.Dykstra, now President of t e University of Wisconsin, was secretary ,?fthe Club at hat time and,"was
a~t vely interested in the subject,of transport'ation.
Int .,Chapter VI.
Los'Angeles, City Club, ,BU'lletin,SUl'P ement (January 30,
=..;;.;.;

192 ), p. 2.,

"

, report

commepted on the f~ct

that

to.

1'." Q,l's1'clil'rIl'

~~-lea

.ingl~ fami Y d~lling. city. Thi~ uDi~u.faet~r,in the City

of Los Angeles makes ,for

lack of densitYI of population..

the financlngof
possibility

eltherele~~ted

in

congestion

persons

using

linea

Angeles.

LOB

relieve

ta:\ren off

Thu..

I'

8UbW~y.18 a remote

FUrther,' rapidtranatt
I"

the streets

vehicular,

point

Eve~

If-

traffic

does'not'
..

but promotes it by adfingto

the downtown'~rea.

and the saturation

or

the nwil~r,ot

the; surface

car. ,were

jOUld increase,accordingly,

would again be reached immediately.

I

Therefore"

the answer ~s not to, bliild su~WaY8'or elevated

for local

~urface

the streets,
cars,

cars,

but (I} to take ~he suburban cars off

(2) to eliminate

(3) to ~tilize
private

all

grade crossings

to the fullest
,

by using

"

right-or-ways

extent

local

eliminate

Car lines

that

of over $125,~OO,ooo,
,number of peoJle

(4) tore-:

around tb.e congested districts,

and to

ob~tacleB to transit

In conc!luaion, the report

the Kelk~r report

services

wherever possible,

parking, and other physical

,the. dOlmtown streets.

tor th~se

the existing

.'

.>

,route

linea

f~r Los' ~ngeles c.lls

points

on
out

fo,l- an expen~itu're

while p~~18delphla !ith:overt~ce'

the

to the acr~, c6nte~p~at,es a rapid,tr~;lt

~ro-

gr~m not exCe~ding ,t57,OOO,?0o.;;: ,In other words, the expen(,1iturea

areen~~relY

, ' 5'1

' ':

Los Ang~~;ea i
t

~.

out of'll~~,With

the' condi~ion8 ,~x18~lng in

,-\

"

-Th~. exhOFbita~t,. expe,~a.e:involy.ed )q,,~~;'\:!lr'

~1n
.

'"

J"J.

.i ('iJ.;

109

,
I.'.

o~jection

advaqce~,
.

althou~

the ~hou~~ that

\ . "

#.

such measur",
(.

1;

V',

or.

>V',o,'ti

would not solve the problem was also given

-~j/'t

'.

In the Go,nferences 'cal,led to discu'S8 th~ proble.

,

rapid

transit

11zatlon

i1 the spring

of ,1930,' th~re occ~rred

of argqmenta against
I

thecent'~r

objections

sUbways and elev~ted

~)

Kelker plan was i still

..;.

or

a, 'crys~alroads

,.

The
~
it

,of dls~u8s10n and the" ~ln

. t~~,,'.

",'

to t*e plan were publicized

particularly,<

,'.

at these

't,.

confer~lnce.-,

at' the second one held in May of that

year.

....

'

At the first

conference,

of both of the 'local

S~king

electric

for th~ Pacific

'--

statements
companies.

E~ectric,spoke

were made by offic~al~

President

in favor of. the Idea

of downtown sUb'(fays and advanced no objections

tain

interests

rf ,the PacifIc 5~iectric

in any movement'or

this

Corporation,

58

that

except t~at

cer-,

COfpany zmist,be protected'

kind .

Mr. Richard Sachse r~preBented

effect

Jlont.iu.,

and made an official

the Los. Angelea Railway

atateme t in wh~ch the view-

any plan fpr r~pid t~~ait

sh uld be analysed

Infra,
Chapter VI. Centralization
as an obstacle to achievement.

vs. Decentralization

with

59 D. Vi. Pontius, "Pos'sibi1i ties of Rapi Tr6l.nsit to Meet the

!
Req1J.irements of Metropolitan Business DiBtrlct
of Los
Ang~les, Conference on the ~alid Tra' it 9lestion
(1930),
pp. '21-22.
The PacifIC m:ec:r~ c b... ,s ever attempted to
stop the movement for subways or elev ted., but have been
mildly encouraging in their attltud,e.
A~ reg
their,
intereat
in, the Kelker plan, it was sated:
The off,i~er.
of thePac1tic
Electric, p.nd the Lo~ A ,ge1es Railway .hal!.
'nothibg to/~o with inltl~t1pg, thi8 ,pr g~am, but were
gra4ua11y wpn over to VV:!~he,.r s~pp ~t to the project on
",the! thio'ry that such:.a' s tudy:c.ou1d do ,them no harm and,
'mi~t
benefit."
Municipal Leaspa Bul tin (June 6, 1928).,
I

:r4.

,/1,
./

' .
~

great

care . ~~

transit

COI;:8

Qf :Cit!~'i,~~S<~b:6in't~~"'~1a"~

to free

bew

um'of monet1.'thAt1tDi1ght'

tremendous'

better

experience

to"

the Los Ange]ea R.1,.lway ~om the Qnerou. fid-n.elal

burden of taxe~; for' franChiJ,es,

'1

pavingl~'~d

state't'axe~'
.

~~ 'that

'.

.,..'

::eg:::p:::s:::~s:t:::::c:~es:u::v::s.:p::o:~l~~;~t::::.~:t:~
,

small portion

of the necess~ry -ou'tlay; for elevated

60

subways.

Th~ viewpoint
'.

approval

of these

'.'

lines

does not oppo~e' the idea.

funda~

and :
.

h~re ',,is one of cautioI}. a,nd lac.p. .direot

. .

of such a system o~ elevated

the statement

lines

"','

Then they

..

and subwll:ys. Yet,

It simply sugg~st~. that

an modernize their. system and begin

to g1ve adequa ~e service.

his, . in general,

'

has be,,en' the .tti ..

tude of the Los Angeles Rai wa~ Corporation.

Cooperat~on .is

usually given ~n.any atudy+cie but no active su~port or

i

encourabement
It

is

was ,t

were set

forth,

ever indic

ted.

the

co.t1ference that

Mr. J. E.

a~bert,

Improvement AsJociations,

de

I :

"Kelker"

propo~als'

method of fin~Cing

through

President

direct

setting

strenuous

of ~h~Affillaled

attac~,

fi~st

and, se'condly,
up special

on the
on the'

assessmentdis-

wer

Ele*ated structll es depreciatej,lproperty

.within their iromdiate vicinity.

I '

'I

objec~ion8'

'His o~jections
1.

for e'lev ted lines

tricts.

1".

.valu,es

'

Richard sa~hse, "The Ob ectiv~s of,Adequ.teT.ranspor~!:t;on

Service an Present Obs ac~es to creating such:gerv1ce~
.
conre~.ence ~ ~'Rap1d
Tr':ns1tQ;uestlon,
t pp.~3-:33~,
/'
-

\.

/'

8'

It will d.rain th
c Ib -!h: ~i "trl~!tl~Of!'~'~bffll5;~mi~I!~:,,~,'j;,
own~~, w!;lowill
ove
to ...the, , .. burbs'.'~:8
/w111
'
, res~lt
in de~rec
tion Of%pr6 i'!;lrt1'!ivll'6~.!:tC!0ie'~'l1ejlf!

Buslqeas
starid

ies in thelo/"tlylngI.leenflr$
,Mi:tt:i~
business a,ct vi ties will cone en ...
ed area down oinr',:'f;7.'

to

in

trat~
I

4. , The ~ethod of fi anc ing, throu'" theldt6 t~lothisle88'"

ment iplan isuD.
ir to"the'lm
ll'h6&!\"'Qwn"i'I'aa he
'
Will/have tosta
d 'the burd$h 'of tn~~lcoit~to*f"too~'
grea~ anextent.6l
,
""";,1.;
,'i{"')1&:.
!
.'
Addition~l
Objectio1~ to the meth
of financing
through
,i

the asse8s,merit ~lan wer"V9ic"d'~igorous~y

representatives!
that

of differe~t

~ssociati6n~.

the' new Ci~y Charter+CIUded

assessment

dia tricts

could [be created

of streets

had been slipped

into

ponsible

for

!this

~ and that, this

ci ty, and countj.

thiit
of sub ...
or/the

joker"

interested

the Kelker,

sewers,'

wa~ a "little

by cer~ain

same,po~',er~~

getting

providing

storm drains,

the charter

w~re made!

fo~ the erection

Mo~eover, that

Chargee

a pro~.ion

ways aha. e];evatieds as :weil/astor

improvement

by 8;'V"~l'otner'

tnat

g;oups.

CliqUe! had been the ones res'

De Leu~ report

They cha ged that

financed

Py" the

this; report, had leaned

over

backwards
asserted
financ'ial

tos
that

~rea s this. m t~od"'bf fin.~cing

the welILaw,.wh?~h

meth~d,

giVes/state

was alsospon~ored
..
.

included

the Pacific

bus ineas

organiza
tiona
,

Eledt

., AlIso, th~y

icRailway
"

and J;'6&!-l
estate

sanction

by Itilis
same group,
! .

to this
whlc~

'Company and the dawn.town

62

firms

it

'

Further'

'

J. E. LamPtrt" "Finane ngby a Bond Issue to Cover t.he

Entire Cos ," Second C nfere,nce of ~
M!!!. Transportation
Qt1'est ion ( 930), pp.
"
I.
,

62' ~I:~~~
Si~it~~t:~~~i~u:~;~S~~~i~f
N~;~r~eS~:i~~:;
~~::;;_
Dis

m~flt
tr~ cts or Out
f rence onTthe Mas~!Tr
~.
samiih1represented
Mr. Kolts, the Northwe

f the General Tax Funi," Second Con...

ns ortation
Question, passim (19~.
the jAnt - ~vated ~sspclation
and
t C:1;vlcLeague.

;i)",

objections
.
"

up

st.

ed that

"

arti.tic;"l~

;'

the

eed ot';rap'idtranslthad

'

"f'

"'1

'/

"I

than i

,~rr:~Sh~_

adequate

'i",

'

"

'we~.

"

'suburban ~eal eatate

l'

eI

th~ 100& ra'~l~"'.

in .running 111nes to their

J.

been bUli~

("..

."'This was ~rue' be;~use

more intereste
. holdings

!'/' .
./

~;an~por":~tio'~: ,..

, 'f

companies ;that were.lmore ~n ~he'real e~t~t~-bu.'lnea8:

.than in the Itransporta-~ion' busi]j:[e.s, and that', -t~8",'
"
fore, inste~q of embar~ing upon-a t-apid transit
l,I'X'angement with t eae street Ica'1'.compan1:el and ge'tt1ngnliore "
hope Ie s s ly 'lnvo 1ved th~ ever ~ now,1s the time to plan
for muniCi!l
ownership' .6~. '..
,; 'i.
'
'
":;'.
,",'

Great
iaries

f.~o't that

I,

of such a Iplan of rapid transit

I

waycompanf-ea

"

These comp,nie~:would

the trUebenet1e--.
.

would! be the local

:,

r .!:.J.":~

erHoy a saving in !~:p.ra-

tion

'~

,,-

"

at ea~ :was la:ldonthe

"

"Ji"

,I.

F..:

of hundreds ,of thousa~dS o'~'dollars\

a year 'through

the

bul1dingof
why should
the cost

subways and el,vate.d lines'.

Thus it WQS asked-,
ii"
the, property hoders
in L08~geles
bema~e to pay

of these

means of r8pid' trans~tl,

r."

primarily

add to -the profi

a of 'these

We maintain
t
property o,mers. of a d
railway than there is
a department IStore or,
welfare.
A pUblic car
tl~n for the !purpose 0
thropic purpose. 64"""
In other

frd.,

cOFpanles?,
I

re,~' )ust
.

through~somemajGr

as 'any other

I '

I"

decreased

nt.
,.
I

sarldsh, '2. ill. J ,

r~.
ill.,
I

pp. 16-1,7.:

'!,I

I
!,
I

.~ .

'.

~ar c~mpanies /~o ,be,~r

does whtn it! anticipates

'

'

allthestree~

'i

'

, ,

Gr1elyiKol ta

'

. t there is n more reason why the

strict
should 8ubstdize a,,-stree'b t
or contributi
to the erection of
or any other , Cine of ~co~pora~!'Oll:
ier is in t~e\buslness
oftranaportamaking money not ror.n:7'li>hi~"H-

the burden of ,SUi1h expendlt

poration

when such meanI) would,

;

pI;iv:~te ;-c,or- .
.

.,

op'ertltin~e~pen8.e~

r
\

~ent district8~
.'.

expenditures

(3) that

rail'; 11n~8j should Jhare> ' in

>

t~

inasmuch as the , ~ould 8ha~e ,in

I"

"

"

'.

The objection

agaf.nst theel

""

..

treri~ .,: Aste

'

they bring

forwarQ. the extrerelY

in general,

'and j~s t how cos ~.c~\e

I

,manner among those

'

vated appe~rs
"

,ana In view of th~ current

I' '

Legitimate'

t "other

:1mportantaspect

objection.,
of financing

db tri bu ted in an equi table

'.

who will

\en~~it.

This subject

studied

at lengt~p by aut~ori rie~ ,and will

a later

chapter.

i "

has been

b~ ref~rred

t.o in,',

S~r

I '
The use of elevated
expedi tlng

r ilways and sUbways as a means or

masst~ansport'ati

n,fn 'LosAngele's has been the

'occas ion of much study and, inves tigation,

'Specific
. 'Street

achievements

have been minor.

sUbway'wasi completed

, mile of elevated

+ni.'~5
I'

during the. past, years.

The much~d18cussed .Hill

,and

from the Si:.tth,'and Main street

Station

to San

66

leveJ. was completed in 1916.

I

tions

the one-e~ghthr of a

',i , '

Pedro street

represent

the total

ac.tlie,vements during, the past

thirty

I'

years

of thought

in th1s dire?t1on.

Whatothe future

holds 1n

'j

,65

Infra,

Chapter

VI.,

.;,
1

1', ,-

\e

le'hgth
66 cos", toftbe
',H~ll stre, et, Subway
$4,000,000 for a ,'The
'9:t"i.4,126, feetl of track~e;e and 5,~OI feet of, tunnel..
SUbway 1s 2S! feet wide' ~nd 21~ feet h1gp.
,

I
I
this

respect

such",~jOr

~r

Los Angele~ will

pro bl' ems as:

depend on the solution

f ir_anclpg,
b

:
the

esolvlng

of .

o~L the

confll1tbetweeJ

advocat,es bfcentrallza~lon
andde~entr~l~'ZapJ
.
i
'
_.
" :
I.
-,
,,--t~'on, and curr~nt trends in! urban trarisp rtatic;"n:
,i;rhapa
I

by

the

time -a pllanforBuc~
.

and aceepted
,

I'
\.

enthusiasm
i

'
.

a ~ore modern method of rap.d

!,

recei ving the

~e~~~ ?f .~ap d, 4;ransi t J;~s,~e~n

.

bf; the popu~~ce .

I

,I

".

- ',/i
I..~

,',.

l~>

transit

f67"

ma~~"
.

may be,
'. t

'"

"-

A1l~YS~

In the .,deavor

)",,'"

Anael.l.

" ."

'"

l'ff<'"

.~.

~.

stat.s
1I

.'~

keft

fet_rmlned

'

I '

-!,.l

.'

ot ~iS

'

me~4~';
t~,e pu.bllc

numeroua

ob jectlona.

occurred a defin~t'

advancejin,euae

Lo. Angeles :""a ~tallJ

ot the ~e

~,

of ibe bu. in Lo. Anael

tor the s~lutlQn ot transportatloD

propos.~

'
lB: -'

ot bus traneportatioJi'

unptann..J~ It, wa. ~.I.tlOdto

8llt:<'

prob~e ,

started

to grow

ti a

d~cid.dly

bltormisa

tashioll .
'

.,"

j"'

'I

,'" ~

ot th1 general wie ot ;the autOmObile led to ,the

apecirleue80t
1

there ha~

Jit*eI ~.~

The earlyladvent

The spread

".".&c

"i

and first

hall ,~~n ,

ot a numbrr ot propo~als ~long this line,

definite

~,~.

I!

'result

Controv~r.y has waxed ~

as hateth~

c1 e)..Op4ad

ot ~. ~

'

and the advisab1;ll ty ot suo~ means ot transporta~lon

given wide publil\Cit},

jr

'.

toward theuae

the .Ubj~ct !'-tore

rtror~l.

there ,~s

",'

,:'::spon.or~
I

the proilemhaVe

through eral

'

!:'

iransportatirn.

"

solving

the Unit.d

tor raPi~ ~a.

..,.

~t.PUll ,t~nal?ort~~~o .J~'!

.

t~i.~~&

'"

tr.n41n

>-

~'.'.

gaa motor yehlq+e tor prlYa~e 1Iid~'f~dual us.,

a d.flnit.
"

"0

c",oi~elden~ w1~,the: rap~d rl,e.l ot,~

baen a pr~m1nen~ one.

~

, I

to obtaln' ad.qu,ate and 1'(lpld . \ trana';'

in Lo.

portation

, I

OF PR>PoSAL8",WHI:CH'PIM'I7B'1'0 'BUSES"', ' '

':1

,r I

it

as a j1tn.t~.

IDdiY1dual ~r1Ye~lot

The trend 1s ~apec1al11 notlce~bl.

in cltl below OD.
'JIlililon popul81tbm, altbough auch cit~es aa Detroit, Ie.
York, and Ch1cago Ihow evidences ot this treJ'Kl.
\

tn

'\'

.
"

iI

"

I' ,

;I '
t~u~

In the e~d.avor to 9btain 'adequate and rapid

,

portation

,J

in Loa -Angele., t~

ba~n a pr~m1nen~one.

L ~ . ~

'I

C",oinCid~nt
with, the rapid :ri.e ott"

'..

'

"

u.e,
.~

there 'baa de.elos*1 '

:.

~. f

a detini te tren4 in the Un!ted Statea toward the uae

,

'"

i,~~a 01', bua,tranBPcn-ta~io~,,~a

iaa motor Yehicle for prlTatelndiYidual

,,.

l:"

'

l'

tor rapid masa transportation.

,I

'

'.

.'

the bna

01'

.'

,;

f','

' Sponsora of thia metbo4

01'

<

solving the pro~l have ke~t' the .ubject betore the public.
through .everal \det_ermlned~tfor,ts.
i,

and the advisab1;ll ty

Ii'

given wide publilcity,

,

'

'result

I'

a8

Controversy has nXed;n~

01'

auc~ mefUiaot transportation

"

"

'

baa been,

haye 'i;b;enwaeJlOua
objections.

.b.,

I
I,

ot . nwabi.r ot propofal,::alOng th1, lin.,

therebao

occurred a defini1t$advance,: in'the use ot the bus in Loa Angele

I,'I

:'

I
The, earlyladvent

1
i

Jit~.I,"BUaea
I'!

01' the",~.

Los Angeles wa8~otallY unPta~.ed7

definite

ot bus tr&n8portatloD

It was unrelated to ~~

propos-ai for the s41ut~Qn 01' transporta'tioll

!

and first

atartedto

grow ~ , a decidedly
hitorm1ss
.
,

1Jl

prob~e
ta8hioa.
\

.,..

The spread of th~ general ~e 01" ,the automObile led ~o the

specific

uaeof
,

it as a jitn.l~.

IDdiT1dualdrl.erlof
,

tnea.

1 The trend 1s ~special11 noticeable in citie. below one

million popul.tl()n, altbough 8uch cit1:es a8 Detroit, Xew
York, and Ch1c\agoahow evidences 01' this tren1.

'

,I
!

1, '

\ \ ~I
'
I

II

j1tne~ ~e.e

~p l1kt -~.

epr

rr..':~1:\,~~1q

1l'~'~,J~".t~,~!"

in Jul~ 19~~, to th! end of ,lR~5, ~J.erf'~'~

the .treat.

ot Lp. ~Angele.~ tack.ot

tu;n
I

lerious

'I

abu 1 ,which In
I

'

h1b~ter

the \18e

it

bounded' by Firat,
I

2~

"

".'

e,.,~"
.

.1nt~':,Py..~~,~ .~~!*r~c~)zr;
TU, ~oN1~

..'

nance sounded the death knellot

the jitney bul~1D ~44Dgele8.

' :3"

.By JuRe 1918, ~re

pro ...

"

)lain, E ' \h,. and Hill stre.t..

.'

':

'.

the lo~al rat:!;.,.

l;J.e 'pe9ple .01'. ~o! ~,~l ~ ~.

the ,j1

If '"

I'

cQmpan~eswas aPFJIOYed
by
. I

1.cl,tQ";~J,'

led, to drf'~it~.cregu).,~tloJlt .

In 1917, an or4Uan . 'PO~.Or~d. ~

,

'"

ll~latl\~.

were w,t :32 jitne,.a, in operatio.,

u4, bJ."

July 1, 1918, t~re

, 1nthe

were Jt t-.o jitne,. bu. ro~te., ,b.'1ng'"operat~ ,

4
[
,
c1t,.prop~r.Thes~two
line. were .ub'.fJ'l'P.t~1.,o~.re4
i

the street

otf

by the Board otPublic

,

ot tranaportation

duplication

"

Utl11tie. 'aa ,theT !Dyo1.ed

';

' 1"Yic~. , ib1.lwas1n

liD. with,

'

the requeet ot the War Indu.trle.

Board ot t~

Federal Qoyer.n-

ment that municlpal1tla. co-operate in the cotrY~tl~ of n

and material..

./
Ii

---------------------,--~-~--__rj-i

,2 -Loe,Ange1e. Board ot Public Ut11itle,e u4."Tr~portati91l,

11&h;th AlUmal!ijiOrt (1916~; pp. 166-17'7'.

ot Public' Uti11t1e. ~TranaportatloD,'il1ntb

Report (l9l7)~p.
84.

:3 ' ~ard

4
~,
i

Ibid.,

Annual

Tenth Annual Beport(1~l8-1919) . p.

'!IS.
...
.

'

an e~ed1ent to 't~rc. tlw Lo, ,ADa.l _Ba1l.~Y:1

Compal17
to extend it. We.tern Avenue liDe into the Hol17WOod
Diatrlct
'.temporary permit ,raa' granted tor a jitJi'Iy:
bIla >;~ln.
aloq tba l'ClUt. in 1~20.
'j

.121

,
I
I I

I
!

