Rural Settlement Introduction

A populated area not meeting the criteria established for urban settlements in a given country.
Rural settlements include populated areaswhose inhabitants are engaged primarily in agricultur
e, forestry, or hunting; they also include settlements whose inhabitants are involved inother type
s of occupations (industrial, transport, construction) if the settlements have small populations an
d are located in rural areas.
Rural settlements can be divided into three categories: agricultural, nonagricultural, and mixed, t
hat is, with a population engaged in variouseconomic sectors. In addition to permanent rural sett
lements, which are inhabited year-round and have been in existence for a number ofyears, ther
e are seasonally inhabited settlements; the latter can be either agricultural, such as the winter a
nd summer settlements oflivestock herders and farm workers, or nonagricultural, such as summ
er tourist centers and Pioneer camps. There are also temporary ruralsettlements, established fo
r limited periods of time, for example, lumber camps and expeditionary bases, and itinerant settl
ements, forexample, nomadic settlements and the camps of reindeer herders.
It is impossible to determine the total number of rural settlements throughout the world, includin
g the permanent ones, since the concept ofan individual populated area is defined differently in
each country. In the United States, for example, approximately one-fifth of the ruralpopulation at
the beginning of the 1970s was listed as residing in officially registered rural settlements, while t
he remaining farm populationwas grouped, for statistical purposes, into broader territorial units. I
n many countries, particularly densely populated ones, where large ruralsettlements are in close
proximity to individual farms and estates, the population of all the settlements within a single terr
itorial administrativeunit (for example, a commune in France and Belgium and Gemeinde in the
German Democratic Republic) is considered to be a single groupfor statistical purposes.
As of 1970, according to UN estimates, 63 percent of the worlds population lived in rural settle
ments, compared to 67 percent in 1960. Theinhabitants of rural settlements represented 78 perc
ent (82 percent in 1960) of the population in Africa, 79 percent (82 percent) in South Asia,70 per
cent (77 percent) in East Asia, 44 percent (52 percent) in Latin America, 26 percent (30 percent)
in North America, and 36 percent (42percent) in Europe, not including the USSR. In the USSR,
40 percent of the population lived in rural settlements in 1974, compared to 51percent in 1960.
The concept of rural settlements arose with the distinction between the city and the countryside
as socioeconomic categories. The types andcharacteristics of rural settlements reflect the level
of productive forces and productive relations inherent in a given sociohistorical formation.At the
same time, the character of rural settlements always reflects the occupation of the village inhabit
ants (for example, grain growing orviticulture), national traditions, and natural conditions; these f
actors often determine a settlements location, layout, and size. The ruralsettlements of the

Rural Settlement Features

Rural Settlement Characteristics
The characteristics of rural settlement are identical to the nature of the rural
landscape. Rural settlement is a constant process of adaptation between
settlers and the land, resources and types of vegetation and topography.
These forms of adaptation give rise to a distinctive rural culture. The main
way of organizing settlement characteristics in a rural environment is to go
from the most general to the more specific.
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Land Use
The most obvious and important part of rural settlement is the
use of the land. This is dictated by the nature of the topography and the
available resources such as good soil and access to water. This is the primary
form of adaptation--the connection between rural resources and the use of
the land. All others derive from this.
Spatial Organization

The spatial organization of the settlement reflects the existence

or non-existence of resources for farming, hunting or fishing. These are
manifest in the forms of field use and the network of roads that derive from
the shape and mode of the fields. The forms of land use are based on the
availability of resources. Slash and burn exists almost exclusively where land
is plentiful, and two- and three-field rotations are more characteristic of rural
settlement and reflect the advances of agricultural technology.
Culture

Rural culture derives from these adaptations. One of the most

common is the harvest festival, which reflects the communal organization of
harvesting, the most difficult and labor-intensive part of rural life. In general,
rural culture celebrates a tight community that exists to serve one another in
the interests of individual and cultural survival.

Consequences
o

All three of the above characteristics of rural settlement take the

forms of specific systems of transportation, the boundaries that come to
exist among property owners and the clusters of buildings, cultural norms
and land use that come to act as the ingredients of the rural settlement and
its clearest characteristics.

