Abstract
1.2
Introduction
1.3
Aims
1.4
Theory
1.5
Apparatus
1.6
Procedure
1.7 Results
Flow
Pressure Drop
rate
(mm
H2O
(L/min)
air 20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
7
43
-
11
-
17
-
26
-
180
water
1.0
2.0
3.0
0
19
11
1
24
19
2
29
25
4
33
49
48
-
1.8
Calculations
Information given :
Density of air, air = 1.175 kg/m3
Density of water, water = 996 kg/m3
Column diameter, Dc = 80 mm
Area of packed diameter,
A c=
2
D = ( 0.08 m )2=5.027 103 m 2
4
4
1 L 1 min
1m
996 kg
G min 60 s 1000l
m3
GL =
=
Ac
5.027 103 m2
3.302
kg
m2 . s
2 L 1 min
1m3
996 kg
3
min
60
s
1000l
G
m
kg
GL =
=
=6.614 2
3 2
Ac
5.027 10 m
m .s
3 L 1 min
1m3
996 kg
min
60
s
1000l
G
m3
kg
GL =
=
=9.907 2
3 2
Ac
5.027 10 m
m .s
Table
Gy
G G=
20 L
1 m3
60 min
min 1000 L
1h
1.2 m3 /h
1.2 m3
1h
1.175 kg
h
3600 s
m3
kg
=0.0779 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s
GL
kg
)
m2 . s
3.302
6.614
9.907
13.1 ( GG ) F p
K4=
L
L
0.1
( )
G ( L G )
2
0.0779 kg 2 (
1 0.001 N . s /m
)
13.1
900
m
m2 s
996 kg /m3
0.1
=0.0154
FLV =
( )
1.175 kg /m3
=1.454
3
996 kg / m
FLV =
GL
GG
kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.0779 2
m .s
3.302
GL
GG
kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.0779 2
m .s
( )
6.614
1.175 kg /m
=2.912
3
996 kg /m
FLV =
GL
GG
kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.0779 2
m .s
( )
9.907
1.175 kg /m3
=4.362
996 kg / m3
40 L
1m
60 min
=2.4 m3 /h
Gy = min 1000 L
1h
G G=
Gy
Ac
2.4 m3
1h
1.175 kg
h
3600 s
m3
kg
G G=
=0.156 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s
K4=
=0.062
GL
GG
kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.156 2
m .s
( )
3.302
1.175 kg /m
=0.727
996 kg/m3
FLV =
FLV =
0.1
GL
GG
kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.156 2
m .s
( )
6.614
1.175 kg / m
=1.456
3
996 kg/m
G
FLV = L
GG
( )
G
=
L
kg
2
m .s
kg
0.156 2
m .s
9.907
1.175 kg / m
=2.181
996 kg/m 3
=3.6 m3 /h
min 1000 L
1h
Gy =
h
3600 s
m3
kg
G G=
=0.234 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s
K4=
=0.139
( )
G
=
L
kg
m2 . s
kg
0.234 2
m .s
3.302
1.175 kg / m3
=0.484
996 kg/m 3
FLV =
0.1
G
FLV = L
GG
2
0.234 kg 2 (
1 0.001 N . s / m
)
900
m
m2 s
996 kg/m 3
GL
GG
kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.234 2
m .s
( )
6.614
1.175 kg /m
=0.971
996 kg/m3
FLV =
GL
GG
kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.234 2
m .s
( )
9.907
1.175 kg / m3
=1.454
996 kg/m 3
Gy =
80 L
1m
60 min
=4.8 m3 /h
min 1000 L
1h
3
h
3600 s
m
kg
G G=
=0.311 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s
K4=
2 0.1
=0.245
FLV =
0.156 kg (
0.001 N . s /m
900 m1 )
2
m s
996 kg /m3
GL
GG
kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.311 2
m .s
( )
3.302
1.175 kg/m3
=0.364
996 kg /m3
FLV =
GL
GG
kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.311 2
m .s
( )
6.614
1.175 kg / m3
=0.729
996 kg/m 3
FLV =
GL
GG
kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.311 2
m .s
( )
9.907
1.175 kg /m3
=1.093
996 kg/m3
=6.0 m3 /h
min 1000 L
1h
Gy =
6.0 m3
1h
1.175 kg
h
3600 s
m3
kg
G G=
=0.389 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s
K4=
2 0.1
=0.383
FLV =
0.156 kg (
0.001 N . s /m
13.1
900 m1 )
2
3
m s
996 kg /m
GL
GG
kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.389 2
m .s
( )
3.302
1.175 kg /m3
=0.292
996 kg /m3
FLV =
GL
GG
kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.389 2
m .s
( )
6.614
1.175 kg / m
=0.584
996 kg/m 3
FLV =
GL
GG
kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.389 2
m .s
( )
9.907
1.175 kg / m
=0.874
3
996 kg/m
=7.2 m3 /h
min 1000 L
1h
Gy =
7.2m
1h
1.175 kg
h
3600 s
m3
kg
G G=
=0.467 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s
