Calculus Study Guide
Rationalization to find limits:
√
√ √ √
√
√
√
Squeeze Theorem:
||
&
||
DNE (oscillates).
||||
Important Limits:
Intermediate Value Theorem:
If
is continuous on [a,b] and k is any number between
(a) and
(b), then there is one number c in [a,b] such that
(c)=k.
Mean Value Theorem:
If
f
is continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b) then there exists a number c such that
. (
Rolle’s Theorem
is the same, where
)
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:
If
f
is continuous on [a,b] and
F
is the antiderivative of
f
on [a,b] then
Second Fundamental Theorem:
Mean Value Theorem for Integrals:
If
f
(x) is continuous on [a,b] then there exists a c value between a and b such that
∫
( )
A rectangle with length
b-a
and height
f(c)
is called the
Average Value of the Function
.
Trapezoidal Rule:
To approximate area under a curve.
As
the sum approaches
∫
Trapezoidal Error:
If
f
has a continuous second derivative on [a,b] then the error
E
in approximating
∫
by the trapezoidal rule is
|
|
Simpson’s Rule:
Creates parabolas over every two intervals to approximate area. Need even number of intervals! If
f
is continuous over [a,b]:
Simpson’s Rule Error:
Logarithmic Differentiation:
[
]
√
√
√
√
Inverse Functions:
f
is differentiable on
I
.
.
g(x)
is differentiable at any x where
Because
f
(x) contains (a,b),
contains (b,a).
Exponential/Logarithm Derivatives & Integrals:
Exponential Growth/Decay:
Newton’s Law of Cooling:
y=temperature of object. T=temperature of room.
Logistic Growth:
L is the carrying capacity
Euler’s Method:
Use to approximate solutions to differential equations. Example:
Step size:
Plug in x & y to
New point:
Continue procedure with each new point.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions:
(“co” functions are negative)
√
||√
Arc Length:
Derivative must exist. If not, use
dy
instead of
dx
.
Trigonometric Substitution:
Replace
x
in
with
because
Replace
x
in
with
because
Replace
x
in
with
because
Example:
√
√
√
Substitute with Picture:
√
Odd Man Out Rule:
If sine and cosine have positive powers and only one of the powers is odd: Keep one of the odd-powered factors, then convert the rest to the other trig expression using
.
Power Reducing Formula:
Steven or Todd Rule:
Use if positive powers of secant and tangent. If secant is even, use Steven. If tangent is odd, use Todd.
Steven:
Save a
. Convert remaining secants to tangents.
Todd:
Save a
. Convert remaining tangents to secants.
Integration by Parts:
∫∫
L’hopital’s Rule:
To solve indeterminate limits, take derivative of both numerator and denominator until you can take a limit by direct substitution.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions- Integration:
√
√
√
||
Direct Comparison Test:
If
∑
has no negative terms: Test for Convergence:
∑
converges if there is a convergent series
∑
with
. Test for Divergence:
∑
diverges if there is a divergent series
∑
with
.
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