I
~~~lrnOd!!!!.'Prep~.al.
I

'

During the !year '1923, 'the ~o"'ellt

tor enlarge. :bua r~

+,

a8 a means or paX'tla~ry 101v1q the

I

.:;

oble o~ trau~rt.-',;

Toward the latter

'8ppllea ,1ona h8.d ~een tl1ed' by twe 1Bdlvi

a+1

\',

'

adVanced!notle~abl".

"Motor

compan,),tor permttl to

, town Lof An&el.,; ,to HOll7WO~.

run

'P"itOtl~:~,

ala aDd"t~

a ba

BOJ:l"rOO4.

n.o. down- .

ae"lee'

R.OO-..d~1l1OD. to",,~j t the

pleas remade b,. the Chiet, Engineer ot ~e SOard'ot PUbll0"

Utl11tl~8, 'Whoadvocated' tha~ the, two ele~trlc
6

est8bll~h

fuller

aervloe.

rail

lb.

I'

'!he permit. of. the IJldlvi&tal appll,.

I

cants w~re rejected,

but the! Hollywood)(o~or Bua Cttmpan:rta

'I!,

"l

appllc8~lon was not denied at the: time . IThls latter'appllca-

'I

."

tio.

Ii'.

was withdrawn and 8Up.r,ede~ b,.an. applicatioll

r

Peoplets)(otorbus

tram the

CompanyODJanu.ry 22, ~t23.

This application,

in the'torm. ot al petl tiOD to the "Loa

"

~.

'

I"

"-,
t

Angeles City Coun.c1l, asked tor perm1s~iob to e.t.blilha

work or ~

throughout

thel

ent~.

CltJ.[1nCludlll&

trom downtownLos Angelel tol HOll!~Ood., birteen

.

I,

sixtym!le.

ters was to' be' used.

'

the d~d;~~",
r~tel

oyer

te~ ~ent ~.'e w1tb~ver~al

II

Chl'S&,allOWingthe c1t,. t~ee

traaa-;

J. two-~ll~!on dolleJr expendlture to

Ir.

'.

a guaran~.edtitteen-,.
p~r c.n~ d,t lthe groas

be made;it the eft,. would' gxtant

r t'ran-

9,

','

"
,I'
6 "ManyApplicationa to, Serve: H~llJ'1fOod
lDlltriot,
port.tion,
I~' (Feb., 1~:S), p.: .10a. I
_.

ri.e't-.

of. street. by me,na' o~one hu,dred t ~t7-1'S,Y.~

d~ble-

deck buses were~roposed~

"8

revenu.1il
, ;.

, '_"

.'
--TraAI'- ,

II, ~

,'"

---a memberot ~ comp~y,

appo1p.ted,to" ,
~b11e Util~ti iCOllll1ilsS[on
in De.o,eaber,1922.

E.~. Eo ard
the B~ar~ of

:-_

"

iis,

//
""'"
,I
j'
~~:jrri i 1:11.ge ot ae111ng/ttie'.,..t

k .."rr
exc~e.

with1n a t1ve-year per lod waa ai.~'

faith

to;,tiliClt;-.

_at.a.' 'B't1cl.ni~otlgOOd!
I

,{

on the lpart ot the COll.pan~ woill"-be' a8a\1re4~.b1"boJi4i

'.

depos~tad with

..

'he

,
'

1Iliilenthe bu.' .,..'teil.wOd14.'1'Ili1

,hi

clt,..

I.

direct

compet1tlonwith

fied on the baal.

'car.

the lCi)c~l'rail llne.,

tM

of the advantage.ot th.ba.'o.er

a jUt!:~e~.tr.et

Theae, 1nelUded flexib111ty~ wti1chall0 ooJipl.\te 'Nfl.::'

I

. '.

I'

dOllof 18Ovement.such a8 b.i~.bl~

neceaaary," .,dern

to eatabl1.h re~,t1q'a.

equipmeJlt, .Xpre.a..rn.o.,

cSurb 1.oid1Jij;ud.'

nalo-ding,: and eftective

,r'ap1dt.~it

at lqw coat.

'!'he s"t.

\.

planned by tbe People 'a Bull

cOm~,. .aa

ita scope 'and .~s intended tor.place

rather

thansuppl.ent

existing

'iadeed cClilprebtU18fve1n

atx-.et car transpo~tatl:ion .

CoDipetet1ve'!!!!. Propo.ala ~-li35
I

Shortly ,ft~r.re~e1V1ng ~e ap~licat1on ot t~e Peo~le'.

)(~~orbua Com~an~,~~otb"r apPliciat10n .as received b,. t~e Boa~ ,
trom a C. D. Ou~ik, of Glendale.:, This applicat1on. wu tlled

1.

behalf of the Glendale Kotor EU81'co~an1and the SQUther~.Pacl.."

",1

f1c .Bua Compan,.,1

which aake~ .fO~:a permit 'to operat",.bu be'.

..

.',,'

.ir'

tween Glendale and Los Angelea ,apd o..:er titteen

"

. I'

'.

,'i~

.", ~

I ;,'

':

routea covering .

various sectional of the c,"t,. ot f'Ol ADge~ea. In 1II&DJ

1nS,~ano,.
I

1\

the pro~aed
similar

routes would parallil

to the proposed routes

,

'

JUponlea~~~
Loa ~~lea
I',

Rail.a,

' ~

ot the p"ple' s
I

ot the t11iF

~na\ .ed .'r1~an1CSSt;Ngg~fB~~~WN~

'., ,fhi!,\l.iat8 TeP0rt.tloe,II
'I':
1,1,. 1\
\

.-.

ear 1~ea8

of thts~ apPl~c~~,~~n~,,.
~e \

"

~,T ---.

. _

)(~,,;bua Com~l.

aDd the paeif~c ~l.cfriC

\-

tne .f1~t1ng.t7~et

~di.t~l7pr.8erted

'J

tO~l

(1~1)"
.

~'a ~.i~s

pp., ~l~lI~,

'.

~ I

'

I '

application o~ tlie'Li>e ~.leJ

iotor

au.

~'bi

"1di1iia

the" ortered tOd";tpH:cate.1eil~i.rge ~pon aIlJ o~ ~e pll:Da'PJ'o~' .

posed.b,. the other 1nterests.',
,

tieall,.

.' i

ff",.

~fs

applicat10n cal1,l
i-

'.'

tor a motor bu enice' onWeaten

woodBoUleV~rdand ~,&nta Barb~ra 1 street,

,buse. and the street
~eot

Avenuebetween HollitrUiaterllbet

en 'the

tb;8'".~.t1n& ~11 11ne"."'iJn1f;~~.1

tl'~IJ.fIters were to be available

1.0'8.

..

cars of t~etwo' si~e.t 'railwa,.~ ~andt:~bet

buses ae teed.reto

While the

s1'.01-

"

between'busea
and atreet
'.
~

C'ara.

ADgelel Ranw""':Corporation stated i~I'jW1iitrigness'

"

to parallel

itl

owp lin,ea with 'bUsea it t!).e public djDiaDdeC1/ it.

idea or the LQsAngeles lot_

the essential

BIla COBlpaDJ
was to

supp~ement the present serYiee.

The sponaore of these three propolals t~ develop' bua service tn Los Angelee were\All backed b.,. large financial
-. who BOUghtto enter the field

intereata

from a purel.,.buaineaa atandpoiD'. '

Apparently, the opportunetiDie was at hand .to enter' ati"ld

transportation
,

as ,.et unexploited.
.'

The people'sJ(Qtor~a

"-.

ot
'Com-,

i';,,,,}

0';'::~'\\'-' .

pan,., represented locall,. by W. q. JlacAdoo,waa tONed bt

.." '. ,.
. i
eastern capitalilte
whowere consoioul ot aD apparent excelltAt
,

opportuni ty to gain control oft~

through interpenetration
The People's Kotor~
h

01'

'

r-

Los Angeles' tranlportatio.

the local l'1l~eII by the bus'. Al~boqh

Companywas tormulated under tbB ,laws ot

California,

we~' "'inl,.
.'.

the sto.ckholder8

10.

fro. NewYork
.

'

_.-

""".

I
I

liThe' Gubl_ki, ~PP1~~'~t~~n,

,.-.

\l

t.ore8t.~1

"-"

bl'1Dfi.
~\

l..,.*f:.,f~if"'",

"-"_~-",1,,'

~'i4:~:y.*~t;j.~'*1ff?riA

$~

",.;...t

<

w,'

r.ec!AqCha a""'/,,J,l'l..

~:::t~;'~;;;~~~t:;<~~!"

such aftl~n.

F "Il:.

trantp~rtatlonfleld

.:

businc.~

fA~~r~Fat~1\t~~\~;"n:~,

~,~~dlf~,~l,..}

, AngolealJlotor Bu~C~~IlJ.
, tro~ otith

'~~~I

".

but of a looal +~cterl

thrcatc~nb;~;::

li~~;,~~P"n~~1"Pf!..-;i..I,;'_

tPp1j' b~d~~

l'

m:,tr

0111'-. .

!by,p~P9IJ~,,~9\\~~t\!li~'~"",

'.

portat10D for Lo, Angel...

In ~elr

repo t

\ :
I '

of, JI~~29.

,~~~.

the,. repOBII.ended,
tbat the t~o rallway canran1es 1nat,ft~t!J'~ntltour motor bus 11ne8~ total~nge~ghty-twol
Berve portions
portation

(.')t

t~, c1t,. which Idid l)ot fave adequat~_,~~a:r

serv10es.

ot at least

tltty

m1;1.e.In,l!11g~,!; to

These, ~ew"r+t.8

WOUfdrequire.~fe purcttse,

bu~,~a..cO~ti~ :'trc*1 .6'footo~,~(.aCh.

"I

:".

,,'

Thia reoommendation~y ~, Board Of Public ut~11tle.

.
'"
,
I,
'
1 'e.phaal,ed an eqUiplent oost;t~rlthe loca ra11 CC?~1~s ot
a poaail1>le 00,,000.

'~e MajcAqC)~
concern~ env1sio"~

. ~~..,,.

::::::1:n::::~~~~::
::t.~:..::t:d~~:O:::::~~::::~~t~Ob
InCO,

rpo~atedfor two millton'do11ar It<r.Bnt101P, a~ed ~a~

such an eTr\enditure would be neeeaaary .t'otthe

, -r

'

cOIIlpJ..ete
B~.t

I,

\'l';

" "lPl,
,'V'

' \$'

'.~

.J

planned.

rhe ~l.ndale Motor 'BJ Companlalao tlcf~t~,

18
expel3diture olose to oDem11l10~. ,~,
,.,

'

, \,~',. ,

"

.'

:0-

"

.~,'

I
\

bt

tJ,nllke the proposall tor i!rapid transit

-fa

and' elevated rail

linea" t1!nano1Di,'wa.to be";han~~~ tlNi1

,,1.1.

by the comp&nlits.lt.

,
~

I ..

10

II

the cost ot operation,

being not'exces8iv~,

~:

:: .

1~

'

deprecia~ion and upkeep.

~

cover .
coata

'

the problem ot t~cing

cult one, particularly

pa1~1
1

not ~q, exceed t~t,ncenta, w,ld

ing aligh tl1 higher tare,

":

by

it ~s anti41p.ted that, the riden,

,;:

w&a,ot ccurae, 1:.1~*POIl the

lio,de~

t'axpayers,althouib

if .u~:

was,no a dirr~-

because ~ueh a bus ayste aa considered

I
as a business propoaition, which,wc;>uld
yield a good retfu.rn ~and .>.
i

therefore

was 'attractive

to pri+.te

capital.

If

, of the 'two private

concerns.

n,.e rail.,

co mpani.a were, or

'1

'

cou~se, not entering the field primarily because ot antioipated

profit.

Competit10n forced th~

to take such action.

During the early spring ~wopetitions

were placed on the ballot

filed by individuals

at th~ city electlonot

Kay firat.

One peti~lon asked that the vot~rs8anctioh

the ame~d,1ng
or the

Ii..

",

present fuls Ord1nan~

so as to ~erm1tthe, granting-

Ume franchise

11nes.

~s

ot

'.

a lODs

':'

~e' cond ~.ked _e,..ent

o~ .~

ordinance to perm1tthe bus to ~nter the central~iness

4is-

~,"

trict.

. 1

A strenuous campaign toqk place wit,h o~jie~tionl' troll'

,

;!
I

12 It is interesting to compar~at this point the p~opoaed , ,

tinancial olttlay tor a ci~y-rw1debUs~s1stremOr.t2,OOOf900,
with: theestlmateor-the
Kel-kerDe Leuwrapid ~ranalt!.ya,te.ot
subways and elevated\llnes otwell over .100.000.000.
, ,

."

13 Considerable agitatio~

for. publicly owned'blLstransportatlon aystemwaa alao being tp&Q8 at the time, but no speciric propoaals were made. \

'~:>

.1

I
I

.
man,.

s.auk.8"
I
\

'j

\'\,"'

-The\'Prsident
"

jl/li>

:,.
'~

opinion

to their

:his ar8Ufent~4 agar-st

cars:

,..

i:

1:;"

-"

".

,!,

j,

:diSSal)tir

. ':

','".

of the Boar.d~ot PUblic ~UtS:l1t't.r,.~/d.lt'ld;a "

'istreet

' '

~hAd~.;;"ted~,

p~po:r"tot ~#,."20,,,

the use! of buses in oompetition

'

',;, :.t

:"1

'f;"IY""~h

Ii.

:i.J:".

with".
!t'~il"''''.,

(a) Motor Buses' al. IUbst\itut~1' "t<)r.,~eet' ~u.d.a. 1-01';

heavy traffic
areas '.re %:lot.atisfactory;
,
,f
.
.
",~"
..
t
(b) Motor Bus.s COmp.t1~ withthe.,tr
t cars
, generally
result 15 inferior
t!utr~'lce ontlm c.r ,..
linea ,wlth incr.a8e~ fa"e., whiCh caus publio'
-,
, . rea,dtion against 8UjCheompetlt!on;
,
';"~:-~.i,->t}.. _,
.'

,.-

I'

(c)!

-,

"

MGtor 13uses where~ra~ed

.aafeeders tb7' ratl", .. ,
carrier,
in new te~rit~ry
not yet able to support
street
Qar. service,! are found to be ,sat1.atadtoJTJ'
and
'

!>t.

,
,!

(d)

Motor Buses are ~ost economical where trafflc

camparallvelY llght.

,The.e statements
with the rail,

1s

pposed the ~se or the.bus1n-competltlon

linea,

and .tO~d

by

,the railroad

oonp8l11eai~
.
I

their

opposl tion.

'

Two OrganiZa~ion.,
Asaociatlonand

th~'Lo8 A!ige1eaTraffic ,B8t,term.nt.

t~ Loa Angeles Oh.,amberof

buses would add t~ t~badlJ

the street

the fact that

I;'

iAutomoblle Olub of Southem 'c"lrro:rnia

"

addltloJl&l.:JiIotO'r

COng~8ted atreets., ..u.cr reo~mmeDd1.Dg

I"

Oom,merc.,.~.o'aup-

c_~{companles be given t1meto

issued

~ I.

'.

make good.

The

f~

resolution

pro

Ij'14 Walter R.
!

Railway ....
__--

'

, 1

.;

linea, yre~!l1ng

\that

Ilconment1 on ~,'s proposa,1, " Electrio

Vol. 61 ' Apri'~ 14, 1923), p ..;~il.
"i\
,

-'

'J

\
\

15

testing

"1nva.8ion ot Lo\~ ~~les

the

\,:

".

"!

Development L1ngue

.lngeles

ground that

it

PPOIJ_d~

'"

oar companie,.

i These organizations

""" ...~.

totU

j""

t.

'"

'

<',

. "'.+

. ~!

'.

f....

..

1. '\';

""

;;l ' .

~;
.. -~

c01lP&n1i
ea were strong eno
to, .wa7' ~
tide agalDJrt th.
ii'
I'

propoa\ltiona
and both were' de~.ated,!,_ '[The two iftdiV1dua18
j

withdrew thei~

their

lie

-'

,;

.,1<

.'

'ter permits.atter'
'.

TheLoii ~e1es

II

"

~ ~~.,.!"

.otor

'1".1 ' "

at&com"

'"".,
'~"'.

",.
,~'
~~"'
.

.:J.

v )_,

., .f

'from the Boai'd ot Pub-

I,

'I

.~th

granting

street

(', '

pe~sion

oars.

""~

,'"

26, an orherwas'p1~o~d

.,.'

eompan~ tor $710.000 worth ~tbu~e.

"
,
17
coveripg approximately 70, m11.s II j

:!

r ,

'."

''-'

to o~e~ate ~.sinconneo-

on.q

"

".J

pn Kay 7, ~923, rece1,~ed a, pet.~t

Ut~11tles

tion

!,."

I'

b..feat., in the e1eotion.

pany,

"

appliratlons

.'

~Opjunctid,a with the r'ai1 ,.

" '.

~ediate1y

'
, ,I;

o~:~',

a 108S ot JIliljion8 ot del"lars

would _an

I-

,: :"..,'

..~OAdOO~~~~~"e~rt

looal fa treet

Lo.

it "

,.,.

.'

bl the bu. _'" .~

by'that

to o~erate

over rout

f'

Lllle~ i were iA,joperatl,ol'l';'

tOlm pyi August pi that 1e.:r" and the

I
'"I
'i
'I !
Ho11rwood unit was under wat by NoveMberll.t.
!
.,'(
!
1
'. r
I
: The result
ot this moves.at tor-better
tran~port.ttOll,/,~
on .ea~.rn

Avenue across

'was 1a1-ge1y ot

.i sUPPlement~ry 'n.ture

011') thejee~toe,

However, it l'OlIDded
'servloe

16

"

exis'tins

rurre!WIg

I heretorore

in mant di~10D8,

l1ilea .

u~~t~-d~te, r t

wtth 'iudequate

'service.,

'I

15

to~ the

"

Unsigned, "Railway and Bus Companies Apll17 tar Rights,

E1eotrl0 Rai1yax Journal, Vol- 61 (1 3), pp. 698, 735.

------

Propoait1,on #fi, lost

by,: 4,000 votes.

17' U~1~8d

'''Trattic

k'

.. \

by' llare '~ban12'F

and ..

,~

,I

vote/i;, 16: 19~t>f'I.,

'/',',

n8~rt.tl.0*''',!lect~."

", ,

ila

'

'l!l:

tl,'!!,I

,
"lQ85"

JoUrial,
II ',,"
('" ,g. 1nft)
va , , p
,,"/1'ol1&e.'
~'" 11.' m
1.:...,to
,,_So> ' ;
b. re,'parated wa,l the 11:11,. tro. d'~toLo.
~,
...~.': -vv.f",
, .an401t.e Stre.,t. throur HO~~1'f<)Od
, 0 Laurell~IlP'1~,~
"

--suM.,

1'

.\

"<:

:SOUl.yard. "

,~.

'

I
.

/
17;"

,','

l;l(;llL24:

"

' ,

B,. tocuaiDi

1.

ot tbe co_~t~

the,tattention

u,1?~Il:t~~~ilr~~~.,~r

1
eo-pet! Uon to ,tilll,.xtIUDi!1

by tpre. tenlq

achievement. were registered.

'

The

aolIO,oni; .'\t.t1alh

~t~
J'.1'. prOpo.al.
.

.otiv~t~~
I

were purelt

'

'{

-"

'

"t

trolDr the standpoint ot privat.:' buill J,':"t<"'tU

,f

"

\.

" ,~

,.",."'\

placing ot ,the propo.~tiOIl on t~'b":11otl;lU4e 1t. ac\~i*,.,

movement,although to~all1 impl.im~d t~o~ ~ ~1tJ~w14~ ~}
""I

1>'t.~

;,

Between1923 ed 1936 there 'were no.fUrthe~ ~'j~~

,

,,'

18

posals tor city-wide bus tran8p~rtation.

'.

;~.

.;.:~

p~-

It waa.larg.17 a period

l'

. ;/.

~.

'-,

of expan8ion of the lines ownedlandoperated b1 the .local r~11- ,

.

...!'

Ii

way companies.

In 1935, however, a strong ettort

to e8t~blish mass transportatlo~

"

, .-

by means ot the.ctorbua.

:!.

was
agala . _d.
,
.

Municipal EUaesPJiOpoaedIt35-1~M
~'.

'tl

On the ballot ot the General Munic1palBlectlon of "7

,
7, ,1935, there were two'propo81~lonaas a result of 11l1tiat1ve .
"

pftttt10ns.

Propoa1tlonnwaber one proposed to repeal 'he jitn81

.bus ordinance which pro~b1ted

t~
.
.
.

operation ot .,tor

bus on ,

certain

downtownatreets,

thus freeing the streeta

of jitney buaea a8 .~ 1918.

The second ~opo.ition
of anOrdinan~e(

18

tortbe.u8e'
,

drafting
dealt with the propoaed
'.
r
.

,',

III Novemberotl928
a IIr. Charles A. Palmer of, 1,0."ADsele.
had written to the
asking tor a twen~y-,..ar tran~h1ae
to' oPerate buses throughout the Oit1 otLos Angelaa on a
5-cent tare basll~
'!'her~HN-~.t~a:re(e~~ed to '!,M" "
aoard otPublic Ut111ties, wh1,ohpoiD-,t.dout ,tl-t ~.
J!O&~
,,8.S . l'thOut power to "rant qth.r than a 7earl,. .p.nm ..
,. ~
'that alao th.re was a cer~at~ area down,town in eich bUs,
,
.
't:.
-";":''''.i:-60ted
_-A
that
A
eblilar
request
bad
be.n
~oted
are DO pe..
.- ,~
'"'1: ,
'th
t
the
upon by the people andreje,t'ed in 1923, ere ore,
Board' could!not g,rant the pendt

'-,.01'

.,

be .turni.hed the o~tizena of Loa ~,le8

throqh _"-"'
(alt~
,
23
>-,
'
,
1 ,I .', .., , , '
" .j'., :'I' I,
,
owned bus 88
~
JIuD10ipal Leape, al'hoQlh all entIret., pa_'
,

"

rate ..organIsatIon,

'I'

,.

"'

endorsed the pr'oposition and supported l'

or

1fholeheartedlYi lome

its ~e.be~a

2.

being' .emb~raof

"'~~'

Jfwlicipal Bus League.

OpposItion ~Oboth the prop~litl~na ~4eapre~
and vigorous,

of

although the bulk'

"

the Obj~ctlon8
'

lAunohed

,~

'against the second proposltlon.~e

political

'wt:e

.J'

~nd.p.nd.nt RevI , local

pape-r of tbe Cit,. Hall,~ro~p, was the '~earhJ"d~ oi the'

Anderson, President

or

..

the lIunielpal Poweram Light Defense

. J;

. '

~.

<'

League; H. W. K81~er, Vice-President' of the Southern Cal1tornla

I

'

'Automobile Club; 'Franklin Donnel, Secretal'1 of the Lo~ Aageies

Tax Payers League; Arthur J. Mullin,' Commiasioner'nePar1:a'ent..of
Y'

Water and Power;' and A. P. EIltenza,,'labor

attorney,
,
.

'auppo.rt1ng proposition
'tion to nUlIIbertwo.

26

,-<

e0l181derable space to

'

~.. .

:D.WIlber
one,1was re8o,lute in hia oppoai-

!,

In additio~,

, I

taught againat both propoaitions

,.ThYHollvood Citizen

WhO theap
'-

I,S,

_j

","

all the ,dally local paper. ,"

.<

'

~nd ,t

,;.

,4

!!!. T1Dles,theD.'n!' , "

.. .., '

, '

~woBeaM' pa~er. :e~~te4,

opaganda,&lga~natth _ The Leapeot

two ot

.any

organization.

oPpOSed~
!

Tworather

detaU.d

.un1cipal bus sys1iea.

studi were mad.

pin

tbe

01'

,(

tion bad asleed the Board.01' Publi~ UtilI ties to _te

,investigation'

ot t~

Cen~ral Bu.~e.s

plfln.

'w

The D~ntown fusfneIS"J(eft

'1

I
,

t/&..tu.,

bl~~m

.~

'

2~"

'4D8

1ysis ot the propos~l.

cerned" and reeo~nd~d

Bo~h01' thes. reports 'ooncluded tbat

tor the best 1nt.r~8t . ot tho con-

that the ~ropo~ltl~n be tu'raed <10

':. ' Both s~dle8

ii,

"

arrived. at' tb,e' 8'"

to -.ate aa

the proposal was not teasible

conclual1)Il"that the

COll-

to~ buses ~PIU1ti.q6.~_.t...

, templated orlg1na11nvestm8nt

.."

I,

The Board ot Pubilel Utiliti.'.

aJ. League.S 'est~ate

,that' the~ would ocJu.
,

:.

dol1a1'8 as coa-

I'
ot .l2,286,8go.:Ala01;~

'

, pared with the

r,

estimated a't1pre'

I,.

,,'-

'

at approximately twenty-tour aa4 ~ halt ~lllon

' was belleved

S:"

an annual derici t, or;cl~s.

to tour million ~oll

to.

Koreover, t

traffic

. a rear 1~.the t1 ft .C8ntt.~8 ~adli8t''''

t Intolerable

would result

It

'2,883

~p~lon

and congestloRC~

bus;ea wen added to the al:~ad7

:i,
, i,

26

<+C:II:
T:::""-r.!~ ,~
&IJ ...~

!j!~Cltl

27

:~,~"'1("""

cpt"lho1
Loa
- .~.,

,.Q

I"

_.~tal.l-

~ ~

Board ot 'Public utilitIes,

"'.

", , '."])
~.,
l'

01'

..'

~l",n:pi.lP'
.. .. e1',
ltil ~ 'a '
, ' a~

e ' . ,tCG~lt~

e rrOD -,t

'~'i,J.1

~
cgt ,I"Err
.

Board ot Pub~ic Utillt1.a ;~, _Tr~Port~t,~.?~,.

the FeasIbilitY and Desil"at)i~lt ot a
Wid.>
~ch>SlaEea!tiO
re~lace
s
tiei:L-

ie . In

"

.....

.lesoel.tloD'SeCUred the 8ervic8S ~t 111'.DOnaldBaar

tar.~oo low.

',Dlstrlct. Assocla~lon, and!the toa ,D&.l.i~'!'ratTl.' ,

-

'

'.

a th01"OU.&h

and furnish t~8I:Ilw1

~ r.cO~Ddat10Da aa
I

t sibll1t,.

'il .

CowiCIlitit.,,~
a- 0i1lfl;

!b.eLos AnlelesOit,
,r.

I.

tor

'

'....

',.L

p. 68.'

~'

,',

1v

.<a':

'"

28

WiT 0!Nl&88ted ~G"--'

<f

c~tizqa 'of, t,q .&as.l.1

d__ ging to ~he .e1faN of t~

.'
,U8

needed ~s

~;

they polled

"i'
"I

"

aft many Yote:

losing

.0.

~ '.

this verd1ct at the poll.

for

eXPlie

: thq

another

1,
,';

414.

elect10n ot l~~,
~.

1n haVing

of 1937.

, ot the proposal

loe Aa~lea

.'

_t t tall

'~
,

';!

'

:;,

,,

aoo~t

'

ADaelea,

e~~~;op.,!~:~

a~~w.

~~tter8

as_". at

_.,

,t~;

"'7

tbeplaC1q

ot protea t .ere

.uao"1a~1~ni ll;he c1tiuna

"

I,:

altl.a, C?Jlthe bal~ot '_

prop

C01Jfl~~l_ the

.e,~1'"

Ing Council, '.the Cal1t01'Blal'C,i'f1.~~.e.s plbllaber.;

,

.~

The~began 1ame41a~~,lJ"to

1t p14ced,;,m the b,llot

on the ball~t

10~.Ul
160',010

KUlDfll'Ou:objaF1ona ,re

Traffic

I~O

.opl. ot Loa

i ~8 Ibid.,

:t;P.OJl!1~',

J"

"~

passIm,.,
',:
JI
'>" \.
t
2g , 1&. Baker, ot cour.e", !.e~s~zed
the n.ed in reterence
,0,
!
'1ibe,;ldo,..t-ewn bu1ne~.'jd%a~1!1,t. The 11Ub1io Utllit7 B9ar4
.'/'
report ,avoided this a~pe.l.::
,
'A'~"

''

It'

""~

eie! T1Il.~, .~. g; t9~~..

. [ ~O:<Lo~ b
31

'Co~e"

im~IlO'e

0,_ ~

, ~;ti'gele'CftiCIirk~

'i'

.'

'oJ

Q~p_l.\ jn~,Leagu~ propo~al',

P :. ~to~"'1.S5, '11M.,
I

\,r,

'...~

'"

'

\.,

"':

'to.

-as tQJlo.sl".,

written to the City Council, trpai;the C8ll~;t' .l J~t;~

,.

opport;un1ty ~or th.

'

did succeed

~,~t.~l.~~t

Yes:
.0 :

themeel ves regarding ':~.

at the lapring

w1th ata~l,.

as .rl~l.

.1

"

106~1~O
Bo:
l50,~ .
LeagUe;,Denrthileaa,
~n~'

,Tbe lII1n1o~pal~

j\.,

"

'~i<~

Yes I

-,' election

it

the .~OO*d Propoli1i1on, 1tas re_~kab1.

Propos1t10n

J:

Yle.,ot the w14.'Pr.acl![OP1).'~tlfl,l- ~o?,~thq.t'~~'~I~";'i

sho.ed. both propo.lt1ona

to

.,''1,

&ole :I:'
"til_

. ,1

ag1tate

0;:

app,1'!"ohto,~

29

posa1s and" partl~larly

that

a IliON tedUlental,

ot transportatl0..
,Ill

~t"'a eI"~U~~~~
~ob'~14!r~~t\.,,~~~~;ai\:'"
j
ii

altea.

'lnls,i"lr1t

ceived ~Cdlpal

',\

i'
I

sai~. 'Z'

.,.lgoroul al betor~. U. l~rge1,. tro.~,'biJ~ e'

,;g&1,,,,,

185.809

aDd. 99
"

the pNsen~,
.,the .ctor

.~.'1"fot'..

there

for .~2 ,S!nce''QIatflU<t'o

bave 'b,en -no a~1 tlonal'

bus as asolut1o.n

prop' l. ~to uti11ze

tor the a'. f tr.upol'ltatioaproble

"ti>l~1

(lhDlber FoUr)1 was on!~. agatn-d tiat.d 'bj .

The proposal

or

l1l'ith. ele.lI*.lilp'tt!\lltiu

Dre unan1~.

!he p1

(jUlt

, ,

'

\t

ot. -Loa' Anseles.

, ,

The eftort
attempt,1n

ot the Jlun1clpa~' Bus L~.&Ued,itter,

1923 by the McAdoointere.ta

IIlOted by a group ot men oontemplating

~

tor

profit.

Th1a time ~e

in that

.~

":

1'10. the :'_.\

1t .
"

~.

pro-

DOt

<"';

>

-.:teriD& ..the",~

bu.11I!,
.
"

aCC\l8ed w1~e~l ot

sponaOfs,although

being political

promoters.

were -.in1l
I

i disgusted
, firmly

w1th the pre'ent

1n the theory

a group ot n who were

N'

,transporta~i~n

'(

ii"

1'aci11tl~s.~~~11.Ved

of DI1Il1cipal,ownership,

atreet

car a. a means

: determined

attempt.or

of

'

. \not

:trange

that

the

'.'

mal18 transport.t1oll.'
.
,

a group-ot~a~ento

" : prob~ema In Los Angeles.

".

proTidug'

rs

'plan

ii'

-J

The o~ta tanding

cause

i'

'

.f

"

It was a .

~ol"'~
,~r~p~~t.~10D,

fn_v1ew;ot its ~ager

1

sources.

"

~t.

and whobe~l.ved
:.

",

bac~,,I~
.

'

"

__
I.
'.

co.~,~1dered111-adVl~~f~:r'~T

,.

.'

I '
\

I:

1'

;.: a::a~:~:::t::na::a~~at:~:r~~~i~~~~~~~:~-:
~,!'1nanc1~l
innatmentib01Y~t~l;expa~~
'*" ~.~~.
I
~ . _:~
I'
!

~1;ruggle1 Thi.
waa ma~ahall.d

tact: plus t~i

.turr~~
<

t. .~J

I...

t~c, ~t,

the pr.qpoaltione 'br

against

r'"

,'j,

. ....

!I

~",

1.

'1:',

I,t

.~

....

80

plans aDd propo la tor'

,he
,.o1utioD
d~
tb. transport.tica
,
',.
,!

I
.

or Le .J,salaa,Jna_.

tratt1c ditticultia.

'.Dd

"

..,

,I

.,.ny

','

l.een t~~ 4 lojagt,ot

Duril\i the y.ars'1Ilhich!ba

1

'f>

PUbl~~.v:~1a~?

lIo~ona' ,
I:"

~1~~,~:

t,;, ~

'wid. variety' ot

rsanCia.,il18Uredtha detaat',t rth~.. propos

, ,

<,

dox na~e.

8lt thi.

uio-

~.D

ot." u .

cont1~ty

+s bl'Ok.J ~ 19M
tbe'
~"':I"
j.
.
Automobi~eClub o~ SOU:hem C~lit,rD1a pib~1ahed 1t'. r.pe' '
j.

.l

"'1(.&4.

time, a propo j

:For the first

startling
.. .

.1.

.'

.'. ~ . ~' . .,: .1.,

The propo.al sugg.lit.'d,

1&,
I

;h1ghnyaon
1,

'

arid

which autos
33

DetwoJ,'-k, .~

.upe~ ' '

."_

,'toi _,

~r~t.

: '~.-

would handle ,al~trana-

or

'

;.ta't".

.,~orway.i'
.

' '

, jupper l.yela
,

.. '

I",

"

at

.pe.oial +torway buildings ~

~J l18anaot

'

'whi.ch, "

,j'

"

,,'';the motorwa,.1:would paa." ~'.1th b~lr~ea, over the: iDt;.r.eeti*8 ,"}

'( 'ground l.vel
I

.treeta.

)~.veral floors
, I',

Th e moto+a,.
'

tor ample pa~king

,.,

'~tloor.
JIlOuld be-used.
tor
o,ttice
. : ~.
,.'
~ent .~ ,~'

!
..!

,~

.. \

..

'

ankt:atore
.~,
Ii

r'

buH.d1ngaw~ld p~rlcl.
'

while the r

in. the bu11diDga; wOQ~

f,1oo1"'

.~.ce
i

'1'ac

1Dd.~ot

Int_

tbe

bu.,.

lead. to upp.r or l~.r-l1>ark-

1J.va~o1'8'"''git.e ,ace s to

~ .

,the \pres.nt h1gbwaJ 8ylt.JIl"and , erl~a-cro.s1DS bWlme jareu

."

",

ra-dl

UU td
~

c~prehen.l'"

"o'tor~.e~

'

The plan .s

;portation.

or

".r

lrmoYation ailo~t~lar:l.
..

which , i 1Dd 4, .

ott1o '1a;tb

~ild1ng
trlet

and.to .torea

.....

':~rff!:~i~1.";,

belo ;<R1~t:!,~~.~7:~it-~~"

would be 100 teet wide, 'ba.t ~n,the reaidenc. dlatric,.

I

\he

Ii'

';"'+'

would'be not ~ela than 360 t.~t

w1~.~ Acc.~. ~P ~~rpiD~e; j~,

I .

."

,J

,-

',,'.

~w .

ling atreet. highway:a.in the reaid.xr1a1 ,di~:t.r1C~t.wo~~'~e, '!':l

;01' the clo ..rl.at.

.0tOl'~,.

oper,tl0.nwou.t~ be ~~t~~14,

all load 1ng and unloa~U~ !ould

b,

'Tsted rofda would go through land

01',1' the;!h1~~~.

I~t

1011' ,vi

:motorwaysin the reaidential

diat~1ct.wOu
r~
. [
aep~rat~4
I OJ a

traffic

01'

land on the outaide planted to a~ba

i

I"

other reCOJllllendatloJ}l'
call~d tor t~
i

01'

'

curb parking

01'

streets

the cOJlq)~eteeliminat10n
,and the rstabllabDlentmeans 01':
,last

DlUS

01'

"'\'

complete al1JD.in.tioD
'y

i!"

all a~reetcarr

0'1'

a :tro~11tan

t'",naportation

:;"

f ' ~"'

i..
l;

bJ SJ;'ad'ual ~.;~

but

I,.~e.~ ,aa tbe,,,.!<ol.

'.1Japt" atatsd~llIld

"

: .

:
!'"

regards the cost, ~t

war

IlO

detat~.~,;e

'

i
.
stated !that pe~,~l.

!~ea

: tc>!,' the jao toraa"a, outside otthe /'W' 1n~.. ~j,.t~~.~ ~ld"
:~.2~oOO,<f0 per 'a11e,Whl1~ t~. cort of th~~to~r~i;f~.~

I
:

the -bu81~e88dl.,~r1ct would be

.

i'

I 1'1ltell ~uld

.'

net~rk

$.1.50 per aquare .t~ot;~

,I

-I..

"

are g1v~ in .the propoial,

a~

'

1~
:"!J

the

.',

Nole~ct a1\e,4lse,.~~

.'
.

but a proX1aat~ .aileage .000c14arH--

4QOaJ,~" . S ~. an eo~1IIat ~

~loae 'tJ, a bll11Jn~ dollarsOd'

ii

be

the entire' ~troPOli1an .a.re~,.an.DP.~~

' mileage lor -.otorways would be needed.

nece.~a~1a

;tor ~he metr.ot>olltaD,"r,~a". 'f!1.1',e

!ment1oned.

Ar

....

and h1thwa,. on!'be .urtac.

two recoBUIDde,tionaera

i'

~~-~~,~
t;

,and tre$s.

I'"

t'Jl~t'~~.-h'2

~'

'

allow for two

},. J l. ~
sieal barr1.r ~'~',with
~ .

separate lanes

lue.

b)1'

1 .h~lf or\th1.
"', ' '...,',. ..;~ ~-,

"l!~t

Jaileage. are

I
I

"e. COlt ;-..14 .i!QDH ..

, \oontem.Pl~~ed in the near tutul'e

, ! billion.

I'

The report! ju,ti.tiel

.,

Ci,

.,/~

"'~,

.~~~:J."""'."~"tl
:',''.,

thi. ~et1nanCi.~

j"

'

:not on1,. beCAUse it will .11m1a~all oonltp.t~on ;w~~~l,~,~\,:

,

'

"

:area an<iallow th~ automobile~o:~e uied,tolqa eH Qe.:r~l~.

'.

,I

"1

'maxim.'Ul capacitYi bu~ alao becauaf it would .aye untold .~

. the expense Q.tdrlving aut~b11et.

~.

Theae aav~.
"!'

,.in

~ul:_t~~\ilt

; from elimination of wear andtear!owlag to 1Doe,,~~ .topp,se

1,
I

"

: and .tartlng

o.t oar.,

the .11m1nafiQa,o.ttbouaaDda,ot'''~9,~.,t.

with their

buge lo ea in propertr. value. aDdli.te,aDd,tb!

; .tabilizingot

property value, ~nl:'downto_aDd re.1d.nttal(

.t.t-

,'.

Bo part1'cular ~ethod o.t.ti

,

'

Ing that the turn_ental

.'

o1ng ia propo d be70Dl\t

I
be_,it'

"

pr1noipl' or: .tinancing plbllc

"

.'.

t. ~o.t e~itablt

the distribUtion

"~J1I:
.~l!

t ting,' whetlerd1;'~t1,. or indirect17.

partie,bene~i

The re'lO.

. ::.:::t::~.:::t~::~:::r.
o:t>::::;:::],':'::~~al.J
,

'

.'

"

',"

i it, thi. is at all tavorable,;'1i p~

I
1

'l'.be ~toJDOb1leClu~ reo~"i

.'

\ po~al

: I35
,1

"

36'

w1l~ be .~~.~.

"

r.

:~t~ te~tbi1:1~~ o,t .t~.

the curYe .torard oJ,thia 'a_

" " ,.'"

:" (';fj"\
{

..,.,,;'

"

"

"~,
,"4 ~'C}

LJ),tI

'

"

Wlt~l~11&01

't;f'tJ%

"

'!l

;:

t .
II"
!

i!

". ;~ ii'.!Lttl~zi~plua . t.~1 RS M#cftl

t!.'-~.,'

Mr.'Baat,

,,"o~,Uwa ~,~
'41a" L"'
~Gtthe
I
,
>~"

".

:...;..

'". ~

\,

,IPo~or ot the.pl, .':tG;,the .automobile,Club,

~,/~peeial
,.,,~., ,r:.
d~trlct.
~ll be .et up :to....
1,04 ,port!cm of t1Y :0 . t,.,
I

.*S8"

,.harea

v
. ///

,/v'

<,

i~~h\r,e~~,o\~
e"'.'Jr!".t ".Le
1i~.
,pr-..ll.' tU..r~-o
.",J.'~

"~,'., .J, ot.t,f1.n~.~",.ud,"~,

bul.

",.'

.! :."
. i

,,~~1'. I' ea,

Mak1ng ~ ,stud.,. '.~~~P"~ t,~~lt~t~ILM9~~fl.

, the,. project
I,

",

b~S1a;ot ,~ticiP.,ted';prpu~t~on, sro~h,le<~-,~~[,,ap

OR

, bJ J,950.

>'

.-eL:

>

\i

:)

'

I,

"

d assume a populatton 1n jibl. ate.' ~t _~,

-lialt millon
wnerahlp.

t ~~ -,aU}

people with a co~re"PODd1L'a~.r.t''!(~ot.d~~ 1.

As reearda the}a4Ji.iDl+tratlonr;

'

thi.

network

it

'\,

',~opoa.d\that

a K,tropolltan

,or the i11atr1ct, whO

P
. lan.

)(ototwa"1'Au,r,~t,. ,be~,.~
~tili1.'." ,

uthor1t"I 14 ba
.

",,\1

"I" ",'

f."

"~. ,"'"
'.,,,1'....

nl1l!lli,

the idea ot .bto-rwa,..a'1.;. D:oit%,

\

nt1rely;new jone to the American irauportt,tion'loeae.'f'

the famed traffic'

dea for'a

number of,years.

~"

4'"

-'\

Dr.

.%per , baa publ1:oi.Ie4

I
~he

31,!

.'

and :her. and there ill a'ireat

tropol1s 80me COBS truetion haa 'qeen realizecl.The" uniqUe'i

Ktcl1ntoek,

"

'."P"'-'1JI'-::1:' ", \,

;.

As a-tated pr.vioualy,

iller

,,,I,~'

of the Automob1leClub pro~aal

was in 1t. oOllprehenaive

and 1n the 1dea~of oonl~ru~tion.qf motor highway. tbr~

I

downtownbu1ld1ng~ with the eonse+:ent staggering coat.

The\
!

plus the proposal to. e11m1nateIt~eet cars cal~ed

eterm1ned oppos1t;10n.

"

r.""

2.E.JectioIl8. The downtown~.iness

!UP'
i

orgaJll,zatione

~Vi"\

th1s proposal, 'not alone ~ecau.e they th1Rk.it is too!

costly a project,
.

In cpntrast
,

but. beeaua,e it ~pha'izea

!

deoeatralt"zatiOll.j
r

I'

to th~sub1fa,. plan .fO~ 1nterm'ban lln~ls *ich ,,~~4' .

i

turnish rapid t~ans 1t into t~eci~~

from the surroUnding,area!,'

this plan would wdrk tor a more e en diatr1but10D of ,both

!

In .the summerlot 1937, Dr. Mc::

11ntock addre.8~'aJ.~rg.' . ':
meeting of -bu' 1ness men.at t
Los Angelea Bl'lt_r.BO~.ll'
at which hee
lained 111deta~l hia proposal tor the
I .
solut10n ot 'r1can
tratrl~
,nd tnnsportation
d~f~i .f, <I
tieult1es .by
&ns.,;.of 8uper-h~ghwall or JIOtor ""s.,
'. i

,I

l!'

bUS~nes8:and realdenti-1
f1

I.

interests

'

,,38

inhabitants.

consider the best pian tor

"
I

'! against it.

As the proposal provides tor the gradual .1~fII.1b~~10b

ot
the 8t~eet ra1lway lines t~oughou~ the ia.tropOlittu,:.fta.~ it- 18
1

thatbotbl

, natural

and the1 nyellbw 0ar1l lh

'be ,aoit1oEi,eo,trio'

are opposed unti11 .bme 'arr'angement :1s mad.,to P~t.~ti

.

39

position;.' "

',,'

III

,',

v1ew of the gre.~,:~t

. '

1nvOIv8d.,"" 1" ~U(d

,:."

tlteSir' ,.1

'"

..(

)'.

of dollars

Apot~r tJrty

;,

~hen. """14.be tlM t 1Iuot

which wo '1d br1Dg the.

other 'l~rtant
,

the pIa

'r~-

",

':.'

"

.'

,I

such .OO~ti tio.'

i'

':

I;:

,,\

f"

,'.

C'1," 'while ;ftO't

.pp<1~'1'Jtg ,

_'

,_'

'I

nChan'.,~~~.,.

stressed ..~~' ~d that' Detore

,':constrU',t'10D 'be b~11t,

.I

"
I'

'local -traffic ~q
,

outr1ght,
I

to te1'

j ,

wll1iDinea~tOd.~l

,,',,'

t tai~ prios.

ev i7"Lat'elt:8'ho11ld' 'e ,,,it:~ ~O' -dO';~o i ;'-:

'.'

..

"toh ..~.., Fit do~e ~:~l't"DO~l'.J. "!i\'.illiaY~'l"'" ,'"

iBu~e.u ' "t st~.et rrra't'!lC BR81a~~r~i,"\Uat11 "r t;1iIf Mjlt;r,t.ttlfotlo\); ~1"'
<"

."

.'

,"

'.

'

',

'

..

...

'.'

tl11Jig.

~Pol"c.
,

D.partmil'lt~ 'l'his depa.rtJMntd

,the~e 1

- .

~1'1;'"...

or "fort)'

cOUldprobabl,. b~arr.n,8ed tor 'in the 'tt~C1Dg

,

I~tb& rail companies did not show

'

appear to ibe' the d18ct'eet move :to proT1de iror~tl11J" t1halldt~ai

re1mbur.ement ot ~he.\ogronps.

~dm1t, however, ~t

J;a"~dot~pi-Oild1iig.~r.'8~'lligb:
a'1
,
,"
,'"
,_,
,"

8~

.'

....

ntCS'; the :ouiiy1~

,.

'

," I
)

of the city, ',and that

the&n8wer.40' ,

1), I ~

mntual17~1.~t~~.h~~::J:h

As to the future ot the ~torwa1

, "

intention' ot, ,the Automobile ,Club to conti~ue to .in P'lblic

I

approval.

i,

proposal, it i. the

";

~..(

Thia ia to be done blesta~liah1ng

-.~

, i

!
I

""'4"

a ateerins,

ooa'+

a small group ~t men t~' be appointed in th~ ~~r

fUture.

,-

As the movement goes' torward,a

!4.

"

be made.

,",

One thing iaoertaill,

that their

the 'c01llllWli
tl,

~'t,

l~"'~'

k'

-J-

the AU'b.ob1le Cl\tb

t,

believes

trom' the entire area'aDd.apeolf'lo .

. ~';,': .

plana will

committe.-at'large:'11l

be aet up w~tp. representatiTes

,!

~!.''. lj;{

"t,.; ',;1

d ' ~,~;~jj';:

1),tJ1!',*

acheme 1s In\1iUne

with the prea.nt ne.d.! et

"
t~ : .'"
and everyth1ngp<i ible will be' done to bring

, , 1

'StulD&~

;
.1
been neglected by tho.~ whO . oild
I'

,4

The JllQto~oach hu',not

'.

,.

':'

change and improve the'tr~portatlon taci11t1e.

i'.

Aage+e ,
. j'
In 1923, 19:5~, aad 193'7. opportuJ2j,tle. have b~eD. given the p,ople,
" ~

to decide

I wide baa1..

it

the,.

.'.

8. ,1

.~s:)

w1shed .uch ana

'Curr6ntll,

of LOa~ele.

a prOminent

"",:l

ot ~.

'.

,-

looal

,-II'

~.1

.i.,).~'

ot,
trauportat1oll
r
"

"",'-Ii

ors.-nJ.at1on

OD

has

,in:_I.t:ranap()r~at~oD a. _tor

!'~

a c1t,.-::
:

.~ell,

00"011

'

I .

:;:=t-::c::::~~::1zt::onihJ.::::::t:':':r:4'
"'f',-ol,.)l
l
l
. ~
is bound up with th~ motor yehlel., Qd who, Y.rJ: U.~~llt.,
;,

lit.

1.

.~"

,},-

".'

sees the solu.tlon along ,lUch 111)~~.

financially,

' .!

amp1:r

\ta~~

,:/,

"I".

" :
f

operat1n~ re~enue.
J

.'.

...

.,..teal

'i!i\~~tniifl:"~:'

ra~ged trom $2,000,000 to 'l~,<>bo,cJ':

".'H, tC'i

the figures f~r. such ~Clt"-w1de

thought I to be a ~at ter wh1chcould'be

'.

!'

,'..,

c.r::' 'o~DJ

".

t' '."1...1
"".1-

"'\(

,~'

;,'

~t~UI.
,,'

The object10ns to these pro~~~.~~Ye' :b~~~.:f"~.

tlatul'e,. coDlingtrom the .treet
car interest. am tho.e dOW1l~O"
f,.

"

-\f ~

4,',

'~","

groups ~o believe

that subways ,re the b~st answer to tbelr

particular

The ci tizelll o'r LOsAngelel have towl4 1~

difficult

needs.

",

\:~

"'1:.

. ~

to obt.1D. an objectivev1ew of the propO:all'Ju."o

.

'l

'S-

the._ heavy barrage ot propaganda aiDledat them,b'y bothopPOD ot.,

. 4:tj ;:'

'f

"",.,jl;

and exponents ot . the propOl.ll.

.

/.-

,(

'.

','

"1

;.Los'Angel does ~:ve at:'~r11. t1ae a ~"It_, ot bu~

v1ce, but luch ~;~rv1ce,il 1.~ge17r~ppleDleDt~
treet

:rr- ..

to the lo~~~..

I ~

car line..

;+

i '1

!l"~').

I .
i'

tli"
.,~,.

t~~ I
(j

~I
'~t

'Ie

('I ~i

i.l;;t

oi Pli~posk" : .. "1<;t

lIA~qR OBSTfLES TO THE IW~I~T!O~

I
-'
i '

'

';

j!'

f,.

t~~r

Preceding' ehapte~ have' ".~:-'rbr~" ti1e-DUllctr<n~:.~

.

"t~

. "!'

..

,~.

".'

'~.l.a'.r~a<..
fte.~\\ et'toP-tjlll
:
'1;
.
.'
.' ~
~ong iper1.od dt- t1ae,' ~" bay.' b+.n~or: . j'

po~tation'taoilitle8

In the Loa

\..

':'(

'.:

I..

.el~-

t,

po s~b~lit~.a~ot

diverse character Ie.abractng the .,arioua

!

i,

Whichhave been de to pbrl4e'- a~e'qUat.~,aM~~.pld.

~i.~

;P'

"

'

y&t, whenpne reokons' the ,oh1evemtawhioh

'.}.

as~a result' ot these propoaalaluch

; .

bav' "1',

' ohleY.ent.are

to' be ot a meager character~' , A 8"1~perceht'age ot th,1

\

ex1at1ng\local tr~8portat1on
.

are oper,ting
1

unit. have b~.nJllOderDlzed. 'Blure.

:',.

'

.:;'.

'I

'

with reasonably goo4 .erY1"e!on the '.treeta, ot

'.

-~(

. \

Ie ,

Loa}Angelea, but th1. bus 8en1ce, is purely '8upplementa1'7to

'.

the mainjtranspOrtation

',>

.:

:,',

818t'emam1.leave. the original

"...

sltt1ia-!,

,.

tion largely unobanged. The m.ile~getor sUbwa,..and,ele.,;a-'tedr

I,
i
'
.
i'
w11;hinthe city atl1l, remauia, in the re'gular ~ali1Jlg of
te~,
i'

negliglble;

.atorway~ and .lr~r _atll1

'\.!',

a~e~ide~.

\',

-,

tor tutute irea11z.tloD, as far as:Loa Angele. ls, cone.raM,. -,~Il"

.

of thia sltuation,

';~",

~~

lt beoome.~eoeslatJ to bring to ~be

fore the fe~ major ob.tec1e h1C~h~V' p;lvented prog......

.
!
.
'"
, '- ,~'- '
There i.' a varlet,. tactors whlch ilave' operated' in this re.pect, -

,I

II

,}butth1a .chapter will conalderbr";efl,.

:.:"

the it,o most.,,,-portot ~ODe

' ', n",'

1i,J ".I':.S9.
.., "."~~
z

FinuciD&

!-

!.!. !!!Obat~ol.\

..

The chlet dlftlculty

whioh ~s

h&elea has't,ced

solve her urban tran.p~rtat1on

ot tinancing.

I
..i

-.

...

;
.i

I~r

.~,

ot co.ts_among the t1Pe~'ot .transport.tion

.

tacilitl

',!

~able VII shows tbejrelationahlp

\

",

'"

:~.

.I

'it

ot the.e COltS.

The problea ot se~ur1ng th~. Dao 1"'f capital au'l.,.

}'

.a

.. :

81~thoughthere hal be a wide

.IUlU,

variation

plana propo

I:

have called tor exorbitant

ii'

~rObl"_haS :"e~ ~t

The estimated costs:' ot thevarloua

.'

1ll

ba.

major stumbling block ine~ch or these propol.l.~~ wl~

,..-' \:.~r

exceptloJ;l ot. the .cAdoo plan f!o~a clty-w1d. 'tnts

latter

specul.tlve

..

sufficlent

profits.

wno' re
..
\
the basls ot pro.p,,~;~v~.

propo.al s advaneedb1 priyate interests

to .ttract

.,.t.. ,
.to ~!,~':itf.,;(:.)~

capital.on
I'

'

..

This, howevdr, was the oD110cea.l08 whe.

pr~va~e inl tiati ve ventured torth";~e8ir6ua of ~ilding

~e:"!i~ed
~

.. {

~; -!

., ~
.
.1

o1',p,rlvate
t1aaneitlg ot moderR<1~.d
.
. .'

As to the difficultie.
railwa,. :trin8portatloll~
.,

CQrporatlon il not alone.

.'

o~*.lnl"
.

the Loa .Angells R.il~,.

i

!.
[

Itha8;.:jlODg_
bee. recogniz~~/.that

81JlC~1918 thls .1ndus1;ry~ba.-'~Iee;'"

one ot the..o)[ ~'Ut
Bee.use ot JD8~gerearning. the credit,pos~-.
'tion has been very we.k.and-'u. cap1tal has not been a.ttracted. The -result.-have been'~at ant1qua~~ ~d.Ob.Oletel
c.r~ have-not b.en ser.ppe~.~d.track
extensio~1I1.nd re~t-:
ing of track loe&tiona hiave not been made.
:

ot tbe nation.

.\

.,

I
I

. i . .

. "

Paul -Blanahard aDd Henry J. Roli~er, -lIUnic1pal 'franlli.,

,
Baelclopec11a.ot sooial s01enc.,\ n (1933l, p. llt; 8~. alllo
W11li_ .B. Jlun~
.Urban 'i'ran8pprtat1~n, ,in -Munic1pal ..
OOv nt (193.>'
\

I.
;

I
.

'II .

I .

:\

PROPOS!P COSTS
k

~'

~..

KO<1.ra1zat1onot,~~ui~.n~

ot
Loa.ADaele RallWffqorpOr,ation

7,50,S~r.et car.-, :'15,()()qa .unit

\'I,!
1',1

. -, I

."

.:

'-

. Subwa,..
and
.Ele"ateds

Pll~.,.l

'I

. I

Eet1Mated coet o~,tmmed1ai.

2.

~k.r

eet1ll8te,
.

1~33

'

!
l'.'

'.

;f92~;2.

KaeAdoo Proposal,

2.

llua1e1pal Bu~ League,

,1937

r935,

,:1
i:-

.:

;1,. -

_'r

..

',

,,'

i .... ';

1. ,Automob1le Clubo.t.SOli them

Ca11forn1a -= 400)Il~les ~t. '
lloto "a,.1
, at.,. $a~;()OO,
000 a
.
I
mil "

..:

L
i ...._

.: .' .

....

._

"

.".

"

The, Lol AnSel-ea Ra1lwa,. co~rat1on

at the en~ 'ot' tlle .,.r
19S6. O,wn~,d1,081 str~et" e~r8 ~xc'lus1"e of P.C.C car.,
Annual 'Report i (1936).
.
I

The addition

tit

750" oars tp the .60:new P.c.c.

cai-I'ti\

serv1ce would achieve ClOSr tQ 90, pe~ c!nt IIOder~1za~1o,n

I~'

'

~ ~

i. :

1.

.1

. " I :~l

D~;'~.

~lk.l',

.1l88d8,

"

,, ,Ii
,I

.1.

j'

-.
\
(

. '1"'11',
~i

.uthor1t1es

in'.:i l1

ascr1bed th1s COnd1~10~

or1g

'

, ' I

tare ra~e, which bl,cke~ ~dequ~te reYen~e.'.'Fare .

:

though,

"

reatl,.,

ccurred.

'
'.

as in many cases a falling

ti

,
.

' \

'l.t.:~
,.
when the,. camedid not' rem'ed,.the ai tuat'i~lit' .
~.

flexible

t'~ 'a'n

off ot c.r rider habit

I
I
I

i'

H1gher operating co~ts.:~ue'to d~rease 1n r1ders \

esult1ng 1ntinanc1al

weaknea~a~on dis'cJrai.d

"

ot electric

the'" field'

'1nYest~r.l't~~.

'

.treet'

ra1lwa,.boM8.

Their bonds ha~e[

.'

aold off ~s IllUchas seventy per ce~t.duringl thedepreasion.

J t.

1d:'lch

ahows the! lack ot conf~dence in the street bar company's ab11t~,

meet ixed. charges.,

,i

Ii.

;.

Iicreaa~d operating expens~a and dec!llne o~.patron~ge

tan-

be cQnsidered the sole cau~es .or t1nan~ial difficulties.

.

!t

1I

. .

Unsoundtilnancial practioes

of:te;nresulted lin htgh' stock .atet-

,ing of cilpltal

Li!ttle~t

structures.

wi th the !consequent result

.'1

I.'

thalt aterest

'.to top-heavy proportions.

~

the
~nded d-.bt was
retIred,
"l
.

I~ .

I.,

:'.

'

'

p.,..ents accum.ulated

I'

"

-' ..

De~lationary
Ile~hods'.ere
Tlgorousl,.
.
I
.

~pposed ~y bondholders and coD4>anies.attem.p:ted

a solution ot

1"
~

1;.heirfinancial
this effort

I,

difficulties

I!

't~rced wag~cuts . Re.istance ~ ..

was al~o Vigorous.' ~ith~gh. 'Jt

thirty per,.,cent

,)

:orga~izeq in uniO~S, the emPl~y~e~have'be~n ~~ir~1s,u~'~:'~~'

,

..

'in comba~ting large-scale

~e

~T

~;

. c-;:r 'I

wag~/cU~.. .

,."

'

Lo. Angeles Railwai cofporation!haS repeated110ttered

.

excuse of "no finance."

Blanshard and Roaner, .Ql!..
'Corpo~t1t)n boa".! at tliIa .
. papalue (193yl.
Ibl~ ., passim.

I'

.1'

" .'.,

en reqne.ted1to ~ernlze

1tj

'I

p.

111.! Lc;."iii;~~.~,'i~!~ii';:7
,"ii'

e i,are se11~
! \

I'

;.-

\.:

their

'4$

pel' 'oen' '\1D,der

.

, '(.l

. e~1Jl11lent:

,J.I!

lltatemeptli baYelbe~

was the untair

proportion

made to

ot Ist"t~i'pa.lhg,

~lU,

tb"' .ttecli'tlalii

it

"Ildff~oid."ta.i

'

whioh prevented the:,corporat~on trom prOViding ad"qUat. ;iferYI .,.5

:,Regardiess of the reason 'for /the! flnanq1al' lIiea1aie

.~:~the
..tact
'
J

remains that theral1

portation

line ttFnl~ing
~
'

to be unable to provlde'the
As already1reterredto,
excUBeto-torest.l~

,annually.

''

the b11k ot lo~l

trans-

service 'needed bytocal ','c1tl'J'zeia~.r.

the ~ity o~tl~lala retu.ed to'

modernlz~tlon.

.~lo.thia

Pressure by the pUbll~ottlclal.

1n an agreement to ~urcha'se lome t1+1rty p.c.b;~cars:

'

Sixty new cars ha 'been purchased, thlrty[more' ~ave

,

been ordered.

,The cost ot aixty'ot

'had to be tinanced
6

has beeJ.1in such a J pr,ee.arloUa!t1nanclal CbOdltlon ':a.

i,

resulted

"

these cars <tl,500,OOO)

has

<:

1~.3'
:.

8:

'I

"

still

in ob.Glet~ e~iPment.

"
laapp.r-e~tl,.
I

aailwa,. Corporation

'I"

;.

The Lo.lDg;]l~.,

,
IMk1n.g.Ire.l

. it",~

"

.
....
t~oi':lett

J'

1" 'I

I,'

.,

,'1. .,;

., .',

"

l<";

of'''',

i;J

r. ' I
'!

,.:',

to obe,. tha demands ot public !bod~es. Even this ettort". how er:'
-.
. "
.
,.,!.
Ii','." ",
,,\I>j
~J~:;,-'
11 insufficient
to bring abou~ ad.quat ' transpor'tatio!i'1Jl
,

apparently,
' ..

Los ~eles

ii'

.'

As the -companl ,~~:t

too Angoleo.

d:l~1"y

o.t~d)r8at:r

, l,

t ,:

rI

':'P'l."';i

OU:lar., ,~..

must ~ake 'other; action.

" "".'

.,.

"

:,

.,

<ft'

. \.The :financ,.al Ob8t~;cle.lis, ~~e8,ent iF a"greate,r d~~,rra~rr~

#

'I,

.;:

,:\ .

~,

propos,als!to pro'Ylde mass,Iraplp translrt; by ns ot subwa,..

.

elevated ral1ways.

+'

r.'

-- .

:"

As has, been shown,:estlmatesrun

I,.

,..

t~

. ~,

.l'proxlmately :forty milllon .totwe:ll,l,over a hundred milllon

'

) " ..,1

, ollars.
These sums are 1nd-..d c0.1os.al,
And, serYe notic,. t~t.
I
'
~
lauch transportation
taclli ties are:' tremendousl~-costly.
An.

/,f

-','

~xamPle ot ~odern SUbway cost ~8 s~en~in ~~. r.c.n~ ~on.~ructlon

iff

the; Eighth Avenue Subwayin!l/e, Y~~kCU,., which r~. to a

lcoatflgure

ff

.ot $11,500,000 perl m1l~..

propo~tion,

as shown 1n est~mat~8 ot trom six mill10n to

le1ghteen m11lion dollars

d,'
!

for ...f~r"~~rack SUbways"pub,11shedby .

:

i!the'Amerlcan,Electr1c Rallay
I

1
I

. SUcha tigure 1s n9t out

'1

11

.. '

~ssopiation.

;:

Becauee of the tremendo~a ~~Pital outlay neca ary, and

I:..,

!the-long per10d of construction

lthe 1nvestmentunt1l

' .'

l!h~challows tor n~. retur~

years lat~r', ~rlvate fund8'hav~"not,' aa a

'

"

.:.

~.

The ~if8 or the f.C.C. car tot~timatell

Intra,'

O,Jl

at 18 ,.ear".

Cbapter VII~' !D re1'~ren~e to what other cities' are

aOlng to solve the tranapor~at1pn probl~. :

.

,'.

. Blanchard, 2,2,

III

ill, p. 5.!

.I
,'

. .

. COlllllitt.e on R.apid Tr~it~

,~ U ~~tT:n;:b;;;29l
p. 24:. WewYork, which op~r. ~.
pe,.
s clo'8a:'to
m11.S. and 62 p.r callt otj the: ela tad
~ne bIllion dQllara Inv:etf1i~ rapid t~~~1

l~:,...

i
i
i
i

>0

.(

i'
I

!'

Invaded th~a field

Ing of such projects
and unless

t; ~,'

ot ,nte~~1s e.

~o' tne ~1~1pal~~r

Th1af\le~;~a~~.fln~,o~

