PE 210
FLUID PROPERTIES
1
FLUID PROPERTIES
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Ideal Gas Law:
Relationships that describe the pressure-volume-temperature
(PVT) behavior of gasses are called equation of state.
What is the ideal gas? Is the one in which the volume occupied
by the molecules is small compared to the total volume, i.e.
Vmolecules = 0.0
All molecular collisions are elastic (no lose in energy)
No attractive or repulsive forces among molecules
1
p
PV = cons tan t
OR
V T
OR
V
= cons tan t
T
PV = nRT
Where R is the gas constant equals to 10.73 psia.ft3/(ibm-mole R). Note
that avogadro number = 2.73x1026 molecules/mole.
4
p 28.97
RT
M
g = g = RT = W
air P 28.97 28.97
RT
Note that:
The z-factor is obtained from figures
Z-factor at standard condition = 1.0
Z Correlation
Most correlations are based on the law of corresponding state which applies to the
hydrocarbon gases as they are closely related chemically. The law states at the same Tr
and Pr all hydrocarbons have the same values of Z.
The pseudoreduced temperature and pseudoreduced pressure are defined for pure gasses
as:
Z = f (Pr, Tr); therefore, Tr =
T
P
, and Pr =
Tc
Pc
(Pc, Tc): The condition above which liquid and vapor phases of the compound cannot be
distinguished.
Z Correlation
Natural Gases: are mixture of different hydrocarbon gases
They dont have a True Pc, and Tc.
For mixtures, the pseudoreduced temperature and pseudoreduced pressure need a
modification in which the compositions of the gas are taken into the consideration.
Gas analysis is done at atmosphere
mole fraction = vol. Fraction (Yi = vi) at atmosphere.
Note that Vol. of 1 mole = 379 SCF for all gases.
MW, Pc, and Tc are mole fraction weighted; therefore,
n
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
Pc = Yi Pci = Vi Pci
Tc = Yi Tci = Vi Tci
n
i =1
i =1
MW g = Yi MWi = Vi MWi
If gas-condensate is produced with the gas its mole fraction must be included in the
composition (since the condensate is a gas in the reservoir).
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Examples
Example (1):
ZnRT
W
15#
=
= 0.935
M w 16.04#
PV = ZnRT
R=10.73, T=100 + 460
V=
5.73 ft3
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Examples
Example (2):
PV = nRT
V = 6.24 ft3
Diff. in value = 9%
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Examples
Example (3): A gas mixture consists of 16 lbs of methane and 7.5 ibs of ethane.
Calculate its volume at 0oF and 1000 psi?
Solution:
PV= ZnRT
nT = nc1 + nc2
mc1
16
=
= 1mole
M wc1 16
m
7.5
= c2 =
= 0.25mole
M wC 2 30.07
nC 1 =
nC 2
Yc1 =
0 + 460
= 1.2
385
1000
= 1.469
680.8
From (Fig. 10) Z = 0.645
Pr =
19
Examples
Example (4:) Estimate Z for 0.8 SG gas at 1390 psia and 980F?
Solution:
P 1390
=
= 2.1
662
Pc
T 98 + 460
Tr = =
= 1.35
413
Tc
Pr =
20
Relates the actual volume of gas at P and T of the reservoir to the actual volume of gas
at standard conditions, psc and Tsc on the surface.
Bg =
ft 3
,
SCF
ZT
p
bbl
,
SCF
B g = 0.00504
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Isothermal Compressibility
A measure of change in volume with pressure under isothermal conditions.
V =
V nRT Z ZnRT
=
P
P P
P2
ZnRT
P
V ZnRT
=
P P
1 V 1 Z 1
=
V P Z P P
Since,
c=
1 V
V P
1 Z ZnRT 1
P P
Z P
Therefore:
cg =
1 1 Z
p Z P
Note that the above equation can be solved if we know the slope of z-factor plot.
Viscosity:
The viscosity of natural gas depends on the temperature, pressure and composition
of the gas. It has units of (cp).
Carr, Kobayashi, and Burrows have developed correlation charts for estimating the
viscosity of natural gasses.
