JAIIB Principles and Practices of Banking

1.

According to you what are the most important functions of Reserve Bank of
India?
Ans:
a.

RBI is the Central Bank of the Country

b.

Acts as a Note Issuing Authority

c.

Acts as a Banker's Bank

d.

Acts as Banker to Government

e.

2.

Supervise and Control Banks and financial Institute

f.

RBI is controlling inflation through Monetary and Credit Policy

g.

Regulates transactions in foreign exchange

As per the Section 20 and Sec 21 of RBI Act RBI is obliged to transact banking
business and mange the Public Debt of Central Government Can you elaborate
the Role of RBI in the Public Debt
Ans: Public Debt can be by way of long term bonds and or by way of Treasury Bills

a.
b.

At present Treasury Bills are issued for periods of 91 days and 364 days.
The Treasury Bills are issued for meeting the Short Term requirements where as the
Long Term Bonds are issued for various periods for meeting long term investments.

3.

What do you know by the Term Ways and Means Advances?

Ans: As per Section 17 (5) of RBI Act, Bank can give the Central and State
Government Advances which are repayable within 3 months. This is thus a short
term finance and bridge the interval between expenditure of the Government and the
flow of revenue planned in the budget.

4.

Y.V.Reddy Committee has come out with a new concept of Monetary

Aggregates and also Liquidity Aggregates. What are they?
Ans:

M0, M1, M2, M3 are called Monetary Aggregage

and L 1, L2, L3 are called Liquidity Aggregates.

5.

What is Broad Money?

Ans:

M3 is known as Broad Money.

M1 - is known as Narrow Money and is

M1 = Currency is circulation + Bankers Deposit with RBI + other deposits with RBI.
M3 =M1 + Certificate of Deposit issued by Banks + Term Deposit (excluding FCNR
(B) with maturity upto one year + Term Deposti excluding FCNR (B) of more than
one year + call borrowing by Banks from Non Depository Financial Corporate.
6.

What is L1, L2, L3 Liquidity Aggregates.

L1 = M3 + all deposits (Excluding NSEs)
L2 = L1 + Term Deposits/Term Borrowing/Certificate pf Deposits Issued by Term
Lending Institution/Refinancing Institute.
L3 = L2 + Public Deposit of NBFCs.

7.

What is meant by Open Market Operation of RBI.

Ans: The Buying and Selling of securities or other Assets like Foreign Exchange
Gold by the Central Bank to alter the liquidity of the Banks is known as open Market
Operation. When RBI buys Government Securities from Banks the liquidity portion
of the Banks increases. Alternatively, when the Reserve Bank sells the securities to
be Banks, the banks liquidity position is reduced.
8).What are the Quantitative Credit Control measures exercised by RBI.
Ans:

a.
b.
c.
d.

Bank Rate
Reserve Requirement
Open Market Operation
Interest Rate Policy

9). What is the Qualitative Control measures used by RBI.

Selective Credit Control is used by RBI to regulate cost and quantum of credit to
select sectors.
10.
As per Section 45 ( c )
RBI has powers to direct Banks to submit
details of credit extended by them - Elaborate.
Ans:
RBI collects information on all the borrowers enjoying Secured Credit Limit of Rs.10
lacs and above and unsecured Credit Limit of Rs.5 lacs and above.
RBI also collects the details of all doubts loss of suit filed account with aggregate
outstanding of RS.1 Crores and above and circulate the details to all Banks.

11. What information is provided through BSR - I Return.

Ans: BSR - I Part ( A ). Branches are required to resort particulars of all borrowal
accounts enjoying credit limit above of Rs.2 lacs.
BSR - I part B, details of limits of RS.2,00,000 and less are to be furnished.
12. What are the components of NDTL.
Ans:
The Time, Savings and Current Depends, Sundry Creditors, Interest Accrual, Interest
Accrued and Payable, Net of Liability to Banking System.
However, the same exclude the inside liability like, claim received from ECGC,
amount received pending final adjustment towards the dues etc.,
13. CRR is to be maintained as per RBI Act ------ Elaborate on this.
Ans:
a.

Cash Reserve Ratio as per Sec 42 of RBI Act.

b.

As per the latest Monetary Policy CRR is to be maintained @ 6% of NDTL for

Scheduled Commercial Banks

c.

The Required Amount under CRR is to be kept with RBI in their Current Account in
the case of Schedulesd Banks

14. What is the mode of maintaining CRR

a.

CRR is to be maintained in the form of balance with CA of RBI.

15. What are the major recommendations of Narasimhan Committee.
Ans:

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Introduction of Prudential Norms viz., Asset Classification, Income Recognition,

Provisioning and Capital Adequacy norms
Reduction of SLR to 25% and CRR to a low level.
Privatisation of Public Sector Banks. Government Capital to be reduced to 51% in the
first stage and then to 33% in the second stage.
Introduction of new legal set up. Set up DRT.
Entry for Foreign Banks and also setting up of New Private Sector Banks.
Recommended for setting up. Board for Financial Supervision.
16. What are the functions of Board for Financial Supervision

a.

Integrated Supervision over Commercial Banks, Financial Institution, Non Banking

Financial Intermediaries. etc.,

b.

The Supervision will be both "on site" and "off site Supervision".

c.

For Off Site supervision RBI has introduced DSB Returns

17. How many DSB Returns are introduced by RBI and which all areas they cover.
Ans: There are seven types of DSB Returns. Cover, Details of Assets and Liability
of Banks, Capital Adequacy, NPA Assets, and Quality of Assets, Position of
Unreconciled entries etc., etc.,
18. What are the circumstances where disclosure of customers account is
permitted
Ans:

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

Disclosure can be allowed as per order of court

Order of Court
As per sec 4S of Bankers Books Evidence Act 1891
As per Income Tax ACt 1961 Sec 131 and Sec 133.
As per Criminal Procedure Code
As per Directions from Police Department, CBI etc.,
FEMA and Money Laundering Act
As per Companies Act 1956 as per Sec 251
As per Sec 45 ( C ) of RBI Act, where credit information has to be disclosed
Disclosure to another bank
Disclosure in Public Interest
19. What is the procedure to be followed when Garnishee Order Is received. Also
explain what is Garnishee Order

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Order from Court called order Nishi.

The order Nishi would instruct Bank to recover and Remit balance in the account of its
creditors to court.
Branch has to block the Account if it is not encumbered and then report to RO for
further instruction.
Branch has to intimate the customer also on the same.
Branch has to then advise the details of Balance etc., to court.
On receipt of final order from Court which is known as Order Absolute, branch has to
remit the amount to court.
20. What is the Speciality of Income Tax attachment order compared to Garnishee
Order.
Ans:

a.

Garnishee order can be applied in the same capacity account

b.

Garnishee order does not attach account of Insolvent and Deceased customers
account

c.

Only balance in account at the time of receipt attached. Income tax attachment order
on the other hand attaches,

d.

Deceased and also insolvent customers

e.

Inrespect of Joint account the order attaches 50% of the due

f.

Attach the available and also pipe line credits.

21. What are the difference between Mandate and Power of Attorney.
Ans: a.
Mandate is a simple letter of authority given by an Account Holder to
another person to operate his account on his behalf. To make, draw etc., of Bills or
Negotiable Instruments.

a.
b.
c.
d.

b. Power of Attorney is a general document used to convey powers for many other
purposes besides the operation in the account.
Mandate is given in Plain Paper
Power of Attorney is given on a stamp paper
Power of Attorney has to be executed in presence of a Notary Public.
Power of Attorney can be Registered or Unregistered.
22. What are the salient features of Capital Gains Tax Account 1988.
Ans:

a.

For persons, firms and others, who have capital gain and wish to invest the same in
house property etc., within a period of 3 years the mount of gain can be kept in an
account known as Capital Tax Account.

b.

The Account can be either SB or Term Deposit.

c.

Nomination facility is available.

23. What is a Probate.
"A copy of will certified under the seal of court of competent jurisdiction confirming
that the will has been duly executed and is the valid one".
24. What is the difference between Letter of Administration and Probate.
Ans: Letter of Administration is issued where the party has not created a Will.
Probate is the certified approved will and is issued when the party has left a will.
25. What is the present procedure for settlement of claim of deceased constituent.
Ans:

1.

Where ever Banks hold nominations in respect of deposit account holders, settlement
should be done as per nominations.

2.
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

Where the settlement is sought as per Legal representation the same can be settled
as per Court decisions.
In other cases where Bank wish to settle without legal representations, Bank can call
for
Death Certificate
Consent Letter
Affidavit
Enquiry forms
Legal Heir Certificate
Stamped Receipt
Indemnity
26. What are the important section of Negotiable Instrument which has relevance
to day to day banking transactions.
Ans:

a.