~~~;g:~r~,~\~i

,~1c~

there 18 an acute ;neeJ n~ co~.tru~t~ontia~s

ere theJle,d +~ta,

even

~t
hibitivi

"

pl~ce.

~~Ic~~t ba~b~~~)~O .

tor many other CItI, JChI~~g~"fa. ~~'l~b~a~~,~~~~~~l1

about hf~f the elevated mIle~ge ~f I~w ~ork ?it,'J.;.,,"Boat~.,,~

thirty

1n1le8 and twenty-t1ve;m11~s respectIvel,.;'

Philadelphia

. ten m11~. or' lubwa,.1 andtld~t,.-~,woinile1i or ele ti~ .~1~1 .12

,

~o other c1ties

I'

"

In the unl~edst1t have: an'J m~le~ge o~"con-

8equene~ in 8ubway. or elevated ~Y8tema, ~e probl ~f f1Dano

.'

Ing be1~

vi

. i'i

'

'.,

.!

e Kelker, De Leuw~~por, of 1926iJa.adedet1nt,teprop<> ~a

hrw the financ1ng of a,rap~~'trans1~

i

handled~

'i ,

too severe.

r
I

i ~

"

"

Iyatem'hould

be;

It the coat was placed !,ttnt1rel,.1upon the car r1d,r

-4!f!"

be

great as to di,couragelthe
I

80

i '

'

rIding h~bit.

I'

",r'

consequ~ntl,. would reduce revenu1, dlsaatrrUSly.There!'ore,

,

"

,principle
I,

1'"

and
the,

"

should be employed wherein the burden of coat shoUld

be eq~ltabl,.
,J

the
,

diatributed
,

'

I'

'I!"

the car riders,'

,:

I.!",

I"

'

apportibned

tile communit'Jas a whQle, the

\

Ii'

this prospective:

'

I.

~e

"K~lker P}~" .

aevent,.-tive

per

cent byll!lpecial aSl!lel!lsment'j

die tr~cts
,

'

coa~ as foll~ws:

property owners adjacent to~he '~~nstruotd.on'.

:

'

amoqg'thos. groups which would benetit.

,I

Such grpupa are:

~.

I'

I!

aDd

the balanoe trom ,the

I

city t~o:ugh the issuance of:gen~ral bond~. 'lb.e,car riderf~

,

~
,

share or the cost was to be advaaced b,. the oity,

take ..a Lbe;

12

. ,I

,~ . I"

'mahchird,

13l.1~81'

,D.

or 1ear. ror t+1e, FOllnt 'to) coae In.

",

().!>.. cit., p.

i {!I.

.1

2'".\\ '

ruw Report,~.
!

I
I

~t..
i

I'

I..

\
p. 17'1.

~; it wo~i~

I.'

ot, public CF-t~Ct1on ntb tile

Thlo plan

008t8 bad b'!oome the

.r(~f~f

l'80.gn,tfelt'J'1li'!J.P1~.<R('!4~~

projee t8 \Ultll tbe 1a8t, te. te.rr ."D .tl\~:\ . "~)~,~.~

'.Loui.
ill

~1mea. Pl'OPfS.4 y~Q;1,,;.~~,~

have at various

1108t

ina tanc es the co. tf1'O'tPji~~p~,

the'r1sht

Olmers along
The average

ot

'..

taxpayer,

'\P~i~(~."i!MI""
'

to r~'

WLr ',luLr ..!~eniot,a;l~l.*,e,r

appO'rtlonments

~ve

,'~. '.

the general

\il',t"t:~:p~4r~~;~,

-.

~.n.ral.l"

!,

...
'

'f~,$~~.~

on~-::~~~}~'t

l)

i;'-"

taxpayer.

one,,:,thU'd'pd the eapeei.l1,.

i'; :".:' '.15
and one-thl~
to t.p.e rider.
I

'

benefitted
.

,.

..

ot Loa Angele. have shown that there .ere

. The experience.

: -.

!;'i.
)j'

two obatacles
the city

to this

had

seriously

method; o,t financing.

used up its

80

to consider
.'

predftl1mltations
!
.,

borrowing

~nds

;"'j:"'1

ot those local1;tiea

that the reaction

assessment
16
pushed.

it

whioh would oonatitute

that

to h~tp provide

of funds.

, !..

the matter

"

to~
the
cost ot
.
'I

.-

in' 1933 when the Federal

"1

'

the aots!_

lower) iatereat

.,!

.~.~
,.;,

/1

rates

. 'j1"

/"

obt~l~ble
.

/,'

Econom1'C'8
'S!!..R~pi.".

,/

Bl in ohard , 21!. ci t p ~ ':125. :'

'.,

up

which ~t

:1

i
,

were ~ade, ava~~~able to ;l~call ties

ot

Ii

'

14, 'AJrl..~.,..rt. '0.,,,&11 E1ecatric 'R~~l"a.~ Alro.otatlon,

'rran~ltf pp- 18-19_:
'. ,;

16

Govern-

~d.~~ep.0W.A", "Loans apdgrant.

theW.f.A.

the requirements

the

!:<> ..

to th1-rty pe,r cent

ll5

Second1,..,.,

. .. 1:

unable

W'8

':.!

was made availaple

~ent established
.

was that

tor the purpoae'.

.l'~'

that

di8trictsVwa's[' 80 strenuous

A new source
construction

The tinst

, /i

"\~

/_

~~1~;~t~~~~~*::~~~;;;~~=~:S
'. i"' '
;&1

~,.,

t ~_'Cl111~ilt"8f:AIII"Jl."-~
,,to ./1
boJid8~8
"{5JSi'$'I!;~7l. f'""i_.c;l~4 .:.bf~lk)D4.'."1"l$$,754.!1. t
\,

'tita, .s {~t't;;IUe~~Iitl.
";':~~'.~;~
~~!>,e-'
: g,~>.,~,~,;,~~\~,r
~~I;-:i>:'hf'5:_":s{: ?l';/~T~'
,f

~",

..

'/'

//'

'1(;

. *
""\

-v'
/

'

?
/

.-

'also

provided 1;?m.e e?couragement

toward a solution

Gt .'t~pr0~i"'i

Because Los Angeles i8 at _thfs

tion

.:,

of- financ ing.

of her credit,

Itwould

stil~

','

, '

',",'

"

time c~ose, tothel1m1,'1;a..

..

mean,',e~e~ Wi~h Fe4er.,l'Gov,.L

::: ::::t t:: :::t.::e::~:~::::n:tr::;::e~~\::o~

I

"

~f

tures.
that

l
I
l(om past experiencen
thlauQh a~~~Pts,
it lIO~-i<t.'~i.'e.
I
'.
IS'
opp~sition
mtght, arise which.)'.i woulddl,courage' sllco.a,I.>-,
I

ii'

-I

.:

~
From the

standpoint

of . otorwalll!
'-1 .
,
; i
ot expen~e involv.d

-,

the proposal

to b~ild

metropolitan

area ot Los Angeles ,tands

a network ot motor .a"8 throughout

L.

mileage ,uggeated

i8 considered.

fi~t,

dollars
,

templation,
'of fact,

a mil~,is,

-,

.veri in this

the
,.

if the'oomplete

IFour hun~redml1el;ot
II

wa"8 at two million'

for constructIon,

motor-

1;

ind~ed, a colossal

con-

age of v~st expenditures.

A's a m.tte~,

no such complete program \is sought by the Autumobl1e

.

. I
I

Club for the immediate future.

r

make a practical

approach.

I~: is
. 1

conscious

of the 'need to .

If' on~-tourth -of the proposal

could

be executed
consider

dU~1ng the immediate' ..-~ear8

to come, the Club lwould
i
t
i - 19 .
the situation
s8tisfacto~.

I)

The City of Chicago has _r~c;.ntil,. secured fundI up t03

~million for subw8..1construction,
Loa Angeles'lj;lbJea, Se temher
5j11938.
, .!
,

J. r cent

.,

proposal to compo
~etel, revise
and modernize te entire.'
local tran8Po~ation
s1st.
Of.I'Chi;cagocalls for ..expendi.tun ......
_
ot approximate .., $60,000~OOOb 't~e public (exclusive of app;roximately, $00,00,000
b,. prIi'fat~ interests).
Th~8e~p~idttur.~
. will requtre' no levying of! ta s or special< a~8~8~~nt.i~.
. .
SOUPCCjt8
otpubllc.
funds e;v~1la le for the ~proveJl1~nt~ .re~
Feder.land'State
Road tu~8, ,ook Count,. RO~~ ,~d., ~~lC
Workl Admlniatrati6n,Wo~~
p11'grell8 Ad1I1iniatrat,ion, 01 1 .
Tr.a.
~.'tion.. Fu.'.nd'.'..~;COIlP.~8atioP. frim.,.'P'n.lfied,compan.
1,. ,KotO:!!'.
FU 1
and'Vehlcl.'Ta
rums. Ch~cag1 j J(~l([ .K~l:I'a f~~. tyr, .!. .
:(J'_r.i.'~fvejran!portat19n
s stem . aS7)..
.
1i
Intervie. W1th
Chief .l~1181n~erkast of the Automobile Club
:of Southern Californ1a.
1
'
,
,,'
j'.

--

As to t~nanc1ng, ~r.I.~~~ Inve.~Dl'nt ~I\ ~C?\t~e~l~d~~~J:

public funds would have to b~ '~~~.ponaItil

. tq~ri;~a~f,~.~.drritrb.:!ilon.
.

Details

,,'

..:

of thIs financing ar, still

I z'

<

1.,

~n.rta:

..

..'

'8'O"~.atha'tl,~';We t~.;:ti:ii.ral,"

.\ ~~
'

,',

I
~

,~'r~t."l~.,
, "~

ot e qui table dlltr~bu t~on at S~f~~,~Utd jl1e

principte

F\mds ftom the city,

the count,., ~:~~eIt~t~,,~,.tbe'~~.i'l~~l

agenc1e~.

In addition.

benefic;iary,

tu,~ai at ,~'laal~a,.~~.u~.