The Illefects of Living in a Rural Area settlement

Isolation and low incomes are realities for many rural residents.
Living out in the country is a dream for some city and suburb dwellers and, in
fact, a satisfying reality for many farm and small town residents. Free of
traffic and pedestrian congestion, rural communities promise peace, quiet
and a slower pace of living. The flip side of this pleasantness, however,
shows the difficulties created by distance: distance from the community to
the larger civilization, and distance among neighbors. While the Internet and
modern communications create welcome connections, the substantial
remoteness remains.
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Social Isolation
In a suburb or city, neighbors can call to each other across the
yard or the street. Not so in rural areas. There are no spontaneous play dates
for children because such encounters require a hefty commute of possibly 10
to 15 miles. In fact, all social interaction must be planned for, both in time
and expense. Due to this reality, in-person interactions are limited.
Loneliness can set in, as well as depression. Farmers and their families can
find enough to do, and their isolation can be mitigated by intact and close
familial ties. But there is a need for fellowship with peers and non-relatives
that goes unmet without the means, time and willingness to travel.
Limited Employment

Whether in good economic times or bad, the proliferation of

small businesses in rural communities lags far behind that of metropolitan
areas. When farm harvests do not provide sufficient income, it becomes
necessary for a farmer or a spouse to seek employment. Yet unsatisfactory
infrastructure, low populations and higher start-up costs keep entrepreneurs
from locating in farm country. This means a farmer will have to travel farther
to find a job, with fuel bills eating into the paycheck. Government and private
rural development initiatives exist to make rural locales a more attractive
option for businesses, but the progress is slow.
Health Care Issues

Time is of the essence when suffering a heart attack, stroke or

loss of blood. The span of time between trauma and treatment is often the
determining factor between life and death. Rural communities are challenged
by the dearth of physicians in their midst -- only 10 percent practice in
country settings in the United States. Moreover, farmers and their families
will frequently participate in cooperative insurance plans that are far from
comprehensive, through the state farm bureau. Preventive care and wellness
are not generally included in such austere programs. When rural hospitals
are proximate, their standards usually fall below those of metropolitan
facilities. Finally, emergency transportation and ambulance services are not
always available.
URBAN SETTLEMENT
Although only about one-fourth of Indias people live in towns and cities, more than
4,500 places are classified as urban. In general, the proportion is higher in the
agriculturally prosperous regions of the northwest, west, and south than in the
northeastern rice-growing parts of the country, where the population capacity is limited
by generally meagre crop surpluses.

An urban area is a location characterized by high human population density and vast
human-built features in comparison to the areas surrounding it. Urban areas may

be cities, towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended

to rural settlements such asvillages and hamlets.
The world's urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has soared in the decades
since.[1] In 2009, the number of people living in urban areas (3.42 billion) surpassed the
number living in rural areas (3.41 billion) and since then the world has become more
urban than rural.[2]This was the first time that the majority of the world's population lived
in a city.[3] In 2014 there were 7.25 billion people living on the planet, [4] of which the
global urban population comprised 3.9 billion. The Population Division of the United
Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs at that time predicted the urban
population would grow to 6.4 billion by 2050, with 37% of that growth to come from
three countries: China, India and Nigeria.[1]
2. Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization.
Measuring the extent of an urban area helps in analyzingpopulation
density and urban sprawl, and in determining urban and rural populations. [citation
needed]

3. Unlike an urban area, a metropolitan area includes not only the urban area, but
also satellite cities plus intervening rural land that is socio-economically
connected to the urban core city, typically by employment ties
through commuting, with the urban core city being the primary labor market.
Definitions vary somewhat between nations. European countries define urbanized areas
on the basis of urban-type land use, not allowing any gaps of typically more than 200 m,
and use satellite imagery instead of census blocks to determine the boundaries of the
urban area. In less developed countries, in addition to land use and density

Urban Settlement Features

Urban Settlement Characteristics
Urban settlements are differentiated from rural ones by economic, social,
and population factors. Most urban settlements derive from a small village.
The village, due to certain economic or strategic advantages, receives many
newcomers and soon becomes both the social and administrative center for

surrounding areas. Urban settlement characteristics, therefore, derive from

the changes a village goes through once it begins to acquire economic
importance.
Other People Are Reading
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Diversity
Much of urban settlement has an economic basis. As a result, the
first and primary characteristic of urban settlement is the development of a
diversity of occupation. Over time, the settlement becomes an industrial,
financial, or manufacturing center of a certain district or area, which implies
that urban settlement has a close connection with the desire to find work.
Administration

The economic content of urban settlement is usually

complemented by a very different form of state. Rationalized, more or less
centralized, and class-based government becomes the norm in urban
centers, normally following the pattern of industry or trade. Economic
regulation then becomes paramount.
Civic Activism

Somewhat more foggy is the existence of a municipal civic

culture that serves to encourage civic participation and some form of
democratic government. The European experience in the Renaissance
strongly bears out this view--the existence of a strong civic culture is
characteristic of urban settlement.
Social Tension