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Crude Oil
A
24
141.5
131.5
S .G(60 / 60 )o F
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Relates the actual volume of oil at P and T of the reservoir to the actual
volume of oil at standard conditions, psc and Tsc on the surface.
The reservoir volume includes dissolved gas, whereas the surface volume
is essentially dead oil and does not include the released gas.
It has units of reservoir barrels of oil per stock tank barrel of oil.
actual vol. of oil at P, T Vo ) P ,T
=
Bo =
actual vol. of oil at Sc
Vo ) sc
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Viscosity
Values vary widely from the very low value typical of gas to very high
values. In general, low API gravity oils tend to have higher viscosities.
A measure of internal resistance of fluid to flow.
It has a unit of cp.
Below bubble point, the viscosity decreases with increasing pressure owing to
the thinning effect of gas entering solution, but above the bubble point, the
viscosity increases with increasing pressure.
Dead oil is defined as oil with no dissolved gas.
Live oil is defined as oil with dissolved gas.
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Water
Water Properties
Solution Gas-Water Ratio, Rsw
It is a measure of the solubility of natural gas in water.
McCain developed a correlation for the solution gas-water ratio, Rsw (SCF/STB).
Water Formation volume factor, Bw
Relates the actual volume of water at P and T of the reservoir to the actual volume of
water at standard conditions, psc and Tsc on the surface. It has units of bbl/STB.
In most cases, the water formation volume factors will be approximately 1.0.
Viscosity
A measure of internal resistance of fluid to flow. It has a unit of cp.
Pure water has a viscosity of 1.0 cp at standard conditions.
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(VL + V g ) @ Re sTP
VL @ SC 6014.F7 psi
Note:
The variables Z, Bg, Rs, Bo, and Bt are obtained either by Lab or from correlation
charts. They are all function of Pressure, Temperature, type of oil (S.Go, API) and type of
gas (S.Gg). Lab is more accurate than the correlation charts, but correlation charts are
cheap and take a short time.
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Example
Given T=200oF, solve for the unknown variables in the following Table:
Bo
Bg
SGg
at
SCF bbl/STB bbl/SCf SC
Rs
Bt
psia
cc
cc
2950
Li
1.434
787.911
1.434
2630
621
1.465
787.911
1.465
2220
570
g2
0.977
1.345
0.0013
0.7 0.868
Rs2
1.821
3 900.144 445
455 0.867
SC,
60oF 14.7 423.8 7248.9 0.256
1.05
0.0033
0.8 0.893
96.6
2.13
0.178
0.85 1.0
BtSC
SCF/STB bbl/STB
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Examples
423.8
3
Li = Boi * Lsc = (1.434 )
= 3.8226 x10 bbl
158987.3
Li = (3.8326 x 10-3) (158987.3) = 607.74 cc
bbl
3
=
=
=
*
0
.
0013
(
0
.
977
)
1
.
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10
g
B
G
scf
x
bbl
2. 2
g2
2
scf
3. Rs 2 =
Rs2
G = G
Lsc
421.23 SCF/STB
4. Btsc =
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Black Oil
Rules of thumb:
Initial producing gas-oil
ratio of or < 2000 scf/stb.
The gravity of stock tank
liquid < 45 API.
The color of the stocktank liquid: very dark,
often black, sometimes
with greenish cast, or
brown.
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Volatile Oil
Rules of thumb:
Initial producing gasoil ratio: 2000 3300
scf/stb.
The gravity of stock
tank liquid > 45 API.
The color of the
stock-tank liquid:
usually brown, orange,
sometimes green.
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Retrograde Gas
Rules of thumb:
Initial producing gas-oil
ratio > 3300 scf/stb.
The gravity of stock
tank liquid: 40 60
API.
The color of the stocktank liquid: brown,
orange, greenish, or
water-white.
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Wet Gas
Rules of thumb:
Initial producing gasoil ratio > 50,000
scf/stb.
The gravity of stock
tank liquid: 40 60
API.
The color of the
stock-tank liquid:
water-white.
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Dry Gas
Rules of thumb:
Initial producing
gas-oil ratio: no
liquid production.
The gravity of
stock tank liquid:
Not applicable.
The color of the
stock-tank liquid:
colorless.
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