>:,

the gene;!,l taipara

lIOuld be aaked to share.

~
i,

V._~;)~

IIILjq~".co~~,
ho,ev:,~.
,~t}~'
..

~.,,\

,':'

",,!f;f,

,'-

,."..,<f~

the~mQto,r,,
!il,!';";.ll"

iThis particular

:. "';' '. .

and enhancementof property values

i

Beautiful,

facilities

.t.

group of ~ltizena iatan4a to bene~~t "'~.~,

the stabilization
oceur.

.'

aS8e~smeJ'ltdist~~cts.

tranap~rtation

way by Jne~nsoi special

'which ~ill

'" "t

at tb.,.,cUt. ""ai!

would abain be levied on the property o~er

.qjac~~~to
.,
. .+~.

or-

~_.

lIlent ""~ld be secured trODl~e .~.d

, because !

<,'j

'.

m04~rn.pe~Dent,

will,

'.

an~.conYenient

aceord 1iIg to the Automobile Club,

. ""
.. '

l.

",

'. !

'.'.

; b& a p~rmanent answer to this' prOblemof !propert,. valuea . ConseqUently, the adjacent distriet:aDould
of the 'coat.

.<, >II'

,"",.~.

..1-.

stand ,th.elargii!i:J'portlon

!.

iToll eharkes . are not

to be consld~red as

i~' AutO~b1i.1'>

{l

.. 11

pr;-

1,360,000 personal Inju~l.a.i

It p~ldb1g IB.~ranee
miums bec&Us:e,acoident rate~,are hight 4 In,,olit ''1t
paid large sums to have a pdlicO otr1oer and aignai. at
8-very intersection,
10lt m:uc;h t1me ,andgaso11llein
trattic'

jams.

'

'

Motoring 'C08ts per mile are

les8

expensive

;0.0

greater

and"in' most" case.

than those of su'bwa,.const~ction.'

,It a praotical

,"

.'

approach is mad~ to the idea,

tlle tinancl.al
i

ing the huge capital

'#!

outlay! are 'sligh~ly

bility

better

can be financed

','

This ls attrIbutable

aside

ont~is

at all,

'to the aval1aIf ,rapid

'

the idea of motorwayscannotbe

, ~.

But there ar~ other objections

basis.

Il ~-

than' for the

of road funds from tour. ~r~nCheB ot government.

transit
cast

translt'.

ot'
l

other means of rapid

. .J,.

p08sibill~ies

whioh"

ot Buses

co,t
There is a large

contrast

betwee'n the sums required

finance

8ubway or mQtorway prop~aai~ and the s~

financ.

bus proposals.

to

;p

r.qui~ed

The tig"l,lre of $2,000,000 as antlcipa~ed

by the McAdooprOposal in 1924 ~aml1d in compari.on~ ,EveD tne

r

recent

financial

estimate

000 does'not.seem
other

costs

overlylarg.

f~r,rapid

Nevertheles,s,

21

dollars,

21

possibly

twenty-tour

Estimate

syatem.

,!

~t

'I,

IB other word.,
,

, ~-

fPubllc!utllltte.

not

bu ,..~e .ad .a

the clty-o.ed

..,,,.

'

tor a~ltl-w1d.,bD'

ot,Boardo
1b!l:ltI.-1a~' D 1.rabl11tI ~!.
,report on Feaa11, .;::::;:, -:--,,
"

,'8~.

Munic1Ral

with

a1l~lon

"

I'
.
iih t Bo..AiS ".
sl~gan8: nBU.~'.,W i au
~,.
"

In re~tloe

sum for a loca11t~ t~ financ.,

' Th, advoc~tesot

jne ofthelr
,

~tconsidered

transit.
seventeen"

1. a h~,

impossible.

by th. Municipal Bus ,Leagu~ at .17,000,

,'s,

. '
\

8II~'~'P. 1'1

I,

'

':
would be' required

fUJ1ds'

mean"';'s't

'l~3

~'

:'
i

I
I

....
"-..
'11'1

~.i's,ale

'

ot:, '.cu~t1:.".

:::::::t~Ul~:t1::e:::::::'~::1~:t:~'1;:tt~::.::tc::n
I

by the city

out of 'general

eXPenditurea--the
I"

\":

"

i\t'~

~"l~~'\i

.~

was b,asedon '~Wo facts;'1-n" tb~~fil'at\.f

Such a smal~ outlay

the b'.sea 'on ""~'cf.fertfid>Jft

was propos ed to purchase

parment 'plan"

,,~.

sum not to exceed

Wh~Chcalled

~o; a,tenpe'r.

to be pa~d fromx-evenue irl: equal installWentso'ver

periods

of from five

to seven ye~:~. 22

"tn.

cent down'pa~erit,

balance

'

'

'"

The 8ec~rtddlu~'e'ot'ib~M'\'t1.

" ...
i"\J

, low capital

outl~y

was that

the ',scheme called': for a -minimum"num..

I;

fleet

and. error

:_.,

in use tn order that

ber of buses. to Ie placed

through trial

experience

._,

<.,

'

eiperfmeritat10'n

might be had .H8d

'.the - entire

of buses

been proposed 'for 'ipur6has~, the initial

23
would have been qetween .17,OOO,~O;and 124,000,000.

coat

:'

, , .

There appea~s to: be nothl'ng 1:~eYOnd

the' realm, of ,f1n~n~ial
"

!",

possibility
$1,500,000

in the proposal
to $3,000,000

highly' q~estionable
'
an " outlay,

whether gene~~i expe~dlture8

secure

Nothwithe tanding

'

It'ia

could atand' .1iC~/

, t~"e expense, and

1:~~ue coolid' cover

the 8Up'pOr.~!
,'of the citizens.
thi8aJpar~:nt
j

is onl,. a delusion

,~,i':,

,II"

tem, it

..

Out1ily ',ot trom

for ~a c~t';-w1cie~bus servIce.

.
, "
,:
but
a mbdera:tebotid

could probably

,',

to spe.nd an initial

,i

ease of .financing ~'bus s,.."

rdr the' reason

that

such a city-ride

II :
I
!

22 ' In'1tlative'
p:etltion
propdsltl:0n
.
I,
Election,
May 7, 1935.
!"
23

No.1,I

Los 'Angeles city

p. 16. 'I! ayo~ Kel1l: or Chicago esti~t.d

000 fo ' buses at ,12,000 per unit, wi'th
a cos Of ~OV"
\.5
000 000
T1:ma Chicago was
a required. down paJDlent O\f 11'.'
, !.
,
planning to use this mettiod also.
,
I
Kell

'.

cit.,

'Tt' .2R..~OOO

l
i
i

i
!

1" ~,

",

I~stem cannot be let in \operatioh

bUs

wilthout

~h'\'o~~po;;ti~,ta~""h:~:to-

compe~atiori to the local ~4lcb~~J

I'

tore IP-Own, 1s entirely

too ;8ub8~antial ~o believe that such

I

an event could tranapire.

~.

I"

JIr. John Bauer, Dir~o~or,i

r~~~.Public' U~111tle.~'Bureau

>\',

highly .r"'ataatio

tha" o1t~~~dal~:

:.

of

ser-

24"

vJce, l!la8 di8o~s sed this asp~et o~ ,the :p~Oble

",
,

arrangement with the .~lst1n~ .t~.et

wise, was one which could .treet

rail

1<

the bu. as a means of proY1d~nga.a.equat. maaa transportatioR

street

I'

of NewYork, whOi.

I'ome anl ot

I.

The rinan"ciai ".

ear:f.oMPanr, .h1eh~h.dee ~

asy.te

tic tranatoPma~to. trom

cars to buse. with r~a~onr~l. ti

IDcial protec~iCl)Jlt'or"the

lines.

An agreement sh9uldbe made\betw.en the city" ~

the
,
<,
i
'..
company. guarantieeing a fair; nat ~eturnj' ring tne period- ,ottran-

sition.

This return

is to be ba~'edon
'.

~ropertiea,

.and the retur~

obs'leacence"

~osl~ble .

evaluation ot .x1at-l~

'1\

i.

factor ot-s7ate.

