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L4 T2 : Jan. 2015
ME425: Aerodynamics
1
q = v 2
2
TR min.
TR =
W
L
D
TR =
L4 T2 : Jan. 2015
CL CD
ME425: Aerodynamics
L D
2
TR min.
W
L
D
Therefore CL is to be large ( is to
be large).
At these conditions, the drag due to
lift, CD,i contributed more on the total
drag (CD=CD,0+CD,i) since CD,i varies
as CL2 by this relation
C D ,i =
CL 2
e AR
As a result CD,i increases rapidly, more rapidly than q decreases, and D and hence
TR increases.
This is why, starting at point a, TR first decreases as v decreases, then goes
through a minimum and starts to increase, as shown at point b.
L4 T2 : Jan. 2015
ME425: Aerodynamics
Condition of minimum TR
TR = D = q SC D = q S (C D ,0 + C D ,i )
C 2
TR = q S C D ,0 + L
e AR
TR = q SC D ,0 + q S
Zero-lift TR
(Thrust required to
balance zero-lift drag)
Again
CL =
Lift-induced TR
(Thrust required to
balance drag due to lift)
W
q S
TR = q SC D ,0 +
L4 T2 : Jan. 2015
CL 2
e AR
then
W2
q S e AR
ME425: Aerodynamics
Condition of minimum TR
From Thrust-required curve, at minimum TR
dTR
=0
dv
dTR dTR dv
=
=0
dq dv dq
dv
W2
SC D ,0 2
=0
dq
q
S
e
AR
C D,0 =
C D,0 =
W2
q 2 S 2 e AR
W
C L =
q S
CL 2
e AR
C D , 0 = C D ,i
At minimum Thrust required
Zero-lift drag = drag due to lift.
L4 T2 : Jan. 2015
ME425: Aerodynamics
Power Required, PR
Consider an airplane in level, unaccelerated flight at a given altitude and with
velocity, v . If the thrust required is TR then power required PR
PR = TR v
W
v
CL / CD
PR =
since
1
L = W = v 2 S C L
2
2W
v =
S CL
L4 T2 : Jan. 2015
W
2W
CL / C D
S CL
2 W 3C D 2
W
CL / CD
S CL3
1
CL3/ 2
CD
ME425: Aerodynamics
PR min.
L4 T2 : Jan. 2015
ME425: Aerodynamics
Condition of minimum PR
PR = TR v = Dv = q SC D v = q S (C D ,0 + C D ,i ) v
C 2
TR = q Sv C D ,0 + L
e AR
TR = q SC D ,0 v + q Sv
Zero-lift PR
(Power required to
balance zero-lift drag)
Again
CL =
Lift-induced PR
(Power required to
balance drag due to lift)
W
1
v 2 S
2
1
PR = v 3 SC D,0 +
2
L4 T2 : Jan. 2015
CL 2
e AR
then
1
W 2 v S
2
e AR
ME425: Aerodynamics
Condition of minimum PR
From Power-required curve, at minimum PR
dPR
=0
dv
C D ,0 =
1
C D ,i
3
At minimum Power-required
L4 T2 : Jan. 2015
ME425: Aerodynamics
Condition of minimum PR
L4 T2 : Jan. 2015
ME425: Aerodynamics
10
Problems on
TR and PR curves
(Example 6.1 and 6.3)
L4 T2 : Jan. 2015
ME425: Aerodynamics
11