As a village becomes an urban area, those who live in the village

setting often have substantial social tension with newcomers. As a result, a
significant characteristic of urban settlement is the influx of newcomers, all
seeking some form of economic security, and the hostility of those already

living there. There may be a connection between this constant feature of

integration and the existence of a strong civic life.
Illefects Of Urban
Urban Living
Urban living refers to living life removed from the rural and old ways of life
that are not tenable or practicable in the urban environment or lifestyle. The
urban lifestyle is practiced mostly in the urban centers like the cities and not
for instance in the farming or ranching communities in the country side.
Urban living requires urban methods of making a living and this makes the
urban dwellers opt to live a different lifestyle that despite having some
advantages also has a host of disadvantages. These are discussed in this
article.
Lack of privacy
The first major disadvantage is that the urban lifestyle necessitates the living
in a crowded metropolitan. This precipitates the reduction in privacy due to
the little space in the urban setting and the fact that there are always
activities taking place even at night. Privacy is very easy to have in the rural
settings but urban living severely cramps this possibility. The buildings are
close together and living in flats is a common option which means that one is
always surrounded by other people which will always lead to reduction of
privacy greatly.
Skyhigh rent prices
Urban living brings a huge number of people together in the urban centers.
This entire population of people has to be accommodated in some living
quarters which mean that there is a huge demand for hosing units. This great
demand also leads to a sharp rise in the house rents for the scarce housing.
The prime housing units are rented out at very high prices and the outright
purchases are even more expensive.
Lack of open and green spaces

In many urban settings, there are very few or even totally missing green
spaces that a person could use to do some physical activity like walking
which is a very advisable activity as it promotes good health. Parks and other
open spaces provide the opportunity for the inhabitants to practice health
promoting activities which in the rural areas can be done in abundance.
Pollution
Urban centers are filled with motorized transport and other sources of
pollutants like waste from the large populations of people. The urban centers
have very little green cover which would provide a sink for some of the gases
that are absorbed by the plants reducing their harmful presence in the
atmosphere. Tree cover also helps in producing oxygen and the clean air we
breath
living_a_1890618.php#sthash.fPRncCJv.dpuf in. so urban centers have a
shortage in clean air unlike the suburban and rural lifestyles. Sense of
community Urban settings are very individualistic in nature and the sense of
community that is very common in other areas is very
Jayaprakash Narayan (Harsu Dayal Srivastava) (

listen (helpinfo); 11 October 1902 8

October 1979), popularly referred to asJP or Lok Nayak (Hindi for "people's hero"), was an
Indian independence activist, social reformer and political leader, remembered especially for
leading the mid-1970s opposition against Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, for whose overthrow
he called a "total revolution". His biography, Jayaprakash, was written by his nationalist
friend and an eminent writer of Hindi literature, Ramavriksha Benipuri. In 1999, he was
posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in recognition of his
social work. Other awards include the Magsaysay award for Public Service in 1965.
The Patna airport is also named after him. The largest hospital run by the Delhi government
and the teaching hospital of the famous Maulana Azad Medical College, Lok Nayak
Jayaprakash Hospital, is also named after him. It was formerly called Irwin hospital. There is
also a park in his name, situated on bahadur shah zafar marg, in New Delhi, just opposite to
Maulana azad medical college. Jayprakash Narayan was born on 11 October 1902 [1] in the
village of Sitabdiara, Distt- Ballia Uttar Pradesh, India.[2] He came from aKayastha family.
[3]

He was the fourth child of Harsu Dayal Srivastava and Phul Rani Devi. His father Harsu

Dayal was a junior official in the Canal Department of the State government and was often
touring the region. When Narayan was 9 years old, he left his village to enroll in 7th class of

the collegiate school at Patna. While in school, Jayaprakash read magazines like Saraswati,
Prabha and Pratap, books like Bharat-Bharati, and poems by Maithilsharan Gupta and
Bharatendu Harishchandra which described the courage and valour of the Rajput kings.
Jayaprakash also read the Bhagwad Gita. His essay, "The present state of Hindi in Bihar"
won a best essay award. He excelled in school and by 1918 completed school and
undertook the 'State Public Matriculation Examination' and won a District merit scholarship
to Patna college.[citation needed]
In October 1920, Narayan was married to Braj Kishore Prasad's daughter Prabhavati Devi,
a freedom fighter in her own right.[4] At the time of marriage, Jayaprakash was 18 years and
Prabhavati was 14 years of age, which was a normal age for marriage in that period. After
their wedding, since Narayan was working in Patna and it was difficult for his wife to stay
with him, on the invitation of Gandhi, Prabhavati became an inmate at the Ashram of
Gandhi.[5] Jayaprakash, along with some friends, went to listen to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
speak about the Non-co-operation movement launched by Gandhi against the passing of
the Rowlatt Act of 1919. The Maulana was a brilliant orator and his call to give up English
education was "like leaves before a storm: Jayaprakash was swept away and momentarily
lifted up to the skies. That brief experience of soaring up with the winds of a great idea left
Aruna Asaf Ali (Bengali: ) (16 July 1909 29 July 1996), born Aruna
Ganguly, was an Indian independence activist. She is widely remembered for hoisting
the Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank maidan in Bombay during the Quit
India Movement, 1942. She was 87 years old at the time of her death. (AADIL)Aruna Asaf
Ali was born as Aruna Ganguly on 16 July 1909 at Kalka, Punjab, British India, but now in
the state of Haryanainto a Bengali Brahmo family. She was educated at Sacred Heart
Convent in Lahore and then in Nainital. She graduated and worked as a teacher. She taught
at the Gokhale Memorial School in Calcutta. She met Asaf Ali, a leader in the Congress
party at Allahabadand married him in 1928, despite parental opposition on grounds of
religion (she was a Brahmo while he was a Muslim) and age (a difference of more than 20
years).
Freedom struggle: early days[edit]

She became an active member of Congress Party after marrying Asaf Ali and participated in
public processions during the Salt Satyagraha. She was arrested on the charge that she

was a vagrant and hence not released in 1931 under the Gandhi-Irwin Pact which stipulated
release of all political prisoners. Other women co-prisoners refused to leave the premises
unless she was also released and gave in only after Mohandas K. Gandhi intervened. A
public agitation secured her release.
In 1932, she was held prisoner at the Tihar Jail where she protested the indifferent
treatment of political prisoners by launching a hunger strike. Her efforts resulted in an
improvement of conditions in the Tihar Jail but she was moved to Ambala and was
subjected to solitary confinement. She was politically not very active after her release.
Family[edit]

Her father Upendranath Ganguly hailed from Barisal district of Eastern Bengal but settled in
the United Province. He was a restaurant owner and a very adventurous man. Mother
Ambalika Devi was the daughter of Trailokyanath Sanyal, a renowned Brahmo leader who
wrote many beautiful Brahmo hymns. Upendranath Ganguly's younger
brotherDhirendranath Ganguly (D G) was one of the earliest film directors. Another brother
Nagendranath, a soil biologist was married to Rabindranath Tagore's only surviving
daughter Mira Devi though they got separated after sometime. Her sister, Purnima
Banerjee was a member of the Constituent Assembly of India.
Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan (12 March 1913 25 November 1984) was the
first Chief Minister of Maharashtra after the division of Bombay State and the fifth Deputy
Prime Minister of India. He was a strong Congress leader, co-operative leader, social
activist and writer. He was popularly known as Leader of Common People. He advocated
social democracy in his speeches and articles and was instrumental in establishing cooperatives in Maharashtra for the betterment of the farmers. Yashwantrao Chavan was born
in a Maratha_Hendre Patil family on 12 March 1913 in the village of Devrashtre
in Satara District (now in Sangli District) of Maharashtra, India. He lost his father in his early
childhood and was brought up by his uncle and mother. His mother taught him about selfdependency and patriotism. From his childhood he was fascinated by the freedom struggle
of India.
Despite the adverse family situation,Chavan was an active participant in the struggle for
independence of India. In 1930, he was fined for his participation in the Non-cooperation

Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi.During this period he came in contact with Swami
Ramanand Bharti,Dhulappa Bhaurao Navale,Gaurihar(Appasaheb) Sihasane V.S.Page &
Govind Kruparam Wani. Their friendship lasted forever. In 1932, he was sentenced to 18
months in prison for hoisting the Indian flag in Satara.
Chavan obtained his B.A. degree in history and political science from Bombay University in
1938. In this period, he was involved in many social activities and was closely associated
with the Congress party and its leaders, such as Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar
Pateland Keshavrao Jedhe. In 1940, he became President of Satara District Congress. In
1941 he passed his LLB. In 1942, he married Venutai at Phaltan in Dist Satara.
He was one of the delegates at the Bombay session of the A.I.C.C. in 1942 that gave the
call for Quit India and he was subsequently arrested for his participation in the movement.
Chavan was finally released from jail in 1944.
In 1946, he was first elected as Member of Legislative Assembly of the Bombay State from
the South Satara constituency. In the same year he was appointed as parliamentary
secretary to the Home Minister of Bombay State. In the next government of Morarji
Desai he was appointed as Minister of Civil Supplies, Social Welfare and Forests. In 1953
he was a signatory to the Nagpur Pact that assured equitable development of all regions of
what is now the state of Maharashtra. In 1957 Yashwantrao Chavan was elected from
the Karad constituency. This time he was elected as Leader of Congress Legislative Party
and became Chief Minister of the bilingual Bombay state. From 1957 to 1960 he also