would be glve~i~jorconc~rr

in thil.ev.aluation .
I

As a result

ot, ~his~gre~en~,.
~

~~~hW~lf

. '.

guarantee,lacometo
I'

;' ,the company, converaion

to 'base.:
could proceed
a. t~,J; OJl'<.1_. aJe .
.
.
".
I
'.

ais experience
, .too de_nding,

justified.

~~\the, '.~vent _th~~treet

..then the

clty

i 8hOfld.ent~rlint"

car" cem~,.

,was,

open.competlt1.oa.:

With them by operating a ~s:i'.Y8~,em paral~el to tn..treetcar

,

linea.

i<,..

In this. manner the cFP~y" coul? ntickly

I

I.

be-'

brought: to~

'

'teI"lU. 2~

:'

Such arrang~en ta i wou+~~fd

,

'.'

t~ansportatiOIlj~~t.
.

not .xcet~ivtlY
i
I..

-.

I
'"

'~

t:'

'j.

'~

.
'.

.0.:

rt
t

1d

wou. appear

~~
to be

Vide, pp. 196-198.

'\
\

,\

r\

. t

'.

II
'.
4.0' \lIa
Transportation Facilitie.,
.
J0Dt' Ba1?-er, . ReadjU8 t...-c(... e aad July 119~8), pp. 6-7, 167-171.
Public Jlanagement, xx "-\
"
,\
'

24
25

~?~.t.he I cost _ot .lntrodu,?l~

\
i

cheaper in the long run to av,' oid a .trenuou8 contli ct iO

1.Jl' 1.
th1.
1
f
"I~

"

"1

I,',

'Z

<.'

t:'r"

:! !

The problem of financing adequate or rapi4

'is,

indeed ama jor one.

I
-./

the proposal,

.'

l' '

l;'. J

'l:

the prospect1ve c~~t 18 buse, but not ~~~ibie.

"

to handle it

0~"~.t~r;;;;2
..

Re~.rdl'eas of :th8 '.crt

,

tran.it

. ,t" ~ ~

the communltyisun1ted

'1;

~ '"

l)i<,

'~1

beh1~dthe proposltl~n .
I'

,~,,) .. it" ,~ 'tiil"1. "

. "Th1s matter of. unitA~

~ sup'port tor an u~-to-a.~e~pid
transportation
tmport~t

as

system brings to the fope ai1oimerexoeeditll1r".,

,

obstacle

~o achievement, one ~ich

i8 nea~lJ~"

the financial

p :rob1em Even if this latter

el1minated, 1t ls certain

that attainment, .ill'

as a basic. conflict

l1and~o.p'. ere

be re,tarbd";as'" lona .

.'

exists . Th8t su.chla confltct

gardt"D.gthe solution

vi~.l

..

'-1'

01" the problem do

&

otthet>-ru. '"<

ens"" there',ls'no ,qu tion.

~'he nature

of this disco~
.

Is ot multiple ch:aracter, in,'

.that there are various elements who8tr.nuoualJ~voc'te~

I

'mote their
others.

own cherished solutIon,

and' jus.,t

".

&'8

and .pro.

.t~nuoU'8i.7. 'oppue

The Automobile Club 'of lSOuthem~a'11itol'm:&J.;1ille)/Jibm~c1_1

l

Bus League otL~a

i

the Anti~Elevat~d

'~~'h

lS2);liJS

disagresment .n~ be consid.~ed. :,'lhis

knownas Decentr',lizat1on

.ot. thePrt' is ~."

vs. Centraliz~tlon,
~.

and reaehea1ato

'.

~"

,.

the innermost regions of all city plann~i.

;

Those who a~vocate \~entralizatlo~

".

>.II'

~'I

*k

::<,:

'

#'

,ow,J

t;;,

t~-t
~-i
.
ua
UWI
nela
'.Lf1.L
,r-r,).
can best be carr~ed on 1n a large citl by meapa ot t~ 'concepI
..:..
. l~,,,,>
tration of business activlt1es in.a centl'al location in tp.e .. .
:

belie-e"

.'

,~~

'"

,:

,;'.~:

'.

heart ot a big c~ty.

to foster

this

'-,'.

As tar

,:'l'!.t,

.a poSS~~l.,

'f~\'"

.~,~,,""

,I

;;1~

The out~

standing means o~ accom.plis1:laen~1~ to provide exc.~~eJl~ ~

rapid mass transp,ortation
I

or citizens
.'

area ,of the city and, 1n tact,

trict.

Rapid tr~lt

zens of all
.

would exist

td this
~

'j'

".

to this diatric~
.

linea wculd be Jllad.eavailable

dlatri.et

'~'

.' ., -,.
.'.., .

~
.,;

v~n
~ ~
.

trom the entire metroPolitan,dia-

the a~rroundlng satellite

transportation

t'.

'-"Ut' .~
t,,\ ,
etto~ts ~uf~. pe "~f
\,.,.~,(

conc.entration within the limited area.

~

I'
to
the citi-

towns so that tacilitr

could be had.

ot.

Suburban diatricta

for l'leeidencel ,amne1ghborhOod stores to etlocal

+
i

. develbpaent.

downtpwn'dlstriet

'i:'

"(1L'\

.tatement

wa. IlII8de

1:. the

'in the Ci:tr iq that'~

,

;.1

r,!'~a'

t tile ":lP-et l'lia.~

'mo.'~,.ttl~~;Dt
' -"',

..~

ID. '!'Ili. b.ill'll':'~iou'h,

pIe e e in whieh j>uel.,r/e.. ean: be <la~l'1ed

,the problem Isto

mchor thi1s district.!

One walil

.>'"

",.

t01~14aq.
.,

-'.f:'

::::::::,h:::::~::e;:1'::e:~::::4:~.:~::;: ..:[.::allow the inhabitants

ot Lo. J\nf)eles td continue to:'li~.

in siagle

dwellings with emple spac,' in liuburban areas.:' It the tir1ist plan

is chosen, the crowded liVing conditions will dlscouragePopul.~'
tion growth.

Theretore, the people JDtUlt

be allowed to molv. out;
"

but to insure the downtowndistrict

continued lite,

. 26

transportation

must be attorded. '

low cost
I'
L,

. '

.At the conclusion ot the Baker address, Mr. J . J. ,Buell.

27

President stated:
The"very life ot the~commercial ~d ind\l8trial di.'tric1;
of this c1ty i8 ,at stake unless a mode,ot rapid traJUl).t,is
established
It is not torus to .it id1r"by while
the volume 'of business decreases because of t~ pres.nt
Inad~quate .and antiquated mod.ot traD8port.tion.l.~.n
organized b04y, it is our duty to take co~tructlve.~eaaurea
tor the continuance of buaineaa and the creation.ot jobator
the downtowncoDmercial and industrial, Loa ~~1-e,.. '.,
r

JIr. Robert
I -

_0

- Association,

s.

Breyer, Prealdent of the Loa Angel.s Tratti~

"

I.

'

haa a180 taken the position that t~

be.t.1nte~.t.

of the downtownbusiness men are served by building a centralized

28
district:
",'

~>

<

26~~Donald lli.Baker,
Peop1.e,"p.
127
"

2.8

Baker,

".

-What.ill

WeDo w1th OU,rJext~i_I1ion

4.

2R,.,ill., p.

7.'

Robert s. Br,eyer, IfIJ.be ,Need ot Iaprovecl bss Transportation

1n lletropo1ttan Loa Anielea. "Second cont.r.nc'~
Rapid
Transit, (1930)', p. 5.

Property valuesl downtown d end upori;prof1 table use ot

this ,property for Pusiness pu oaes.
Epainesl activity
largely depends ~ppn having a equate tr~portatlon.
ThAt
expresses briefly
~hy propert
owners and business men in
the downtown d istrlct
are con rned in ~apid Transit .
;
!
These atateme~ts
sponsors

express

ot centraliza~ion.

cinctly

tbeposltion

To th m, rapid transit

of the

lsa,dlre

necessity.
and their
entire

The need i.
prop~rtyar.

metropolitan

~o

nessdis

an economi
I
0

increa8~

businesses

in va,lu,e, tpen ,the,,,

'.

this .,11Jdted bua1-

tric t
.

'-

,-.\,

V'

"Wherein the' Qlie~t on of Rapid Transit Is of intere'St t,o

Downtown Business
d Property"
Proceedinga, iF11"11.t Coa1'eNDoe
on Rapid Tranait
( 930), p.30
-

30

If their

th o~gs must

29

expand an

one.
_

.'

';as.' ,

"

Cf. DonaldBake~'. ..The Transpo tat~. on Problem ~ t~e .1.08 i . .

Angeles 'Area " L 8) Angeles C 1tttee to AO.cOlllp'I~
.
.
,
ia
' ir;' Growt. aDD . opultatlon,
TranHiortat10n;
. enry A ' co, '. I "
,";i, , .
Loa
gel . GODlll!ttee, , to Ace.
tl'tab<1I&s,a:. Tftn8:PS1(.t.~'Z"
~::;",
df'"
1)
Transit
SJllt ,In,
a
\,jeorge D. Rowan,; ,ee.
o:r. ~., 11"
,'.~ El'"
(10$'6')
Angeles, (1936); ~erton
Shore,
D,ownt?

r"

".'

'j'

\' i

'

'i

:,'

".

!t. \

.,

alga ot atw.ctu 1 ate.l has

.
i t,'
I '
I
Ii
worktd.,f'Qr.
th.!a'
ntr1p .tal movnit ',in J...,,~~~h. l~r&.: ~1t1~IIOi:th.lJnit~"
The mode~n

J.,'

states It encoura~e:a the ,oVing to~~th~r

theniand. ofp.ople
and hotels.

~n!Bky +,p.r.

~r"Cthou~arida'~.'

and ~.1Y. apartment '~

Geogra:tmical lWt~t~ona

. and

'"

oM.'' cago_

150-f'oot ,height lhnit.fO[ bUild nga, in Loa.~.~.ea

be,

cast aside?

.'

tht. 4~ove_

'ha~e also aided

ment in, citi 11k. Bo.ton, 11 Y rtPhilad.1Ph1a

,
,',
'
,( .'

Wl11the

Is it best tojam mil iona of'citizens into crowed

.;

'I

quar~era that businesa may be cen rallzed and property v_lues

soar?

If so, then rapid transit

st'be furnished) as it iathe'

-'I'

'~

t,

.'d

..
~

SWitt~ ebmtortable masa transportati9D

18 the negation

of

But there are those who th

nk otherwise.
, I,
during the years in ..which this <fa
,
the fore, there have' b~en indivtd
:believed that decentralization

!.

tion.

"

been to

and ,groups who 'have'8~riouai,.

1s theg~eater need it community

wrote'an article i

Mr. Dyaktra's

Los Angelea,

lict of the.oneahas

welfare is to be preserved and e~anced.'

31
Mr. C. A.Dyaktra,
in
beenpub1iahed,

In

the -Kelker Plan- had

which he disoussed the quel-,

tirst, conge.tion 1h~it1es

thesis waa t

and ties up traffic, it

is harmfUl, it slows
creates severe social p~blema

per a1ning to health, fire ,preI

vent10n, and loss 'of life due to,a

Secondly, 1 tbat
,

conge8t~on largely results fr~m

promotes stabillzatiqn

! '

,
1

i
\

~i

of the buai
'

'

31 I"Congestion Delu*e~Do We Want

Ai (1926), pp_ 3~.-3g8.
I.

{1"

I
I

I
\
l

"

I .

sines! p8ycholog,,"whl~h
dl~trict.

~ia-ps"Chol~

t ~

'.

I.tional

JIub.1elP!l' Rerle.,'

.' i.~i'e\
r",

d.rivea

from "acentral;zatlon

icompl.x Whicha DO~Dg

but

.,:

.ore ret'ail ,bus1~.s.,

higher re..al es.ta
tel,.121,(,.
v
..a.1"" ,'.' ,-.a&Q.'~,JII~.~.ll,
....,,..,.;.j~...
. ... '.w;1,~
,"..
.
. I .,
"'1'.'
l.

'1'%,

Ke~

massive Sky8crapers~o lcap this, ceDt~all~atlo11. JI\trt~e~~ it

his, belief

that

8pread\ ~ut into

vities

the ~atural

t.n~encT lot ~~t1 PQJ'\l'l"tiOD;

1. 'to~

sUbt~.nters,

.t~ (le,central~ze ~ts v:a~ous' a,t1r

sb as to escap~. the harmful etfeot,s' ot conaesti0D:.and:;~t;,

rece~1ve~he advantages of moderate c'lnc.ntra~ion.:-~iI~

;"~al

movement!
is thwarted by ballyhoo of dow.nto~lntere.t.;~,
I,

the citizens

of a co~nity

life as a result

taus

are led to di8~ster irl,thelr

of artificial

.'

8tinulation~

Jalniclpal

'

-Ascongestion on the
,
by the tider8 in different tranaI

f""

'

streets

increase8,
.

anxiety is felt
.

_.

'I

portatio11l vehicle8.

Accordingly, the bu8iras

1ntere~t

this restlessnes8
of the people to demand'~apid tran8it
.
,\1\
citizens acceptthe1dea
a8 the,solution.

1e

~pon

and thes'e

I,

Mr. Dysktra questione~ the assumpti~n that a rapid,~rans1t

.

.-.

plan of subways and elevateds as proposed by

, the Kelker surV8:r is
i
.
the answer to transportation and traffic copgestion tor LOB ,Angeles.
,

The tre~d\ of the t~es

is not tri this d1rec~ion.

,.

Busin,ss,ia

endeavoring to break away from downtownres~rictions,

branch W;nh. nd~orl1Oo~

itse~

theater ~~hain toree

aJI!l

8S

'witneaa

~oto l'th.

Studies made by the' LOs Apgeles City Club p~ove that congestion
is increased by rapid transit;

that rapid tjan.sj,t ia.not li"':

suppolP'ting, and the public is called o:nto

incr~a8ing it.

own cb~e8tion.

aUbwkrsshouid not be built,

to congestion.
conge.tion.

The conclusion he drew was that

aa they are

~Rapid t\r&n.itcre'ate.

Th,8 tiJ.t

an

~rtlflC'ial

s~~l~t)"

ane~e~ endiDg.~"roe ot,

~ubwa".t/U'ts an incutable de81r8~f91",

It! Loa Angeles is toco~t1nU. to see the

vicious congest1on.
"

ltand the coat~ ot

, !

i,1
sunshine,

then

centralization

~at

that

is

to defeat

b~i avoided'

sub.ay

This statement

raptd

tran8i~

'a Dl~lt
)
-th'e
r., able exp're'a I l'on u;pon

representa
o

th" . ' ",

~2 ~J ,to do
conltruct10ft"
'

'

problem &s 1t pertained

to Loa Anael.~.

'I

Lo8 Angeles
"

"j

on their

study

ot

slons were reached.

the Ketkerplan,

Decentrali,zation

means of bus transportation

"

can became a "garden

At a conterence
tiTes

of several

held

connunlty

' In

.1m1I~r oonclu'

'

\,ShOUld.be ~ncou,~~a~edby

and,priva1e
,

automobile.,

s() that

33

,j"

city

in Loa,Angelee

1n 1930, r.p~esenta-

organizations

'

spoke agalnst'eentral1za-

34

J!

Here the lame thelle ran throUgh the addresses:

tion.

the
~ ~.

I'

Los Angele.

ot

" It waa the v1e.

Club;, or which 1Ir. nrkatra wal .ecretary.

City

thelrreport

~_A

I'~'

"

that

I~

rapldtransit

would h.rm outlying

developments;

would serious,l,.

increase

congestion

in the downtown area;

I

best

in speculative

real

estate'

and .ohld

result

at

profiteering

at the expense of

'35

the whole commUnity.

,Mr.

Gordon Wh1.tnall,

Cit'y Planning

CODDl1issioner\ofLoI

'I

Angel~b'tween

'l920a\nd1930,lias

tl'on. ',.He \~mPha8ized t~e fact

bility
tion'has
"I

, ,

bee~ a spOkesman fordecentra11zathat

Los: Anseles has P~Y81'~al

duJ to the' very: wide use: of the aut~uiob11e.

~rought
I\

about! a decentralization
",'

I ''

',

This condi'~

p~oceasrelUi~~\in

\,

'

~~.rlthe

gre.t ~ber

'ot re.ld~ntlal

'andbusin a

1DIil~dia
te dom towndi' tric t

centerS'jb~yon4J:the;

rt;l!i;d.

The movementot population ~o

these areas has been a natural

,

one, aapeople ha~., beo"ae' ot

\

'

the automobile,; been a~le tosearch out and locate in more

"

'\

I'

desirable

places.

~hi. tact,

plus the, add!tional taot that,

ADgele. topo~raphy alloWs for a 'scattered

with ~ew York or Philadelphia,
any art1ticial

popqlatlo~ 1Doontra.t

makes to;r the, CODolu.l~D

:that

process which att,empts to IUlke1'1114ithe l~eal

population cannot succeed.

strives

x.os

The-transportation

.'

poliey.wh.!ch

to converge the pO~laee of all outlying ar.as toward

a 11mite~ re.tricted

area in the center of the cit,. 1s

artific1al

Theretore,

process.'

thebulld1ng

SUCh,

an

of elevated 11ne.,

sUbways,'or motorwa,.., to act as spokes of a wheel-.me~i1ng'or

A poll~,. ot

conYerg1ngupon the d.owntownhub is not a4Yi8able.

transportation

wn1ch augments tne ex18t1ngnatural

proce.s ot

move.ent 18 the on. most likely 'to luooeed.'

\

Moreover, tbe econo_ie inter.ita

of'thQ.e not'looat.d

in the central

bu.1nes. district

,.are.~ Hwerful as to 4emand

"i

a solution baa.d, on a aeasl1re otdecen,t:rallzat1en'.

I

th1nkathes e at.re.ta,

Mr.' Wh1tnall
'

will not aub8er1~e'o,~,

sp~\lt1ol11r)11ch

weaketua" their, own pos1tion.

'A8 the.e 0rter ,-nt,,, .st.

I> power1Ul.ecollOraioelly .~hanthe downtown!intere,8 ts,

"1:

are. more

'. ~y

11m

'k'J"i."

l1kely do ' nat. ~e p1c~~e.

....
L, : . ,tj
'Mr ~tnall
al~o~b.11ev that :thoae groups Whoad~ocate
." ,-,

.
I
"'~
",,:, ~ !NH:'~j"
'l
1'.,,-1!
,
,,,,,\ ~ ~~
"
~.
Carl 'be 'JIe:oon.efi1fct
to&.
,ano]tJler

,41.'

centralitM ~

b.d! .~ i.ho~i~ ~
,.' tor
14.a1

" "(t'

:'

.~' '. ,

, J,;x"l
",',

".
llnlt. of .ls
onTeri.lo~

'\

'.,.

.~

11

oy~

t-..} "',

<.

fJ'~."

t-

,'"
_
This CaD
be.t

that ~: torI< City"'"

""

'f;

O(lA-

transportat,ioD

, .' j
1

I
\

defic1t.
up by the taxpayers

~d

_d.

Theae mat be

the amount il 10 larse that! the gains to

men aa ~re,ult ot centra11z~t10n arelrr t b7

36
the additional tax bUrden.
.

the business

It w11l be noted that the sponsors 'of decentra11zation

~~Tt

". ~

~.

;.

>,

'''''[''

.~.

,j}J~_r\(,

'~4'~c;,:~""~

j~'

minded individuaia who aee the probl ot

represent objectively

rapid transit

froa a 80ciological

viewpoint.

Iot having .cono~c

t;,

interesta at stake, except the real eatate promoters in developed

suburban areas,

they, envision the cODlllU.lii

ty pic tun

1I1Orenearl7
r~'.

from a panoramic

Viewpoint.

"

From this yiew they reach the con-'

elusion that the beat interests of the city lie in avoidina the
I,

t'

difficulties
tion.
~~

other c1tiea have gotten into trom over-centraliza-

The Automobile

received
;

Club propqaal of a network of nperhi&h_,.s

.'

".

their f~vor, aa itrepreaents&

, '.

to spread population
37

i'

plan which wil~ tend

!tai.rlyevenly throughout the metropolitan .

i

"

This partic~lar

downtown

group becausie ita highwa,.ado not radiate rrCII.the cen-

"

tral busineas

plan ia, therefore, frowned upo~ by t~e

'

distric~

38 "

aa apokes from:tbe hub of a wheel.

These two obatacleato

progress in tranaportationare of
.

a serious nature ~ Th4:tyhave been

,

modern, adequa.te,and~apid

80,

'"
.

area.

~or many ,.ear... To aohiey'

"

aerv1ce, t~e,. _at be adjulted aDd '

THE CURRENT SITUATION

IN OTHER CIT,IES AND LOS ANGELES:

5'"

\P:

,,{

The problem of securing

adequ.~e a~d rapid tMllISp,ol'tation

I

facili ties
the efforts

stIll

remain8 unsettled

to find

is being written,
point at least,
pertaining

a solution,

8till

the mo8t elaborate

18 under way.

up to this

aary to re~iew briefly

'in a few"other

cities

represent

time.

survey,

As this

paper

from a f~nanclal

investigation
Before doing

the transportation

80,

it is Ineesa8 it

exist.

Chicago'and'San

in the ~Un~tedStates

and activity

lIlaterial'

as well as the

situation

of the United states.

two cities

problem lOOlD8large'"

proceed.

Th~8 chapter will present

to the background of 'tqis

form of activity

Franci8co

in! LosA.ngele.; eans'.quent11.

wherein the

toward a ~olution

is golD8

I '

forWard.

"

Detroit,

si,2,e of population,:

a city

comparable to Les;Angelesin

and Toronto', Canada, will be considereda.

i
I

cities

area and

which have in some measure ,solved th~ problem

.I

'~.1

ot the population by means of elevated t~a~it.l'

.xt'<nsions hav~, been ~ade aince 1908,
40 years old.

th

~quiPnent

trb~ 12%to

The au~tace line syat.~ went intor.oeiv.~.hlp\

t~ 80

1n 1927, although tur~i8h1ng service

I

clt~zen8.

iwi

No tBportant

per cent of the

It has equ~pment which ave;ag~825.1.ara

Th. !motor coach syste~,

I

while re,cently, addiqsome

2 \

11 ~oo small to affect, the scene seriously.,'

ot age.
mQ)dern'~sea,

'* '

.'

For some years !past, the:clty

the ~rlvate

~,

\,.,.;,

h.s attempt~d to aecure:'from

~ompanles ~ program or pl~

for financing aDd co~truct-

ii,

..

Ing ~ modern unified

tr&nsportati?n

system.
!

SUcha pm~ul

has'

not been forthcoming a Kayor ~elly reoently asserted that,

"tur~her delay ~s inex~uBable and intolerable.n3
I

' ,

Follow1l1g these:stateme~ts,

of prominent tranaportttion

'

>,

the,j~ltYlengag~d the,serv:loes

englneersto

ma~e a survey of the

need~ ofChlcQSo.

T.neire~ultwaa a ver.y ela~orate and detailed

I!,
i
survt1 of the aituatio~ with'the publication1ot a report in
i

Novebe::v~:::

plana .ere

detailed,

of jwhl~h \ one kriowna.,'.Plan

recr-a,ended for ,accePtan~e: by the c1tto

The recommend.-

ot t~i8 la,ttez: p~an called tor:

I

i~ag~ 'lhaB ~ot had\i8Ub~~;s.,'il.l

Y. beAn
elev.t,ed rail.aya.
'l
I

~tt;, ..

t,~\':}

'rapid' t aneit tacill~le8

>

'1

II'
~"'r OOJlPpehenei
2 .,C~7-ot1C:QJ.c.&O,
Katpr ~, 1 t ~ ' an .
)
" ve .
gO
T,,~po~tatlon
Sla em ill ~ ~ ~ !Jcr
,~9~~ ' P
1

idle.. . I

I:

~-

"

I.

'>~
I
A CQmprehensiveLocal TraneHi rln~t n, Kelker, and ~. L~~wchIc.lortNov"ber !!fT.
G!. rtto: Plan ~.!!! cttr~,
.T "
'
,
>.

'"

~4.:'
",",

.().~
'

f!.~:."
k'

','

"'i<

('~,\4'\'(

"I'

I' "

I
I

T.

,'\

.,:.,"~

un1f1cat1~n of

tiie

th;;'e ae~:i,:t:;il;:t:'ia,

..

"

Adm1n1Itr~t1ve controi u~er'\1':~l:i:f~tr~'

board.
I
"""1'
.

~,,"'i~}t
1;'11;,1

Ipor a

"""1,

0n

The build ~,g of two, IUbl1JYI>~'~"i~_fW,

.lit,,Jlll'1e ",ot,
the c1ty to downtown. To~al m11etge

'''4:43''.11.::
i~~ ,
.f},

:~r~z:~
~~:ec:~:~
~im::~C~UUtr.,Jrt

Convert atl elevat.4 ~ail,~,tlNct-~".\t9Pt~i! j~!tt": .

s ide of tl;1e 01t,. to ,elevated superhighwaJI to'"t.
101e ule ~f'. exprttsa ~
8!p'1~eg4 p~,l'''A$e"!.t.t+..A,,,
mobiles. ,High-Ipeed double-de ekea'<bUi,:i'f"~o~~:fhl':.'"
outlide l~ea, w1th ,. !.a~~C),~t;e,pht!l.~,t,'iItitlt:&:rh,!",.t
'Fi,
widening ~t the h1ghwaJI would fillow bU,...1;o,J1IlIC)ad.
Hi

~:do;O:~r~:tt:~:j~::~tiri~:~t~~~t~~g:~:;:~::l:o
to ator-e surplul b\l'
d\,11'1l;1g", \Ml9kitJ.1pu!,!
.h't't,2P",~"",;},,'
milea of ~ese aupereleyated h1ghwaJI to begin with.
The average Ipe~~ tQ b! 36, mile, per ~ux:, g~uit C!!'l
converaion $28,160,000.
'

'.i

Convert one-third

;l-

'", <"~,;, ',4;,

I'

of' the pre~ent 8tr.e~oar

}F\

surtace

i~~e:Ui~'1
~~ u~;O Dl~~~e:~~~'t:~:~
0~G,tela~6:~t(~b~ct~
.ystem for 'buses.
:i

7. . lie. equi~ent .~o bepp.rc~,si"'~'P1i thg! ~n.,rat~:,"P9~- ,

panles to consist of' the folloWing"
"
,',_,

I..J

Motor 'Coaches
Surtace lines:
QUring .next 8
years

"\

fii. -,'
'

1072

1~1

Motor Cqach Co.:225

during'Jle.:x:t :3 years

'
4'

p"

"'j

Thi. 1s, a shox,tp,ictu;re,,',of,jihe, recpJlll1end.a:~,~&;psl~ge

,~~
bring

U\lN1li

a, modern,:l'Ilp1illmaaatransportation Pl.,/f~r

each type

Chicago.

They iDelade,

al can bei~een,

~d;f.cl11.,

, .~MPt1ng the new.taoilit y of super-~le -~eC1

not-

Of

tran8Porta~lon~un~t~
(;,$
,

'"

',:

,161 ~~'

b7

The coat ot thia comprahe~1~al'r~gr , 11 ,tj.'be,beme

the prI,vate companies and the public.

~t t~ total

The -ount

'
,
, ,
!
. ',.,I' !',U 1 <tl:ll ';\11' \1 !t:"~ .!It., ,~ t
outlay is estimated at $160,908, 100,:_~t1rhI.,eh.62,180,OOO'1~'to
-

be furnished

l'rom public capital

~,

'

<

.~.

I.

',,

~ '"

.~.

.98,728,1,00,fro.prlyate
'
!
''"'~f,.'l,~.,:''~r.. ~.,~:
funds. 01' the latter 1'igure, the ~t
01' cash outlay tamediately
. '!'
.~ '
,;,
',.J~: ,0,
.~.'l' ,
necessary will be something over' 25Jll1llion dolla~j the b~luce
I

\,,"'\

'\

to be spread OYer periOd

01'

J*"~'

"

nine years.

The cost alloted to

~

the' public is to Cover the construction

.("r

the superhighWaysand

01'

.'

-~
outlay 1s to coyer the cost
'

.the sUbways. The private

capital

.,

all needed equipment and modernization necessary_

Funds for the pUblic outla,
.

from a variety

\}.,

..

of Sources which include:

(l) city,

road fundSj (2) a local traction

i

6.

posedly of 68 million

dollars;

of

of cap1tal are to be .ecured

, : ,"

county, .tate
,

and federal

"4

::.

_.lo

fUnd cons1st1Rg sup_.

(3) 'tte Public .o~~~dmi,I\i~~~-:

t10nand the Works Progress Adm.lnistr4tionj (4) the Fuel and '
.

Vehicle Taxes_
the private

I,

It is assumed that f1nanc~al reorganizati9~ ~t

.

'.'

I,'

companies will enable th~

""

At the present

.. ' ,

to makethe required outlay_

I!

v'

I'.,

','

time Chicago is! experIencing ditt1cUlti~8

1n the real1zat1op. ot thi.

struct10n will start

'

prog~....

~tappear.'

in the near tut~e_

that eu~~

.eon-,:

The Cit~ has applied

, -I

to the Federal Gover-nmentfor a PowoA

'

a loan trom thesame source 01' $27,000

been stipulated

grant of .22,5~~OOO and

boo;

of thi.

amount, it has

that $,31,000,000 Will1ro toward subway

,
'.
h "':thiJ'! "T;action Fund" has not
.
6 It has been ,questioned whet,er 'th~! ears ofraanei.l
.tre8S
been materially depleted during
~,y
to M. or ][elly, thIs .
'whieh Chijago has undergone; A.p~CO
COlDP;'hen.IveTranais not 800
See .'lorK.llt
21 ~
-,g'
,
.portat1en Slet ~
t1Ui CItl 2- .. lica o. p. '.
.

.t~~.

. -

, I:
i'

I',

II

.,

l"

!
"

I .

\;

, ,I

l:,

;:

~.

t.

".-~i

t~7, . ~

Recan~~,.,meabe>:.e
o!:~.

autbori1ek
tqe .~1neer~

~o made th. ~~~,

subway ~y.teDl.

,Asjthe t.~

t
~I:' i .....
,'it'\
o1J8

It i. be11e:ved1,tbat~.~Ilan

conatrud\t1on.7

~,'

,"

" ..i ~t~"'~

"

'114 '

"

.
'11'b~:,/
WI.&,

'Jl~~~"~

"O.~~~t.:':~~t*.

~~t'~.,~~Jo~~;~~Ji~.:"'4"'M1

.d

that, cO~8truction -begin o~ ,orr'tt~~~111~"+'~1'1I~~~a'h~-:l:"

b'~~'-)"

probabl~ that C~cagio will be diggl 'a~b.~ __

;>.cblf" the
ot. 19S8.'
,
I
I'
,
~e attempt to aohieve the .-9, eI'B~~~'t~<{)Jl'
P~~~_l'a !~d
"

,.,:.~+,.

to the p~ vate compania. 1a meating ~ thl~.J:."e._,~

time, t~e City of Ch~cagohas refuler
pe~lodt~e

franChise,ot

to. r~neJf.ror,,~~.L
:;t~q.,r\li,L ',i

the !ocal IUftace lin

ran out recently

after

! .,

I;,,,

to be overcomeI and a\comp1e~e,ev:1uation ot

1s the r~r8t obstacle

mu.at be made before this, ian, be :aecomPli.he~.- :Aeeord-

1ng to later

inrorma~ion, this revalrt'lon~il

local traction
,

aeveral, temporary' e~ten.i~na~1 ~M.ticatd-.)n

'

properti~s

!b1.\tr~~.a

"

experts in the near ~ture.

,

to"be UD.df.rt.k~D b,.

There ar~

i'

l"

man,.

.0

complex1~ies involved in dealing Wit~ priv~te\companie., which are,

in recei~ersh1p

t~t

delays are boun~to o~cur.

I

Howeyer, itap-'

'

pears th~t the City i,s' determined to \bring iabout thi~,~:C?~re~en:,t

I

81~e plan.

Delays ma, be expected but it ~oes .~~

1""1

trt'

~-

m:~~~gO

1a on the way to an apju. tment.ot: he'; t~an+orta tlo~d~,~t:t,: ~i...

7 "T~sl

-,

8 Ibid.,

-,

9 ' Ibid.,

Iv
t Jouma!!.!.!!

II (V_,.
,p
. 151.
- ' '21
" 19'138),
,
,

(July 9, 1938), p. 21Q.

, II

(August 20, i 1938), p. 272. \

..

.'~j
,

. 1

.sanrnn400. . '."
'O"\';ti~

i'he 0:0 tel' e~1,.O,t to'O,,~.i~~ ~n~~., ii.,

01;"UI1'11 t~1.o~i'
Aii8ei~o,l,.o'b'e~k:J, ~:

.Fr'ano ileo',

'.:

.'

",.L.Il

'-.

,(-j'.

~Jt~.,',
t'
.:eJ.O'r
'f'

.'

11. $~.
'
'.,

".:(,

to solve the1~ .trans~ortat"1'on proble~. N~roua ~~opo

.
I., l' .\
1 ,," '.
__ ' ".
been made and: aubm1tte'd. During the ~ast~ year there hkTebJen
'll'

.;

two important: developments which ind~cat~' trends. ~

-,I

(',

' !,~~'"

,
I '
"ae, an important surrey undertak~n thrOllgD.the

,!

The f~rat

;,

I,

;,"\.-, .

use of P. W. A. funds to the am6unt olf'.ilaj~oOd:f plu:i1 .Itdntf~1.bti-'

tlon from the city andcount,y of san~ranOi'Co" of ~.20~bOO~~
'1hf. '
,
.
.' '
,
" i,
A "
..
SWMof$160,000 was ~sed to engage th~ services of Dr. Miller

.e

I'.

Clintock ae consulting

engineer,

of making a ,thorough traffic

,

"',

'

'

aDd ~o pay the addlt'ional coats

survey o~ that reg1ori.10
' ":

:,.

.,

'r ' '.

",

Recommendations or this<survey ! were that '64.61 'mlles of,

11m1
ted .a,.s

11

'

.,'

should
be constructed., I ,Of this total
,

IIl1lea, cons truction

Wouldc'onsi:8t of:

Eleva ted Limited way8

Lim1ted ways a~ Grade
Depressed Limited ways "'3.

.~l,

cost of these'~~im.1te4way~wou:J.d
o,ometo~,,'26,120,
.

000.

~2~'
29.

Tunnel
The total

'

-\

I;"

''

They would be so constru~ted as I to' distribute'

over a oity-wide

the mileage

basis rather than c~~;rerge,on r~dial.,lin~s

the cepter of the blI$1ness co_unity,

decentralization

number or

I thus cp~~ri~t1ng IcDOre

to

mov ment thail, to ctntrallzatiO~.r

.

~o ,

!'

10 Killer KcClintoc
TrafficSurvell!2.!:
2!. sa. Franc1sCQ (1931), p~aslDi.:

"
..

t.he Citl a~ Countt

'

t1 , The terms, limited,

,',

~.

.
high~a,.. motor.ays are used
ways, :~P~~is paper' t;o designateexprea~
, interchangeably thrCllgh1ll1luttion
lof in$,.,>rsectiona,
~g~J'a.,.
with the cpmplete.~,:1;t bUle~ 'r' d"private automobile
ipark1ng, arid all traffiC excep
!

"

I,

<

,-("

, , . I!

,1 '

:I.

";'

11;;tl"

This aun "1 haa oeeaalon"d

:'cont'r:;;l'lI~ Therepor'

scientltic
Pi~ce ot>w~ik:~'d :~~l"" t,,,J' , '
,
, ~ an lI, .rk a yaluable cont,x-ibutionJto lmowledg~ ot ~e
sit til~'t*I~

~"~iJI~'r:.
ua on n"..Su
Francisco.
'!he reeODD.endatlon;sem~dle~'f;~t~h,Jlr~~r{ 'd\~;;rg. :
1~ a partIcularly

~t~iit~

'

trom ~he traditional

and perhaps are too much of

understanding

',,-.,,

''C"

proposals 'tor sUbwarsand eleYat~d l~ei~

an

inno~atiC)D"tobe- ~:C~Pt.d \~r1th

"M

at this ,time.
,

More controversy was engendered, hbwever, by the proposal,

., I .

",(

(..."

sponsored by Mayor R()ssl to build a sUbwayunder .arket

This proposal was voted upon in the tall
asked to sanction

street.

ot 1937.

a bond 1s8ue,ot 9,000,000,

80

that ~uch a

','

rapid transit

facility

proposal was deteated

..

12

could
ow~

be constructed by the' city"

This

to,oPPo8ition ot the Market Street

:,'

Railway Company.
Mat,or Rossi, in his annual mess.ge, j1nsisted that the aqb~
it

wayand
feeder bus line proposal rejected qythe
i
most etrective

the

and permanent' solution or' the locai transit 's1atea

I
d;,.;'.
He alao aaked;for unification ot the two local
o

~.

systems', and
,
I

vot,rsis

'\

comprehensive tran8it

13

.-

~:t::..1

".

~I

P~1ln be worked out by

en~ln.ers.

S~rtly

thereafter,

he appointed a citizen'8

cOmm1t~.eot

';'"

i
150
local bUsiness leaders ,to make a six months,' survey ot the
-

'

priblea
~
12,I

,i

~t rapid transit

by means of IUbwa1~.14

In,

,~1

or

th1a

'.
,. ,',."
I:
in Tranl1t\ J~rna1
S., Annua1'.essage
of ~MayorRossi
_ !!!!, ,
II (January 29, 1938), p. 38.,

13 !cl!_.\

>',

14:'~~sltJournal:'Nen,

II

(Kay 28, 193~H, p. 172.

:ror 1t io

roported

that thb

group wa. 0o+.1dor11!gt!l8

111:r ot e~n.t ru ~t1ng a .hort ,ubwa,.,l~o otl:;~~'~

stteat 1n tho downtoWrlare and t1rl~e1llg ~;;i;;~.t
I

"'~'

t~OUgh tho u.e otth.

Since

that

main consideration

in,.':~:~~~
'\'?';15

tho P.~.A~

of the su~.ay has not been the

of those., interested

i~ t#e transportation

bl~D1of San Francisco.

an increase

,'!

'

Ra~lway to sevencerits.

of fare
'

'

Railroad.
't:,

o~the

M8rketStr;et

,II

"

:'~>

},\;i!'{

This, fac~ 1mmediat4it/lyst1.mUlated the

;

movement Which Sdught to purchase

might be consolidated

this

'

~t~

ltnel ~or the city.

,I ,

_:

the Market ~treet

'1'huaI

t~eMun.t~lpal
!

SamuelKahn,Presldent\of

Railwa,..

;;

~ail.a,.,

j,

offered

to

, !

rec~mme'nd'to hi

tockholder8tnat

fori the sum of $12#000,000."

,

to 11 for
'i

this

iot~r.

figure
"

.net1'on it.

Citr ,ShO~1d vote

th~1propo.al

th~ 11ne J)e sold to the cit,.

16
This proposali of the local
I

'!.

"',!

by! the city

19:5f,

for a.$24~'80.000 bob.! 1raUe.Jre

~;

,th; tund. to b. u.ed tt ..adern1..

lines.

All

mas,s

tr,nsportl~tion

on

fr"", tb1a
The

tho plant "'::"

wiilbe

~ed

1nt~ a single
fers

that the

Ra,-lwar.

equipment of :both

the

at al ipecialelec,tlon

iSsUe
are. to be used to ~Durchase
,the 'arketStreet
I
';

balfeeot

it

The Bo",rd 01' ,SUprrY1a1cir0 ~ered

on SepteDlb~r 27,',

line'

'

Is to be accepted

system with a maximum f~,ve cent far universal

17
,
'-,"
i
Ii
and feeder busser,vlceln
tij,e outlying areas .',
1

15 ITranatt

!!.!.!!,

II

<March; 19, 1938) I

<J;uWst

13, 1938), p. 264.

iTb1d 'lkgust

1f1, p.' 285.

20, 193"j!!"/:

16 '~.
17'

Jop.rnal

<

&;~~~:'~t
~;'.''''''

,1

p1'O-

"

In Mal, 1938, theC~liforni.

Commission authorized

the line

1:: ;~~~~k~

8rant and loan proo~:r~*ot

time the matter

a101-

I.

.,p.

'1.'

~.,~;.-:

f.ee

transportation.
, DetrOit.

j,'

'

The Cit,. of Detroit

solved its
Detroit
,tion

i. considered to have .UGo .lUll,7 E

18
problem.
ConseqUently, the exp.rl'.l1o.,of!"

transit

is of parti~lar

interest

problem of Los Angeles.

tq students

'Furtheri!ere,

of the transporta-

Det~Git 'i8' a{JIl11as-"o"J,,_

Los Angeles in that

and in that

t~

population

of both cities

area of the city

Detroit

is largely

has no sUbways or elevated

y~t no motorways.
face transportation,
I,

It has confined it.

.idely~.cattered.
railway8; 'it has as

solution

and has brOUght' this

,

ls:~Peasonably clos.,

to lQcalaUr-

solutioA~.bout

by

p~oviding "one o~ the best-equipped~d

most effici.nt
transit
,
19
~ ','
1~8tema of the country."
The average ,fare. throughOut the
'uJ1ted states
aJerage 'fare

is 8even and se:ven-e1gbths,cents;

is

six and a ,quarter

81!dered h1gherthan'

cents.

the prevaiUi'lg age

,i

ibDetroit~th.

Wagerates are con.l.

in other. c1t1'eS~, In!.

'

sp~te of lkge
:

taJCea of over .800,000~for the year or 1932,. there

'
20

.:[:o:::::~::U:::a::::::::~:::r:~~~~:b::~
18Blan~hard,
Ib1d.,
.19',' --i
20

~.

p. 121

ill.,

p. ,120.

','o's"t' t~o million

dollars.

1 '~l'
\""~"
'.~'
t"i
'1ncr,ea,se in wage rat
. >,t.
21 h."
"
es waa ,~i~e!1
to the amount ot ~68 000
.
~ 'ii'
Fare st1'\1'cture on
'>

111_

at
t employees

,,\

el~teen

of the coach linea

pa~d for
i

sPrte

~t

fiscal

year

waa redu~ed to f~ve cents.

were again: o~er $800,000:

Taxes
And in

of heavy outlays for equi~.nt

there resulted
I
t as 0 f,.....
accoun
"wne 30 , In'.'/)7 J Of.5,O~~180.57
.22

a surp1uII

Hew equipment

of both .urfaci

be,n added materially.

During the y~ar 1937 J '1'i YI hUndred' aotor

~.

coaches of the

!:eara &lid mot01" coaches' has

il

type 'wer~ added 'to the' serVice"Aa

'
';
,
of June 30, 193'1, the average age of ,the 1,020 mtor coacMs 'was '~

2 y~ars

25';p~ssenger

and 3 months.

".

Between ,the. ye~rs of 1934 and 1937 motor

23
coaches increased

from 502 to 1,~O.

'rhus it, can be seen thatD,etrot

-f

t is Rot onli 'operating

;.

a sound, financial
pay higher

basis,

but also' that

wagea and maintain

The reaaon

behind

ttM city

on )
;

has been 'able: to

and ,expand modern equipment.

the suce.a~tul

operation

or t~

Detroit

transportation
o~.rahip

aYlt~m 1s attr1buted
to the fact ot'mun1cipa1
"
24
and operation
of all' f.cilit!'es.
'All trolley
11n~

.er~ acqulre.d

by the c1 ty in 1925f'fe~ 'a~coat: of' .5,OOO,OOO~ 'Sinc.'

in givl~

_ffitcle~t

s ."fee wti.er'.v.r

;.*'"" '

',IiIL~',,'"

The admintatration

of thllt" .1U1e1~al-!ent.~r!:.Y;;~ba_l(b.'!r.m'--..r
RalrWaya, C11oh1:.~j~~e'.d" 'h-~.J~ ~.

a Departm$nt or street

r-

'"",

.'Ai,

'''',wv,. ~.'_

'001'3

sioners 'appoirited by' the Mayor. A genera~!manager 1a g1ven

(

complet~ respon8ib111 ty for executive ad.m1k1at:rat1on.

'1'Oronto

One other c1ty canl be mentioned

ful solution

of tr.nsp<irtation

&8

eXeaiplit.tllgt(.uco s_

d1fficUlties,

and tina,'success

has, lik8 Detroit' 1!J /been obta 1ned through JIlU'nlelp*li' om.raMp
25
"
, '.
and operation.
/ The c1ty, ~oI'()nto, w1th a poPula't'1on'a1m.o.,t
i

-;;;

the same as th,at of San Francisco, haa provided adequate mod.rn

transportation

to its

1nhab1tants' for some time pas,t! '

In' 1921 the ci.tJ't:p~rchaled the local uni~tt'fo-~~d!le'

'sum

.oM J "

Qtl~.l~,'OOO,OOO and since that time has spent, up t0193d,

,
. .
000,000 1n modernizat1on and .xtenslpns.

.35,

'

"

'

"

The averag.fare

1935 was, six and one-s1xth center th~ 1931 surplU8 was $13,
26

605.

1n

t
thr+
,
tOll' 0.....

Ii,

are uaed.1de17

~eQ1t7

importanti bus route is equIpped

,29

latest-type

bus

"

~~~~:,

aa,,:.v:l,'l.~:au; ~

, n,

.: .
I'

c.'"

Fr~m the foregoIng InfoI'mat~on it

1'U
'

of the gr~at
c1tI~8 of." the nat
!

:1

'b-

\..

. 1 ,r' ,1;'

",'B1eenthat two
\
San Francisco
"--~~~"'hIv~
~1".'
,
~
v, cago,

I
,

t~,

t~'

"
<,
I,

Pl'(]~
10D

'.,

till: truggling with th~

0;( Proi1d i~ ...t~.'. ~."..~Y~.'.'
mass tran8portat10n fitted to tJ:le eedB
of their clt,.~ ',:~t ,
,
.

S1m1Iar,1yto Los Angeles, large a

are ,being ,ap~nt''~dl~;.,

.!

been spent 1n the attempt to .aolYe jthe

P1bl.m~

has as yet a new program in operatibn~

i

N~lthe~oft1

,w~

On the other: hand, Detro1t and Tor<fto are examples ot

two cities

which hs!vie~~arent).J' falmd a s~lution 'to th.ir

..

transportation

problems, and today

kre
..
I

transp,ortation

on a sound financial\ ba8i.~

.'

idlng .scellent

In ileitlier ot the

i
Ii,

latter

,cities

(~

transit
. <,

" i.

'~

by means ofaubwaya or elevated,rar.

linea.

.lng of modernized b1;1sesand surf~~e: cara t

progress,

,".

',.""

.'i

~.

rapId
'"-i", ,

,'J

J;;.

'

Thetlnanc-

ough Dairiici'pai ~wn.r-

)Ship has been" the means by wh1chJihes'e two cities

their

..,

baa the solution ,beenlfaund n so-called

mad, .'

'have"

'.

~.'

and possibly ,sani~raricisco:is to: enter that,

field -'in the near ru~e.

,In thI'~~'i"Ofthe I' cities

, . use ot buses on a la;ge scale ia~aJt

mentton.d~ the

of -t~e functioning pro:

gram.'or of' the coO:templatedprogram; as inl Chicago.

.

I'

.~;

The Current

,!

Aa this
in

29

\,

r~i

t survel"x
.

>,

paper is bei,n&..,ritt n, ~there

";,

L08: .4D~-el~~th~ moatamb,itiRUB t

S1~,~e.thAnn~al Rep~rt,-~.,ci

t;l,

t~

i~e~g '~,,:r,~,.ken

aP'sporta1;io~~'~~"~~"Diad:. u~

to this

time.

to bring abou~

mass transportation

modern inveat1g~tlon ot'th~

problem.

The Los ~elel

Business 'District

It~

of o~v~~!,~7e~r~ pt: .,~fo,j,~,

It ,is the result

downtowninterests

n~',

Traffic

All

c1.~lon_ a~ the Central

~

I \(

-1

~ '

'

,
"1\

j-

with 11'. Donald

Asso~1ation, in dQ~ction

Bsker, were conocious ot the Valusdle ~l?I?~r~'16~~tt;~Ul'f'

fund. through tho Works Progre At1nis1iFst;pn.

"

,~p~1}6ktF

"

report of 1933 was made tor the eXPfess p~;rR~I'jR~ ,x~e~,~~~~ I

the securing

of such funds, but tha~ a~t_p.~ ta11"~.S;J1ce

that time, efforts

have been .madethrougn the coopera~ion ot

-

city off1cia1s

31

to secure a work pro~ect fro~.~sh~ton~

,

. ,.;en

1937, 1t was evident that the F.der~l Government'w~s w1ll1ns to

I

supply funds necessary for labor a~ supplies,

tional

~tlthat

a4d~~

funds would be needed

to cover
the expenses'
ot ,the
.
I,
".
I

engineers who would d1rect the sun.,. ~' In' ,)(a1 ot. ~~t
!

.'

1.ar,
,

Mr. Lloyd Aldrich had wr1tte:n(to th, Ci~7\counc11 ,.k1ng.t~t

thlsbody

appropriate
.

'

'.

$20,000' tor t~e P~~%lt of 8u~'.8 .la~le.,.

'

I',

,!

,',

"I

as it was e,xpected that

.

'

the FedeJ;'ai:liG01er,:~t?~t ".~ld)~iPp,!J'!;

'.

3~!

'\

..

$90,000 ,-to .cover other .xpen~. .~. Ci~1 Counc11aubs.CD1en~11

:

',. turned Jh1s proposal

. .

dOwn~s~ the to1~~~~~:.m~

rt.

;l.~oci.-

ticn an~ the C,entral llUo1nfo ~)1~trtr't,.~sPI'~~~~l~n P~C~.d~J

I

"

~.

3q

Inte~lew

with'lIr.

31 Loa ,bgeleS

Tr;tt1c

,>

.~o

" .

' .. "~-F,tq."'1

'

,
p.

'

_'_---

D~~ld.~~.rjl(o~t(?,
r;i'~8.}.:,~:
iasoo1at1on,! Annua

,Report (19:57), PP. 5-6.

LlOrd'A~~,i~7',
'0, ~f1
..~1~~ee~ .t(~9i~~~::.,~.
~.~ t,l'oit
C," t,.,.r.
COUDq11" . ,,..
11._
.~~ 11't~ef, ~~1i,et,up'~1'~e4tP
,.~
a!l'~!{~f=~~lr:~

32' Lett~~

w~'.

~!P~,

'I ".-

.~8ke~:th~\~1t~. ql~f&A;PP, ,.p.' .~ t~,.,,,

,~r,;ot': t;oe, !~~")J~*4'!!.I

_~tMLC)

, ~!M
~,:.'i;, ':' ,

'. ~

.t'I:1'f.",

_,

,~~

::'

',(1,

>

.. "

"

tb se~~e

.e~, ~t ,till

f'ulld.' frP. the; ~l1nfsa

the salary

area.

,49,"'JtoWll ..

f',

,}f?l~

i'!t

. -

.~,

.'

'",
~'J.'
>

",~~i.~,

OnAugust 10, 1938, the, Work's.Pl'ogr"!'.~~.~1~1~,l'at10~!h~

ot Los Angele~ received

off1c1als
"

s~x month's

surve,.

ot traftlc'

. '*''''

for

labor

requested--amountlng

cost

3.'1

'

by th~ downtown busihess

35
$~,284 available.

City,

~s

W.t.

A. will

A local

supply

englneerlng

to supervise

',:

',...,

plU8tli~F' $20,000
:

'110

ot

01' He~York

theinveatigation.

i'

t:a,

',lbe

the la'bo,r ~vo:l,.ve~.

)lr. LlO'1dAl,dri,c~, "

Chief Eng:ineer' of the Board ot Pub-

and Mr.'DQnald.Baker,:

working 1n conjunction

sW'voy.

hoard, 'consl'stl~ot
",

not ,as ~ch ,as,

and web8t~r,

lic Utilities,

'

the man power to;r all

City Englneex:~ KajorBean,

local syate - ~'

8~'
'I

f,

.tor t.Qe ~_

men, made atot,al

firm otston~

been selected

,r

If

,,'

iThis
~.

contributed

The engineering

~.

and supp~le8 ~s

to $68,284.

.. "',

ana t:ranspprtatlon

pose ot, recommending needed c~gOS:in

sum aJ-loted

t9 ,Q9nd:uC'

author1zat~on

r,

withthe'N"w

~onsulting

enginee~,

1 rk eJ1S1neersmak1ng
0

Jlr. Llo'1d ,~1(h1ich is tho "*i,~

is
t~

ot ,t~1s transl?,o,':l~t

,.

ii

ji
tae~ i.te!a.~a.:

In addition'toth1.:~~~'iin,~,~
c1t1zen

'I

comm1tte.

whose member. ~re being appoInted b7

...Aaaoola:.,.l,n..
.",.,., "" ( i;,l,.O-"

)he''-

t
I
t th C 1 'rl.._
Mowder, 0
e en"ra. Dal1nesaD1 itrlet
thisi
.'..~,
';
i-" 1. .,\. ~ \,*it'~ti{ ;..~ ~.
'~'
.
I _l
.
comm1ttee are .en who represent
ee~tain ~t1jlng
cOmmQn1tI
,

a.

men.'

weU as downt,own businels

\

effective

The ~ction

B. G.W~n~,

t.

".

or
;.

"

relative

o'p~ration8

The investigation
, .

~6

01',

plan '

However, these; companl..

fha eXfentot

.uppl,.1~g data

t'he1rj11nes ~

1e expecte~
to occupy nine or ten
.
i

montha and should

t4e

h;ave been mad~tow.~, ~li;l.

v.ur-

rail~ysi.

wifh the survay~to

thI";,;c1tIz.n'~

,.

are cooperating

"4

r~,~

"

contr1butio.na

of t~e local

to the

.Jt; lc!ent

01'

,{

,th~ reeommendatlona\ have been made.

No tinancia~
vey by e1ther

"i ~

of th~8 g~OUp wi! 1 b. tODUlke

" ,

after

\.r.

~l.l_

't,'

of &1110ck'a Depar~lIent Store

cODlD1
ttee.

I
I

be ready for pUblication

in Aprllor

,.

"f

19~9.
The scope ot the survey '1'a tq>be' very wide .', It

iato

cover traftic
'will

avail

conditions
it.eltOt

~g.ncie8which

all

in theentlre
aetropolitan
,area.
,It
.
-'
!
the dat.a~8'.bled
by all. the various
~

have been ciose~o

t~e problem durlngthe

paat

t.wyea::r~.
1.

In bri~t"

the .pro.1e,~tp~op08e. t<:>;

Study. t~ rIding ba~~t.

transporta~10ntacl1itie~.

Jt the prea~nt uae:r,8 01' all

I

2.

Study the developllent,. ~t: \t.rend8 . and t~~.t~81~e~erm1n1ngand contrJ,but1ng ;0 these riding
8.
'!",

'

i ,

As to what the SUry.y ~ight

to

8 ta

end,
it
la not noaslble'
c~'
're, .~,; ~'~j"'"'!"'~1~"I"

"~'_~

te at this

time .J(r.

Mowd.r

However. ~t l'P~~1.ble

and breadth of t~

The attempt

'

of ~.tional
man1,

proport!on.

tg

~~t~.

.: ';

(Ii \:;,

'

IC~*
'k{"'~f_\~::l.~';;**~.",." '

ate t~~crL~e.~.~.t.rl!.
.',"'"

that 'the oity

~'M~~
bririg ;+P.i!.si~;Z~~"

. et~t'll1ton,

to solve tr~8po

#>'","1:'

;.

t~:~U1J,!rlili'

reconmended for suburban tra m,~-1nlrq,r

from t~e lellith

'

'i)!"

"\

tfansortation

38

could afford.

'i'e:,;;."'/

di;~ ,1,.

would be advised' to bUild the best

.~

h,\-

a~,a.

ditt:iC?u+~i'l i!,c;>n~t",
,A

"'~'

t. /--,,;,

t'

'l,'

f;>''l~!i

,~!;;ijSc,

i;

'l.,.
"'!iF),.

,"(f,~_"

80m. f.w elt1e.,,~av, foUnd solurionS,l ..

includ1n;Lo8 ~~ele~i

are>:8ti[1 efPt~.rir: t~" ~.*~~ati~q~

e.,

~~r'.~t;.~n.p,tp~.
T\lq;~'lMll'4~

Current adt1vitt
',a. all vetod~".

llrow:,v'r

. 1~ was 8QDl.

t!~nt1h~e.~~
1etl\rl,<~'~o~
,

:.

,I

371

'~.

38

'Mr. M()Wder,~.

I
I

,I

Ti'afri~A.todi~~1J~:Pi.
~..p;

~:~e~..

clt."

'"I."'cd_i'
'c"

""?''''~~Ift,?r

"i'/""

,,;'Ji""'iJ"

'7:

Ie'""

~t.til;l:

1ilg upon the lurvey,

39 Th.~'~O,8, ele8 s
'tithe ','ya,;,;lf f;c ~he;,;r!'~IDl'
l!\\!~et'2tt"";"~
~'~"ijir~ti";o'r
~,', "~!i%ll~.Wt;~tli14t'lf)nt}'~;dR"~,'~a
jiir,
..!.'~.1i'
"to'r
"
",' ,s' AnDel ei It
jUgu8 t 10,"
a 1.8 ,. ,.I' o\,i.I.:" J~,
0
~~8
'I
'
,
'[,Y,''''

~~,~.~

'

,),C"

';'Tl":';'

me

,i11i/'1Jl

'\

,"~!,"i,:'~i' '

~'I

'I

CHJ.PJJER

VIII'

I,

. ,1'r

I.

:~'~$1"

hlJ

fJ! :~';.

,i
CONCLUS~ONS
i

11"lla<\equate end. 1'14. r.

!
I

In 1910 the problem of piOV1

c'.

for Loa Angeles, was ~ )othersome' one.

transportation

T1rent1~-J

j-

eight years later it was still ~res~nt. Grown more acute, m~~e
:
complex, more dis.iturbingto wider 8~ements of thecitr ,pGpllation, the problem in 1938 remains a imajor'unsol,ved.;
DIlnlcl.pal~
I

difficulty.
huma~ effort ~d money have been exp~~ed

Considerable

i,

"

during this long period ~f timebyai

variety of inter'e,tswho'

'

have sought to find aSOtution.,' propolals of alJnostevery type

I
I

,.'

ii"

'

have been set forth and ret little h~s actually been'aocomplished
in prOViding the citizens with modern mass transportation.

The

bulk of surface equipment utilized bf the people fO'rtheil'local

.

transportation'needs

re~ains outmodef; the~e is no,comprehensive

,

'

modernized bus ,.ystem to meet the ne;d8 of!the day; SUbways or

~

elevated rail lines are confined to ~n

are~ of such an extent .
,
as to be negligible; no superways pr~Vidin~ rapid faoilities for

'

'

ei~her private or mass motor t~anspo~tation have as 1e~ bee~

bu~lt.
,

Traffic congestion and Inad.~uateUIiitsltlfle

I

"

free- ',

flfwing transportation.

It can Qe S~i~ t~t

actual ,achievement

lags far behind 'efforts made to findiasolJtion.-

HQwever, even though the prob~em retina uns~~v~d; ~'t,

~8t

I,!

not~be tioug'ht that there are not certain

~ht~h~ave'ari.en
i

','

I!

~.,

"

4ompensating:tactora

~h'i8 situa.tion,. The\ years ot research in

trom ~
\

'

tbi~ field

have naturaliy

claritied

ithe<ptcttt~e
1

pre's! forward

at

.0,that tb6 who'

'

this

time in searc~ of the pro;-.er .':"'.'if~ i~:"

,y
__ er .u.ave a
' firm foundation upon which to ProC.J,d. Int~ 11i ' "t I.
'1'
v,
e'
gen
'1nve.tllgationa'
i
'
of the past will, simplity the work o~ the ~ture.
i

i-

Los Angeles.is

now in a ~O.itron
,

various

st.tea

programa

carried

to .urvey

the ett.ct.

,'\

I'

large

'

citi ot the United

I~

'!

":.:

of the' aucc~lS.e. and failure.

,

~.

I'

.. 1

have made an atteml't

ot

out in'qthe~

A cons Idera tion

eltiehicb

'1~ ~''9'\,

"','

of tho.e'
I,~

" :ti?j

l'

';'

to! oarry out a progr~~ .ill

immeas-&~ablyaid L<>sAngel.ea wh~mheir plana are ready to be acted

.I
,

In Chicago,

Mayor Kelly recen~ly

spent to rebuild

the elevated

be used as eleva~ed

asked that

rail

mot'orway~.l

facilities

so thatthe~

Th~;iOld routes
,

."

At least,

to be built,

aspect of the problem.

they may be built

wherever t~~

and alpng the route~d.emed

most . ,expedient
i, '.

Some authorities

believe, that ~jthe use o'f the.ubway tend.

,
i
rather than t~ lessen it.
~is 'has 1~,een
:

to increase

congestion

,the experience

of, cit~es

~'"

such as:'Ne. iYOrka!1d p~ilad~lphia.

II thll 11 true. then Lo. Angel/l.1. fortunate .t~t

. have not been burdened with. thill: que8rio~ble

af{ '. o,nntc.g~ ( .

,

1 Mayor Ke
l?~:r he ~
2

Lo.

'i,,!

need arises

alr~ady construc-

-h

Angeles does not have \1'tobot!ler':w1 th ;that

If superways are

could'

tad MUst be remodel6d to serve a newlpurpose.

"-

funds be

!.

OJ

"

Plan for!.

the' ~1t1n

lIolution.

, ",

cOm reh~n lve Transportation

,;p.

"r

Slllt~

sCirc1e of Transit,
( :
Panie1 L. Turner,
nls Congel.tion"-,
There a Vici latlona1
Mun12ipal Re.i _ ,'
petvelopment
'and .Cit,.
;;;.;,;;;;.
~'(Jtme,
'1921), .PP~,321-326.
'\
,
;'} ..

\
I

__ 1.

'\

:.'\"

I
,

'The conclualonr-:may then be

.tatilfthat the'ibDg 7.'''~

notloe.
le 'ac~levement, !wnl1e tot'b~','

~f oon.tant effortwlthout

regretted, have brought a rew c~mp

naat16ris. LOa Ang~le.'la ':'.

I

"

~etter fltted to proceed

tnan hereto'fore~'

I
f
I

Even though Los Angeles' 1s l~a mdre advantageous 'po,itlon to make progreas in the field
~inanc iIig of a program i.

I,

~S8

".

tranBportatlon~ the

of paramo t 1Dlportanc..

Th8 .xperience
\..

qf other cities, as well as that of Los Arigeles,has

been that
.j
.
,.
.
it is futile to consider private ca ital, as a source for. the
I '
J

The last occasion in which private capital

ip.itia ted a program for the solutio
I

.~gele8
,
,I

I'
of the problem 10' Los

was in 192~ when eX-Sen~tor MacAdoo and his eastern

a,sociatel!.were willing to inv,st t

.

million dollars in their

c ty-wide bus scheme.

Since that

of f~ds
I

e has been In suoh a weak finanei 1 condiltion'tbB,tit ha. on

-no occa! 10n voluntarily

proMoted ~r' new plan.' 'Ohlratter oon-

ti~ued prodding has 'iti been ~~~sible to'get this corPo~.tfonto

funds tor ne. andm.odern 'equiment':'-andthls exPansion'
been on a minor scale.
'1
1 n'()tavailable for a moderhlzed proIt priva~e capitals
i,
then another~ource
'lovolviag 'as it,does enonnoua
s.,

o't the dr.at1

Because
"

.~

Federal
'!:

Chapter III.
:' '\.1'
J

.\

I
OJ

change 1m natfonaIipolic1,
.,

\'

1") '~'';

I",,;

dur1ng thei'p.s~'

'

, fewye~ra , it
on a grant

is ~o88ible

to as's

that

and lo~n baais

"

SO~ce~' Thi.' new 'conditton

changes the complexIon of the enti

a most 'serious
the lead

obstacle

in solving

e problem, as it

to achieveinent.

ource of funds and arel planning

Those who have :t~k$h'

r~pa~ent

accordingly.

to the national

that

the principle

community taxpayers,

ofdtvislon

'-:
and ,thoe e,property

5!'

!
i_I

rights-of-way

will

t~1a.'new

,;) ,

bfcost

._,

gb~ermn~nt,. it, 1a

~ikely

.11~n.te.

the: 100al problem--bave recognized

"

As regards

-funds c";~'e~:s'e,C;~PM,

amongrldera,

,
"
'ownersad'acentto
'

i If the proportion

be adhered to.

:the'I

of oost

~lloted

to the asse8sment

dietrfct:is

not considered

"I'

~y the property

owners composing tqe districti

~hls method of securing

will
meet eerious
I

it

1. likel,.

revenue to !repa,. the Federal

6

eqUitable'
that

Government

resistance.'

Conflict2!

Ii
"

Apparently,

Iriterests

Los Angele~, by postponing

sol ved 'the probl;m

of financta,l'

diff~culties.'

actlonhas

In part

Howev,r, ,there
'I

'still

remains

who strive
-

th~ grave difficulty,

for different
.

solutions'
.
,.",

to adjuat

the differences

essentlal

problem aa centralization

,5
6

The prlnciple

to the problem.

which exist

4:' Donaid Baker,

. p. 83.

of reconciling

Is it 'possible

between those who see the

,and t*ose who see the need, _

I

A Rapid Transit

those intereats

'

sy~tem for Los Angelea (1~3,3),

I

established

ilf. the !Kelker, De Leuw report

of 1926.

Cha te'r IV
The past opp;lsition' to special aS8e ''

.
If
the
burden
ot')'co.t
ts has be~n very 8 tr ng. . ,d .,ed' ,
, pl!lc~d on this group 1s too grea~ the ~esi8tance .engen er
ma~,~ake~th~ proposal inetfectiV1
"
!'
i
S

UPi&"
men
~!dl'.tricP
.

,'I

..

!,
j

ot a'd;:":Jtralization solution?

1
Thl
' '.
1 190
e extremel,. lmportant.que. ~ :,

tion :to b

J " ,,'

~J

answered is for who

carried out?
,of co

'

"

se. ~neflt.hould

''''a

'..

solu'tlon b.

~hould it be in the lintereits ot that larg~~bOd1

rcial men who see the absdlute necessity of a~chorl~

'.'
the downtown district if they ar~ [to maintain the!'r ceritral '
I

lbuslness interests? .To hold thei~ Pos'ition in r~t'a"1ltraae '

I

the downtown merchant muatf1nd

a ~a,. to facilitate traffic

"

to that area.

I .

Tomaintain and enhahce real eatateCv;lues ~n

1

ever-increasing

concentration ~f PPpulation ~t

occur within

!,

that 'limited area; the district mu~t be mad~ easil,. ~cce.sible

to the mass of ,people who live in the outlying areas of the
I'

community.

If such a solution to ~he problem of mass transpori

,."

tation is not soon forthcoming" th~n the process ot deoentra"'1

;.

liz~fion will work havoc upon the 'financial interests otth1s

'

g~up.

,consequ~tlY,'

such a solution.
illengineered

"

'\

they ~ave be,n partiCUlarlY" i~terested in

The pres~~t.go,4o

survey which 1s under way

7
1n large part bY'theJe interests.
It from" the..,

,~urrent survey a plan i~-made :e'~f.~tive,then it w1il" be' e;ident'

"

Ii

that the aolu'tl~~ will beone,l,.rgdi,. favorable to 'the doWntown

>"

-,lnteres'ta.

"

\""

,,~, .;: ....

'

"

On the other hand, 1{ llae: b~,;n ~8ked 'it 'the':

wider 1nter~8ts)
of the 'ca.mi t,.as a-nole

0_1

!i
:

ty

ka'~~a,~~t~'S:
th~ld't~~lnr~~.~t:of~~.

~lannerl Ind ~bjl. t l"d~~..,;indMd;'ll}"~ek1~

.'.

w.lf~re "Of the city

"\J{"',1,~

'"

r.ii~'ja: ,.~~,t~rD'.p.!o~ t~~.~

,',i::-

,0'

',the

t"

t~ ,.e~no.~",
r~t.

,.m'~~h~~.;;.~,!~~~~t?,:f
Ill" '

,bl.eepl'1lpG>'t!p~ III be

, "~e;~tbo~t~:.,'
.1~,1-tJU:jol~E4~~~:
on.rWt:i~~,
~t at:~ to

. ~

'..,....
.I ..

provide

adeq~teand

rapid ~88

of the metropolitan
.

th~, numerous centers

of residence

t,~

,i,l\'

al1 ~~9Q.

up in the Los Angeles area.

,In

..

t11a, ~,<"er

__.;;_~lbe

t,bAt,
~pl

modern tran~portatloP'wiltbo'Utj,tJ1.

eV1J.~9~1N1Dl~j

skyscrapers,

'

.nd bUSin_ss,,~~b4.cb,h.~e'tgJiwD"

tUd~s into

t'!' ~.

<c,

as one ";""ieh ,!wh'en k-A

,~'
.~
'i
,wor V\.l out will
:
i
"
population lI\of~o~ It-8 e~a~;l.J:{.,~o.~\l~j'~

tend to distribute

DIU 1ti

18i""

area;

'

:furnished

-'.

,
I'll.
!
t~anaP4f~atlon,to

an eviil considered

to be a _joJ'

cause of congestion.
,

If the ,interests
considered

as a whole are to be

paramounti, then the '801ption DlU8teou;i.from the

'representatives
past

of the co~it7

there

of the entire

city:'and ~ts environs"

In the

has been no united

mov~~,nt representa,tive

'ot tQ,e

ci ty as a who).e.

From, t1me to t'~

,e-ttorts bave: ~n,

I

~peeialgroups

ot all

types,

a, 1et

but

made bJ

'

no ~jor

movement ot

this X::presentative
type haa emerg,d" Cona,~d.rii1&the t~entl,
' i
,
~ight year. of past experi~nee, itj.eelU ,logical to 'conclude'
I

..;....

that unt~l

a body of, representati,v..

, ;

'. ,per.onal
,

ppo,gI'amlittle
l,

citizens,

'I'

considerations,

good can

are, .111~rto~ge,
-

~e

.'

f8uCC88stul

as' others

T\r,~sportation
, :.., 'ld,
~~" ' a'8~
Jeen . made

'

t;y

mOV8men
t\>develOred a

ibll1 t:w.
espOn8
r....
..,
,t1.,

:'

it' 'ha's beenevi~el'lt,

.' ",

: '\ .at!1

.','

~\J.~t..

OJ. J. ",

J,!;l ,be as

.etl'<>pol1t~

thi.

tl'\ the

\..

"

.rust as the ,problem\iot bringing

!

,I

prob 1m 'is one wh1ch

'

'I

'\

"I

l,!kely

,In ltil~reoent p;opo.a~. \which have

,

.'

It, is.~r8~ ~n,

Ii,

, j " "

..

Autbpr1 ty sheu,ld: be~~et up as tae agency wh1~h

O~:",1.8 ,be,.o~., the

.

.&!l':"enl1,gl1tened'

in the p~s,~,\ because of it., w:u-opresenta-

na:;~~Ch a C:-"'1

\ ' , :'

,'

, ,

,sUrVey, ~ot~iths'~~in(ung itl" scale,

'

detaehe(i;trca

~hat the present

J.

accomPl~hed~

,ive

-'.

,.(

.~

,.'

one' which conrern&a 't~~~'II':

~,
i
'U.' .a.arger a're"

water to the ~ommunitl ,.as

,

'eo the: quest.ion

this

or mass trahsp0rta~lon

comprehensive

viewpoint_

be' c6n.ld:.r.~'d"I"troa-'

~st

\,
,

Author1 ty ~r'CO_isS1'on' Ib:Ou\l:d<lit.;;. JM1~::''

The Ketropo11tan'

power to survey

'

'.

w1th regard to the lid.

the .i tuat10n

'"

ot"~1;lie' ,.,

co~ni

ty as a whole -. Whether

or

~ot 'th't utho~tT' iltou!'d

direct

the carrying

.i

'T

'

'.i

ble;: and should

'

then have the resp6nelbility

the eys tem Which is cons tructed,1s

The 80le criterion

for e8ta~1shin:g

interes,ts,

Metropolitan'
of the entire

differences

for adBdhia't.i'lllg

a matter

should be the needs of thec~itr'

pOl!sib~e.A

'.

out or' whateve~ plan is" deemed'Dl6.'tte"a~~

for fUrth~r"l)on~

the Jilodernizea .,..t.

.it~1n

Atithor1:'t~ seekl~

the financial
to promote the

Los AngeleSl,area ~ill

reconcile

and thus assure

limits

personal

'.'

the needed
commani~J. support.
.I

In view of the experience

Of'~
other' c1ties
!.

of ,the

nation,'
.

it 1s b'elieved

that the n~w .,.s~eml!lhould?e

advisable

~oritrolled

.'

by the\.Metropol1tan

the 'bus' c'an .completely

<

prom1nent'16'ca:le~lneer

;i'ti.tl'l-

'.
.. z? "t' t:.. :./~

:f',_(:

'fabl1l tl'ea;

the bll, the

the elefated;

and, perhaps,
~

A plan in.tegra~e,) to ,the .I~terea ts o~' the

-.111
;1'

"

"eed to
;;,1,

b1

P"ov1d
_e_d
_
' _Ho_"_V_e_r_,_i_t_.
_":'"'

'~-r',}t,

8\ Inte'"!e. with Richard Sacha.

)I
'-f
I

ade'quate .,..tell.

I'",

Whole
~;,{~"",",

,an

the .uperwat,

e.en t~e 'subway.'

As

probabl11 ty utl11ie'all:

'.'

111

serve the' needs of the citIzens.

mod.rn1Zed surracecar,

C~1\t'

'This do~ ,not Imply, howeve,r';:tbat

must in: all

..

constdere,d,_

'out b'J

.;

i.

pointed

toward the use: of the bus on'supe:rwaY'a should

be'thoroughly

deflnft.i'

A.rea~ Also:,that~he
.

trend in the' country

own~dand '

";'

(Sep' teab.l',
\
, i,

!;

,I

seem8 likely

that the bus, t~e ne,,' P.C'.C treet

car ~,

the
-:'

motorway can provide adequate ~~\r.Pid

\. 1'1t1:!ng manner.

of

ceed.

in.

1--"

'In any program recO~ition

ties

mas, transportation

imUat

the Lo. Angeles situation;'

The significance

ot the

given t9 'the peCUllari.\

othe wise it can

,.\:1~O~Obl

e '.21/

,porta~iori am hoWthis has been bJc~ -a

i-

"

~'

'

'I,

ha~~{,.
.uc-

t~;

tr~.~-'

jor 1nnuen~.in

direct~

:.,

Ing the growth of Los Angelea DlUs~

I be~ersfeOd.

',!

'

It is po lble

that it engineers from auch c1tie~!aa-He~ York or Chicago tormuI

~ate plans for Loa Angele. 1n the ilight~t

their" aaatelf

such p~ana will not meet theuni<IU\~needr ot th1. ~~.

,

1t' the place of'the

.

,.

experle.c ,'
i

~;J;,.
~

automob1lein ~he Lo~ Angeles transportatiOl1,

i'

I
I

"

'BIBLIOGRApHY

'.'

Bibliographical

Stat.in.f~

a lot

"\.'

or material

,Quit .

.
;
inh "isw ,anil. .rro. : ' 'I> .
,

was obtain.d

.tUgiti:ve mate~ials

'Iglaktl~~:

~c018

li~t.'

wiu.c~ a~e' Xl,oiI~~~v~enl~"t'~o

f'

'j

~ ,

. i

,,11

OFF-ICrt PuBLICATlbtS "

I.

~leipal

A .

I, '

, ii,

l'

I.

9S8~ T6r:~:

Board of ~ity

____

'.

.'t

,,'

'~""

&

on

U
,

"">

Planning C6mmi8~ioners, Cont~rence

the,
guestiO~.
Angeles, Janu.,~~l~

fa

i! '

'.

I'

, Second Conferenc., on \:the !!!.!. Tranaportat!on..'

Los Angeles, May 16,~93nft;!7PP.!
,
'
.

____

., Annual Report.

.Los ~eles,

1936.

.6 pp.~

Board of Public utilities.

;and ~\';Transpor~ation'~~l'
Reports.
Los Angelel" 19~O-1912.
.

; ci~

!!~

ttos!Angele
+se1es 'Bonds oUtll't'ancB.ng' ~
, 1938. 1 p.
'
.
,-:'

City Controller,
Ci
~
30, 1938.

~"

or ~ ~ie1ns~a~ement

&

1~

.C~ty Clerk,' Files.

. '

s.

'~.P.~

Los Angele." 19f5~ 1931r~

'

'

Police DepartDent, Traffie Bur~au. :Tratfic R.pori; of

Central. District,
by R. T.\:Dorsey. LOsADgeles,
,February 15, 1938. 15 .pp .\:

.I
~'.

or.~MIlJI,': C"p~citl'

~_le~'i 1~~
J.

,,',:

.., !,! !o

LoS"i

'

Offieial

Publications

of other\ c1t1es.

r~l' !. cemprehenll1ve ,Tr.n8eor-,

ch1C,ago.Jl;:y:O{ Kel1~r'rlan
tatlOD'

7S em.

cago, ~.

"

Detroi t Department of' Street' Railways, Annu,l, Repe;>rt.

Detroit,
1937-1938. 27 pp
oakland,.
Cit,.P1anning
)(alll, Ttu_portat1-on
,

\
Colum1s
ion, ~Re rt ot ;ga,t Bal. 'I
surveI Oak aD: , 1~6:--!~ pp.
,<

'

i,
If

,
II

1~

,Toronto. Transportation C01IIDl18sib.:n~

. .timU.1 'R
t'
, ,Toronto, 19:58. _ 26 PP.,.\
' l
epor .,
\;,

B.

Official

Pub~10.,t~on.,oount7
IIi

..
'".

Los Angeles. Regional Planni~: ICt"."I~~on, '.Rel3Ort.ot .~...

'd. ~h~
way Traffic SUrveI in the Cou!tz oIJ.Le. ~.Ier~t'C .. ,'".
Angeles ~ 1934.
42pp:t ....,.
..:-'
" t 'Jr' .
___

,.,)

, i ' ' ',r

...

<'

l:l: f ~'

, Report ot !. HighwaI~ rat 1,0 j-drvel .in,the ....'ount,:, ,ot

Los Angele.s.Los
IiigeI:es, S p emlier 1m
"7 ~.
,

, ':~

,'.

i'

~ ,

ri\'"

i'
l'

."

. C. , Offic1al .Pub11~at1ohs,;st~te

':l

--

.\',

Ra1lroad Coxmnisslonof cal1fornl~~\ R~porton Raltro~d GP~~~

Crosslns and Tenn1nal Invest1Se.t10n., !:Os Ai8e1es, 1926.

:312

pp.

',

, ,
\

_____ , Report .2!l ~

Local'Tra
Los Angeles. Sacramento,

1:
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Charter et

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Charter ~ tho C1t~\of LOO'&!,l.~
ments Los Angeles:" Parker \~, ~~o ;CQ., "1'"

, Proposition
No. I., Clt J;iE1ec~lon.'TGR
Crain.nce
ReatrictInsU
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No. II. .CitE E1eJtlon:

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T~'Iatabtiah'
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Loa \Ange1es-;-Ma,.7, 1935.

Case.

Los Ange~e8 City Attorney's

Ofric~~ ,ca~e ~o,. 4002, 'B.R.C. Qt
Cal . '~e
City of Los Angele~:V.~e
LOs Angeles ,Rai.l ,.
Corporation.
Complaint, by RaYLe pheseboro, April 10,
1935.
5 pp. typewritten~
'I
.

.'

'

, Case No. 4002, R.R.C. of qarifbrnia~

The City ot
Los Angeles !. The Los Angeles ~Rail~ay Corporation.
,OUtline 2!., OpeninP: statement, :~J Caf.l I.' Wheat. ,June 6,
1935. 4 pp. t,ype.rltten.,
;
\
.'
,. Case, No. 4002, R.R.C. ot Cal.:' The, City of Loa
AngelesV.
The Los Angeles Rai~way Corporation.'
OU'tline
of Complainants
Pos.ition; by C:arl I. Wheat. 1935.. '
'
!3pp.'
typewritten.
, " Cas.e .~o. 4002, R~R.C. or"Clal.: \ 'ThecitY~f.
Angeles V The Los Angeles RailWay. qorporation.
.2!. Compliint.
May 6, 1936.
pp~ , ,
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~\,y\

. ,. 'case No. 3915, R~R.C. or~~~l.:

V. the Los Angel~s Railway,Corpbration.

!4 pp. typewritten.
.

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Loa
:
J(emorandWll'
; .".

The City of Los Angelea

Complaint.
1934. '
'<'

" , R.R.C.of'Callt.:
CaaeNo. 39161: The City of Loa
Angeles V.The Los Angele& ~ailny
cprporation.D,eo1810Il"
27290. llarch~ 6,1935.
8 pp. m1meo~raphed.
,

III.

SURVEYS AND\STUDIES
,

".

Club of, Southern C~litorb1a, ~

~ !!., Angeles.
Problem.
LOI,Angeles, ~922.~
pp.
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litanAr.a.
Loa
,
, Traffic, survel' .~ An ale Me rop?
, , _AJgelaa, 1938.50 llP..
' ~4

Automobile
Traffic

,I(I

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Baker, Cbnald

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K., ! Rp~ Trana-it s~.tem.torLo. M1&el.l'.,

Can ra BUslne.slatrirc-Asso~I'i.t!oii:'1933
!.\
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A~I;

Los ~elea:

95'

_--"._"

PP.'

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An Analysis 2! ,the Pro

Bus System

central

in

the Cit1

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BuaI'iie8'i":iiens' Iisoc

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NEWSPAP

I,

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P~1'~5-:.~7;,'I!!?'.~f~~~!~:
a1 J~193~J Mar 6, 1;37~
ptember

:Ind.~~~di9~1~eView,II, April" 193

~

~eles

T~e., May 5; 1935;

JUne 1S', 1938; June

August 10, 1938.\

,Municipal League

25-30" 19, S'; ~

Bulletin..

Loa

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5~, li~8j{1 ,

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~le~ ~ April 10,' ~935,.

'

BOOKS

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'

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'p'..

:American Electfic Rail_ay AS80clat ~n,lcomm1tt!e ,6n ~.pl~

Transit, Economici 2! Rapid Tr nsi '. Bew'York, 1137~
48 pp.

~
~'.

iYork) ';"lgI3~1937.

Blanchard,

Paul,

Sci~ncel, XI.

~" ~ololopedi~'

"MunlcipalTransl

pp. ~19-l2~.

.
2.....,

t, ~h..
,._
...~~.~,~:

Gordon, Harry A., Subway Nicke'ls,'

S~veI.ot
H.w,York
Transit
Problem.
New
York:.
'
C
ty o,t ".WYorki~l.
. .
'.'
.
.
",
--. r(
J

,.'

...

. Graeme, QIGeran, ! Hlato172!:'the

N York:
Conover Preal,
J

McClintock,

'ml

Miller, street 'Traffic

1925. ' 217-pp'.,"
.~." ...
... ..

Hill Book Co.,

;'

C~t;16""
': "
-,'
pp.,
,.,..

'!o.

.....

'::.

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;) ..,,~.

Bauer,

John,

"Read jus tirig, Mass T

nsportation

Public Management, XX, 16'7-1 1" 195-:t98.

July 1938.

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Faclli tie.,n

June and

'

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'-.~ibbins,
J.R.,
The Gro~i~ Tr.al').~~rt P~ble
the laIS,.ll'
'
Rail or Rubber or BOth?-, Nat1o,na1 Mun1c'lp.i:lleVi.W:, mIl
517-522, August, 1929.
"
---'
,
,

Brinkerhoff,
Transit

or

",'

H. K.~ "PoB~1b111tiebt!
Elevatea ;i~~R.CO~~Z.d,.
Journal" LXXIX, 3~1-3 2;, September 1935.

: ~amon, George A., "Rapid Transit,

:
XXXIX, 363-364, March,1912'.
i

,.

~le~tric
I,

~aiW,a; ;ournal,
'

"

'.

".

IlYkstra, C. A., "Conges t10n De Lu e --. Do W~ Want ItY-Batlonal

:' Municipal Review, XV, 394-398' June 1,926.
Ii,

dlbbon,Thomas
I
,~California

E.,

"Introduction
'progressive ,We
Electric
..

r
.

Rai1!!l
'-;<

jl

"

(~

."

":".'

on Some,.of the Problema ot Operat.ion

___ '_ Ra,ilul ,Jqr!Uilt" :,.~ ,

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,/

1,

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L},.1i,l
19Q

,
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"Extensive, Tr~tf!cs~rV.y
Planned tr",',
'.
,,'V;"
Railway Journal
'LUl!'" 481 !.o.~:r11'~~~.~~ ".' !l'e.tr1e
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-~ov~
.rch-l' 4'.
',,'
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"LOs~,Angele8 R~ilwa,y lRetinanCel ~. T~an.it

,256,
August 6,'l~38., '
,~ ' "

19t:.i \~

XXXIV,

"Mayor ROlsi Annual. IMels~ge,",\

January 29, ,1938.
"\
"New Ca~~"'"JTransit.
"New

,~na,

Tran. porta t 10'\ in N~w York C1t,. , "llao

379-385, December

~~:' "lla..

Co~rudtion,"

Journal

"News of ~ndust17,
Electric
October 17, 192~.

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"1~J!~'",_

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~l'&liaPOl'tt1

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011,

'an.it. 'J~urr:ial N ,'. l:I,"~8

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~e1rs~ II" 265,A~~.~;,.~~,1938.

Bells~

, "'News of Electric
Rail.ays,"
F.b1'l1a..,. 1912,
"

1 v,

'Jo

V]~, 1~2~ Feb~a1"7 1926'. '

Elec:tric'
,I ,"1
Rail

Railway JqUrn!l~' ~IX,

I , ',,:':'
Journal,

, '

LxVI~ 711., '

"Plan21

tor 'Alte'rillg,Traft1c
Rl+l,es.in Lo. Aniele.~"Blectit:to
R.~l.al
Jotirnal~ LIV" '5~:-6:"'" &1;1922.

"Proposed SUbway Pl&;U' forSan, Fl! 'oisco, " Inaid!

, 27 ,October
-1937.
", ,
' " "
,

Tr,.O:k, /~YI,
.1"",'

or' Ji1:ght.l" .El~c;t~(r R.lll~.li"

'-1~23. ' "._, .$!I;
,

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.

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"Transportation
Hearing,",
542, March 1923.

B~ker,'D()nald M.,'The Trans ort&.ti n I>r()blem!!!'~Los

me1es
:' Area.
Los Angeles:.
s Ange s Co.unnlttee to Accomp sh I,
Lt\., Mass, Transportatlon,September
,193? 9 pp.

___

"

, '!!!!1 Wll1We Do With pur'

l~
45 pp.
"f.

Angeles,

ex~ Millioh

", , 'I.!!!'

,''fheCommonwea1th C'lub, The Bridges

'San Franc1sc'o, 193? .3~
pp.

"

Bay.

People?

Los

Region Rapid Transit.

I '
i

______ , Inter .County Rapid !l'ran8i

7

Isan Franc is co, 1931.

i

iSan Fran,cisco, \193?

I

,!

'Gordon, Charles,
March 1~38.

Moving
15pp.

Harriman, Henry i., Mass Tra~ort

" D.C.: 'Chamber of-comm.rce 0

'

"

Traffic

AS8ociatiQn, S
Angeles.: Loa

38~'PP.

!!'! jModern 01ties Detr~it,

tioJ in Cities.
enited
states,

,Washington,
1931. ,45 pp.

Hopkins" R. F., A Summ,arI 2.f. tlie E olution of Urban .!!! Su~urban Pa8senier Transportmon,
s Angeles" Dec\~~ber
1938. 6 pp.' Dilmeogr_phed. '
Angeles

40 'pp.

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LoB AngBloB TraUie

Survey

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ABSOei.J,t""'~

TranBp~rtat-10~e

ts.

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Angeles.

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e :~~,>~ua.\l~?< ,I.p,p,~

MeIl brat th, E. J ., Mod.rn C1

JTllan8
American Inati tUte
8 pp.

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ca,

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Nood For al

Los Ingele!,

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D~ce
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'I pp~"1i'rmtog;t'l

er. 2~., 19~

\

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Shore" Egerton, Downtown,! Study of the Centr,al Bual'nelS .. \ .:,

District
of LOa Angelese
Los'A:ng,lea,'March
.
pp.,
strauss,

Joseph B., ~,21 pp.

'

Alrtr .m System.

San

:, II
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