Section 4,5,6 which define Promissory Note, Bill of Exchange and Cheque.

b.

Section 10 which defines payment in due course

c.

Section 31. Obligation of a banker to meet customers mandate

d.

Section 85, 85 D - Protection to a paying banker paying an order instrument

e.

Section 89 - giving protection to a banker paying instruments with material alterations

which are not apparent.

f.

Sec 128, which gives protection to a banker paying a crossed cheque.

g.

Sec 131 gives protection to a banker collection a crossed cheque for a customer.

h.

Sec 138 - 142 Dishonour of cheque for want of Funds.

27. What are the new guidelines on the NI Act relating to Sec 138 - 142.
Ans:

a.

The Amendment includes, imprisonment for 2 years and penalty twice amount of
cheque.

b.

Time for initiating criminal action 30 days from the date of intimation of dishonour of
cheque by the payee.
28. What are the salient features of latest decided cases in respect of Dishonour
of cheques under Section 138 - 142 of NI Act.
Ans:
The section is applicable to return of cheques
a) By repeated presentations at the request of drawer

b) In case of closure of account

29. Which are committees constituted for improving Customer Services in Banks
a.
b.

Talwar Committee
Goiporia Committee
c.
Tarapore Committee
30. What do you know of COPRA - 1986.
Ans:

1.

Consumer Protection Act 1986, provide the Consumer, a simple speedy and
inexpensive way of redressal of grievance in case of any deficiency/defect in goods
and services bought/used by him for a consideration.

2.

There are 3 types of agencies

a.

District Level Consumer Disputes redressal forum which can handle disputes upto
Rs.20 lacs.
State Consumer Disputes redressal commission which can handle disputes greater
than20 lacs to Rs.100 lacs
National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission which can handle disputes
exceeding RS.1 Crores
The complaint has to be lodged within 2 years from the date of cause of action.
No stamp duty is payable

b.
c.
d.
e.

31. What is meant by credit clearing under Electronic Clearing Service (ECS)
Ans:
a.

This clearing service is introduced as per Saraf Committee Recommendations for

handling repetitive or low value transactions like Interest dividend, pension etc.,
etc., For example - Dividend by UTI, its US 64 monthly interest on UTI schemes
etc.,
32. What is meant by ESC Debit clearing?
Ans:
This is for debit transactions like payment of electricity bills, telephone bills etc.,
33. What is the importance of electronic funds transfer
Ans:
a.

b.

Saraf Committee recommended for the Introduction of EFT.

Under EFT, funds can be transferred between branches of a bank and also between
banks (via) electronic media

c.

RBI has recently developed a new EFT Special Electronic Funds transfer for transfer
of Large Value Transaction.
34. Elaborate on the back-stop facility declared in the Monetary Policy 2003-04.
Ans:

a.
b.
c.

Back stop interest rate will be at the reverse repo cut off rate at which funds were
injected earlier.
Where no reverse repo bid is accepted as per repo auction, the back stop interest will
be 2% points over rep cut off rate of Pre-day under LAF.
On days when no bids for repo or reverse repo auctions are received/accepted the
back stop interest rate will be decidd by RBI on an ad-hoc basis.
35. What is the purpose of the Information Technology Bill 2000

a.
b.
c.

Ans:
The Bill provide the legal frame work necessary for electronic commerce.
Facilitate electronic filing of documents with Government agencies and
Amend the Indian Penal Code, The Evidence Act, The Banker's Book of Evidence Act
and The Reserve Bank of India Act.
36. What all areas are covered by Information Technology Bill 2000

a.

Recognises, Authentication of Electronic records by the use of Asymmetric

Cryptosystem and hash functions.

b.

It allows for information to be submitted to Government Department in electronic form.

c.

The Act recognises an electronic record which has been signed with a digital
signature.

d.

It lays down the broad authority structure for implementing Public Key Infrastructure.
37. What is RBS?
Ans:

a.

Risk based Supervision, which is developed as

Recommendations to strengthen the Banking System.

b.

What are the three Pillars of Basle II Accord.

per

Basle

Pillar I - Capital Adequacy Requirements

Pillar II
- Supervisory Review
Pillar III
- Market Discipline
38. What is the quantum of Economic Capital that is stipulated by RBI.
Ans:

12% of the Regulatory Capital

Committee

39. Under Standadised approach what is the risk weight that is to be allowed for
various Asset
Ans:
a.
b.
c.

Sovereign Asset
Banks
Others (Corporates)

0% to 150%
20% to 150%
20% to 150%

depending on the rating of the Asset

40. Under Internal Rating Based approach of rating the risk of various Assets,
what are the types of credit risk considered.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Corporates
Banks
Sovereign
Retail
Project Finance
Equity
41. What is the Fiscal Deficit
Fiscal Deficit = Revenue Deficit + Capital Expenditure Disinvestment receipts and loan Recoveries
42. What is meant by Primary Fiscal Deficit
Ans:

Gross Fiscal Deficit - Interest Payment

43. What do you know about CDR.

CDR is also known as Corporate Debt Restructuring
1.
2.

It is a non statutory voluntary mechanism

It is set up by Bank and Financial Institutional under advice to RBI

3.

It is to provide timely support to viable entities facing financial problems

4.

There is legal binding in this through debtor - creditor aggrements.

44. What are the categories of accounts covered under CDR.
Ans:
a.

Accounts covered are those under Multiple Banking /Syndication/Consortium.

c.

Accounts with outstandings of Rs.10 Crores and above to Banks and Financial
Institutions.

d.

The outstanding exposure may be fund based and non fund based

e.

Provides Restructuring to Standard and Substandard category and also for Doubtful
category accounts including suitfiled and BIFR accounts

f.

Wilful defaulters not covered

g.

Atleast 75% of the lenders by value should agree for CDR package
45. What are the structural Tiers of CDR

a.

CDR Standing Forum

This consist of CMD of IDBI, Chairman of SBI, ICICI Bank IBA and CMD's of all
participating Banks/Financial Institutions
46. What are the most important categories of risks for Bankers
Ans:

1.
2.
3.

Credit Risk
Market Risk
Operational Risk
47. What are the important factors of Credit Risk
Ans:
Credit Risk is a combination of Portfolio Risk + Transaction Risk
48. What is Migration Risk ( a form of Credit Risk)
Ans:
The Risk associated with Migration of an Asset from Standard to Substandard.
49. What are the tools available for Mitigating Credit Risk
Ans:

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Prudential Exposure Norms viz., Single Borrower exposure @ 15% etc.,

Delegation of Power
Multilayer Sanction
Portfolio Selection
Sector Allocation of Credit
50. What are the major market Risk for a banker
Ans:

a.
b.
c.

Liquidity Risk
Interest Rate Risk
Exchange Rate Risk

51. What are the hedging tools that are available for hedging Interest Rate Risk
Ans:
a.
b.

Forward Rate Agreement

Interest Rate Swap
52. What are the hedging tools that are available for hedging exchange rate
Ans:

a.
b.
c.
d.

Swaps
Option
Forward Rate Contract
Futures

53. What is the Periodicity of Inspection of "A" rated Branch

Ans:
a.

18 months duration is allowed. For B Rated or C Rated Branches it will be 12

months.
54. What is the Prudential exposure limit for a single borrower and group
borrower.
Ans:

a.
b.
c.
d.

Single Borrower 15%

Group Borrower
40%
Single Borrower Infrastructure 20%
Group Infrastructure

50%

of the Tier I and Tier II Capital of the Bank.

55. What is the cut off limit for conducting Stock Audit
a)
b)
c)
d)

Ans:
For NPA accounts with outstanding of Rs 5 crores and above once in a year in Dec.
For new borrowal accounts of funds based working capital for 5 crores to 10 crores
once in a year in Dec .
For new borrowal accounts with working capital facilities of rs 10 crores and above
two times a year in June and December .
For existing borrowal accounts enjoing facilities of Rs 5 crores and above for a
period exeeding Two yearsonce in a year in Dec

56. What is the credit limit for SSI units which no collateral security should be
insisted

Ans:
For facilities under SSI upto Rs.5 lacs no Security to be insisted.
For advances for SSI upto Rs.25 lacs. We need not insisted provided the party has
got a good track record.
Advance to MSE sector up to Rs1.00 Crore covered under CGTMSE
List out few credit derivatives
Ans:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Credit Default Swap

Credit Default Linked Notes
Credit Forward Contract
Credit Default Option
57. What do you know by Corporate Governance
Ans:
These are meant for

a.
b.
c.

Ensuring compliance with regulatory requirement and also for becoming responsive
to the expectation of stake holders.
Transparency of the system
Audit and control of transaction in the organisation
58. Into how many Liquidity buckets Assets and Liability are

classified

Ans: Into 8 liquidity buckets with additional grouping of the first bucket into 1 day
bucket, 2-7 days bucket and 8- 14 days bucket.
59. Into which liquidity bucket the doubtful assets are grouped
Ans:
In the greater 5 year Asset Bucket

Some of the important aspects relating to CRR and SLR.

1. What is a Repo Rate?
A: Repo rate is the rate at which our banks borrow rupees from RBI. Whenever the
banks have any shortage of funds they can borrow it from RBI. A reduction in the
repo rate will help banks to get money at a cheaper rate. When the repo rate
increases, borrowing from RBI becomes more expensive.
2. What is Reverse Repo Rate?

A: This is exact opposite of Repo rate. Reverse Repo rate is the rate at which
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) borrows money from banks. RBI uses this tool when it
feels there is too much money floating in the banking system. Banks are always
happy to lend money to RBI since their money is in safe hands with a good interest.
An increase in Reverse repo rate can cause the banks to transfer more funds to RBI
due to this attractive interest rates.
3. What is CRR ?
A: Cash reserve Ratio (CRR) is the amount of funds that the banks have to keep in
Current Account with RBI. If RBI decides to increase the percent of this, the available
amount with the banks comes down. RBI is using this method (increase of CRR
rate), to drain out the excessive money from the banks. Present CRR is 6%
(CRR for Scheduled Banks is As per section 42 of RBI Act )
4. What is SLR Rate?
A: SLR (Statutory Liquidity Ratio) is the amount a commercial bank needs to
maintain in the form of cash, or gold or govt. approved securities (Bonds) before
providing credit to its customers.
SLR rate is determined and maintained by the RBI (Reserve Bank of India) in order
to control the expansion of bank credit. SLR is determined as the percentage of total
demand and percentage of time liabilities. Time Liabilities are the liabilities a
commercial bank liable to pay to the customers on their anytime demand. SLR is
used to control inflation and propel growth. Through SLR rate tuning the money
supply in the system can be controlled efficiently. Present SLR is 24% for Scheduled
Commercial Banks. For Scheduled Co Operative Banks SLR is 25%
(SLR for Scheduled Banks and also Non Scheduled Banks is as per Section 24 of
Banking Regulation Act)
5. What is Bank Rate?
A: Bank rate, also referred to as the discount rate, is the rate of interest which a
central bank charges on the loans and advances that it extends to commercial banks
and other financial intermediaries. Changes in the bank rate are often used by
central banks to control the money supply. .Present Bank rate is 6%
Functions of RBI?
The Reserve Bank of India is the central bank of India, was established on April 1,
1935 in accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The
Reserve Bank of India was set up on the recommendations of the Hilton Young
Commission. The commission submitted its report in the year 1926, though the bank
was not set up for nine years. To regulate the issue of Bank Notes and keeping of
reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate
the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage. Banker to the
Government: performs merchant banking function for the central and the state
governments; also acts as their banker. Banker to banks: maintains banking
accounts of all scheduled banks. Supervises and controls Banks and Financial
Institution. Regulates transactions in Foreign Exchange.

RBI Banker to Government.

As per Sec 20 and 21 of the RBI Act Reserve Bank of India is obliged to transact
Banking business and manage the public debts of the Central Government. As per
Sec 21A RBI can perform similar functions for State Government.
As per the provision of the Public Debt Act 1944 and also Reserve Bank of India Act ,
RBI manages the public Debt of Central and State Government. Public Debts can be
by way of long term bonds or by way of short term Treasury bills.
Treasury Bills.
Treasury bills represent short term borrowings of Central Government. They are
issued as Promissory Notes with different maturities say 91 days 182 days and 364
days. Treasury bills are issued by RBI by way of Auction basis. Treasury bills are
Negotiable instrument.
What is monetary policy?
A Monetary policy is the process by which the government, central bank, of a country
controls (i) the supply of money, (ii) availability of money, and (iii) cost of money or
rate of interest, in order to attain a set of objectives oriented towards the growth and
stability of the economy. This has two objectives, To ensure price stability and to
make available adequate credit to the productive sectors of the economy. This is
achieved by regulating money supply in the market.
Money Supply.
Money supply in the economy is represented by four types of monetary aggregates
viz M0, M1, M2 and M3 .and three types of liquidity aggregates viz L1 L2 and L3
These 7 types of aggregates are computed by RBI as per the recommendations of
Dr Y V Reddy Committee.
The monetary aggregate capture the data only with respect to Banking system.
The Liquidity aggregate taking into consideration the money supply due to Post
Office deposits of Financial Institutions and also Non Banking Financial Institution.
Monetary aggregate
Nature

Components

M0

Monetary base. This is computed by RBI once in a week.

M0 = Currency in circulation + Bankers deposits with RBI + other
deposits with RBI.

M1

Narrow Money.
M1 = Currency with Public + Demand Deposits with Banks +
other deposits with RBI. Demand deposits with Banking system
includes Current Deposits and only demand liability portion of
Savings Bank,.

M2

It can be computed in the following two ways

M2= M1 + Certificate of Deposits issued by Banks + Term
Deposits (Excluding FCNR (B) with the contractual maturity up to
1 year with the Banking systems.)
Or M2 = Currency with Public+ current Deposit with Banking
system.+ SB with Banking system. + Certificate deposits issued
by Banks+ Term Deposits with maturity up to 1 year. (FCNR (B)
excluded) .

M3

Broad Money.
M3 = M2 + Term Deposit (Excluding FCNR (B) deposits) more
than 1 year + call borrowing by Banking system from non
depository financial corporation.

Liquidity
Aggregates.
L1

L1 = M3 + All deposits (Excepting NSCs), with post office

Savings Bank.

L2

L 1 + Term Deposit /Term Borrowings /Certificate of deposit

issued by Term lending institution/Refinancing institution.

L3

L2 + Public deposit of NBFCs

L1, L2 and L3 are compiled by RBI once in a quarter.

What is Fiscal Policy?

Fiscal policy is the use of government spending and revenue collection to influence
the economy. These policies affect tax rates, interest rates and government
spending, in an effort to control the economy. Fiscal policy is an additional method to
determine public revenue and public expenditure.

Credit Policy and Credit control.

General Credit Control.
General or quantitative Credit control is exercised by changing 1) Bank rate 2)
Reserve Requirements 3) Open Market operations 4) Interest rate Policy. By
regulating these RBI influences the quantum of lendable resources of the
commercial Banks and thereby the total volume of credit which is an important
source of money supply. This in turn helps control inflation.
Bank rate.

This is the rate at which the Central Bank of the country makes advances against
approved securities. Purchases or rediscounts eligible Bills of Exchange and other
commercial paper to provide financial accommodation to Banks or other specified
group of Institutions. Sec 49 of RBI act defines Bank rate as the standard rate at
which it is prepared to buy or discount bills of exchange or other commercial paper
eligible for purchase under this act. Bank rate affect both cost and the availability of
credit. The effectiveness of Bank rate as a credit control measure is very limited in
India, as Banks are now allowed to a great extent. Freedom to change rate of
interest as per their discretion.
Open Market operation.
The buying and selling of securities or other assets like Foreign Exchange, gold by
Central Bank with an objective
Selective Credit control.
While general Credit control is used to regulate the cost and total volume of Credit,
the selective Credit control also known as quantitative control is used to regulate
cost and quantum of credit in selective sectors. RBI is empowered to exercise
selective Credit control by virtue of section 21 and 35A of Banking Regulation Act.
Selective Credit control is exercised by stipulating 1) Minimum margin, for lending
against selected commodities. 2) Ceiling on the level of credit 3) Minimum interest to
be charged on advances against particular commodities.
What is NABARD?
NABARD was established by an act of Parliament on 12 July 1982 to implement the
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act 1981. It replaced the
Agricultural Credit Department (ACD) and Rural Planning and Credit Cell (RPCC) of
Reserve Bank of India, and Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation
(ARDC). It is one of the premiere agency to provide credit in rural areas. NABARD is
set up as an apex Development Bank with a mandate for facilitating credit flow for
promotion and development of agriculture, small-scale industries, cottage and village
industries, handicrafts and other rural crafts.
What are non-performing assets?
Non-performing assets, also called non-performing loans, are loans, made by a bank
or finance company, on which repayments or interest payments are not being made
on time. A debt obligation where the borrower has not paid any previously agreed
upon interest and principal repayments to the designated lender for an extended
period of time. The nonperforming asset is therefore not yielding any income to the
lender in the form of principal and interest payments.