K4=
2
0.467 kg 2 (
1 0.001 N . s / m
)
900
m
m2 s
996 kg /m 3
0.1
=0.553
FLV =
GL
GG
kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.467 2
m .s
( )
3.302
1.175 kg /m
=0.243
3
996 kg/m
FLV =
GL
GG
kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.467 2
m .s
( )
6.614
1.175 kg / m3
=0.486
996 kg/m 3
FLV =
GL
GG
kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.467 2
m .s
( )
9.907
1.175 kg / m3
=0.728
996 kg/m 3
140 L
1m
60 min
=8.4 m3 /h
min 1000 L
1h
Gy =
8.4 m3
1h
1.175 kg
h
3600 s
m3
kg
G G=
=0.545 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s
K4=
0.545 kg (
0.001 N . s /m
900 m1 )
2
3
m s
996 kg /m
2 0.1
=0.753
G
FLV = L
GG
( )
G
=
L
kg
m2 . s
kg
0.545 2
m .s
3.302
1.175 kg / m3
=0.208
996 kg /m 3
FLV =
GL
GG
kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.545 2
m .s
( )
6.614
1.175 kg / m3
=0.416
996 kg/m 3
FLV =
GL
GG
kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.545 2
m .s
( )
9.907
1.175 kg / m3
=0.624
996 kg/m 3
160 L
1m
60 min
=9.6 m3 /h
min 1000 L
1h
Gy =
9.6 m3
1h
1.175 kg
h
3600 s
m3
kg
G G=
=0.623 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s
K4=
0.623 kg (
0.001 N . s /m
900 m1 )
2
3
m s
996 kg /m
2 0.1
=0.989
FLV =
( )
1.175 kg /m
=0.182
996 kg /m3
FLV =
GL
GG
kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.623 2
m .s
3.302
GL
GG
kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.623 2
m .s
( )
6.614
1.175 kg / m
=0.365
3
996 kg/m
FLV =
GL
GG
kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.623 2
m .s
( )
9.907
1.175 kg / m
=0.546
996 kg/m 3
=10.8 m3 /h
min 1000 L
1h
Gy =
10.8 m3
1h
1.175 kg
3
h
3600 s
m
kg
G G=
=0.701 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s
K4=
2
0.701 kg 2 (
1 0.001 N . s/m
)
900m
m2 s
996 kg /m3
0.1
=1.245
FLV =
( )
1.175 kg /m
=0.162
996 kg /m3
FLV =
GL
GG
kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.701 2
m .s
3.302
GL
GG
kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.701 2
m .s
( )
6.614
1.175 kg / m
=0.324
3
996 kg/m
FLV =
GL
GG
kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.701 2
m .s
( )
9.907
1.175 kg / m
=0.485
996 kg/m 3
PERCENTAGE ERROR %
1LPM
Total pressure drop = 116 mm H20
Percentage error , =
244.1116
100 =52.48
244.1
2LPM
Total pressure drop = 148 mm H20
Percentage error , =
127148
100 =16.54
127
3LPM
Total pressure drop = 104 mm H20
Percentage error , =
127104
100 =18.11
127
1.9
Discussion
1.10
Conclusion
1.11 Recommendations
In my opinion, there are some recommendations that should be taken account into to ensure the
experiment become more accurate. We should constantly checked the valve controlling the level
of water flowing back to the water reservoir to get a better reading. In order to avoid from the air
being trapped in line, the level of water must be higher than the bottom of the reservoir. Besides
that, before using all the column, make sure that all the valves are closed so that the experiment
will run smoothly and make sure that the gas and liquid flow rates were constant at that
particular flow rates. The sample also must be simultaneously collect from both inlet and outlet
of the packed column. When starting up the system, always use low initial air and water
velocities. Be sure that the recycle valve to the sump pump is always at least partially open to
prevent from build-up of liquid and flooding, an extension has been added to the top of the
column to help prevent spillage of caustic. In order to avoid a parallax error, make sure that the
eyes are in parallel level while taking the reading.
1.12
Reference
1.13 Appendix
Marks
Remarks:
Checked by:
Rechecked by:
Date:
Date: